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Vert. Step
in diaph.
Transfer area
T
Chord
Hdr.
Collector
T
Chord
h1
Shear Wall
h2
terrym@woodworks.org
Foundation
Course Description-SEU
The method of distributing lateral forces through simple structures,
has been generally understood for decades. However, with the
increase in the complexity of plan layouts, understanding how to
distribute loads into and out of shear walls is becoming
increasingly more difficult. Topics will include how to maintain
continuous load paths to shear walls, force transfer through shear
walls with openings using the FTAO method and how to design Inplane and out-of-plane offset shear walls.
Learning Objectives-SEU
Load Paths To Shear Walls
Understand the detailing required to maintain continuous load paths to
shear walls.
Poll Question
Are you familiar with the design of wood shear walls?
Segmented?
Perforated?
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
4
Segmented Walls
Perforated Walls
FTAO Walls
No opportunity for
perforated shear
walls at exterior
line
Segmented SW
FTAO SW
Load Paths
Hdr
Boundary nailing
should be installed
at each 2x stud at
hold down and
each plate
Section B
Section A
Wd
Compr. blocks
required at all
H.D. locations
Anchor bolts
or nails
Hold Down
(option 1)
No irreg.
Tie
strap
Wd
Collector
Section C
Hold down
(Option 2 -only)
Shear
transfer
Conn.
Header/collector
Nail shtg to
each 2x stud
(option 2)
Sect. B
Sill
Blkg. or rim
joist
Nail shtg to
each 2x stud
Tie strap
D
Hold down
(Typical)
C
Alt. Config.
Floor or roof
sheathing
Blocking or
continuous
rim joist
Sect.
Header
Header
Wd.
Wd.
Optional
load path
If balcony
Wd.
Blocking
(typ.)
Column
Opening
Possible perforated
or FTAO shear wall
Opening
Direction of Load
Segmented
shear wall
Chord force
T
T
Parapet (typ.)
Transfer
area
Parapet (typ.)
Chord
Hdr.
Diaphragm shtg.
elevation
Vert. Step
in diaph.
Diaphragm shtg.
elevation
Collector
Chord
h1
Tie strap
Shear Wall
(transfer wall)
h2
Shear
Wall
No shear wall
perpendicular
to this wall at
step
Foundation
Soil pressure
Fo/t
If strut action
Fo/t
10
Chord
SW3
Collector
Strut
Diaphragm 1
Strut
Diaphragm 1
Boundary (typical)
SW1
SW2
Diaphragm 2
Boundary (typical)
Diaphragm 2
Strut
Fundamental Principles:
11
Special sheathing
nailing required
Strut/truss
(Call out force)
Strut/
truss
Cont. 2x plate w/
16d at calculated
Spacing (cross-grain
or end nail failure
problem)
Strut/truss
(multiple if
required)
Shear clips
16d at calculated
spacing (truss to
flat blkg.)
V
L/2
L/2
V
a
Prying
Cross-grain
If truss deflects
Horizontal
and vertical
distribution
Configuration A
Lateral distribution
Configuration B
Configuration C
12
Roof diaphragm
force to wall
Roof trusses
@ 24 o.c.
GWB ceiling
buckling
No shear panels
installed or detailed.
Typical interior
Shear wall or
braced wall
13
Ceiling
Trusses
also brace
wall
Tie straps at
end of wall
as required.
Typical interior
Shear wall or
braced wall
14
If v=200 plf
400
400
1200
1200
If 3:1 A/R
Wall studs
at 8 o.c.
15
Add vertical
nailing member
in truss
Panel edge
buckling
Side frmg.
members
added
Option 2
Option 1
Side members nailed
Top and bottom
to truss chords by
members nailed
side grain nailing-2 16d
to truss chords by
end grain nailing-2 16d
Option 3
Side members nailed to
truss chords by side grain
nailing, full height
16
Blocking
2x blocking w/ shear
clips (if reqd)
A
Splice strap
1 or 2 sides
Roof sheathing
Blocking at
tie strap
These connections
are part of the complete
load path
Shear panels
per detail 3
Edge nailing
each 2x block
Single or multiple
continuous drag
members
Roof trusses
Special strut
nailing full length
Blocking
Shear wall
Hold down
straps as
required
Connections for
shear transfer
Section A
17
Roof sheathing
Roof trusses
Shear clips as required
2x blocking w/
shear clips
(as reqd.) A
Edge nailing
each 2x
Horizontal strap
is required across
joint if 2x members
can not be cont.
Shear panels
per detail 3
Single or multiple
continuous drag
members
Connections for
shear transfer
Section A
18
Trusses (typ.)
Truss
joint
B
Shear wall
Special
nailing
Plan View
Shear
panels
2x blkg.
A
Section B
Shear clips
as required
Cont. drag
members
Roof sheathing
Shear panels
per detail 3
Edge nailing
each 2x
Horizontal strap is
required across joint
if 2x members can
not be continuous
Shear wall
Roof
trusses
19
1.2
(Typical boundary
Member) w=200 plf
Many examples
ignore gravity loads
3
3.6
4500 lb
Strut/collector
2
B
4
Typical boundary
member
C
3
D
Anchor bolts
or nails
3
14.5
5.5
20
Clear height
Wall Pier
height
Collector (typ.)
Wall
pier
Wall
pier
Wd.
Wall
pier
width
Wall
pier
Wall
pier
Wd.
Wall
pier
Dr.
Wall pier
height
Wall pier
height
Boundary
members
Wall
pier
width
Notice: Not
shown as
having to
comply w/
A/R
Foundation wall
Limitations:
Overall width
AF & PA SDPWS Figure 4E
(b) Force Transfer Around Opening
21
M
V
Gravity loads
to wall
M
w=200 plf
4500
M
B
F=0 lb
F=0 lb
F=0
F=0 lb
J
D
F=0 lb
V
C
M
Tie strap/blocking
full width
M
Blocking
M
N.A.
L
D
F
F
T
1343.1
V
F=0
C
4243.1
22
200 plf
4500 lb
14.5
H
B
4
C
I
Point of
inflection
B.5
M = 0
F1B.5
F4B.5
208.62 lb
2691.38 lb
200 plf
A
M = 0
4500 lb
2
3
2
B.5
C
3
VB.5
587.08 lb
B
V2.5
991.38 lb
VB.5
3912.92 lb
208.62 lb
23
V = 0
M = 0
1937.1
3
(0)
1591.38
M = 0
931
G
M = 0 1706.9
H = 0 F3B(H)
F3B(V)
1422.9
Corner tie
strap force
M = 0
H
M = 0
VB=3912.92
(0)
B.5
B.5
(0)
3912.92
(2691.38)
1160.3
3
M = 0
1551.7
3
V3
F3C(H)
3676.6
1551.7 M = 0
3
1551.7
V = 0
F2.5C
2124.9
1551.7
F3(V)
1422.88
V2.5
587.08
F2C(v)
391.39
F2C(H)
573.23
M = 0
Corner tie
strap force
1551.7
Vc=587.08
(1343.1)
(3912.92)
VB.5=3912.92
M = 0
M = 0
F4B
1268.5
Units are in lb
(587.08)
VB.5=587.08
V = 0
V2
F1C
182.77
F2b(V)
391.39
931
B
F3A
268.8
(208.62)
1037.1
F2B(H)
F2.5A
1274.9
200 plf
V3
V = 0
200 plf
2.5
991.38
V2
931
587.08
F1B
V = 0
600
VB=587.08
1381
M = 0
391.39
(4500)
2
200 plf
2
H =0
F2A
(991.38)
200 plf
V = 0
VC=3912.92
F4C
4114.3
3912.92
K
236.17
5.5
3
M = 0
(4500)
H =0
(4243.1)
24
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http://www.woodworks.org/wp-content/uploads/Irregular-Diaphragms_Paper1.pdf
25
1.2
w=200 plf
3.6
4500 lb
Support
Support
2
B
Tie straps
full depth
of TD
T.D.1
Transfer
diaphragm
sections
T.D.2
2x blkg.
full depth
of TD
Support
Support
Check aspect
ratio of transfer
Diaphragms/walls
2.67
3
2.67
6
5.5
14.5
Use results from previous example
26
281.1
= - 105.3 plf
2.67
-105.3
1937.1
1937.1
A
+243.9
+303.3
+1028.8
vnet=349.23+620.2
=+969.45 plf
1656
= +620.2 plf
2.67
vnet=408.6+620.2
=+1028.8 plf
+620.2
+1028.8
vnet=408.57-756.8
=-348.21 plf
471.5
C
-407.6
-348.2
408.6
471.5
-407.6
-348.2
+408.6
+471.5
1551.7
2020.6
= -756.8 plf
2.67
-756.8
2020.6
Transfer diaphragm shears
Sign convention
471.5
3676.6
3676.6
408.6
408.6
+969.5
+471.5
T.D.2
vnet=349.23-756.8
=-407.55 plf
v=
+408.6
B
+969.5
v=
vnet=408.57-105.38
=+303.27 plf
3.6
w=200 plf
1591.4
v=
vnet=349.23-105.38
=+243.93 plf
281.1
1975.8
2.67
3143.1 lb
(+349.23 plf)
Summing V=0
Basic Shear Diagram
3677.1 lb
(+408.57 plf)
V = 0
4243.1
4243.1 lb
(+471.46 plf)
27
2.67
3.6
2.83
Support
Vtop
Ftop
Ftop
T.D.2
Fbot
Fbot
Vbot
Support
Sign convention
Summing
Fo/t
v3.6
v4
28
Poll Question
Are you familiar with the common types of irregularities
associated with offset shear walls?
Yes
No
29
SW 1
Collector
Collector
Collector
SW 2
Out-of-plane Offsets
In-plane Offsets
30
1
2
Potential buckling
problem w/ supporting
columns and beams
Elements requiring
over-strength load
combinations
31
Drag
strut
SW
Collector
Collector
Loads
Offset SW
Discont.
drag strut
SW
Drag
Collector strut
Discont.
drag strut
Collector
Collector
32
Poll Question
Do you know how to analyze offset shear walls?
Yes
No
33
Mid-rise Multi-family
Cant.
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
No exterior
Shear walls
34
Loads
SW3
SW3
SW1
TD1
TD2
Higher 3
shears
SW
and nailing
requirements
SW2
SW4
TD3
Collector
(typ.)
Higher
shears
and nailing
Reqmts.
I1
I1
TD2
Transfer Area
Higher shears
and nailing
Reqmts.
SW5
TD1
SW4
Collector
Strut/chord
Beam
SW1
Strut
SW2
Collector
(typ.)
Main
diaphragm
becomes TD3
SW5
I2
I2
I3
Optional Framing
Layouts
ASCE7-10
1.3.5 - Cont. load Paths
12.1.3 - Cont. load paths-inter-connection ties
12.10.1-Openings, re-entrant. transfer of dis-cont. forces combined with other forces
12.10.2-Collector elements
35
25
10
Support
Drag strut
SW 2
80
15
8
C
200 plf
50
Diaphragm 2
Collector
Offset SW
12
Drag strut
SW 3
8
Drag strut is
discontinuous
20
2
SW 4
Drag strut
45
Pos. direction
25
1
Chord
SW 1
B
Offset
SW
Drag strut
Chord
collectors
35
TD1
Diaphragm 1
Chord
collectors
200 plf
Chord
Assumptions:
15 Support
+
80
3
36
SW 2
VA
A
VA
10
35
160 plf
Pos.
200 plf
40 plf
Diaphragm 1
Diaphragm 2
TD1
F2B
VB
17
Vnet=Vsw-Vdiaph
F2B
200 plf
SW 1
200 plf
SW 3
8
VB
Neg.
Fend
50
F2B
SW 4
VC
15
VC
3
Pos. direction
37
Vnet sw
VA
VA
SW 2
Pos.
V=Basic shear
+/- TD shear plf
(Net shear)
35
50
8 SW 3
Vnet sw
V=Basic shear
+/- TD shear plf
(Net shear)
Neg.
VB
15
8 SW 1
Vnet sw
15 SW 4
VC
VC
Pos. direction
25
No net change
1
20
Net change
in TD
Vnet sw
80
3
No net
change
38
SW 2
A
-
Net shear
Diaphragm 2
Special
nailing
F2B
F3B
F3B
B
15
8 SW 1
1
8 SW3
15 SW 4
F2B
Net shear
-vB
x2 -F
+F
Pos. direction
x1
+vC
So far, so good
39
Fend
F4A=+xxx lb (Error)
F2A
5
80
SW 2 5
10
F3A
Vnet sw
Fstart
F2B
Fend
F= F2B
8 SW 1
Vnet sw
15
Vnet sw
SW 3
15 SW 4
45
12
Fend
F3C
Fstart
20
25
2
Vnet sw
Fstart
80
3
Pos. direction
40
Revised
forces
Calculated
forces
4600 lb
SW 2
Line needs to move
in this direction
The shear wall shears
Load distribution
needs to be lower in
needs to increase
order to move the force
towards line B/C.
diagram in this direction
Increase the load
to B/C by the
The shear wall shears amount off +/-.
need to be higher in
order to move the force
diagram in this direction
SW 1
15
SW 4
SW 3
5400 lb
25
20
80
Pos. direction
41
42
SW1
Sections do not
comply with the
required aspect
ratio for a perforated
or FTO shear wall.
VHdr=960 lb
DL=250 plf
Sill
3000 lb
Blkg. or rim joist
Hdr/collector
Collector
Nail shtg.
To each
2x stud
8
A
No hold down
(option 1)
Hold-down
(option 2)
Wd
SW2
ASCE 7 Table 12.3-2-Type 4
vertical irreg.- in-plane
discontinuity in the LFRS
if no hold down at B.
Sill
C
B
4
8
12
43
Requires same
number of studs
above and below
with boundary
nailing each stud
Solid blocking
required
Hold down
Nailing found
in field was 12
o.c.
No hold-down below
Hold down
44
5000 lb
Rim joist
12
VHdr=450 lb
416.67 lb
416.67 lb
1080 lb
330 plf (incl. wall DL)
Aver.=250 plf
SW1
365
1620 lb
+ (+202)
- shears
8
1020
(-127.5)
1260
(-157.5)
1620
(+202)
60
(+7.5)
+ shears
TD shears-lbs. (plf)
3370
8
416.67
2920 lb
+450 lb
3370 lb
VHdr=960 lb
+
+259.2
SW2
1
Pos. direction
416.67
5000 lb
Collector
1080 lb
1080
+
Sign Convention
+424.1 +289.2
4
2490 lb
Basic Shear
135
+416.67 plf
+250 plf
2000 lb
1260 lb
(-157.5)
+618.7
8
45
Roof
2000 lb
2000 lb
Roof
C
3000 lb T
1
8
2nd floor Rim joist
3000 lb
VHdr=990 lb
SW2
+424.2
2
+
+289.2
+618.7 C
8
9700 lb
Depth TD
2490 lb
416.67
SW1
135
365(8)+450=3370
2nd
365
8
floor Rim joist
+259.2
C 8
+
365
135
416.67
SW1
+259.2
SW2
1
+
2
+
+424.2 +289.2
4
T
2490 lb
Depth TD
+618.7
8
C
9700 lb
Sign Convention
46
Conclusion:
47
www.LearnWithSEU.com 48
CHALLENGE QUESTION:
Which type of Shear Wall is the answer to this
sessions Challenge Question?
A. Perforated
B. Segmented
C. Force Transfer Around Openings (FTAO)
D. None of the above
Please circle the answer that is announced so that you can use the
information to complete your quiz (NY) or form (FL) for PDH.