1

kmõ¬Ca
nig

shB&nì²Nëècin
kMrgGtÄbT
GtÄbTedémCaPasaVrSgeday can’ tara cuHk~¬g¨Bwt¶ib&¨t
shKmn_ExµrenAkaNada elx 2-3-7 nig 8.

E¨bsMrYleday Eb”n narvé nig Giut fug gYn.

Binit´eLIgv^j Ek nig bågðb’eday can’ dara
1976 - 1983

eVHBumõenAmu”gerGal’ kaNada
emsa 1983
d÷kl’Tuktamcºab’ – bNöal&yCati «n ekbik
elx D8300817
 2

tSgBIeyIgVnTTYlGar´FámBI²Nëamk rhUtdl’putsm&ysilacarik (stvt§r_TI14) Pasa

ExµrCaPasaTI2 (ùùù). äPasaEdlG~kecHd·ge¨bI (ùùù) KWPasasMåsûwt (ùùù). eyIgxMtubEtgEfTSTUk
sMåsûwteFÃs¨bEhs minVnerobcMpÍ^tpÍg’kMBg’Exµrpg.

luHmkdl’stvt§r_TI 20 (ùùù) cMeNHfµé KMnitfµé (ùùù) VncUlmkkan’¨beTseyIgEdr EtcUl

edayGa¨s&yPasaVrSg Cayanpæ¬kykmk. (ùùù) PasaVrSg eKk*kan’Ete¨bI¨Vs’k~¬g¨beTsExµr
e¨cIneLIg (ùùù). k~¬gevlaCamYyenH PasaExµrmane¨bIkarkan’EtticeTA (ùùù). äcMnYnG~kecHPasaVrSg
lµme¨bIkarVnEmnBitenaH ebITukCabegûét[e¨cIneLIgy”agNak*eday kalebIykeTAe¨bobnwgcMnYn
¨bCaCnExµrTSgmUlehIy k*minxusBIcMnYn¨Kab’GgûrmYyk¶ab’ Edle¨bobeTAnwgcMnYnGgûrmYyetAenaH
eT. ebInwgÓbmamYyy”ageTot KWdUcCaeKe¨sacTwkdak’Cé[lUtlas’EtedémeQI 3-4 edém k~¬gÓT´an
mYyd*FMTUlay, äeQId«TeTotk~¬gÓT´anenaH k*enAetOdEdl dUck~¬gstvt§r_TI 19 EfmTSgk~¬gÓT´an
enaH manesµAbnÂaduHvarJseBjeTotpg.

kalNaPasaeyIgmane¨bIkare¨cIneLIg k*nwg¨tèveronsU¨tPasaeyIge¨cIneLIgEdr. kalebI

erone¨cIneLIg k*nwgmanmnus§ecHPasaeyIgkan’Ete¨cInK~aeLIg kan’Et¨Cale¨CAeTA. G~kEdlEsÃg
rkcMeNHVnmkBIPasae¨kA manPasaVrSgCaedém kalebIecHPasaExµr¨Cale¨CAehIy k*nwgGacnS
ykv^CØaEdlxÂçnEsÃgVnmkenaH mkeroberogsresrCaPasaExµr Eckcayp§aydl’bgbíènrYmCati
TSgLay [VnecHd·gedaysarpg.

eGov ekIs, enAq~S 1947

(k~¬g “PasaExµr, karlºgBinit´edayrkehtupl| eVHBumõp§ayenAq~S 1967 edaybNöal&y mit¶esrI, P~MeBj, kmõ¬Ca)

 3

matikaerOg

TMB&r

PaKTImYy
edémkMeNItExµr ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 5
PaKTIBIr
BI karb"HelIkd÷bUgnwgbsÍwm¨beTs eTA GaNaniKm ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 12
PaKTIbI
BI GaNaniKm eTA shPaB²Nëècin ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 19
PaKTIbYn
BI shPaB²Nëècin eTA shB&nì²Nëècin ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 29
PaKTI¨VM
shB&nì²Nëècin edémºéGÃI? ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 71
TMB&rPØab'1
karTak'Tg Exµr-cin ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 126
TMB&rPØab'2
v^PaKcuge¨kay ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 133
TMB&rPØab'3
EpnTI ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 142
TMB&rPØab'4
lMdab'eBl«nkarB¨gékTwkdéyYn ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 156
 4

esck¶Iep¶ém

edImkMeNItrbs'esovePAenH KWGtÄbTmYycMnYnEdlVn¨tèveVHp§ayk~¬gcenÂaHExv^cÏika 1976

nigExtula 1977. PaKTI5 eQµaH \shB&nì²NëècinedémºIGÃI?| ¨Kan'EtCakarsik§a nig karv^PaKelI
¨Bwti¶karN_TSgLayEdlVnekIteLIgk~¬g¨beTskmõ¬Cak~¬gry:eBlenaH EdleKd·g¾CasaFarN: BI
Ggðkarp§ayBátman nigtamskÅIPaBrbs'G~kePosxÂçn.

karBit karN_BitEmnETnelI«pæneyaVy GacecjEtBImat' ÉBIsÂabV"kûarbs'samICneT

KWGtIt:BYkd·knSrd½kmõ¬Ca¨bCaFiety´. G~keroberogd÷kl'TukesæIrEtTSg¨sugnUvGtÄbTedém ehIyEk
EtkEnÂgxÂHEdl¨Bwti¶karN_e¨kaymkVnbMPWÂy"agcºas'.

elI«pæBg§savta G~kGannwgGaceXIjfa sm&ymhanKr sm&yBYkvrµ&nd*bvr BuMsUvVnr"ay

r"ab'e¨cIneT. pæ¬yeTAv^j eKnwgeXIjehtukarN_xÂHEdleFIÃ[PÆak' [eGon ehIy[riHKit. ry:evla
xÂHeTot KWsm&ysgðmraås¶niym nigsm&ysaFarNrd½ k*BuMVn¨tèvbriyayCavKðBiess É[Vn
ekºaHkºayEvgq©aycb'sBèKb'enaHk*eTEdr ehIy¨tèvmaneKsresrcarTukCaesovePA sMrab'saFar-
NCnExµreyIg. dUceQµaHxÂçnVnbgúaj¨sab' esovePAenH kMrgGtÄbTenH lºgsik§arkmUlehtu
xÂH@ EdlVneFÃI[¨sukExµreyIgFÂak'xÂçnmkk~¬gsÄanPaBsBëf© KWsÄanPaBCa¨beTse¨kamkarGaNa
B´aVlrbs'ev¿tNam k~¬grgÃg'²Nëècin. cab’ep¶émBIenaHeTA \shB&nì²Nëècin| enH VnCamaneQµaH
Cak'cºas'dUec~H e¨JHmankMeNItrYcm¶geTAehIy enAk~¬gsm&yGaNaniKmVrSg. dUec~H KWCakarFmµta
EdlesovePAenHmanbIPaK EdlGFibºayGMBIyuKGaNaniKm.

elI«pæGk§rsa¨s¶ G~kGannwgcab'kMhusCae¨cIn xagvak´s&Bæ xagevy´akrN_ nigxagGkÅra

v^ruTì. enHmkBIrbr«nG~keroberogpg EdlKµanTMnak'TMngGÃIesaHnwgGkÅrasa¨s¶ nigmkBIkarxÃHxat
pæal'rbs'PasaeyIgpg. CaBiess eK¨tèvGany"agyWtnUvkarsU¨tXÂa (sIutas´¬g) rbs'G~kniBnì
breTs. eyIgeC¯elIkareyaKyl'rbs'G~kGan.

Cabegéúy ¨kumG~keroberog ²tGHGageFÃIesovePA¨bvt¶isa¨s¶ ɨbvt¶isa¨s¶neyaVyeT

bu"En¶¨Kan'EtCUnTid^½PaBmYy«nkmõ¬Ca k~¬gkal:eTs:TUeTA«n²Nëècin Tid^½PaBEdlxÂçnyl'faman¨b-
eyaCn_ dl'kar¨tiHriHBicarNa rkmeF´aVysMralvasna¨beTseyIg nig¨bCaCneyIg.
mu"ger"Gal Exemsa 1983 .
 5

PaKTI1

edémkMeNIt«nExµr

kayminsMxan’Cag¨BlwgeT
 6
eBlEdlVrSgmkdl’kmõ¬Cak~¬gq~S 1863 ¨sukExµrbgúajTid½PaBmYyEdleFIÃ[exÂacp§ar.
kmõ¬CasBëf©, ¨beTsmYyEdlesIærEtGs’mnus§rlIg, ehobnwgeTACaext¶mYyrbs’G~kC^txagTisä
liceTAehIy KW¨beTs«f (sm&yenaHesom), k~¬geBlEdlG~kC^txagTisäekIt KW¨beTsevotNam
(sm&yenaHGNöam) VnykeFÃICarbs’xÂçntSgEtBId÷Nac’stvt§r_TI 18 nUvext¶ExµrTSgGs’xagTis
GeK~uy_ KW kmõ¬Cae¨kam.
sågðamkML¬g 500 q~S, d÷bUgTl’nwgkar¨tçt¨tarbs’esom rYcmkTl’nwgkar¨tçt¨tarYm
(condominium) rbs’esom nigyYn (kar¨tçt¨tarYmEdlVneFIÃ[ExµrEbkVk’K~ay”agxÂSg), VneFÃI[
bN¶aCnExµr¨TuDe¨Tam rhUtdl’Vt’cMNgTSgGs’CamYy¨bvti¶saås¶xÂçn ehIyb¨gçjcMnYn¨bCaCn
Exµr[enAsl’Et 800 000 nak’. kareFÃI[TId½anGgðrmanCév^teLIgv^j(1) edayG~k¨VCÆVrSg«n
salaVrSgenAcugbUBáa¨beTs(2) VneFIÃ[mnus§CatieXIjeLIgv^jnUvGcÏriyvtĬ EdlCasMNl’
nigCaPs¶¬tag«nGariyFmámYy k~¬gcMeNamBBYkPWÂsÃagCageKTSgGs’«nBiPBelakÐ GariyFmáExµr .
karsik§asilacarik, karrukrkdl’¨bPBcin, Gar”ab’, B&rTuyehð nigVrSg ebIk[eroberog
eLIgv^jVnnUv¨bvti¶«n¨bCaCatiExµr, ¨bvt¶imYyEdleFÃI[PÂwkpg, eJreBjeTAedayTukÅ P&ypg, eFÃI[
exÂaccit¶pg. k~¬geBlenaH kicÍkarCYsCul¨VsaTGgðr¨tèveFÃImunGÃITSgGs’. edayehtuenH karBinit´
rk buBèbvti¶saås¶(R) «n¨beTsTSgbI«n²Nëècin BuMsUvVn¨tçveFÃIe¨cIneLIy ebIfaeKBuMsUvykcit¶
Tukdak’elIk*esæIrEtVn. Tal’Etdl’d÷Nac’q~S 1931 eTIbeKcab’eXIjTI¨sav¨CavbuBèbvti¶saås¶
Cag 60 enAk~¬g²NëècinVrSg. karsik§axagmnus§saås¶ (anthropologie) bgúaj[eXIjfa kmõ¬Ca
k~¬gyuKfµ CaG¨g·grbs’Catisasn_mYycMnYn EdlG~ktBUC(3) enAmanrhUtsBëf©k~¬gekaH¨sIlgûa,
enAma”eLsIu, hÃIlIBIn, ²NëèeNsIu(4) nig enAGUås¶alI.
PaKGeK~y_«nTÃIbGasIu CaTIrs’enA«nsasn_FMBIr KWsasn_mu”gehðalxagtºèg nig sasn_
²NëèeNsIuEyn(5). CatiyYn CalTìpl«nkarbgûat’sasn_TSgBIr. äCati«f nigCatiPUma k*dUec~aH
Edr. bu”En¶cMeJHCatiExµrv^j, eTaHbIsavtaxÂçneJreBjeTAedaycMVMgrSgCl’minecHcb’ minecHehIy
CamYyG~kC^txag —cMVMgEdleFIÃ[mankarbgûat’K~acuHeLIgCae¨cIndg— k*lkÅN:«nsasn_Esºk
(6)
elOg minelceLIg[Cak’Es¶g dUckrNI¨bCaCatiäeTot enAGasuIGeK~y_ Ð Esºk¨kem”ACag, EP~k
------------------------------------------------------------------
(R) buBèbvti¶saås¶ (préhistoire) KWkarsik§a¨bvti¶mnus§elak muneBlmanäksarsresr. eKGactamdanVn

edaysik§asMNl’qíwg nigsMNl’ÓbkrN_ep§g@ EdleKVnKas’kayeXIj. eKEbgEckbuBèbvti¶saås¶CabI

yuK EdlmandUcteTAÐ
1- yuKfµcas’ (paléolithique) Ð PaKe¨cIn«nCév^tTI 4 «nFrNI (quaternaire) mkdl’q~S 8000 munKùsù. Cév^tTI 4
«nFrNI KWsm&yEdlFatuGakascab’¨tCak’xÂSg ehIyTwkkkrwgTSgGs’ (cab’ep¶émBI 2 eTA 3 lanq~Smun). mnus§
elakekIteLIgk~¬gCév^tTI 4 «nFrNIenaH. k~¬gyuKfµcas’, mnus§kan’EtecHeFÃIÓbkrN_ep§g@ (vaybMEbkfµ ehIy
cSg[¨sçc), e¨bIqíwgnwgP¬k, mansilº:xÂH (KMnUrk~¬grUgP~MLasûè, VrSg) .
2- yuKfµkN¶al (mésolithique) BIq~S 8000 mun Kùsù dl’ 3000 mun Kùsù . hYsBIkarrkciJÍwmCév^t
edaybrVj’ eKeXIjelcecjnUvesd½kicÍCad÷NSdSduH. karecHe¨bI¨Vs’Edk k*cab’ep¶émeLIgehIy.
3- yuKfµfµé (néolithique) BI 3000 mun Kùsù dl’ 1500 mun Kùsù . mnus§ecHkat’sMelogfµ, eFÃIfU nig bMBg’
ep§g@ BIGid½, ecHtºaj. ksikmµkan’EtcMerIn, rIäxagelahFatu mnus§ecHe¨bImas, sõan’ nigsMriTì.
 7
epí¿ge¨C eKBuMsUvmaneXIjeT, sk’rYjGgðadé ÉmYy¨kjaj’Etm¶g. mYycMENkeTot lkÅN:mnus§
sa¨s¶«nCatiExµr enAEtCaTITMnas’«n¨TwsI¶TSgBYg. G~kmnus§sa¨s¶xÂH PØab’ExµreTAnwgBYk \eN¨KItU|
(négrito, mnus§exµAtUcenA m”aeLsIu)(7), G~kxÂHeTot PØab’eTAC÷BUk ²NëèeNsuIEyn.
qíwgkºal EdleKKas’ecjBI¨sTab’dé cas’CageK enAreN¶A¨sav¨Cav enAsMeragEsn k~¬g
¨beTskmõ¬Ca enAlíagP~M pUbß^jy”a nig elOgkwg k~¬gev¿tNamxageCég, enAlíagP~M mijkS k~¬g
ev¿tNamxagtºèg, nigenAGN¶ègEr” fShag k~¬g¨beTslav sutìEtenAk~¬gcMBUk \eN¨KItU- emLaeN
sIuyag| Edl¨bEhlK~anwgqíwgkºal«nmnus§exµAenA GUås¶alI nig«nBYk V”BU enAemLaeNsuI. eK
GacrkcemÂIyxÂHVn ebIeKdak’kmõ¬Cak~¬gkal:eTs:TUeTA«nGasIuGeK~y_. dUec~HEmn, k~¬gPUmiPaKenH d÷
Nak’FM@ «nkarv^vt¶n_«nsN¶anstÃbMe×kUnEdleC¯nelOnCageK (primates) Vn¨tèveKbgúajy”ag
cºas’ edaysarkarrkeXIjqíwg«n \GUmInIyag| (hominien), sN¶anstÃsÃaesæIrmnus§)(8). sMNl’BI
yuKfµcas’ Vn¨tèveKrkeXIjenAekaHCÃa nigenAelITÃIb. sMNl’TSgenH dUcK~anwgsMNl’Edl
eKrkeXIjk~¬gPUmiPaK EdlenAcenÂaH¨beTscinxageCég nigGasuIkN¶al. TI¨sav¨CavenAekaHCÃa
Vn¨tèveKsik§ay”aghµt’ct’CagTIäeTotTSgGs’(9). enAq~S 1891 qíwgkºalmYyPaK «nmnus§-sÃa
(pithécanthrope) Vn¨tèveKKas’eXIjenAkN¶alekaHCÃa. mnus§-sÃa enH CastÃeCOnelOnNas’
ehIy k~¬gsN¶anstÃbMe×kUneCOnelOn (primates). e¨kaymkeTot enAkN¶alekaHCÃadEdl, eKrk
eXIjqíwg«n |GUmInÆag| EdlVnrs’enAk~¬gyuKfµcas’. qíwgxÂH«nC÷BUkmnus§fµéCagenH (12000 q~S mun
Kùsù) Vn¨tèveKrkeXIjenA va”d´ak’ elIeq~rxagtºèg«nekaHCÃa. k~¬gq~S 1942 enAGUås¶alIeKrk
eXIjqíwgkºalmYy Edl¨bEhlK~anwgkºalenA va”d´ak’ Edr. enA¨beTslav G~kv^T´asa¨s¶
xagFrNI h§ù åhÃm”aeh§ß rkeXIjk~¬gGN¶ègEr” fShag, fSbu”g nig fSV”Ly nUv qíwg \GUmInÆag| Edl
¨bEhlK~anwgqíwg \mnus§cin| (sinanthrope) EdleKkayeXIjenAeb”kSg ehIynigqíwgEdleKKas’
eXIjenA mu”CeCaEKtU k~¬gekaHCÃa ehIyEdlsl’mkBIyuKfµcas’. buBÃkarI«nmnus§elakTSgenH,
EdlVnrs’enAk~¬gCév^tTI4 «nFrNI, minTan’ecHeFÃI¨bdab’¨bdare¨bIenAeLIyeT.
enAk~¬gyuKfµkN¶al eKeXIjkarmkdl’CaelIkTImYy «nbN¶aCnEdlenAk~¬gC÷BUk \GUås¶aLè
GIud–eveDaGIud| (australoïde-veddoïde)(10) EdllkÅN:kaymanCaGaTi_ KW Ð Esºk¨kem”A nigsk’rYj
Ggðadé. d÷Nagy”agbrisuTì (²tkat’) «nbN¶aCnsm&yedémTSgenH manenAeLIyrhUtsBëf©k~¬g
GUås¶alI, m”aeLsIu (kånæajP~M), ekaHsßUm”a¨ta nigekaH¨sIlgûa (kånæaj). bN¶aCnyuKfµkN¶alenH
rs’enAedaye¨tccrrhUt ehIycab’eFÃI[EtVn@ BIqíwg BIfµ nigBIeQI nUvÓbkrN_e¨bI¨Vs’. bN¶a
CnEdlmkdl’CaelIkTI2 k~¬gyuKfµkN¶al enAk~¬gC÷BUk \eN¨KItU|Ð mnus§xÂçnTab (k~¬g¨kum
\Bicem”| pygmée), Esºk¨kem”A, sk’¨kjaj’, eramxÂçnBMusUvman ÉKµanEtm¶g. bNa¶CnTSgenH enA
many”agbrisuTìenAeLIy k~¬gm”aeLsIu, GUås¶alI nighÃIlIBIn. bN¶aCnEdlmkdl’ CaelIkTI
begúIyk~¬gyuKdEdl enAk~¬gC÷BUk \emLaeNsUGIud| (mélanésoïde, dUcmnus§enAem”LaeNsIu) (sm&y
xage¨kayenH eKe¨cInEt[eQµaHfa \sm&yhÃabß^j| edayehtufa eKVnrkeXIjenA hÃabß^j,
evotNamxageCég, nUvqwígkºalEdldUcrbs’mnus§enAem”LaeNsIu). d÷Nagy”agbrisuTì«nbN¶aCn
elIke¨kayenH VnVt’Gs’BIGasIuPaKGeK~y_eTAehIy, bu”En¶enAsl’e¨cInenAeLIy k~¬gekaH
 8
em”LaeNsIu nigenAGUås¶alI. BYkenHbriePaKmnus§, enAEte¨bIÓbkrN_eFÃIBIfµ bu”En¶ecHeFÃIfUGMBIGid½
ehIye¨bI¨Vs’TUkedémºIensaT.
Tal’Etmkdl’yuKfµfµé eTIbmnus§sasn_ ²NëèeNsIuEyn cuHBITisxageCég ehIy cUlmk
rs’enAbn¶bnæab’K~arhUteBj GasIuPaKGeK~y_. ÓbkrN_ \qÂat| CagmunVn¨tèveKeXIjmaneLIg.
bN¶aCnTSgenH sg’pæH, eFÃITUk ehIynScUlmk²NëècinnUvkardS¨sèv. eC¯favtĬep§g@ man¨Blwg
enAxagk~¬g, BYkenHeKarBGark§ G~kta rUbbd^makrCae¨cIn ehIyeKarBbUCadl’dUnta buBÃkarI. bu”En¶eKBuM
d·gfa mankartTl’K~arvagBYksasn_ ²NëèeNsuIEyn nigBYkbN¶aCnedém ––dUec~H Kµankarlay
bgûat’K~a–– ÉmYypæ¬yeTAv^j mankarbgûat’layK~arvagshKmn_TSgBIr(11). yuKsMriTì (âge de
Bronzes) maneLIgrvagq~S 300 mun Kùsù . kEnÂgTImYyEdlmanÓs§ahkmµeFÃIsMriTì Vn¨tèveK
rkeXIjenAdugsWg, ¨beTsevotNam. sm&yenaH Casm&ygg·ts¬g«n¨bvti¶sa¨s¶Exµr ––eyIgfa
Ç«nbuBèbvti¶sa¨s¶ExµrÈ eTAcuH–– Edl²tmannrNad·gerOgehtuGÃIeLIy ehIyEdleyIgsgôwmfa
nwgVn¨tèvbMPWÂk~¬g«f©NamYy.
CnCaticinnigCnCati²Nëa eTIbnwgcUlmkdl’edayCak’lak’k~¬g²Nëècin enAedém¨Kis¶sk
raC. BYk²Nëa, edaynSmknUvGriyFámxÂçn (sasna, Gk§r, karyl’eXIjneyaVy .l.), Vn
bJÍèl¨bCaCatiExµreTAk~¬g¨bvti¶sa¨s¶. ExµreyIgcUlmkelIqak¨bvti¶sa¨s¶ Ca¨bCaCncMNuHGaNa
c¨k hÃßè-Nn (nKrP~M k~¬gPasacin) EdlCaGaNac¨kTImYyenAGasIuGeK~y_ ehIyEdles¶celIk
d÷bUg, tameKsµan, suTìEtCaCnCati²Nëa. KWrvag Kùsù 545 EdlnKrcin-La, eQµaHcin«nnKr
BYkkmõ¬Ca(12), p¶ac’xÂçnecjBIGaNac¨khÃßè-Nn ehIycºSgdeN¶ImrhUtdl’¨sèbVnGaNac¨k
TSgmUl (cin-La enHlatsnìwgtamdgTenÂemKgð cab’BI¨kecHenATisxagtºèg eTAdl’ V”k’es (lav)
enATisxageCég ehIyvateTATisxaglic elIPaKe¨cIn«ndgTenÂesmU”n k~¬g¨beTs«fsBëf©(R). etI
cMVMgenHCakardeN¶ImraC´K~arvages¶c«nGaNac¨k dUcEdlG~k¨bvti¶sa¨s¶VnGHGag, ÉmYyCakar
bHeVr«nCatisasn_mYyEdleKC^HCan’ Tl’nwgG~k¨tçt¨taxÂçn? cMNucenH¨tèvEteKrkbMPÂW[cºas’.
bu”En¶ eyIgGackt’sMKal’karr”ayr”ab’rbs’cinm~ak’eQµaH kSg-«t, smaC^k«nKN:ebskkmµcinmYy
EdlVnsÄitenAk~¬g hÃèß-Nn (Kùsù 245 – Kùsù 250), EdlVnEcgdUcteTA GMBICévPaBenA
k~¬g¨beTs (kuM¨cLM kSg-«t CamYy ecv ta kÃan’ EdlVnmkdl’k~¬gsm&yGgðr enA Kùsù 1296)Ð
ÇraCFanImanv^mand*FMeqItqayenAB&TìC÷uv^j. ¨BHraCanignamuWnsBÃmuxmån¶I rs’enAk~¬gPaBfû¬÷efûégrugerOg
ehIyeFÃId÷eNIrep§g@edaye¨bId÷rICayan. bu”En¶raås¶¨bCaenAxÂçnTeT, rUbGa¨kk’, exµA ehIysk’¨k-
jaj’. ¨bCaraås¶rs’enAk~¬gpæHeFÃIBIòs§I sg’elIbegðalssrùùù.È
Caeyabl’bJÍb’, ¨bEhlCamankar¨bevsn_«nbN¶aCnenAkmõ¬Cak~¬gyuKfµ eqõaHeTAkan’ekaH
em”LaeNsuI, KasµanI nigGUås¶alI(13). ¨Tws¶ICae¨cInKaM¨Tfa kar¨bevsn_enHGaceFÃIeTAVn k~¬g
sm&y¨tCak’d*yUrlg’GEgÃg«nCév^tTI4 «nFrNI, sm&yEdlekaHTSgGs’ dUcCaCab’nwgTIÃbEdr eday
sarkarrIgTwksmu¨T (¨skcuHBI 200 eTA 300 Em”¨t)(14) mYycMENkeTot CnCatiExµrsBëf©Gac
CalTìpl«nkarlaybgûat’rvagsasn_BIrÐ mYysasn_C÷nan’edImenAk~¬g¨suk (eN¨KItU–– emLaeN
sIuyag), mYyeTot sasn_ ²NëèeNsIuEyn(15) .
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
(R) emIlEpnTI TMB&r 147 nig 157
 9

GFibºay

(1)- G~kv^T´asaås¶FmµCatiVrSgeQµaH mUGU Vn¨bTHeXIj¨VsaTGgðrenAq~S 1859. Ggðrvt¶,

ksageday¨BHVTsUriyavrµ&nTI2 (1113-1150), Vn¨tèvExµreyIgeVHbg’ecal tSgBIq~S
1432 (es¶cBjay”at).
(2)- salaVrSgenAcugbUJá¨beTs (Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient) Vn¨tèvbegûéteday b”Ul DèEmr
k~¬gq~S 1898 enAhaNUy. kUnsMGb’«nGaNaniKmkmµVrSg, kmõ¬CaVnTTYlticNas’
BIkarbricÍaK«nVrSg cMeJHvDónPaBvbºFám«n²Nëècin.
(3) G~ktBUC«n \ExµryuKfµ| TSgGs’enH rs’enACaGaNikCn ehIynwgputtMNenAk~¬gGnaKt.
(4) em”LaeNsIu (Mélanésie, ekaHmnus§exµA): ekaHmYy¨kumenAmhasmu¨TV”sIuhÃikxagtºèg ehIy
EdlmanCaGaTi_: nUEvl hIðeN, saLèm”ug (kÃadal’kaNal’) nUEvl kaeLdUnI .l.
(5) KuNnam \²NëèeNsIuEyn| enH Vn¨tève¨bIedayG~kmnus§saås¶ edaymkBIlkÅN:dUcK~a
CamYyBYk day”ak’ enAekaH bßeNGU nigBYk Vt’tak’ nig Gaet´H enA sßUma”¨ta.
(6) Jk´ \GasuIPaKGeK~y_| enH manedémkMeNItCaGg’eKÂs (GanTMB&r 39). ¨beTs«nGasuI
GeK~y_man : PUma «f lav kmõ¬Ca evotNamTSg2 shB&nìm”aeLsuI swgúburI ²NëèeNsIu nig
hIÃlIBIn. GasuIPaKGeK~y_EdleFÃI[PitP&y, [¨sLaj’, [GaNit. KWCaEpndé«nPaBep§g
K~apg «näkPaBpg. ep§gK~aedayCati edayrbbneyaVy edayPasa nigedaysasna.
äkPaBedaymkGMBIsasn_EsºkelOgrbs’xÂçn cMNIGaharrbs’xÂçn TIlMenArbs’xÂçn.
(7) eKeXIjlkÅN: \eN¨KItU| enH enArs’e¨cInÉtick~¬g¨bCaksikreyIg. bN¶aCnenAtam¨kug
enAk~¬gC÷BUkmYyep§geTot EdldUcCakat’eTAv^j PaKe¨cInKWC÷BUkExµrkat’cin. dUec~HEmn Cn
CaticinVncakecjBI¨sukkMeNItxÂçn mkrs’enAk~¬g¨beTsd«TenATisxagtºèg edaymkGMBI
sågðamd*e¨cIn karman¨bCaCne¨cInhYs¨bmaN nigkarrehmrham. ecjBIC÷BUkkat’enH KW
vNö:G~k¨kug«nsgðmExµr. ¨bCaksikrExµrrs’enAk~¬gGt¶esd½kicÍ (autarcie) mYyd*eBjelj
ehIy, ebIe¨bobpæ·meTAsgðmG~k¨kugnigG~kman, sgðmksikr KWCasgðmmYyd«T. cMeJHkar
EbkCaBIrenH etIeK¨tèvdak’kMhuselIkar¨BegIyken¶Iy«nrd½aPiVlTSgLay ÉelI \kar¨b-
kan’BáNsmº¬r| «nBYkG~k¨kug? karN_mYyEdlBitKW cab’tSgBIGaNac¨kExµrcuHeGanfymk
¨bCaCnExµrsuTì edértYbMeBjqakeT k~¬gnadksalneyaVynigsgðm.
fÃétºitEtbN¶aCnExµr (7lannak’enAq~S1970) manlkÅN:mUlEtmYyEdr(R) k~¬gPaB
TUeTA, ¨beTsExµrCaTIrs’enA«n¨kumGaNikCnk~¬g¨suk (ExµrelI 50 000 nak’) nig«nGaNik
CnGen¶a¨bevsn_bI¨kum: cin (450 000 nak’), yYn (220 000 nak’, 200 000 nak'
Vn¨tLb’eTAevotNamvij e¨kayExmIna 1970), cam (80 000 nak’).
(R – mindUc¨bCaCnlav É ¨bCaCnswgúburI Caedém.)
(8) k~¬gvak´s&Bæmnus§saås¶, \GUmInÆag| (hominiens) Ca¨kummnus§nigbuBÃkarIxÂçn k~¬gsN¶an
stÃbMe×kUneC¯nelOnCageK. stÃEdlCabuBÃkarIcM«nmnus§ e¨cInEteK[eQµaHfa \GUm”Usa
 10
B´ag| (homosapiens, mnus§sBëf©). GUmInÆagTI1 VnekIteLIg kalBI 3 lanq~Smun. cMENk
äFrNI manCév^t 4 500 lanq~SmkehIy.
(9) TI¨sav¨CavenAekaHCÃa Vn¨tèveKsik§ae¨CA¨CHNas’ BIe¨JHkarrkeXIjmnus§-sÃa EdlCa
stÃekItmun \GuUm”UsaB´ag|. cMENkäkar¨sav¨Cavxagmnus§saås¶ nigxagburaNv^T´aenA
²Nëècin Vn¨tèveKbJÎb’sine¨JHsågðam.
(10) Jk´ \GUås¶aLèGIud-eveDaGIud| Vn¨tève¨bI edaymkBIBYkexµAk~¬g¨sukenAGUås¶alI manlkÅN:
kaydUcBYkevD: enAekaH¨sIlgûa.
(11) tam¨Tws¶IxÂH CatiExµrGac[eKsMKal’Casasn_ ²NëèeNsIuEyn Edl¨tèv¨KbdN¶b’edayBYk
mn-Exµr . BYk mn-Exµr VncakecjBIP~M hIum”aLay”axagtºèg eqõaHmkTisäekIt ehIyTuk
ecaltampÂèvnUv¨kumCae¨cIn EdlG~ktBUCenAmanrhUtsBëf©; BYkxHsIu enA¨sukGs§S (cenÂaH
bwgðlaeTs nig PUma), BYkV”Lèg nigBYkva” enA¨beTsPUmaxageCég, BYklÔa nigBYkva” enA
¨beTscinxagnirtI nigenA¨beTs«fxageCég, BYkmnenA¨beTsPUmaxagtºèg nigenA¨beTs
«fkN¶al, nigBYkxaenA¨beTslav. m´a”geTot PasaExµrVn¨tèvrab’bJÍèlk~¬gGMbUrPasa
mn-Exµr rYcmkehIy.

¨Tws¶I mn-Exµr xagelIenH Vn¨tèvC÷Tas’edaymnus§sa¨s¶TMenIb ehacNas’k*xagmtiCév-

sa¨s¶Edr. becÍkeTsmYyeQµaH v^CØarkC÷BUkQam (hémotypologie) sik§akt¶aQamTSg Lay
EdlxusK~atamFatuEdlp§MxÂçneLIg BICnm~ak’eTACnm~ak’eTot BI¨bCaCnmYyeTA¨bCaCn mYy
BIsasn_mYyeTAsasn_mYy (emIlk~¬gTs§navt¶I \v^T´asa¨s¶ nigCév^t (Science et Vie) | elx
685 Extula 74).

karsik§aVnbgúajfa kmõ¬CaenAk~¬g«pæmnus§sa¨s¶mYyy”agBiess. dUec~HEmn esæIr

EtmanEtExµreT Edlmany”age¨cInhUrehornUvlk¶i_Qam (hémoglobine) m´”agEdlE¨b¨bçl
(mutante) ehIyEdlenAk~¬gC÷BUk |GW|. edaysarkarsik§aelIkt¶aQam «nbN¶aCnenAGasuI
 11
PaKGeK~y_ G~k¨sav¨CavVnKUseLIgv^jnUv¨BMEdn (mYyPaK) «nGaNac¨kExµrBIedém. eKBuM
¨tèvq©l’eLIy BIkarN_EdlkMritlk¶i_Qam \GW| enAkmõ¬Cae¨kamman 3% k~¬geBlEdlenA
kmõ¬Ca KW 28%. e¨JHfabN¶aCn enAkmõ¬Cae¨kamKW ùùù yYnxagtºèg.
(12) \BYkkmõ¬Ca| É BYkkUn²sIkmõ¬ : es¶c¨beTscinLa tSgxÂçnCaG~ktvg§²sI kmõ¬-¨BHnagemra.
eQµaHvg§es¶cenHVnkÂayeTACaeQµaH¨bCaCn rYcmkeTACaeQµaH¨beTs. rIä¨JhµN_
ekaNëJï nig¨BHnagesama, es¶cTImYy«nhÃßèNn, VncUlk~¬gerOge¨BgCa¨BHefagnagnaK
«nnKreKakFÂk.
(13) kar¨bevsn_«n \ExµryuKfµ| :

(14) k~¬glkÅN:v^T´asa¨s¶FrNI kmõ¬CaCaEdndéeTIbnigduHfµI. bwgTenÂsabkalBIedémCaQUg

smu¨TmYy. bwgmYyEdlman¨tIe¨cInCagbwgäeTotTSgGs’k~¬gBiPBelak, TenÂsabVn
ciJÍwmbN¶aCnExµrTSgmUl ehIyEfmTSgd·k¨tIecjeTAe¨kAeTotpg. vtĬCaTIcg’Vn«nG~kC^t
xag, eKenAEtBMud·gfabwgTenÂsabenAEtciJÍwmbN¶aCnExµrdUckalmun ÉmYyeTACay”agdUcem¶c
eLIy.
(15) G~ktBUCy”agbrisuTì«nsasn_²NëèeNsuIEyn enAkmõ¬Ca lav nigyYn enAmanrhUtsBëf©
ehIyrs’enACa¨kumGaNikCn. kånæajTSgenHxMrk§aCév^txÂçnteTAeTot enAtamPUmiPaKEdl
\caj’| CageKTSgGs’«nTÃIb. enAkmõ¬CamanBUCesæ¿g KYy P~g. enAlav BYkxa. enA
ev¿tNam BYky”ar”ay r”aed. kånæajTSgGs’enH rs’enAk~¬gtMbn’ \¨BMEdnbI| (tMbn’TYlxõs’)
ehIymancMnYn 50 000 nak’ k~¬gkmõ¬Ca nig 700 000 nak’ k~¬gev¿t-Nam (tamTs§navt¶I
\PUmisa¨s¶Cati| (National Geographic) Exmkra 1965). fÃétºitEteKdak’ecalk~¬g«pæTI2
«nCév^tsgðm GaNikCnTSgenHVn¨tèveKe¨bI¨Vs’k~¬gsågðamTSgLay«n²Nëècin : d÷bUg
edayBYkVrSg e¨kaymkBYkGaemrikSg (kn¶wb«btg), edayyYnxageCég nigedayExµreyIg
(rNsir§rYmtyuTì«nCatisasn_eKC^HCan’, |hìßlr”U|). vasna«nsasn_²NëèeNsuIEynTSg
enH mind·gCay”agNaEdrk~¬gGnaKt.
#####################
 12

PaKTI 2

BI

karb”HelIkdMbUg
nwgbsiÍm¨beTs
eTA

GaNaniKm

kUneGIyekri_¶emV cUrrk§aEtekri_¶lí .
 13
rhUtmkdl’d÷Nac’stvt§r_TI12, kard·gsðal’«nbsÍwm¨beTselITIÃbGasIu enA¨twmEtkar
sðal’¨beTscin tamkarniTanr”ayr”ab’«nG~kedéreTs EdlVneTAdl’TIenaHedaykat’tamGasuI
kN¶al. bnæab’BIkarB¨gékGMNacy”agmhima«nBYkmu”gehðal enAstvt§r_TI13 mk —karB¨gékEdl
man eh§g h§ß^H xan’ nigbnæab’mk ecArbs’xÂçn, XUbßé«Lxan’ CaG~kd·knS(1) ehIyEdlVnsab
e¨BaHmhn¶rayJseBjTÃIb cenÂaHGWr”ub-GasuI rhUtdl’déval¨beTshug¨KI— ¨beTscinVneTACa
TITak’TajmYycMeJHbsÍwm¨beTs.
d÷eNIrEsÃgrkBinit´Cae¨cInVn¨tèveFÃIeLIg dUcd÷eNIrBIrdgd*rnæW«n m”arkU b”ULè enA¨sukcinCa
edém(2). rvagd÷Nac’stvt§r_TI13, bnæab’BIkarrkeXIjpÂèvsmu¨TmYymkbUJá¨beTs, BYkB&rTuyehð
sem¸aFyuKEmnETn«nd÷eNIrEsÃgrkBinit´. va”sûè d· hûama” mkdl’ kalIKut (kal’kt¶a) enAq~S
1498. Gal’bUßEKk ykVnkMBg'Ep ehða (²Nëa) enAq~S 1510 rYcehIykMBg'Ep m”aLak’ka
(²NëèeNsIu) enAq~S 1511, ehIymkdl’ kg’tug enAq~S 1517. PUQYym~ak’rbs’ Gal’bUßEKk,
Gg’tUnIj”è d· hÃarIy”a cUlmkk~¬gqksmu¨T TYr”an (evotNamxagtºèg) ehIykt’sMKal’TIPUmi «hÃhÃè
Edle¨kaymkVneTACakMBg'EpEtmYy«n²Nëècin(3) EdlebIkcMhreTAbreTs. karniTanr”ayr”ab’
«nG~kEsÃgrkelIkd÷bUgTSgenH Tak’TajBYkQµçj nigG~kp§aysasna¨Kis¶[mkGasuI.
enAq~S 1555 G~kbYs \dYmInIkSg| CatiB&rTuyehð eQµaH hûasº”a d· ¨Kuyh§_ mkdl’
raCvSg«nes¶cGgðcan’TI1 . kalenaHkmõ¬CakMBugEteGanfyeBjTMhwg edayhinehacnwgkarcUl
vay«nBYkesom(4). tamdaneCég«n hûasº”a dW ¨Kuyh§_, G~kbYs \dUmInIkSg| nig \¨hÃg’ suIs¶Sg|
B&rTuyehð äeTotmkdl’kmõ¬Ca(5). CnCatiB&rTuyehðsmYyk¶ab’ k*VncUlrYmCamYyes¶cExµr k~¬gkar
tyuTìTl’nwgBYkesom(6), karCYytyuTìEdlnwgcb’enAq~S 1623 e¨JHfa ¨kumB&rTuyehðTSgLay
enAGasIu k*cuHsabsUn´xÂçnägEdr. BI Kùsù 1623 dl’ 1682 KWdl’evnBYk hUlÂg’ed m¶g Edl
xitxMdak’hagC÷nYjmYyenA¨sukExµr bu”En¶minVnsMerceLIy. k~¬gcenÂaHeBlenaH, BYkG~kbYs \ey
sÃßét|, bnæab’BIbraC&y«nBYk \dUmInIkSg| k~¬gkarp§aysasnaenAkmõ¬Ca Vnsg’TIp§aysasnamYy
enAkMBg'Ep «hÃhÃè k~¬gq~S 1615 ehIysMercsg’mYyeTotk~¬gq~S 1625 enA¨suktugkwg(7). k~¬g
eKaledAenH BYk \eysßéÃt| tSgG~kbYsVrSgm~ak’, GaeLcsg’¨d_ d· r”Ud, CaemKN:ebskkmµ. d· r”Ud
xitxMbMVk’PaBp¶ac’mux«nkicͨtçt¨ta (pÂèvsgô) katUlikenAbUJá¨beTs EdlkalenaHenAk~¬g«dBYk
B&rTuyehð. eBl¨tLb’mk¨sukVrSgv^j, Kat’ruj¨canmhasn~iVtsgôVrSg[eFÃIkicÍbgÅ^tbgÅ÷¨kug
r”Um edémºIEtgtSgemKN (eGEv”t) VrSgenA²Nëècin(8). enAq~S 1663, edayman kulEbßr nig es¶c
lÃITI14 KS¨Tpg GgðkarmYyeQµaH \ Société des Missions Etrangères | (smaKm¨kumecjp§ay
sasnaenAbreTs) Vn¨tèvbegûéteLIg ehIyEdlmanPar:erIsrkG~kp§aysasnaCatiVrSgedémºI
²Nëècin.
enAstvt§r_TI18 QµçjVrSgelIkd÷bUgmkdl’²Nëècin. karbu”nb”gTImYyrbs’BYkenH edémºI
rs’enAk~¬gGNöam nigk~¬gtugkwg²tmaneCaKC&yeT edayehtufa karTat’ecal, karminTTYlBI
sMNak’CnCatiyYn VnmaneLIgy”ageBjTMhwg. mkdl’q~S 1773 k*manbgbíènbInak’ Edlmanedém
kMeNItenA «tsWg nSyYnbHeVrTl’nwges¶cxageCégniges¶cxagtºèg. BYkenHdeN¶ImykblÂ&gûVn,
ehIyes¶cGNöameQµaH ehà ev¯g EdlePosxÂçneTAkmõ¬Cae¨kam Vn¨tèveKsmÂab’enAq~S 1777. kµçy
 14
es¶ceQµaH egÿg Gan’, G~kbn¶raC´, EknT&BedémºIcºSgbgbíèn \«tsWg|. eq¿t{kasBIkartyuTì
xagk~¬genH, emKNenAkmõ¬Cae¨kam, BIj”èdWebEGn, rujmÍas’ egÿg Gan’ EdlxÂçnVneFÃICamit¶y”agsi~Tì
[suMC÷nYyVrSg. bnæab’BIVncºSgqµk’ 5 q~Seday²teCaKC&ymk egÿg Gan’ ¨Bmtameyabl’
emKN(9). dWebEGn, edaymankUncºg egÿg Gan’ Gayu 5 q~S mkCamYypg, k*cuHsMeBAmkdl’
LèrIy”g’ (¨sukVrSg) enAq~S 1787. enAeBlenaH VrSgkMBugEteVHbg’ecalGaNaniKmrbs’xÂçnenA
Gaemrik, kaNada EdlBuMsUvCaTIeBjcit¶«nes¶clÃITI16. mu”gm”UrSg, rd½mån¶IkarbreTs, EdleXIjfa
{kasedémºIsgbMeBjkarbg’xatenA¨beTs²Nëamkdl’ehIy, k*cuHsnìisJïasmõnìPaBTI1 CamYy
GNöam enA ev«s k~¬g«f© 28 v^cÏika 1787(10). C÷nYyswkmYyVnp¶l’[ egÿg Gan’. tbeTAv^j
mÍas’yYnenH¨tèv[ekaH¨tLac (BULèkugDr) nigkMBg’Ep TYr”an eTA¨beTsVrSg Edl¨tèvmankmµsiTì
p¶ac’muxxagC÷nYjeTot. b”uEn¶eBlemKNkatUlik¨tLb’mkdl’kmõ¬Cae¨kamv^j, egÿg Gan’ ykVn
«¨BnKrrYceTAehIy ¨BmTSgEdndéTisxagtºègTSgGs’. enAq~S 1802, egÿg Gan’ vayQ~H \«tsWg|
e¨kaybgís’enAhaNUy ehIy¨bkasxÂçnCaGFiraCe¨kameQµaHfa y”aL¬g(11).
cMeNaTep§g@ «nkarbd^vt¶n_ (1789) VneFÃI[VrSgxÃl’xÃay. karTak’TgCamYy¨beTs
yYn k*Vn¨tèveKBuMsUvykcit¶Tukdak’elImYyry:eTA. CnCatiVrSgmYy¨kum, PaKe¨cInCaG~kp§ay
sasna, Vnrs’enAedaysn¶iPaBedaysarkarKSJr«ny”aL¬g. G~ktraC´«nes¶cenH, mijm”ag rYc
mk TIDwk cab’¨bTUs¶ra"ynwgVrSgeLIgv^j. karB´aVTeFÃITukÅbukem~jelIBYkG~kp§aysasna k*ekIt
eLIgm¶geTot. ykelsfadak’TNëkmµelIGFiraCyYn TIDwk GMBIkarsmÂab’rgðalG~kp§aysasna
¨Kis¶, Nab”UeLGugTI 3 bJØa[elIkT&BVrSgmYykgmkvayyYn(12). «f© 31 sIha 1858,
sMeBAmYykgEdld·knSebsk:eyaFBlVrSg-eGsº”aj¬”l 3000 nak’ e¨kambJØa«nÓt¶mnavé
rIehða dWh§WnUyI, eVHyufûaenAqksmu¨T TYr”an. BI TYr”an emT&BVrSgKitKUrvayraCFanI ehÃ. bu”En¶sMeBA
Vj’kSePÂIgFMrbs’xÂçn BuMGaccUltamsæwgehÃVneLIy. e¨kayBIkgsMeBAVrSgVnenAnwgfûl’y”ag
yUr, dWh§InUyIsMercb¶èrTIedA Ð ÉmYytugkwg ÉmYykmõ¬Cae¨kam. x´l’rdUvrganSsMeBAmkkmõ¬Cae¨kam
qab’Cag. kgsMeBAk*cuHmkxagtºèg ehIyeLIgtamsæwg«¨BnKr, ¨kugEdlVn¨tèvvaysMrukenA«f© 17
kum¸: 1859. VrSgVnes~IsuMb¶èrkugsußlK~aCamYyyYn bu”En‘ cMeJHmuxcMnYns¶çces¶Ig«nT&BVrSg, TI Dwk
Tat’ecalsMeNIenH. y”agNamij kgTahanVrSgnigeGsº”aj¬”l Edlp¶¬÷K~ak~¬gbnæaymYy Tb’Tl’
VnnwgkarvaybeJÍjTSgb”unµanrbs’T&ByYn. enAExkum¸: 1860 navacMVMgVrSg 70 e¨KOg cuHBI
¨sukcinmk, ehIymin¨twmEtvaybMEbkVnnUvkareLamB&TìeT EfmTSgkan’kab’ext¶bIenAxageCég«¨B
nKreTot. «f© 5 kkûda 1862 TI Dwk, edayrvl’nwgkarbHeVrenAtugkwg, cuHsnìisJïamYyCamYy
Ót¶mnavé eVNöa EdlenAk~¬genaH GFiraCyYnGnuJïatesrIPaBkan’sasnakatUlik ehIy[ext¶bI
(eboghÃa, y”aDij nigv^jLWg) nigekaH¨tLaceTAVrSg(13).
yk kUsSgsuIn (kmõ¬Cae¨kam, Ganelxeyag2 cMeJHedémkMeNIt«neQµaHenH) VnminTan’
Gs’Jk’kN¶alpg VrSgecalEP~kmkkmõ¬Ca EdlVnGs’démYyduMeTAehIy. ExkJïa 1862 Ót¶m
navé eVNöa mkeFÃITs§nkicÍdl’¨BHVTnerat¶menAÓdugð EdlkalenaHCaraCFanI, Ts§nkicÍEdlCa
karsæabsæg’emIl E¨kgGacTajkmõ¬Cadak’e¨kamkarKSJrVrSgVn. dUec~aHEmnk~¬gsm&yenaH VrSg
rkpÂèvmYycUlmkk~¬g¨beTscinxagtºègedémºIeFÃIC÷nYj. ebI¨tçt¨takmõ¬CaVn, VrSgmin¨Kan’Et¨tçt¨ta
 15
VnnUvTenÂemKgðeT EdlGacCapÂèvmYycUleTAdl’¨beTscinxagtºèg(14) KWEfmTSgPUmiPaKbgûaTukxag
muxmYyeTotsMrab’eBlNamankaryayIBI¨sukesom EdlVn¨tèvBYkGg’eKÂsKS¨TrYceTAehIy.
«f© 10 sIha 1863 Ót¶mnavé dãLa¨kg’ED´r, \KUEvn&r| (ecAhÃay) TI1 «nkUsSgsuIn Edl
emKNkatUlik, mIs, mkCamYypg Vnmkdl’¨kugÓdugð ehIy \[| ¨BHVTnerat¶m cuHhtÄelxa
elIsniìsJïaTTYlkarKSJr (¨bètiktUr”a) BIVrSg(15), sniìsJïaEdlnwgTTYlhtÄelxa«n Nab”UeL
GugTI3 enAeBlxage¨kay. karN_enH Vn¨tèveFÃIeLIgedaysm©at’ ehIyk~¬geBlEdlBjaraCa ––
namWunesomEdl¨kugeTB (Vgkk) cat’[XÂSemIles¶cExµr–– minenA. «f© 4 v^cÏika 1864 sas§W
lULèV, rd½mån¶I¨ksYgnavacr dak’esck¶IraykarN_mYyeTANab”UeLGugTI3, EdlenAk~¬genaH rd½mån¶I
bgúajkarcSVc’¨tèvrk§aTuk²Nëècin. enAq~S 1867 d·La¨kg’ED´r ykext¶bIeTotenA kUsSgsIun Ð
v^jL¬g, suk¨tag (XÂSg) nigcUduk (mat’¨Cèk). KWk~¬geBlEdlxÂçneFÃIGn¶raKmn_suM[GFiraCyYnedaH
ElgG~krt’BnìGavuFVrSgm~ak’eQµaH h§g’ DuyBÃI EdlBYkVrSgcUlk~¬gkarcºSgyktugkwg. karvay
d÷bUgVn¨tèvd·knSeday åhÃg’sIus hûarenÆ enA«f©TI 20 v^cÏika 1873. ¨beTscink*KMramfanwgeFÃI
Gn¶raKmn_tampÂèvswk. naykrd½mån¶I h§¬ßl EhÃßrI [sPaeVHeq~atebIk²NTan edémºIbJØènebsk:
eyaFamYykg, EdlnwgvaypæçnK~aelIGNöampg elItugkwgpg.
karvay¨beTsGNöameFÃIeTAeday²tcMeNaTeLIy edayes¶c TI-Dwk VnsÂab’k~¬gExkkûda
1883. rd½aPiVlyYnminTb’Tl’eT ehIycuHk~¬g«f© 25 sIha nUvsnìisJïaTTYlkarKSJr(¨bètiktUr”a)
VrSg elI¨beTsGNöam. bu”En¶karvay¨beTstugkwg VnnS[cineFÃIGn¶raKmn_. Tal’EtVrSg
(Ót¶mnavé KY eb) vaybMP&n¶ (ɨBman) elIekaHhÃ&rm”Us nigekaH eb”sûaD&r (Pescadoros) eTIbcin
bJÎb’kar¨bTUs¶r”ay ehIycuHsnìisJïaenA etonT§in (9 mifuna 1885) TTYlsðal’karKSJr«n
¨beTsVrSgelIGNöam nigelItugkwg.
 16

GFibºay

(1) enA Kùsù 1282 XUbßé«L bJØènT&BmYykg[mkkan’kab’¨beTscMV” nig¨beTskmõ¬Ca (C&y

vr&µnTI8 [sYysaGakreTABYkmu”gehðalenAq~S 1285). b”uEn¶T&BenHVn¨tèvyYnvaykMcat’ min
[qÂgtamdgP~MGNöamVneLIy.
(2) rvag Kù sù 1280 m”arkU b”ULè Qb’sMctenAtugkwg ehIye¨bIJk´ \ekACéhðè| (caugigu) edémºI
cgí¬lval¨tIekaN EdlTen¨khmhUrkat’cUlk~¬gsmu¨T. BYkedérsMeBACaticam-CÃa e¨bI
kÂayCa \KutCé| rYcmkBYkCb”unfaCa \kUQI|. e¨kaymk VrSge¨bICa \kUsSg| edaybEnÄm
\sIun| enAxagcugedémºIbJØak’fa kUsSgenAxagcin (minEmnkMBg’EpkUsSgenA²Nëa). VrSg
¨cLMmYyCan’eTot edaycgí¬lval¨tIekaNe¨kambgís’eTAv^j KWval¨tIekaNrbs’TenÂem
Kgð .
(3) Jk´ \²Nëècin| Vn¨tèvbegûéteLIgCaelIkd÷bUg edayG~kPUmisaås¶Cati daNWma”k eQµaH
m”altW-¨bg (Malte-Brun) enAq~S 1852. Jk´enHykmUld½anelIehtuEdldgP~MGNöamx&Në
¨beTslavnigkmõ¬Ca EdlmanvbºFámrebob²Nëa BI¨beTsyYnEdlmanvbºFámrebobcin.
(4) esomvayykVnGgðrkalBIq~S 1351 (es¶clMBg’, ¨kumjatita¨tsk’Epím).
(5) karN_EdlKYrkt’sMKal’ KWbraC&yeBjTI «n \¨Kis¶sasnUbnIykmµ| elIkmõ¬Ca. edayman
sTìay”age¨CAelIBuTìsasna ExµreyIgTat’ecalkarbJØènxÂçn«n¨Kis¶sasna minEmntamkar
B´aVTeFÃIVbeT bu”En¶tamkarmin¨BmTTYlC÷enOfµé. k~¬geBlEdlenA¨beTsevotNam e¨kay
eBlGs’karB´aVTmk BYkG~kp§aysasna¨Kis¶VnTTYlbris&Ty”age¨cIn rhUtdl’k~¬g
8% «nbN¶aCn.
(6) ry:eBlbYnstvt§r_ BIKùsù 1474 (kar¨bECg¨tIPaKI ramaFibtI-FemµaraCa-sUrieyaT&y)
eTAKùsù 1859 Cary:eBlexµAKe¨Kc«n¨bvt¶isaås¶Exµr. KWCasm&y«nkardeN¶ImraC´K~a
rvag¨kumjaties¶c, «nkareFÃIXadneyaVy, «nkarsmÂab’rgðal, k~¬geBlEdlTwkdékmõ¬Ca
ecHEtrebHreVceTA e¨kamkarruj¨can«nesomnigyYn. BYkG~kcg’VnesÃtq&¨t xÂHehAesom
mkCYy xÂHehAyYnmkBYt«d k~¬gsågðamPatrXadedémºéGMNac (GanTMB&r32 Edr, elxeyag
3, ¨beyaKTI 2).
k~¬graC´«nGgðnn’TI2 (1775-1779) kmõ¬CadkxÂçnBIkar¨tçt¨tarbs’esom edémºIcUl
e¨kamkarKSJrrbs’yYn. bu”En¶¨beTsyYn edaycuHex§aye¨JHkarbHeVr«nBYk«tsWg k*bnìèr
«dv^je¨kaybn¶icmk ehtuEdlebIk[esom¨tLb’mkv^j. k~¬graC´«nGgðcan’TI2 (1806-
1834) kmõ¬CaeTACarNbyYn (e¨kamy”a-L¬g). mij-m”ag, traC´BI y”a-L¬g, Cen¿s
k§¨tIyanIGgðmIu (kUn¨sIGgðcan’) nignamuWnvSgTSgGs’mk«¨BnKr ehIydUreQµaH kmõ¬Ca Ca
\Twkdé mI-LS|. mÍas’DYg, bgbíènbegéûtm~ak’rbs’Ggðcan’TI2, ¨tLb’mkBI¨beTsesomv^j
EdlxÂçnVnrt’eTA¨Ck ehIybMbHbMeVrExµreLIgCamYyC÷nYyrbs’esom. sågðammYyrvag
esomnigyYnk*pæ¬HeLIg ehIyVncb’edaykar¨Bme¨BogK~adak’mÍas’DYge¨kamesÃtq&¨t nig
e¨kamkar¨tçt¨tarYm yYn-esom.
 17
¨BHVTGgðDYg, edayeC¯Cak’fa ¨beTskmõ¬CamuxCanwg¨tèvyYnnigesomEhkEckK~a
edayykTenÂemKgðCa¨BMEdnrYm, k*sMercGMBavnavdl’GFiraCNab”UeLGugTI3 tamry: \mug
sIuj&r| mIs emKNkatUlik. bu”En¶, edaymkBIkarbiTmat’minC^t«nrd½mån¶ITTYlbMeBj
ebskkmµenA¨beTscinnig¨beTsesom EdlNab”UeLGugTI3 cat’[cuHsnìisJïasmõnìPaB
CamYy¨BHVTGgðDYg, namWunesomEdlmanPar:XÂSemIles¶cExµr k*Vnd·gerOgGs’ ehIy
beJÍjkMhwgrbs’xÂçn edayvaykºal¨BHecAGgðDYgnwgEsºkeCég. Vk’muxxÂSgNas’ bu”En¶BuM
hßaneFÃIGÃIeK, GgðDYgk*suxcit¶Qb’ehArkVrSg. bYnq~Se¨kaymk ¨BHVTGgðDYgxMrkTak’Tg
m¶geTotCamYyVrSgEdlmkkUsSgsIuneTAehIy. b”uEn¶es¶csuKtenAd÷Nac’q~S 1859. kUn
¨buseQµaH Ggðvd¶é eLIgesayraC´bn¶ e¨kameQµaHfa nerat¶m, eQµaHEdlesom[k~¬geBl
GPiesk. e¨kaymk ¨BHVTnerat¶mcuHsnìisJïa \¨bè”tiktUr”a| CamYy¨beTsVrSg, kar
GaNaB´aVlEdlrMedaHkmõ¬CaecjputBI \karemIlxus¨tèv| esom rhUtmkdl’sBëf©enH.
(7) tugkwg e¨kaymkevotNamxageCég CaG¨g·g«nCatisasn_yYn. BIstvt§r_TI10 eTATI17
yYncab’eFÃIkarB¨gékTwkdécuHmkxagtºèg. enAd÷Nac’stvt§r_TI17 ¨beTscMV”, raCaNac¨k
«nBYkcam (GanTMB&r116 Edr, elxeyag8), Vn¨tèvyYnelbGs’TSgmUl ehIy[eQµaHfµé
fa GNöam. bnæab’BIkarykVnenH yYnVnmkenACab’nwgExµr. bu”En¶karrIkGMNac nigrIkTwk
déenH VnbMEbkäkPaByYn. kar¨bkYt¨bECgK~aekItmaneLIgrvag¨kum¨Tij (es¶c¨taj’
xageCég) nig¨kumegÿg (es¶c¨taj’xagtºèg) karVk’EbkEdlenAEtCaTIkt’sMKal’ rhUt
dl’sBëf©.
enAq~S 1623 es¶cC&yeCd½aEdlVnerobkarCamYymÍas’¨sIyYnm~ak’ edémºITb’Tl’nwg
karruj¨canrbs’esom suMC÷nYyBIes¶cyYn«nTisxagtºèg ehon-ev¯g. Caf~èr es¶cExµr¨tèv
ebIk[CnCatiyYnmkebIkhagC÷nYjenAext¶«¨BnKr. karkekrdékmõ¬Cae¨kam k*cab’ep¶émeLIg
ehIyebHdUg«nnKr hßèÃ-Nn k*ricrilGs’enAq~S 1775 k~¬gd÷Nac’raC´es¶cÓT&yTI2 (elIk
ElgEt¨sukXÂSg e¨kaymkext¶suk¨tag EdlyYncUlkan’kab’k~¬gq~S 1840).
(8) \eGEv”k| VrSgelIkd÷bUgenA²Nëècin minEmnCaeGEv”keBjsmtÄPaBrbs’¨kugva”TIkg’eT b”uEn¶
Vn¨tèveKehA[manEteQµaHb”ueNöaH (in partibus).
(9) dMbUgeLIg egÿg-Gan’ lMeGogeTAkan’C÷nYyesommun. tambJØarbs’es¶cesom ebsk:eyaF
BlExµrmYykg Vn¨tèvbJØèneTA¨kugehà enAq~S 1800 edImºICYycºSgtTl’nwgBYk«t-sWg.
(10) edayminsUvluHlg'Edr mu”gm”uruSg [mktamsarsMgat’mYy nUvlTìPaBeBjelj (carte
blanch) dl’ kugvué embJØakarkgTahanVrSgenA²Nëa EdltSgTIk~¬g¨kugb”ugDI esrI edémºI
sMercbJØèn ÉminbJØènT&BmYykgeTA²Nëècin. kugvéumin¨Bm. emKNkatUlik d· ebEGn
k*erobcMxÂçnägnUvkarelIkTahanenH CamYy¨Vk’kas«n¨KçsarxÂçn nig«nBYkGaNaniKm enA
b”ugDIesrI.
(11) y”a-L¬g TTYlcuHcUl¨beTscin ehIyVn¨tèvGPieskenAhaNUy k~¬gq~S 1804. GFiraC
cin Ka Kwg dak’eQµaH[¨beTsyYnfa \ev¿t-Nam| Edl¨bmUlp¶¬÷tugkwg (Vk’KI) GNöam
(¨TugKI) nig kUsSgsIun (NamKI).
 18
(12) enH¨Kan’EtCaelseT. tamBit edayÓs§ahkmµxÂçnsðal’vDónPaBy”agxÂSg BYkGWru”beVHxÂçn
k~¬gkardeN¶ImK~aykp§arenAGasIu nigk~¬gkarrkFnFanedémfµé. VrSgnigGg’eKÂs ykcit¶Tuk
dak’CaBiesselI¨beTscin. BYkGg’eKÂsVnebIkyuK«nGaNaniKmkmµelIGasIu CamYy
\sågðamGaePon| enAq~S 1841 (edémGaePonduHenA¨beTs²Nëa EBrs_ÉGIur”g’ nigenATYrKI.
BYkGWru”bVnnScUlmkdSk~¬g¨beTscin). VrSgnigGg’eKÂsdeN¶ImK~aykkmµsiTìp¶ac’muxxag
C÷nYj. edaycaj’BYkGg’eKÂsesIærEt¨Kb’TIkEnÂg VrSgelatmksågðb’elI²Nëècin. m´”ag
eTot ¨sbK~anwgkarelIkTahanmkkUsSgsIun TahanmYykgVn¨tèvbJØèneTAeb”kSg edémºI
vay \CaTNëkmµ| nigbJÎb’karsMLab'rgðalBYkkan’sasna¨Kis¶.
(13) k~¬gsm&yenaH kmõ¬Cae¨kamVn¨tèves¶cExµreVHbg’ecaleTAehIy bN¶aCnExµrerobcMedayxÂçn
äg nUvkarbHeVrTSgLayTl’nwgyYn. bnæab’BIkarPØab’kUsSgsuIneTAevot-Nam Edl¨b-
eTsVrSgVnsMercenA«f©TI 21 ÓsPa 1949 CnCatiExµreyIgenAkmõ¬Cae¨kam VnkÂayeTA
Ca \Blrd½evotNam edémkMeNItExµr| (evot hû¬k emon, k~¬gPasayYn). teTAenH KWTI
¨bC÷uCnExµreyIgxÂH EdleKenAcSeQµaHenAeLIy :

(14) KN:ebskkmµVrSgmYy d·knSeday DUda d·Laeåhû eLIgtamTenÂemKgð edémºIEsÃgrkBinit´

enAExmifuna 1866.
(15) edaylak’min[ ¨BHVTnerat¶m d·g VrSgnigesomeFÃIsniìsJïamYyeTotenAV”rIs k~¬gq~S
1867. k~¬genaH esomElgTamTarsYysaGakrBIExµr b”uEn¶VnCaf~èrv^jnUvext¶Vt’d÷bg
esomrab sIusUpun TenÂreBA nigmÂ諨B. bnæab’BIkartva”rbs’hÂçg nerat¶m, d·La ¨kg’ED´r ccar
VnBIesomv^jEtma¨tabEnÄmmYy : ExµrGaceFÃIensaTk~¬gbwgTenÂsab dUcesomVn.
####################
 19

PaKTI 3

BI

GaNaniKm
eTA

shPaB²Nëècin

xÂçnTab[xMetag «dxÂI[xMeQag eTIbeyIglUtlas’ .

 20
BIq~S 1863 Edl¨BHVTnerat¶m(1) cuHsnìisJïaTTYlkarKSJrBIVrSg dl’q~S 1885 Edl
cinTTYlsðal’tamsnìisJïa eton-T§in dl’karKSJrVrSgelIGNöamnigtugkwg, ¨BHraCaNac¨k
¨kugkmõ¬Ca (eQµaHCapÂèvkarrhUtdl’rCØkal¨BHmhak§¨tIyanI sIusuvti¶-kusm:) VnregðéedaykarbH
eVrCae¨cIn. k~¬gBIrq~Sd÷bUg (1865- 1867) nerat¶m¨tèv¨bQmmuxTl’nwgkarbHeVrBIr Ð mYyd·k
nSeday Gacar´sÃa mYyeToteday eJkMeVr(2). karbHTI1 Vn¨tèvbågûaby”agrh&s. Gacar´sÃa
Vn¨tèveKsMLab’enAq~S 1866. bu”En¶edémºITb’Tl’nwgeJkMeVr Edl¨bkasfaxÂçnCakUnrbs’ Ggðcan’
TI2, nerat¶m¨tèvehAkgTahanGaNaniKm(3) mkCYy. edaymanExµrelICYypg eJkMeVr bMbH
bN¶aCnedaycab’ep¶émBIext¶¨kecH. Etk~¬gry:BIrq~Sb”ueNöaH clnaeJkMeVrVnmkdl’¨kugÓdugð.
enAq~S 1867 eJkMeVrVn¨tèveKnScUlGnæak’mYy ehIyeKkat’kenAext¶kMBg’FM. karbHeVrmYyeTot
EdleFÃIeLIgesIærEteBjrCØkal«n nerat¶m Vn¨tèvd·knSedaybíènes¶cbegûét KWmÍas’ sIuvtÄa(4).
e¨kayBIkarsÂab’«neJkMeVr VrSgKiteFÃIkarEkTMrg’dl’rcnasmõnìrd½VlExµr EdlVn¨tèveK
v^nicÏ&yfa¨bEhlK~anwgrebob«¨B(5). enAq~S 1884 ¨beTsVrSgehA¨beTskmõ¬Ca[cUlk~¬g <p§ar
rYm> m´”agedaybMVt’karykBnìKyrvagkmõ¬Ca kUsSgsuIn nigGNöam. bnæab’BIkarmin¨Bm«n¨BHVT
nerat¶m <KUEvn&r eh§eNr”al’> (ecAhÃayTYeTA) «nkUsSgsIun eQµaH saál fumsun, CamYykaryl’
¨Bm«nnaykrd½mån¶IVrSg h§¬ßl EhÃßrI, eLIgeKakenAÓdugð CamYyTahaneCégTwkVrSg 4-5 nak’, cUl
mky”agKMhukk~¬g¨BHbrmraCvSg ehIy ––cMBuHTugPØg’nwgbMBg’k–– KMram¨BHnerat¶mfanwgbMbrbg’(6).
edayy”agenH VrSgVnEhkTajBI«des¶cExµrnUvsnìisJïamYy EdleFÃI[kmõ¬CakÂayeTACaGaNa
niKm <tampÂèvehtu> «n¨beTsVrSg. k~¬gsnìisJïaenH nerat¶m yl’¨BmTTYlykTSgGs’nUvkar
EkTMrg’rd½Vl hirJïvtĬ nigJNiCØkmµ EdlVrSgyl’eXIjfaman¨beyaCn_dl’kmõ¬Ca. CaBiess
snìisJïaenHtMrg’eTAkarlubbMVt’TasPaB(7).
k~¬gq~S 1885, q~S«nsnìisJïa eton-T§in, Vncb’sm&ymYy«n¨bvti¶GaNaniKm EdleK[
eQµaHfa ÇBYkÓt¶mnavéÈ. dUcenHEmn sm&yenaHKWCary:eBl«nkarcUlkan’kab’¨sukExµr nig¨suk
yYn tamskmµkicÍeyaFasuTìsaF Edld·knSedayemT&BeCégTwk. ecjBIkarvayykeKägeFÃIGaNa
niKmenH (TSgenAGa¨hÃik TSgenAGasIu), nayTahanBIrnak’, el´atI nig hûa el´nI, Vn¨tèveK
sMKal’CaemT&By”agcMNan. enAq~S 1886 VrSgdak’GMNacsIuv^lC÷nYsGMNacTahan edayEtg
tSg b”Ul Ebßr Ca Çer”sIudg’ eh§eNr”al’È (rebobCaG~kemIlxus¨tèvTYeTA) enAGNöamnigenAtugkwg
C÷nYselakÓt¶mesnIy dãKYsuI (kUsSgsuIn man KUEvn&r sIuv^lehIy). e¨kay ÇkareFÃI[man
sn¶iPaBÈ «nBYkÓt¶mnavé, sm&y«nkarEsÃgrk ehIyTajykkM«rBIFnFanEr” nigFnFanksikmµ«n
¨beTse¨kamGMNac k*cab’epé¶meLIg. FnFanEdleKVnehAk~¬gsm&yenaHfa Çrbs’rbrGaNa
niKmÈ (denrées coloniales). edémºIGMeBIenH VrSgVndak’rcnasmõnìEdl¨tèvkar ehIy¨bmUlp¶¬÷GM
NacTSgGs’. GaCÆaFryYnCYykMNkicÍkarTSgenH edayd·gxÂçnfanwgGacC÷nYsVrSgk~¬g«f©NamYy.
¨kwt´mYycuH«f© 11 v^cÏika 1887 begûIt ÇshPaB²NëècinÈ (Union Indochinoise) eday
bMVt’ecalnUv¨BMEdnrvag¨sukExµrnig¨sukyYn (sm&yenaH tugkwg, GNöamnigkUsSgsIun). ¨beTs
TSgBIrVn¨tèveKbJÍèlK~aCard½EtmYyfµéÐ ²NëècinVrSg (kalenaH¨beTslav minTan’VrSgykVn
enAeLIyeT). enAelIrd½enH man ÇKUEvn&r ehߧeNr”al’È m~ak’ Edlkan’GMNacTSgGs’ ehIyEdl
 21
enAe¨kamrd½mån¶I¨ksYgGaNaniKmä¨sukVrSg. mån¶IenHcat’karrd½²Nëècin CamYyemk~¬g¨sukbYnnak’
(CatiVrSgCakarFmµta) Ð ÇKUEvn&r«nkUsSgsuIn, niger”sIudg’ sßUeb”rIy&rÈ (G~kemIlxus¨tèvCan’xõs’)
enAtugkwg, enAGNöam nigenAkmõ¬Ca(8).
karcUlkan'kab'«nVrSgVnCYy —esæIrEtminTan'— kmõ¬Ca[BIkarVt'bg'. bu"En¶enATisxag
eCég, ¨beTslavkMBugEtsðal'vasna Edl¨beTskmõ¬CaeTIbnwgeKcecjrYcenAq~S 1863 Ð karkekr
elbTwkdéBIsMNak'esomnwgyYn. tSgEtBIedémstvt§r_TI19, ¨beTsesomVnykraCaNac¨k
ev¿gcnæn_ k~¬geBlEdlyYnkan'kab' ÇnKrÈ esogxÃag nig ÇnKrÈ xSmYn. enA q~S 1864 BYk ÇhUÈ,
¨kumecarcincuHBIyunNn, cUlmklukluytugkwg niglavxageCég. karlukluyenH eFÃI[manGn¶ra-
Kmn_«neyaFa¨beTsesomEdl, edayeq¿t{kasB¨gék²TìiBlrbs'xÂçnpg, bJØènT&BmYykgmk
¨suk sIum-sugecA-«f (Lay-ecA, ev¿tNamxageCég) (1883-1885). BYkVrSg, EdlVnmk
tSgTIenA¨sukExµrnig¨sukyYnehIy, sg§&yfa¨beTsGg'eKÂscUl«dCamYyesom(9) edémºIemIlxus
¨tèvelITen¨khm EdlCapÂèvecjcUlsMrab'CYjCamYy¨beTscinxagtºèg(10). rd½karGaNaniKm
VrSgEdlcg'ykTenÂemKgðeFÃICa¨BM¨bTl'FmµCati«n²Nëècinrbs'xÂçn k*sMerccUl¨bLèkk~¬gerOglav
Edr e¨kamelsfaCYyyYn [dak'GFibetyPaBxÂçnelI¨beTslavxageCégv^j. VrSgruj¨can
GFiraC dug xaj' [¨Vb'erOgenHeTAesom, ehIyk~¬geBl¨sbK~a es~IeTAesomsuMdak'TIkugsußlrg
mYyenAhÂçg¨BHbg. ¨kugeTB (Vgkk) yl'¨Bm. GUhð¬s V"vé, P~ak'garCan'Tabm~ak'«n¨ksYg
«¨bsNIyenAkMBt Vn¨tèvEtgtSgk~¬gmuxtMENgenH. eday²tcSesck¶IGnuJïat[bMeBjmuxgar
(exequatur) BIesom, V"véecjd÷eNIrmk¨beTslav CamYyVrSg¨bmaN 40 nak' nigExµr 2-3 nak'
EdlCaG~kbkE¨bPasa. eBlmkdl'hÂçg¨BHbg enAExkum¸: 1887, ¨kugenHVn¨tèvkgTahan
esomkan'kab'eTAehIy. es¶clav GußnxS, edayman Çs~gkarÈ esomenA ÇGmÈ pg, Elgman
GMNacGÃIehIy.
ExÓsPa kgTahanesomeVHbg'hÂçg¨BHbgv^j. «f© 10 mina, BYkÇhUÈ bI-bYnry nak' cUl
lukluyraCFanIlav edaybÂn'nigsmÂab'rgðalbN¶aCn. es¶c GußnxS, edayeFÃIGÃIBuMekItehIyepÆéxÂçn
[kmµpl, rg'cSesck¶IsÂab'elIraCblÂ&gû(R), esck¶IsÂab'Edl¨bEhlCaCYb¨bTHEmn ebIKµanExµr
EdlCaG~kbkE¨bPasarbs' V"vé ¨bGUs¨bTajykeTAcuHTUkCamYyeT. k~¬geBleKcxÂçnCamYyK~a,
¨BHecAniyayeTAkugsußlrg V"vé suMkarKSJr (¨bUtiktUr"a) BIVrSg. TMnas'TImYyrvagVrSgnigesom
k*cab'ep¶émeLIg. kgTahanesom¨tçt¨taTenÂemKgð, kan'kab'¨kugGtÄeBA (lavxagtºèg) ehIycUlmk
k~¬gext¶sæwgE¨tg. V"vé (EdlVn¨tèveKEtgtSgCakugsußl¨beTsVrSg¨bcS¨beTsesom) dak'kM
hit[BIrdg (Ultimatum) dl'es¶cesom. k~¬geBlCamYyK~a kgsMeBAVrSgmYyeLIgtamTenÂ
Em"NamrhUtdl'¨kugeTB. karbeJÍjGanuPaBnavamYyenAmuxraCFanIesom u ehIybnæab'mk karB&Tì
xæb'eq~rsmu¨T VneFÃI[esomcuHcaj' ehIycuHhtÄelxaelIsnìisJïaVrSg-esom «n«f© 3 tula
1893, «f©«nkarcUlmkk~¬gshPaB²Nëècin «n¨beTslav. tamsnìisJïaenH, lkÅx&NëdUcteTA
Vn¨tèvbgÅ÷[esomTTYl Ð
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
(R) e¨kaymk, k~¬gq~S 1953 eBlEdlkgev¿tmijB&TìCab'¨kughÂçg¨BHbg ¨BHecAsIusava"gvg§ k*¨kajenAk~¬graCvSgEdr.
 22
- ¨beTsesom¨tèvQb'cg'VnTwkdéenAe¨tIyxageqÃg«nTenÂemKgð (Twkdélav) ehIyTTYl
sðal'Ca ÇPUmiPaK²tkgT&BÈ EdndémYybnæHTTwg¨bEvg 25 Kmù enAe¨tIy xags¶S«nTenÂ
emKgð (Edndéesom).
- ¨beTsVrSgkan'kab'cnæburI (can'tabußn) Ca Çkarkk'bJÍSÈ rhUtdl'eBlkgTahan
esomdkxÂçnecjGs'BIe¨tIyxageqÃg«nTenÂemKgð.
- ¨beTsesommin¨tèvmankgT&BenAVt'd÷bgnigesomrab (ext‘eTACaGB´a¨kwt) nigTUk
sMeBA ep§g@ elIbwgTenÂsab (GanTMB&r 18, elxeyag 15)

bu"En‘karv^vaTTSgenH Tal'Et 14 q~Se¨kaymkVncb'CamYysnìisJïa nigkicÍsn´aVrSg

esommYycMnYn Ð
- kicÍsn´a«nq~S 1902 Ð VrSglb'bMVt'PUmiPaK²tkgT&BTTwg 25 Kùmù enAe¨tIyxags¶S
«nTenÂemKgð. tbmkv^j, esom[mkkmõ¬Cav^jnUvext‘mÂ諨B nig TenÂreBA (mÂ諨B + TenÂ
reBA = kMBg'FMnig¨BHv^har). rIä¨beTslavVnTTYlext‘ Vs§ak'.
- kicÍsn´a«nq~S 1904 Ð kMBg'¨tat ehIynigTwkdéenATisxagtºèg, ¨BmTSgekaHTSgLay
EdlenAC^teq~r cab'BIELmsuwgeTA Vn¨tèv[mk²Nëècin EdlTTYl¨sukdan«seTot.
- snìisJïa«nq~S 1907 Ð b¶èrCamYydan«s, ¨tatnigekaHTSgLayEdlenAxagtºège¨Cay
ELmsuwg, ¨beTsesom (EdlnwgpÂas'eQµaHCa¨beTs«fenAq~S 1939)(11) [mk
kmõ¬Cav^jnUvext‘esomrab, Vt'd÷bg nigsiIusupun(12).

enA«f© 24 emsa 1904, ¨BHVTnerat‘mcUlTIvgðt'. edaybMJnelI¨b«BNIcMNas'Jn'q~S

¨kum¨bwk§araCsmºti‘, ¨bCu÷ue¨kamGFibtIPaB«n Çer"sIudg' sUßeb"rIeyIr&È VrSg, cgí¬lbíènes¶c, mÍas'
sIusuvtiÄ [esayraC´bn¶(13)
 23

GFibºay

(1) ¨BHVTnerat¶m TTYlmû¬denA«f©TI 3 mifuna 1864 CamYyvt¶man«ntMNagVrSg DUda dW Laeåhû

nigtMNagesom BjaraCa. nerat¶m VnbegûétTg'CatiExµr (munTg'saFarNrd½) nigePÂgCati,
nKrraC, EdlTMnukbTVn¨tèvEtgedayvresnIy¨tI-eBT´VrSg m~ak'.
(2) eKBiVknwgfaEdr etIkarbHeVrTSgenH bu"nb"gedjVrSg ÉmYyrMlMes¶c. tamVrSgGaNa
niKmniym karbHenHKWTl'nwges¶c, CakarN_Fmµta. k~¬gemeronenAsalabfmsik§aeTot
esat k*¨Kèbe¨gon¨Kan'Et[kt' \bHGacar´sÃa|, \bHeJkMeV| eday²tman (Éhßan) Evk
EjkeTAq©ayeLIy.
(3) k~¬gsm&yenaH KWBYk \Ta«r"y&r| yYn (tirailieurs annamites) e¨kambJØanayTahanVrSgm~ak'.
(4) ¨BHVTGgðDYg mankUn¨busbInak' : nerat¶m, sIuvtÄa nig sIusuvtiÄ. eBles¶csuKtenAq~S
1859 kUncºg, nerat¶m, ¨tèveLIgesayraC´bn‘. bu"En¶ k~¬geBlrg'cSBiFIGPiesk suIvtÄa cg'
esayraC´Edr. edayP&ynwgkareLIg¨bCa¨biyPaB«nsIuvtÄa, nerat¶mrt'eTA¨sukesom eday
ykmû¬dnig¨BHxan'raC´eTACamYy. bnæab'BIGn¶raKmn_EnemKNkatUlik mIs, tamry:TIkug
sußlVrSgenA¨kugeTB (Vgkk), nerat¶mVn¨tèvbJØènmkmatu¨beTsv^jenAq~S 1862. kar
¨bkYtrbs'suIvtÄa VnkÂayeTACasågðamqµk' Tl'nwgkarkan'kab'«nVrSg cab'tSgBIq~S 1885
eTA. enAq~S 1887 suIvtÄa \rMedaH| Vnt÷bn'mYy ehIybegûétCaraCaNac¨k (PUmiPaK
kMBg'sÃay). edayVrm¸nwgkarEbkVk'«nkmõ¬CaenH ehIyedayxÂacE¨kgesomeFÃIGn‘raKmn_
CYysuIvtÄa VrSge¨CéserIsykkarccar ehIyKit \BlIkmµ| nerat¶m edémºIsuIvtÄav^j. eQµaH
bU"l kulLa Vn¨tèvcat'[bMeBjebskkmµenH. bu"En‘suIvtÄaVnsuKteTA k~¬geBlEdlkar
ccarehobnwg¨tèvbJÎb'Edr.
(5) BYkVrSgGaNaniKmniymelIkd÷bUg VnbeJÍj, cMeJH¨bCaCneyIg, nUvkaremIlgayy"ag
xÂSg—rhUtdl'dl'GariyFám. eyIgGacv^nicÏ&yelIkarsresrxÂH«nBYkenH :
Gù bUnYr k~¬gesovePAxÂçneQµaH \²Nëècin| ecjenAq~S 1900 : \¨bCaCnenAkmõ¬Ca
¨bEhlCaxÂSgtampÂèvkay Cag¨bCaCnenAGNöamEmn bu"En‘xÃHfamBl xÃHskmµPaB. kar
erobcMelI«pæsgðmenArak'kMEPl ehIy¨sedognwgrebob«¨B. KµankarbN¶¬HbN¶alKMnit¨VCÆa
eLIy (k~¬geBlEdlenAGNöam yYn¨ky"agNak*eday ehIy¨KçsarxÂçntUctacy"agNak*
eday k*enAEtmankarGb'rMswgEt¨Kb'K~a. PUmiyYnTSgGs' mansalabe¨gon²tyk«f ebImin
cg'fa eKtMrUv[kUnekµgeTAeron¨Kb'K~a), KµansamKðIFámtampÂèvcit‘eLIy ehIyedayehtuenH
²tmanmenaseJÍtnaCatibn‘icbn‘çc ²tyl'famatuPUmiCaGÃIeLIy. CnExµrGn'CagCnyYn
y"agq©ayk~¬g¨Kb'Ep~kTSgGs'. bu"En‘ebIExµrKµanKuNsmºti‘yYn ExµrmanKuNv^bti‘yYn rhUt
dl'eTA¨Vk'cMNUlEmnETn«nes¶cExµr VnmkEtBIkaryktugelIbnElºgsuIsgEdlcin
kan' ehIyEdleFÃI[¨beTshinehac.ùùùù JNiCØkmµTSgmUlenAk~¬g«dbreTs : yYn cin
cam-CÃa.|
 24
niyayBIkarv^vt‘n_«nExµreyIg, esovePA \TMlab' nig TMenom«nExµr| ecjenAq~S 1938,
eday hðI b"Uer" nig eGvuãlIn m"aesº"r"U : \ExµrTSgLayEdlfalUtlas' e¨cInEtminsUv¨VCÆa
minsUvecHd·gGÃIeT ehIy²tykcit‘Tukdak'elIGÃITSgGs'. tamJk´niyayrbs'sis§ekµg
m~ak'«nv^T´al&ysuIsuvtiÄ mYyBYkCa ǨkbIGt'XÂanÈ EdlsIu¨beTsäg mYyBYkeTotCa ÇBEB
l©Iel©IÈ EdlecHEtE¨skEtBIsEtJs ²td·gxus¨tèv.
BYkTI1 ebIxÂçnmanbgbíèn ÉG~kKSJrFM@ Vnmuxgar ÇxÂaj'È CaG~kraCkar ehIyTaj
ykk«¨m[Gs'BI«d, yWtsõwk ¨VCÆaTal bu"En‘sµanEtxÂçn«vqÂat. BYkenHemIlgay CYnkal
CnCatiGWr"ub k~¬gnam«n¨b«BNIGafákMVMgGÃIm´a"g EdleyIgeTAmindl'eLIy ehIyEdlenA
e¨kayenaH eKlak'VMgkarl©g'exÂArbs'eK CYnkal bgbíènrYmCatiäg EdlK~a¨kI¨kehIymin
lUtlas'. karsMxan'cMeJHGs'elakTSgenH KWminVc'eFÃIGÃI manzann‘rsk‘imYy (bNöTUt
k~¬grd½kar swgEtCagarGPiCnmYyehIy) vayòk ÇBUCGgðrvt‘È enAmuxBYkGWru"b eFÃI¨tab'tam
BYkCnCatiGWru"b edémºI[G~kenAe¨kambgðab'xÂçnekat ehIynigsæabGEgílsnÂwk¨Vk'enA¨Kb'
eBlNaebIk{kas[. ¨tg'kEnÂgenH BYkenHeFÃItam¨b«BNImYyy"agcas'mkehIy ehIyxƬM
yl'fa kicÍkar«nCédUnCétaBYkenHk~¬gsm&yGgðr enA¨twm¨tg'Par:y"agF©n'«nG~kTarluy.
¨kumTI2 BYk ÇBEBÈ EdlmancMnYnFMCageK mane¨cInEtG~krge¨KaH. BitehIy BYk
enHcg'VneCaKC&ydUcBYkTI1 Edr bu"En‘K~ad·gxÂçnfaGs'kmÂSgeBk edémºIeTAdl'enaHrYc. tam
sMdéBYkenH karxitxM«nCédUnCétaxÂçnEdlCaCag (ksagGgðr) nigCaG~kcºSg VneFÃI[xÂçnehv
rhwtr«h. xÂçnminGaceTACaevCØbNëitekIteT saås‘acar´k*minekIt Kilanubd½akk*minekIt G~k
C÷nYjk*minekIt nieyaC^tk*minekIt kmµkrk*minVn GÃIk*minVnEdr e¨kABInahµWn ÉmYy
bNöTUt.|
bU"l DUEmr ÇKUEvn&r eh§enr"al'È «n²Nëècin BIq~S 1897 eTA 1902 VneTArhUtdl'
kareCretµH. cUreyIgv^nicÏ&ysMdéva k~¬gesovePAeQµaH DzNëècinVrSgÈ ecjenAq~S 1905 :
\etIsasn_ (Exµr) enHmanenAsl'eT? sasn_enHVneXIjkarcuHGab'{n«nxÂçneT? CnanuCn
kmõ¬CasBëf© etIesomCakUnrbs'xÂçnÉGÃI? minEmneT. BYkG~kQ~H minenA¨twmEtyk¨TB´
smºti‘eT eKVnkMeTcsasn_enHlb'ecjBIbJØImnus§rs'. Ps¶¬tag KWenAk~¬gCnanuCnkmõ¬Ca
KµanenAsl'¨b«BNIGÃImYy Gnus§avrIy_GÃIbn‘ic «nPasaExµr. eyIgVneXIjBYkenHQremIl
CaTs§nikCn¨Begéyken‘Iy nig²tyl'GÃI enAmuxGcÏriyPaB«nsÄabt´kmµburaN ²td·gyl'
GÃITSgGs' GMBIGk§rcarikelIfµ «nsMNl'¨VsaTd*eq~ImTSgenH KWCabreTsdUceyIgEdr
cMeJHmuxmnus§EdlVnrs'enAk~¬gTIenHmunxÂçn k~¬gCév^tmYyEdlxõs'Cag. Kµan¨bCaCnNa
mYyeLIy ehIyswgEtKµanbuKðlNam~ak'pg EdlGacGYtxÂçnfamanBUCGMbUrCaExµr. krNI
CatiExµrenAGasIu KWdUcCakrNICati¨kiknigr"UmuSgenAGWr"ubEdr.|
\esck¶IsÂab'Vnp¶ac'Cév^tmnus§TSgLayEdr k~¬geBlCamYyK~a EdlxÂçnVnp¶ac'Cév^t
¨bCaCatiTSgBYg. k*bu"En‘manPUmi2 k*q©aydac'¨syalk~¬gkmõ¬Ca kb'Vt'k~¬g«¨Be¨sagFMcUl
mincuH EdlmanbN¶aCnk¬~gsasn_mYyxusBIsasn_kmõ¬Ca ehIyEdlniyayPasa¨VsaT
buraNElgBIeraHGs'eTAehIy ryIkryakGs'ehIy bu"En‘EdleKGacsðal'VnPÂam. etI
 25
mnus§mYy¨kumtUcenH manExµrd*Ót¶mCabuBÃkarIÉ? ¨KçsarmYy BIr bI k*mind·g ¨bEhlCaVn
putxÂçnBIkarbMp^ÂcbMpÂaj EdlVn¨tèveFÃIeLIg kalBI 5 É 6 stvt§r_mun ehIyenArs'ranman
Cév^t bnæab'BIVnePosxÂçneTAenATItMbn'«¨BP~M ehIybn‘BUCerogrhUtmk k~¬gPaBetaky"ak nig
k~¬gPaBGab'{n«nkarP&yxÂacCanicÍnirn¶r_. etImnus§rehmrhamTSgenH CakUnG~kcMVMgd*hM Ca
kUn«nsilºkrd*Ót¶m «nraCaNac¨kEdlrlayVt'enaHÉ? karN_enHGacBitEdr. bu"En‘ebI
dUec~aHEmn mind·gCaÒBukxÂçn EdlemIleXIjkUnBIelIzansYKá¨BHBuTìenaH QWcit¶cukcab'k~¬gxÂçn
y"agNaeT! cºas'CaKat'cg'[karsMLab'rgðal (EdlVnykCév^tKat'enaH) kuMTukkUnKat'[
enAsl'm~ak' CaCagTuk[sl'elIdénUvGnus§avrIy_rbs'Kat'rebobenH [sl'd÷bUnµanrebob
enH dl'¨bCaCnTSgLayNaEdleVHbg'xÂçnecal.|
plEdlecjBIkaremIlgayenH KWGaNaniKmVrSg ÉmUlFnniymVrSgv^j¨tèv
Cag Vnv^nicÏ&yfa kmõ¬CaCakEnÂgmYy ÇminsUv[cMeNjÈ ehIyk*¨bmUlp¶¬÷karxitxMrbs'xÂçn
edémºIC÷erOnvDónPaBesd½kicÍnigvbºFám eTAelIevotNamEtmYy. ¨beTsenHk*VnTTYlv^CØa
sÄannigmnæIr¨sav¨CavCae¨cIn rhUteTAdl'saklv^T´al&yeTot (1904). k~¬geBlEdlenA
kmõ¬Ca eKVnrab'eXIj, enAq~S 1939, sis§cMnYn 4 nak'(!) k¬~gmF´msik§aPaKTI2, 4 nak'
elIcMnYnbN¶aCn 3 lan! VrSgVneTArhUtdl'min¨Bme¨bInieyaC^tExµr ehIynScUlnUvCn
CatiyYn edémºIe¨bIk~¬grd½karxÂçnenA¨sukExµr. PaKe¨cIn«nCnGen‘a¨bevsn_yYnenH Vnrs'enA
bn‘BUCrhUtk~¬g¨beTseyIg. manCnedémkMeNItyYnCae¨cInnak' Edlkan'kab'muxkarsMxan'@
k~¬grd½karExµr rhUtdl'ExmIna 1970 (eBlEdl ln'-nl' nig sirimt: sMerceFÃIkareVs
sMGatmYy. ebskkmµVn¨tèv¨bKl'[ ln'-Nun bíènrbs' ln'-nl' ehIykicÍkarenHk*
kÂayeTACakarkab'sMLab'. e¨kaymk k~¬geBlEdlTahanyYnxageCég eFÃI[kmõ¬CakÂayeTA
CaregékePÂIg kgTahanyYnxagtºègVnykkarsgswkCaebskkmµrbs'xÂçnÐ k~¬gry:eBlEt
2-3 «f©bu"eNöaH PUmiPaK ÇcMBuHTa, sÃayerogÈ VnE¨beTACaePÂIgGvcIcMeJHbgbíèneyIgenA
TIenaH.
(6) enHminEmnCakarKMramecaleT. GMNacGaNaniKme¨bI¨Vs'karbMbrbg' CaGavuFcit‘saås¶
sMrab'bMVk'karbu"nb"gbHeVrTSgBYg dUcEdleyIgnwgeXIjk~¬geBlxagmux.
(7) ÇxƬMeKÈ sm&yenaH (rhUtmkdl'eBlfµé@ enHeTot) Casmºti‘dac'«fÂrbs'mÍas'. KYr[exõIm
CagTasPaBGaemrikSg Edlykmnus§exµAeBjv&ymk[dSkbºas, TasPaBExµre¨bI¨Vs'
tSgBIkUnekµg EdlsgðmmanGariyFám¨tèvkarJr eday[eronsU¨t. KYr[hYscit‘eTAeTot
TasPaBExµr EdlVrSgbu"nb"glb'bMVt'tSgBIk~¬graC´es¶cnerat¶m VneLIgdl'kMrwtmha
GsÍar´ k~¬geBlEdl ÇG~kes~haCatiÈ mYyk¶ab'Vnyk¨bCaCnägeFÃICa ÇxƬMrd½È.
(8) karbegûétenHmanEteQµaHeT e¨JHfaTal'Et 10 q~Se¨kaymk eTIbGgðkarep§g@ «nshPaB
cab'edérEmnETnk~¬grd½kar«n b"Ul DUEmr. Çrd½FanIÈ Vn¨tèvtSgenAhaNUy. kUsSgsuIn Edl
eKsMKal'CaGaNaniKmeBjTI (kULènI) manlkÅn‘ik:Biess ehIyenAe¨kamkar¨tçt¨ta«n
ÇKUEvn&rÈ m~ak'. kmõ¬Ca GNöam nig tugkwg enAe¨kamkarcat'Ecg«n Çer"suIdg' sUßeb"rIy&rÈ
(es¶cTSgLay manGMNacEdlmanEteQµaH) EdlPar:FMKWeFÃIbn‘icm¶g@ nUvkarEkTMrg'rcna
 26
smõnìrd½Vl«n¨beTse¨kamGMNac. ¨kmcºab'ep§g@ Vn¨tèvcmÂgtamKMrUVrSg. karEbg
Eckrd½Vl : ext‘ ¨suk x&Në XuM Vn¨tève¨bI¨Vs'rhUtdl'sBëf© (e¨kaymk bMENg x&Në
Vn¨tèvlb'ecalv^j, Óù x&Në eJFicintug).
(9) enAstvt§r_TI17 lÃITI14 es¶c¨BHGaTit´VrSg minTak'cit¶nwg²NëècineT bu"En‘nwg¨beTs
esom. tSgBIq~S 1685 esomcuHsnìisJïaTI1 xagJNiCØkmµCamYyVrSg. 3 q~Se¨kaymk
CnCati¨kikm~ak'eQµaH kugs‘g'TIn hÃèlkun EdleFÃIkarCakmµkr (m"atWLè) elIsMeBAVrSgmYy
eLIgbuN´sk¶iCaTI¨bwk§arbs'es¶cesom. edaymanG~kp§aysasnaCatiVrSgbInak'CYy
pg hÃèlkuneFÃIkarrkG~kXubXwt edémºIyk¨beTsesomcUle¨kamGMNacVrSg. bu"En‘e¨kay
bn‘icmk (1688) kar Çbd^vt‘n_vSgÈ mYyrMlMes¶cesom smÂab'¨kikhÃèlkun ehIyedj
VrSgecj. rd½¨bharenH VnbJÍb'²TìiBlrbs'VrSgelI¨beTsesom.
mYystvt§r_knÂHe¨kaymk enAq~S 1826 es¶cesomramaTI3 cuHsnìisJïaJNiCØkmµ
TI1 CamYy¨beTsGg'eKÂs. k~¬gq~SdEdl kgTahanGg'eKÂscab'ep¶émcUlkan'kab'¨beTs
m"aeLsuI nigPUma. «f© 15 mkra 1896 snìisJïaVrSg-Gg'eKÂsmYy (kicÍsn´a¨kugL¬g¨d_)
EbgEck¨beTsesomCabIPUmiPaK : xagekIt enAe¨kam²TiìBlVrSg xaglic (CamYye¨Cay
m"aeLsuI) eTACasmºti‘Gg'eKÂs cMENkPUmiPaKkN¶al KWvaltamdgTenÂEm"NamecA¨pay"a
eTACamNëlGB´a¨kwt (dUec~H ¨beTsesomminEmnminEdlVn¨tèvbreTs¨tçt¨taeT ¨Kan'Et
mineBjelI¨beTsTSgmUlbu"eNöaH) kartE¨mt¨mèvK~asaeLIgv^j rvagGg'eKÂsnigVrSg elI
karEckTwkdéenH ecjCasnìisJïaq~S 1902 1904 nig 1907.
(10) ecjBIÓdugðenAExmifuna 1866 ebskkmµ DUdadWLae¨hû EdleTAEsÃgrkBinit´TenÂemKgð Vn
[Ps¶¬tagfa pÂèvTwkEtmYyEdlnSBIsmu¨TeTAk~¬g¨beTscinxagtºèg KWTen¨khm. dUec~HEmn
cab'BI¨kug¨kecHeTA cracrN_tamTenÂemKgðElgGaceFÃIVn BIe¨JHmanTWke¨CaH nigTwkFÂak'Ca
e¨cIn (CaBiess TwkFÂak'd*lív^salenAxUn elI¨BMEdnExµr-lav).
(11) rd½mån‘ITImYy«f Pibulsågðam dUreQµaH¨beTsesomCa¨beTs«f e¨JHmanbMNgc¨kBti‘
niym. sasn_«fmanenAk~¬g¨beTsesom lav (LavCasac'Qam«fEdr) ev¿tNam
(kånæaj) nigcin (yunNn) cMENkävbºFám«fmanenAk~¬gùùù ¨sukExµr. eBlEdlCbu"nkMBug
lukluycin nigKMramVrSgenA²Nëècin k~¬gq~S 1939 enaH PibulmanKMnitbu"nb"g¨bmUl ÇdéÈ
«fTSgenaH. e¨kaymk saritfaNara"t' Vn¨tèvG~kBátmanbsÍwm¨beTsm~ak'sYrfa etIcg'
pÂas'eQµaH¨beTs«fCa¨beTsesomv^jeT? cemÂIysarit : xƬMmind·gfaelakcg'niyayGMBI
GÃIeT.
(12) VrSgVnyl'dl'karP&n‘¨cLMrbs'xÂçn EdlVn[eTAesomnUvext‘Exµrd*smºèáN¨sèvTSg3
enH (70 000 Kmù¨kLa k~¬gkalenaH). k~¬gkicÍkarrk¨bmUlTwkdémkv^j nayTahan 2 nak'
xagPaKIVrSg-Exµr d·knSKNkmµkareVHbegðal¨BMEdn : VrSgm~ak' vresnIy¨tI EbßNa (Vn
sresresovePAmYyGMBIerOgenH esovePAEdlBiVkrkGanNas' e¨JHeKlak') nigExµrm~ak'
GnuesnIyäk Gußm. ¨BM¨bTl'xaglic«nkmõ¬CasBëf© k*VnmanrUbrageLIgedayy"agenHäg
(1907).
 27
q~S 1907 Gac[eKcat'TukCaq~SbegúIyeCaKC&y «nGaNaniKmkmµrbs'VrSgelI²Nëè
cin EdleyIgGacsrubdMNak'kar dUcenAtaragk~¬gTMB&rbnæab'.
(13) ExkJïa1908 ¨BHVTsIusuvtiÄeTAGtItmharaCFanIGgðr edImºITTYlykext‘TSgbImkv^j Edl
VnenAe¨kamesom 40 q~S. edémºIrMlwk¨Bwt‘ikarN_enH TIzanGnus§avrIy_mYyVn¨tèvelIkeLIg
k~¬gTI¨kugP~MeBj raCFanIfµé. G~kpgEtgeXIj, Kg'elIcegûHP~MdUneBj ehIysmÂwgeTAv^man
äkraC´, rUbsMNakBIsMrwTìnigtamTMhMFmµCati«nes¶csuIsuvti‘ enAcenÂaHpæSgsilaBIrEdlEcg
BIkarVnmkv^jnUvext¶bIenH. pæSgsilamYycMehog Vn¨tèvKas'ykmk[eKvay«fÂenAhug
kug edayÓt‘mesnIym~ak'«nsaFarNrd½Exµr (1970-1975).
 28

q~S Twkdé snìisJïa, samIuCn

1862-64 Jk'kN¶al kUsSgsIun xageCég TIDwk- eVNöa

1863 kmõ¬Ca nerat¶m, dW La¨kg'ED´r
1867 Jk'kN¶al kUsSgsuIn begúIy TIDwk, dW La¨kg'Ed´r
1867 (VrSg[ext‘Vt'd÷bg suIsupun esomrab VrSg-esom, (nerat¶m)
TenÂreBA nig mÂ諨B eTA¨beTsesom)
1883-85 GNöam rYcmk tugkwg rd½aPiVlyYn e¨kayTIDwk rYc
mk etonTi§n (VrSg-cin)
1893 lav GußnxS, VrSg-esom
1902 ext‘TenÂreBA nig mÂ諨B VrSgesom, (nerat¶m)
1907 kmõ¬Ca begúIy (Vt'dMbg suIsupun nig VrSg-esom, (sIusuvtÄi)
esomrab)

45 q~S ²Nëècin

tarag : d÷Nak'kar «n GaNaniKmkmµ

Æ © Æ © Æ © Æ © Æ © Æ © Æ ©
 29

PaKTI 4

BI

shPaB²Nëècin
eTA

shB&nì²Nëècin

¨bvti‘sa¨s¶Cap~èrkb'karP&n¶¨cLM«nmnus§.
(b"Ulva"eLrI, Ts§nv^TU)
dUec~HcUreyIgkuMexõImnwgKas'kayemIl.
 30
¨BHVTsuIsuvtiÄ (1904-1927) eLIgesayraC´d÷NalK~anwg¨Bwti‘karN_mYyy"agsMxan' KW
C&yC÷nH«nCbu"nk~¬gsågðamCbu"n-rus§I (1904-1905). ¨Bwti‘karN_sMxan'mYyeTot EdlekIteLIgk~¬g
rCØkalsuIsuvtiÄenHEdr KWkarbd^vt‘n_cin«nq~S 1911 (saFarNrd½«n sußn-y"at esn).
C&yC÷nH«nCb"unVneFÃI[Vt'nUvC÷enOfa CatiEsºksBUEkelIslubBuMecHcaj'eK. C&yC÷nHenH
VneFÃI[G~kecHd·gyYnman¨btikmµPÂam Ð G~kGk§rsaås¶eQµaH pan' bYycUv, edaymanmÍas' KYg ed
EdlCajati«nGFiraC y"a L¬g nigG~kGk§rsaås¶ 3-4 nak'eTotCUneTApg, VneTAdl'¨beTsCbu"n
ehIyk*cab'bMbHbMeVryYnBITIenaH. cab'tSgBIq~S 1912 EdlKNbk§ KY min tag (cinCatiniym)
ekIteLIg, ¨beTscink*eTACaTIC÷rkmYy«nG~kCatiniymyYnEdr. k~¬geBlsågðamelakq~S 1914-
1918 BlTahan 130 000 nak' EdlCaCnCatirbs'¨beTsTSg3 «n²Nëècin Vn¨tèveKbJØèn
eTAGWrub (k~¬genaHmanExµreyIge¨cInkgvresnatUc EdleKdak'eTAsmrPUmimux, Ex§TI1(1). Tajecj
BIBiPBsk¶iPUmirbs'xÂçn dak'cUleTAk~¬gBiPBelakmYyeTot, G~kTSgenaHVnCYb¨bTHnwgKMnitfµé@eTotÐ
¨bCaFibety´, shCéB, sgðmniym, kumµ¬ynis‘, mUlFnniym nigkar¨bkan'BNásmº¬r. kar Çb"H
Bal'È nwgbsÍwm¨beTsenH VneFÃI[ekIteLIgnUvKNbk§neyaVyk~¬g¨sukyYn ehIyKNbk§TSg
enH Cas~èl«nKMnit¨bqSgnwgkarkan'kab'¨tçt¨ta«n VrSg.
bu"En‘k~¬g¨beTskmõ¬Ca sÄankarN_KWm´a"geTAv^j. eBlEdlmkdl'¨sukExµr VrSgVneXIj
¨beTsmYyEdlhinehac, nigsMNl'«n¨bCaCatimYyEdl¨TuDe¨Tam e¨JHEtsågðam nigkarC^HCan'
BIbreTsCab'rab'stvt§r_. sl'BIes¶cEdlmanGMNacdUc¨BHGaTieTB(2) nigsl'BI¨bCaCnEdl
rs'enACu÷v^jPikŬsgônigGacar´, cenÂaHsgðmenA¨behagTeT ²tmanExµrbiTbMeBj Ð rbrensaT, rbr
ciJÍwmstÃ, karrksuIeFÃICag enAk~¬gkN¶ab'«dyYn, cMENkkareFÃIC÷nYj enAk~¬grgÃg'¨kckcin. karxM
saklºgbJÍèlxÂçnk~¬gsgðmExµr BIsMNak'G~kGen¶a¨bevsn_TSgenaH(3) VneFÃI[manGaJh_BiJh_
cin-Exµr Cae¨cIn. BYkkUnkat'EdlekIteLIgCabn‘bnæab'mkenaH Vn¨tèvG~kniBnìVrSgeQµaH hÃIlIB
dWvéEl kt'sMKal'faCaCn ÇBUEk nigsÃahab'È. edayyl'eXIjdUec~HEdr eTIbrd½karGaNaniKm,
EdlBImunVnnScUlmk¨sukExµrnUvG~keFÃIkarCatiyYn, cab'erIsykkUnkat'cin-Exµr (ticÉe¨cIntMN)
mkeFÃICa¨kbx&Nërd½kar.
k~¬graC´¨BHVTsuIsuvtiÄnigmunIvg§ (1927-1941)(4) ¨beTskmõ¬CaVnTTYlkarEkTMrg'Ca
e¨cIn(5) EdleFÃIeLIgedémºIbMVt'bn‘icm¶g@ nUvsÄab&ncas'«nrd½.
-enAq~S 1910 edémºIC÷rujkarGb'rMeLIgv^j ¨BHecAsIusuvtiÄbJØa[be¨gonPasaExµr dl'ekµg
Gayu 8 q~SeLIgeTA k~¬g¨Kb'TIvt‘GaramTSgGs'. eyIgyl'Nas'nUvkayv^kar ¨BHsIusuvtiÄ Edl
bgúajnUvbMNg¨twm¨tèv«n¨bCaCatiTSgGs' Edlcg'ecHd·gnigcMrugcMerInk~¬gPasarbs'xÂçn. bu"En¶¨sb
K~anwgkayv^karenH rd½karGaNaniKmk*VnCYyCae¨cInEdr dl'karrIkcMerIn«nsala EdleKVnehAfa
ÇsalaraCkarÈ EdleKbe¨gonPasaVrSg nigmuxv^CØae¨cIneTot Edl²tbe¨gonenAsala Çvt‘È.
sala ÇraCkarÈ TSgenaH manenAEtk~¬graCFanI nigTI¨bCu÷CnFM@ ehIykUnsis§esæIrEtCakUnG~kman-
G~kFMTSgGs' KWfaecjmkBIvNö:FUr¨sçl. lTìpl«nkarmansalaBIry"agenH eyIgVneXIj¨Kb'
K~amkehIy Ð ¨beTseTACamansgðm2 EdlxusBIK~aTSg¨sug(6). sgðmmYyCasgðm«nG~k ÇlUt
las'È EdlkarGb'rMnigcMeNHv^CØaxÂçnGnuJïat[b"HJl'nwgBiPBelakxage¨kA ehIyedéreTAmuxtamBi
 31
PBe¨kAenaH. G~kTSgenHxMe¨bI¨Kb'meF´aVy edémºIeFÃICév^txÂçn[Tan'sm&y. sgðmmYyeTot Casgðm
ÇG~kl©g'exÂAÈ EdleCaKCSy"age¨CAnwgBuTìsasna ehIycUlcit‘rs'enAk~¬gBiPBelakmYyeJreBj
eTAedayC÷enOelIehtumhaGsÍar´ ehIyEdlkareKarBTMenomTMlab' VnkÂayeTACakarenAes©¿mmin
kMerIk.
- k~¬gq~S 1912, ÇKUEvn&r eh§ßeNr"al'È Gal'Ebr sar"U begûét ÇsPa[eyabl'GayÈ
(Assemblée consultative indigéne) EdlmansmaC^ke¨CéstSg (1PaK8) nigsmaC^kCab'eq~at (G~kEdleK
[manGMNaceVHeq~aterIssPaenH mancMnYnticNas'). sPa[eyabl'enaH ¨Kan'EtCakarsak
lºgemIleT e¨JHmYyq~SeFÃIkarEt 10 «f©.
-enAq~S 1915 muxgarCaecAhÃayext‘Vn¨tèveKbegûét[maneLIgsMrab'Exµr. BImun ext‘¨tçt
edayVrSgEdlmangarCa Çer"suIdg'È.
-k~¬gq~S 1920 salaVlICan'xõs'VnekIteLIgenAP~MeBj(7).
-enAq~S 1922 TI¨bwk§acºab'VrSgm~ak'CYyENnSkicÍkarbegûétsalaÓ¨kid½ (enAP~MeBj) sMrab'
C÷nMuC÷rHbTÓ¨kid½k~¬g¨beTsTSgmUl.
-k~¬gq~S 1930 (raC´¨BHVTmunIvg§) BuTìsasnbNiët´ VnekIteLIgenAP~MeBj edémºIbgúat'¨Kè
be¨gonsalaVlI (Gacar´salaVlI).
-enAq~S 1937, ¨beTseyIgmansalacMnYn 952 (k~¬genaH 813 Casalavt‘), sala
Gnuvt‘n_Ós§ahkmµmYy, salasilº:ExµrmYy nigsalacºab'nigrd½VlmYy(8).

cMENkävDónPaBxagesd½kicÍv^j eKeXIjmankarrIkcMerIn«nksikmµ(9) Ð ¨sèv, edémekAsUß(10),

eJt, e¨mc .l. karekIneLIgenH KWTSgxagTMhM«pædS TSgxagcMnYnplitpltam«pædS. bu"En‘ eK¨tèv
EtTTYlsðal'karmYyenH Ð ebIkarEkTMrg'«nsik§aFikareFÃI[mankarEckvNö:k~¬gsgðm, vDónPaB
esd½kicÍeFÃI[cMerInEmnETn EtCnbreTsmYyk¶ab' CatiVrSg, cin nigyYn EdlepÆéluyxÂçnenAV"rIs,
hugkug, sigúburI nig«¨BnKr.
KWenAk~¬gkal:eTs: (sgðmsaås¶) enaHehIy Edl¨beTskmõ¬CaQaneCégcUlmkk~¬g (¨bvti‘
saås¶) BiPBelaksBëf©. ebIsågðamelakelIkTI1 BuMVneFÃI[GaNac¨kGaNaniKmVrSgE¨b
¨bçleT sågðamelakelIkTI2 CasJïa«nkarcab'ep¶émrlM«nGaNac¨kenaH. eq¿t{kasEdlVrSg
cuHGn'ex§ay edaykarlukluyGalÂWm"g', ¨beTsTSgbI«n²Nëècinyl'eXIjfa eBlevlamkdl'
ehIy edémºIrkäkraC´erogxÂçn.
teTAenH eyIg¨tèvEck¨Bwti‘karN_EdlekItmaneLIgCaBIrcMBUk KW Ð

k) erOge¨kA¨beTs, KW¨Bwti‘karN_TSgLayEdlVnekIteLIg edaymkBIneyaVybreTs, bu"En¶

Edlman²TìiBly"agpæal' mkelI¨beTskmõ¬Ca (ehIyEdlnwgEcgenATMB&r 36)

x) erOgk~¬g¨beTs, KWkarv^vt‘n_neyaVyk~¬g¨beTskmõ¬Ca EdlmanCaGaT− TMnak'TMngCamYyVrSg

nwgkarsaklºgrbb¨bCaFibety´mYy tamry:KNbk§neyaVy (EcgenATMB&r 51)

--------------------------
 32

GFibºay

(1) edImºIrMlwk nig Cakiti‘ysdl'BlTahanExµrEdlVnsÂab'edémºI¨beTsVrSg k~¬gsågðam

elak 1914-18 enaH TIzanmrNsJïamYy Vn¨tèvelIkeLIgk~¬g¨kugP~MeBj EkºrkILazan
Çs‘adLMEbßÈ ehIyEdlmhaCnehAfa ÇrUbBIrÈ (rUbsMNakVrSgm~ak' nigExµrm~ak'). G~kpg
Etgfa ExµrenaHKW taEm"n EdlCanayTahanbJØakgBlTSgenaH.
(2) cMeJHCnFmµtak~¬g¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg Jk´ Çes¶cÈ nig ÇCatiÈ mann&ydUcK~a. kºt'es¶c KW
kºt'CatiehIy. eKdUcCacSfa G~kneyaVy«nsgðmraås‘niym VnbMeV"gkaryl'eXIjenH
[kan'EtxÂSgeLIg edémºIB¨g·gGMNacxÂçn. tamTMenomTMlab'EdlCaekr‘−mrtk«n¨BhµJïsa-
sna Exµr¨Kb'rUb elIkElgEtPikŬ ¨tèvlutCgðg'¨kabenAmuxes¶c. bu"En‘k~¬gsm&yenH karyl'
eXIjGMBIes¶c lMeGogeTAtamBuTìsasna. VneLIgesayraC´Caes¶c KWCargÃan'putelx
cMeJHmnus§elak EdlkalBICatimunVnksagEtGMeBIlí ehIykan'y"agxØab'xØçnnUvsIl«n
¨BHBuTì. es¶cswgEtdUcGaTieTB EdleKBuMGacv^nicÏ&ykat'eTas kayv^karnigGMeBIVneLIy.
e¨JHEtkaryl'eXIjenH ¨bCaCnExµrBImun Ca¨bCaCnEdlcSEtTTYlsux TTYlTukÅ TTYl
bJaØùùùùù.
(3) G~k¨bvti‘saås‘ EdlmkBinit´erOgehtuenAGasIuPaKGeK~y_ ehIyEdlePÂcKiteTAdl'kt‘a
Catisasn_«nmnus§k~¬gsgðm cºas'Caminyl'eday¨twm¨tèveLIy faetI¨beTsEdlxÂçn
Binit´enHenAk~¬gkal:eTs:GÃI. ehtuEdleFÃI[manCnCaticincakecjBI¨sukxÂçn mkenA¨sukä
eTot«nGasuIPaKGeK~y_ man2 FM@KW cMVMgrvagK~aägk~¬g¨suk nigkarN_EdlmanbN¶aCn
e¨cInhYs. PaKe¨cIn«nG~kGen‘a¨bevsn_TSgenaH mkBIext‘3 «n¨beTscinxagtºèg KWkÃagsIu
kÃagTug nig hÃèßKan. bu"En¶cinTSgenaHniyayeTsPasaCae¨cIn EdleKEckCa 5 ¨kumFM KW
eTsPasahukKan hak'ka «hNan' kn‘Sg nigetvCév. k~¬gq~S 1970 cinenA¨sukExµrmancMnYn
435 Jn'nak' KWfa 6,4 % «nbN¶aCn¨sukExµr EdlmancMnYn 6 701 000 nak' (tamesov
ePArbs' sUemIs hayDUs). 30 % «ncin¨sukExµr rs'enAäP~MeBj. EdlehAfacin¨sukExµr
KWcinGen‘a¨bevsn_fµé nigCnEdlekItBIÒBukm¶aycin ehIyniyaynigkan'TMenomTMlab'cin.
enAq~S 1970 BYkPaKe¨cInKWBYketvCév cuHmkKWBYkkn‘Sg.
BiVknwgfaEdr etIcincab'cUlmkenA¨beTskmõ¬CatSgBIsm&yNa. bu"En‘eKd·gfa cin
cab'cUlmkk~¬gqakneyaVyExµr tSgBIstvt§r_TI 17. es¶cbrmraCaTI4 (1660-1672)
Vn¨tèves¶cyYnbgÅ÷[cuHsnìisJïamYy ¨BmTTYl[CnCatiyYn nigCnCaticin 3 000 nak'
cUlmkenA¨sukExµr. CnePosxÂçncinenaH Cabk§BYkraCvg§mig EdlVn¨tèvraCvg§tan'rMlM.
KWk~¬gBBYkcinTSgenaHehIy EdlGgðnn'Vne¨CéserIsTahansuIQ~çl edémºIdeN¶ImblÂ&gûBI
bgbíènCédUnmYyxÂçn es¶cC&yeCd½aTI4 (GgðsUr). enAq~S 1689 CamYynwgTahancinsuIQ~çl
xÂçn nigT&ByYnEdlmkCYyGgðnn'deN¶ImVn¨kugP~MeBj. C&yeCd½aTI4 Edlrt'eTAenAkMBg'
 33
hÂçg k*cuHsnìisJïamYyeTotCamYyyYn TTYlsðal'yYnCaecAhÃay. enAq~S 1710 KWcinm~ak'
eTot eQµaHm"ak'KW EdlExµr[TTYlbnæ¬kkarJrPUmiPaKJm (sBëf©haeTog) ¨kmYns (r"ac
s´a) nigekaH¨tl'. G~kBwgKWGgðEGm (kUn¨bsaes¶cC&yeCd½aTI4) EdleQÂaHK~anwgFemµaraCa
(kUnbegûétC&yeCd½aTI4) EdlmanesomCaG~kKS¨T. edayehtuenH PUmiPaKeq~rsmu¨TTSgenaH
VnenAe¨kamGMNacm"ak'KW nigepAsn¶anrbs'xÂçn rhUtdl'q~S 1867 (157q~S!) ehIycinenaH
eFÃIkar[yYn.
cin¨sukExµr EtgEtVnTTYlGP&yäksiTìiBiess. G~kEdlekItenA¨beTskmõ¬Ca
ehIykan'ykTMenomTMlab'¨beTs KWeTACaBlrd½ExµrEtm¶g. G~kEdlmin¨BmbJÍèlxÂçnk~¬g
sgðmExµr enAe¨kamGMNaccinm~ak'EdlmangarCa ÇecATaÈ ehIyEdlEtgtSgeLIgeday
es¶cExµr ehIycinTSgenaH raCkarminGacEknykeTAe¨bIVneT (e¨kamrbbGaNaniKm). kar
GaNaB´aVlVrSgVnebIkyuK«nGaJh_BiJh_cin-Exµr. kt‘aFMCaedémehtu«nGaJh_Bi-
Jh_ (Gn‘rsasn_) enH man2 : karsÃahab'«nsasn_cin EdleFÃI[cinman nigkarxÃH¨sIcin.
enAq~S 1921 G~kniBnì dav^d Es¶gEbßk [cMnYnkUnkat'cin-Exµr fa¨bEhl 68 000 nak'.
e¨kayBI ¨beTskmõ¬CaVnäkraC´ cMnYnGaJh_BiJh_¨buscin-¨sIExµr Vnfye¨cInNas'.
bu"En‘ k~¬geKalbMNgnwgB¨gékGMNacesd½kicÍxÂçn cin¨sukExµre¨bIcMNg¨KçsaredémºIbMBuk
rMlYyrd½karExµr edaykmÂaGaJh_BiJh_¨sIcin-¨busExµr. cMeJHG~ksegûtkarN_breTsCa
e¨cIn karGen‘a¨bevsn_cin VnnSmk[sgðmExµrnUvcrn‘sÃahab' ehIyeTaHbI¨beTskmõ¬Camin
EmnCasmºti‘rbs'cinsuTì k*kmõ¬CaCasmºti‘dac'muxrbs'Exµrkat'cinEdr (hßU-yn', hußy-nim,
exov-sMpn CaExµrkat'cin).
cMENkäExµrkat'yYnv^j mancMnYnticeTenA¨beTskmõ¬Ca mkBIehtuEdleKd·g¨Kb'K~a.
karGen‘a¨bevsn_yYn Edlmany"agxÂSgCaelIkd÷bUgmk¨beTskmõ¬Ca (k~¬g¨BMEdnsBëf©) KW
k~¬gsm&yGaNaniKmVrSg. yYn¨sukExµrPaKe¨cIn rs'enAtam¨BMEdnExµr-yYn. enHCasJïa
fayYnTSgenaHenAEtVrm¸. k~¬gq~S 1952 kalsmaCCatiGnum&t karbJït‘ihamCnbreTsmin
[¨bkbrbrxÂH bJïti‘TSgenaHtMrg'eTACaBiessdl'BYkyYn. karminTukcit¶rbs'ExµrelIyYn
manenA¨Kb'kEnÂg ¨Kb'eBlevla. erOgxÂImYy KYrelIkykmkniyay : kal¨Bwt‘karN_ExmIna
1970pæ¬HeLIg Ót¶mesnIy ln'-nl', CamYyK~anwgkarsuM[yYnxagtºèg CYyTb'karvaysM
rukrbs'yYnxageCég, VnbMrugbJÎb'BItMENg nayTahanTSgGs'Edlman¨bBnìyYn. luH
dl'd·gfa nayTahanCaTITukcit‘Kat'Cae¨cInnak' enAk~¬gsÄanPaBenH Kat'k*¨tèvbJÎb'kar¨bug
¨by&t~enHv^jeTA.
(4) eBlC^tcb'rCØkal¨BHsuIsuvtiÄ VrSgcg'dak'raCvg§ nerat¶m elIblÂ&gûv^j. eKeBjcit¶nwg
kUn¨BHnerat¶mm~ak' EdlCaG~kniBnìy"agcMNan mÍas' nerat¶m-suFars. bu"En‘edayVntva"
enA¨kugV"rIs GMBIkarrMelaPxÂH«nGaCÆaFrGaNaniKm mÍas'suFars k*¨tèveKdkv^jeTA. C÷erIs
k*tMrg'eTAkUnm~ak'eTotrbs'es¶cnerat¶m ¨Tg'PaNuvg§ Etmindac'e¨sc. sMerceTA blÂ&gûVn
mkkUnes¶csuIsuvtiÄ mÍas'munIvg§ EdlVneFÃITahank~¬gkgT&BVrSgenAq~S 1908.
 34
(5) GMNacGaNaniKmVrSg min¨Kan'EtbgÅ÷[EkTMrg'eT EfmTSgxMeFÃI[karyl'eXIjGMBI \es¶c|
EkE¨beTot. e¨kayq~S 1897 edémºIEbgEckrMElkGMNacEdlrhUtmkdl'eBlenaHenAEtk~¬g
«des¶cm~ak' VrSgVnbgÅ÷es¶c[TTYlsÄab&nfµémYy EdleKBuMEdlsðal'esaHk~¬g¨beTs
kmõ¬Ca : rd½aPiVl. ¨kwt´mYybJØak'muxkarrd½aPiVlenaH : ¨beTs¨tèvd·knSedayrd½aPiVl
EdlmanKN:rd½mån‘ImYy (kug§I esnabtI) manrd½mån‘I¨VMmYynak' (esnabtI, Exµr) KN:rd½
mån‘I¨tèvd·knSeday er"suIdg'sUßeb"rIy&rVrSg. GMNacGaNaniKmbgÅ÷es¶c[TuknaTICaGKðmha
esna (rd½mån‘ITI1) [mnus§EdlVneFÃICaG~kbkE¨bPasa k~¬grd½karxÂçn. ägarBYkesnabtI
manCaGaTi : ¨kLaeham (navacr) ymraC (yuti‘Fám) c¨kI (karJr¨beTs) vSg nigGKðmha
esna.
GKðmhaesnamuneKbgís' KWelakGußm bnæab'mkelakbu"k TSg2nak'CakUnnamuWn. enA
q~S 1902 VrSgQb'tamTMlab'enH (EdlTuknaTIesnabtI[kUnnamuWn) edayEtgtSgelak
CYn (G~kbkE¨bPasa) CaesnabtI¨ksYgvSg. elak ÇvSgÈ CYn enAkEnÂgenaHCag 30 q~S
rhUtdl'raC´¨BHVTmunIvg§. elakCYnenH VneTACamnus§TMnukcit¶rbs'VrSg ––Pasa
sm&yfacarburs, ehIyVn[VrSgd·gBIkarbMrugkºt'TMlak'es¶csuIsuvtiÄ BIsMNak'mÍas'
myUr"a (kUnnerat¶m). enAq~S 1917 (myUr"aVn¨tèveKbMbrbg'eTAesogxÃag, ¨beTslav).
elak Eb"n-nut Vncab'ep¶émCév^tneyaVyd*Evgrbs'Kat' CaPUQYyesnabtI¨ksYgvSg enA
q~S 1940.
(6) ehtuePTenH eKsegûteXIjCaTUeTA enAk~¬g¨beTsTSgLay«nelakTI3 (¨beTs¨k e¨kABI
elakesrI nigelakkumµ¬ynis‘). Cév^trehmrham enAkkwtK~anwgCév^teqItqay. raCFanI
P~MeBj CatMNag Çkmõ¬CaTMenIbÈ. enAC^tbegûéyesaH BiPBksikr enAEtrs'enAtamrebob
buraN. enHehIyCacMNucex§ay«n¨beTs PaBpuy¨Cay«n¨beTs. e¨kaykicͨBme¨Bog
h§WENvq~S 1954 sågðamrvagev¿tNamTSg2 Vnp¶l'sn¶iPaBrvag 15 q~S[kmõ¬Ca. k~¬gkM-
L¬g 15 q~SenaH G~kd·knSExµr²tmansmtÄPaBeFÃI[BiPBksikr manGKðIsnInigTwk Çma"suInÈ
e¨bIeLIy : minKitp¶l'[¨beTsnUvsm¸ar:karJrxÂçn¨Kb'¨Kan' sMrab'eBlNamanGasn~ G~k
d·knSTSgenaHEbrCaerIsyk ÇGB´a¨kwtÈ, ÇbJÍsIlaÈ eTAv^j. GB´a¨kwtExµrVneTACa
Gsar²tkar äsIl5 k*BuMVneFÃI[Exµrsux e¨JHExµr \sMu| Etm~ak'äg.
(7) munq~S 1920 ¨BHsgôExµr¨tèveTAVgkk edémºIeron[e¨CAeTAeTotnUvPasaVlI. enA¨kugenaH
¨BHsgôEtgCYbnwgmÍas'yuKnìr EdlCakUnm~ak'eTotrbs'es¶cnerat¶m. yuKnìrVn¨tèves¶c
bJØèneTA¨sukVrSg edémºIb¶wgtva"dl'rd½aPiVlVrSg GMBIkarrMelaP«nGaCÆaFrGaNaniKm mk
dl'¨sukVrSgenAExsIha 1900 mÍas'yuKnìr¨bKl'[rd½aPiVlVrSg nUvkMNt'ehtuy"ag
EvgmYy eBjeTAedaybN¶wgrbs'hÂçgnerat¶m. edaymanG~ksarBátmanVrSgm~ak'eQµaH
h§g' ehs§ CYypg ¨Tg'yuKnìrxMlUk[dl'mtimhaCnVrSg rhUtdl'VncuHGtÄbTmYyk~¬g
äkTin \LW hßÃéhðar"U|. min¨twmEtTieTonGaCÆaFrGaNaniKm yuKnìrEhkbgúaj \karXubXwt
rbs'VrSgBukrlYy| CamYyelakGußm (GKðmhaesna) nigelakCYn (bnæab'mkesnabtI
¨ksYgvSg) edémºICJØk'Qam¨beTs (exploiter le pays, sic) nigbMEbkbMVk'G~kraCkarExµrsÂèt
 35
¨tg'. (erOg GaLicsius Qun). rd½mån¶IVrSg¨ksUgGaNaniKm tbv^jy"agxÂSgedaybJØa
[ er"suIdg'sUßeb"rIy&r bgÅ÷es¶cnerat¶m[dak'eTasdl'mÍas'yuKnìr : kalNamkdl'v^j
ehIy yuKnìr¨tèvsUmeTasCasaFarN: dl'esnabtI \Edl¨tèveKmYlbgûac'|. BuMenaHesat
mÍas'enHnwgGac¨tèveKbMbrbg' ehIyrwbGUsyk¨TB´smºti‘. ecjBI¨sukVrSgenAd÷Nac'q~S
1900 yuKnìr, edayE¨kg¨tèvTNëkmµxÂSg, k*suxcit‘rs'enAäVgkk rhUtdl'eBlsuKtenA
q~S 1934. ecjBI¨kugVgkk ¨BHsgôEtgEtnSeTAP~MeBjv^j nUvKMnitbHeVrEdlp¬÷BImÍas'
yuKnìr. edémºIxaXSg¨BHsgôBIKMnitd*mane¨KaHf~ak'enH eKk*begûétsalaVlICan'xõs'mYy
enAraCFanIExµreTA.
(8) sågðamelakelIkTI1 VnbnÄyy"age¨cInnUvcMnYnCnCatiVrSg Edlmkrs'enAk~¬g²Nëècin.
EbrmkrkG~kecHeFÃIkar k~¬gcMeNamCnCatiedémv^j rd½karVrSgbegûétsala \rd½Vl| edémºI
bgúat'G~kraCkarExµr (muxgarCaTIcg'Vnsm&yenaH KW \féer"suIdg'| EdlsMrab'G~kNaVnCab'
\DIbÂèm|. dUec~HehIyVnCa enAq~S 1939 eKeXIjmansis§Et 4 nak' Edleronbn‘yk \V
sU|. KWk~¬gsalard½VlenaHehIy EdlduHdalvrCnneyaVyelIkTI1 «n¨beTskmõ¬Ca.
PaKe¨cIn«nGtItG~kd·knSExµr ecjBIsalaenaH. e¨kayeBlVnäkraC´ salard½VlVn
b¶èrmuxkarBIrdg : elIkTI1 KW¨Kan'EtCakEnÂgp¶l'kmµsik§a bEnÄm[G~kraCkarcas' (Óù G~k
¨kbx&Nërd½Vl Edl¨bLgecjCab'elx1 nwgVn¨tèvEtgtSgCaGPiVlext‘) elIkbegúIy
smnwgeQµaHfµé \salaPUminærd½Vl| KWsMrab'nis§itEdlmansJïab&¨txagcºab'ehIyEdl
eKnwgbgúat'[eTAbMeBjmuxgark~¬g¨ksYgnana. eday¨cENnnwg \ekµg@| Edl \eLIgbuN´
sk¶i| elOneBk G~krd½karcas'@ TamTar[biTsalaenaH. salaCatird½Vl¨tèvbiTTÃarenA
d÷Nac'q~Ssik§a 1975 TÃarEdlVn¨tèvbiTqab'CagdUcbMrugTuk edaysarkarcUlmk«nExµr
¨khm.
(9) manEtkUsSgsuIn (kmõ¬Cae¨kam) eT EdlVnTTYlBIVrSge¨cInCageK nUvbecÍkeTsxag
ksikmµ. enAkmõ¬CaeyIg karekIneLIg«nplitplksikmµ mkBIsn‘iPaBEdlmaneLIgv^j
e¨kaycMVMgrSgCl'rab'stvt§r_.
(10) CaelIkTI1 edémekAsUßVn¨tèvykecjBI¨beTsm"aeLsuI mkdl'«¨BnKrenAq~S 1897 eday
{sfkarIVrSgm~ak'eQµaH r"aGßUl. cMeJHkmõ¬CanigevotNam ekAsUßVneTACaFnFanFM1 Edl
nSmknUvrUbIybNöbreTs. bu"En‘¨beTskmõ¬CaVnTTYlticNas'nUvplBIFnFanenH e¨JH
VrSgmÍas'cMkarekAsUß VneFÃIdécMkarrbs'xÂçn[eTACa \¨sukVrSg| mYyk~¬g¨sukExµrehIy.
CnCatiExµreyIg cUlmincuHeTk~¬gsh¨KasenaH Edle¨bIEtCnCatiyYn TSgCaG~kbecÍkeTs
TSgCakmµkr. sÄanPaBenHmanCagknÂHstvt§r_ enAe¨kamEP~ksuß÷¨KlM «nG~kd·knSExµr.

ÆÄÆÄÆÄÆ ÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆ
 36

BI shPaB²Nëècin eTA shB&nì²Nëècin

erOge¨kA¨beTs

k~¬gkML¬g 10 q~S munkarpæ¬H«nsågðamelakelIkTI2, mhaGMNacfµémYyVnpuseLIgbn‘icm¶g@

BITÃIbGasuI. karlatsnìwg²TiìBl«nmhaGMNacfµéenaH mkelIGasIuPaKGeK~y_ e¨kayq~S 1940, Vn
eFÃI[rlayGaNac¨k GaNaniKmVrSgnigGg'eKÂs. mhaGMNacfµéenaHKW¨beTsCbu"n.
sågðamrvagrus§InigCbu"n EdleqHeLIgk~¬gq~S 1904 Vncb'edayC&yC÷nH Cbu"n EdldeN¶Im
ykVn¨kug B&r-GarFYr enA«f© 2 mkra 1905. e¨kamkarsMruHsMrYl «n¨bFanaFibtIGaemrikSg etGUDr
rUsWEvl, snìisJïacuHenA Brs_mUf [eTACbu"n nUv¨beTskUer" nig ma"n'CUrIxagtºèg. «f© 19kJïa
1931 (26q~Se¨kaymk) Cbu"nVnykm"an'CUrITSgmUl, ehIyq~Se¨kaymk k*kan'kab'Vn¨suk ey
hUl eTot (ext‘cinBIedém, CaTÃarecjcUleTA¨suk mu"gehðal). k~¬geBlEdlcin kYmigtag (Cati
niym) nigcinkumµ¬ynis‘ kMBugcºSgK~aäg, Cbu"ncUllukluy¨beTscin enAq~S 1937 ehIyykVn
¨kugeb"kSgenAExkkûda, ¨kugkg'tug enAExtula 1938, nigekaH«hNan' k~¬gExkum¸: 1939. dUec~H enA
eBlEdlsågðamelakelIkTI2 pæ¬HeLIgenAq~S 1939 enaH, ²Nëècinrbs'VrSgenAcMe¨kamkarKMram
rbs'Cbu"n. enATIÃbGWru"bv^j, Exmifuna 1940 VneXIjsaFarNrd½TI3 rbs'VrSg remole¨kameCég
edérsgÃak'k©an«nBYkNah§I. «f© 16 mifuna esna¨bmux eb"tSg cuHhtÄelxasuMcuHcaj'.
eq¿teBlEdlGMNacVrSgenA²NëècinkMBugeLHeLaH, Cbu"ncat'v^FankarN_bJÎb'karrt'Bnì
GavuF Edlykmk[T&Brbs' CagkayCak tamkMBg'EpyYn, «h-pug (kMBg'EpcinTSgLay¨tèvCb"un
B&TìCab'). «f© 19 mifuna (1940) Cbu"ndak'kMNt' (ultimatum) [, CaelIkTI1, dl' ÇKUEvn&r ehߧeN
r"al'È «n ²Nëècin, Ót¶mesnIy ka¨Tè EdleTIbnwg¨tèvEtgtSgfµé@. ka¨Tè xMsuMC÷nYyBIGg'eKÂs nig
GaemrikSg Et²tVneLIy(1). «f© 29 mifuna Ót¶mesnIyCb"un, nIsIuhar"a, mkdl'haNUy ehIy
TamTar[ bJÎb'cracrelIpÂèvreTHePÂIg EdlcUleTAext‘cin yunNn, nig[biT¨BM¨bTl' cin-yYn
TSgmUl (edaydak'KN:kmµkar¨tçtBinit´mYy). karTamTar Edl ka¨Tè yl'¨Bm[TSgGs'. «f©
20 kkûda VrSgEtgtSgÓt¶mnavé dãtU C÷nYsÓt¶mesnIy ka¨Tè. «f© 2 sIha Cbu"ndak'kMNt'm¶geTot
edayTamTar[T&BxÂçnecjcUltam¨suk tugkwg edayesrI ¨BmTSg[VrSgdak'valGakasyan
Cae¨cInenA tugkwg [Cbu"ne¨bI. kicͨBme¨BogVrSg-Cbu"nmYy Vn¨tèveFÃIeLIg enA«f© 30 sIha tam
ry:rd½TUtVrSg dãsSgkintSg, EdlenAk~¬genaH VrSg¨BmeFÃItamkarTamTarrbs'Cbu"nTSgGs' k~¬g
erOgeyaFa ehIyTTYlsðal'fa nwgGacmanlTìPaBb¶èresd½kicÍK~a. tbmkv^j Cbu"nyl'¨Bm \eKarB
GFibtIPaB«nVrSgelI²Nëècin nigbUrNPaBTwkdéxÂçn|. bu"En‘enA²Nëècin Ót¶mnavé dãKU EdlmineBj
cit‘nwgKMnit[karsMrYlTSgenaHeTACbu"n k*sMercfa¨tèverobcMT&BedémºITb'Tl'. enAyb'«f© 5 kJïa kg
vresnatUcCbu"nmYy qÂgkat'¨BMEdncin-yYn enA dugdag C^t¨kug Lag-sWg. «f© 19 kJïa nIsIuhar"a
dak'kMNt'[ dãKU m¶geTot CaelIkTI3 CamYyK~anwgkarsML¬t edaybeJÍjGanuPaBkgT&Bk~¬gQUg
smu¨T tugkwg, enA«f© 20 kJïa. rd½aPiVlenA vésuI (rd½aPiVlEdl¨BmenAe¨kamGMNacGalÂWm"g')
 37
k*bJØa[ dãKU cuHhtÄelxaelIkicͨBme¨BogVrSg-Cbu"nmYyeTot, «f© 22 kJïa enAhaypug, Edl
¨Kan'EteFÃI[cºas'eLIgnUvkicͨBme¨Bogmun(2) T&BCbu"nGacqÂgkat'¨suk tugkwg Vn, TukeyaFa 6 Jn'
nak' enAxageCégTen¨khm ehIyGace¨bI¨Vs'valGakasyan 3 enAtugkwg.
karcab'ep¶émeLIgGMNac«nCbu"nelI²Nëècin VnbJͬHkit´anuPaBVrSgxÂSgNas' cMeJHmux
bN¶aCn«n¨beTsTSgbI. bu"En¶KW¨beTs«feT EdlVneq¿tykcMeNjmuneK BIkarFÂak'kit´anuPaB«n
GaNaniKmniymVrSgenH. TMnak'TMngBiessrvagesomnigCbu"n(3) VneFÃI[Vrm¸dl'rd½aPiVl
VrSg EdlVncuHkicͨBme¨BogminQÂanJnK~amYy CamYyrd½aPiVl«fenA«f© 12 mifuna 1940. k~¬g
ExkJïa, eBlEdlVrSgkMBugv^vaTCamYyCb"unk~¬gerOg tugkwg, rd½aPiVl vésuI suM[rd½aPiVlVgkk
ÇeFÃI[kicͨBme¨BogminQÂanJnK~a man¨bsiTìPaBeLIg edayminVc'b¶èrhtÄelxaK~aÈ (e¨JHkicͨBm
e¨BogenHVneFÃIeLIgCamYyrd½aPiVlCb"un, minTan'caj'GalÂWm"g'. niyaytamJk´samJïfa Ð suM«f
kuMmkQÂanJn). Pibulsågðam, rd½månI‘TI1 «f, minyl'Tas' bu"En‘dl'«f©TI 13 kJïa VnTamTaryk
BIrd½aPiVl vésuI v^jnUvTwkdéEdlVn[eTA²Nëècn
i VrSg tamsnìisJïaq~S 1907 nigTwkdémYyPaK
eTot EdlVrSgsn´atamsnìisJïaq~S 1904 nig 1907 fanwg[eTAesomeBlNaxÂçnQb'¨tçt¨ta

²Nëècin. ehIy «fenAEtrk§asiTìi¨tçt¨ta¨beTslav nig kmõ¬Ca! (emIlPaKTI3, TMB&r 22). karmin

¨Bm«nrd½aPiVl vésIu ruj[esome¨bIkmÂSg. enAd÷Nac'ExkJïa Pibul bJØaT&B[eFÃITukÅbukem~j tam
¨BMEdnlavnigExµr. VrSgtbtv^jedayTmÂak'¨Kab'EbkenAeBlyb' eTAelITI¨bCu÷CnesomxagPaKø
san. cab'tSgBI«f© 19 v^cÏika kgeyaFBlcMruHVrSg-Exµr eFÃI¨btibti‘kareCégeKak karJr¨BMEdn, bu"En‘
¨tèvTTYlbraC&yCae¨cIndg(4). «f© 5 mkra 1941 kgeyaFaesomcab'ep¶émkan'kab'PUmiExµrCae¨cIn
EdlenAtam¨BMEdn. braC&yenAelI«pæeKak bJØa[ \KUEvn&r eh§ßeNr"al'| dãKU –– EdlCanayTahan
eCégTwk–– eFÃI¨btibti‘karmYytamsmu¨T. kgäkPaBnavaVrSgmYyEdlmannavalºat \Lamu"t-BIekû|
nigkV"l'tUc 4 eTot (LWDuymu"gDYkvél, LamIr"al'-sak'En, LWtaGYr nigLWma"n) e¨kambJØakar«n
vrnavéäk ebr"g'eh§ß VneTAvaykgT&BeCégTwk«fmYyPaK EdleVHyufûaenAekaHcg', eBl¨Blwm
¨sag@ «f© 17 mkra. kV"l'VrSgVnbMpÂajnavae¨kaHrk§aeq~resom ÇfunburIÈ nignavasMrab'bMpÂaj
kV"l'Vj'¨Kab'EbkTwkCae¨cIneTot EdlbI¨tèvlicVt' (C^t 40% «nT&BeCégTwk«f¨tève¨bIkarElg
ekIt).
«f© 21 mkra Cbu"nbgÅ÷«f nigVrSg[TTYlkarsMruHsMrYlrbs'xÂçn. G~ktMNagVrSg, Cb"un
nig«f ¨bCu÷K~ae¨kamGFibtIPaB«nÓt¶mesnIy sUßmit, «f© 31 mkra enA«¨BnKr, ehIycuHhtÄelxa¨Bm
Qb'Vj'K~aenAelInavalºatCb"un \NatUrI|. karccaredémºIsn‘iPaB cab'eFÃIeLIgenA«f© 7 kum¸: ä¨kug
tUk´è e¨kamGFibtIPaB G~ktMNagrd½aPiVlCbu"n, ma"t'sUßka. xagVrSgmanrd½TUtVrSgenAtUk´è, Gak
Esn Gg'rI nigxagesommanmÍas' va"n«v"f´akn, TI¨bwk§a«nrd½mån‘I¨ksYgkarbreTs. karccarenHcb'
nigkareFÃIkicÍsn´asn‘iPaBVrSg-«f enA«f© 9 ÓsPa 1941 EdltamkicÍenaH VrSg[eTAesom nUv
ext‘suIsupun, Vt'd÷bg, PaKext‘sæwgE¨tg, kMBg'FM nigesomrab EdlenAxageCégEx§ \åhûad| elx
15 (kuM¨cLMEx§¨sbEdlCa \dãeåhð| ehIyxõs'Cag) elIkElgEtbrievNGgðr(5). karVt'bg'Ca
elIkTI2 nUvext‘smºèNá¨sèvTSgenH eFÃI[dundabesd½kicÍExµr CaehtueFÃI[¨bCaCneyIgevTnay"ag
xÂSg k~¬gry:sågðamelakelIkTI2 TSgmUl.
 38
e¨kaymkeTot, enA¨sukVrSg, Cbu"neFÃIkicͨBme¨BogmYyeTotCamYyVrSg (ehAkicͨBm
e¨Bog darLg'-katU «n«f© 29 kkûda 1941) EdlGnuJïat¶[T&BCbu"n Çs~ak'enAÈ elITwkdé²Nëècin
TSgmUl. ¨Kan'EtsÂwkeQIä¨sukVrSgTMuehIy¨CuHPÂam, kgGakascrCbu"nk*cab'ep¶éme¨bIvalcuHyn‘
ehaHenAkmõ¬CanigenAkUsSgsIun, kicÍEdl[sJïa«nkarerobvay¨beTs«fnig¨beTsPUma. «f© 8 F~è
1941 KWmYy«f©bnæab'BIkarTmÂak'¨Kab'EbkelI ePIlEhßbbYr, kgeyaFaCbu"ncUleTA¨sukesomtam
¨sukExµr(6).
eTaHbICaCbu"nVneKarBGFibtIPaBVrSgelI²Nëècink*eday (rhUtdl'ExmIna 1945), vt‘man
«nkgT&BCbu"n Vn[snæ¬HmYydl'BYkG~kCatiniymenA²NëècinTSgGs' [hßanecjBIPaB esæIrBYn-
esæIrecjmuxrbs'xÂçn. bu"En¶s~èl«nclnaCatiniymExµr VnekIteLIgyUrmkehIy mun |Cbu"ncUl| eTA
eTot(7), ebIbJØak'[cºas'EmnETn KWk~¬gq~S 1939, eBlEdlGacar´VlIm~ak' eQµaH V"c-QWn
nigmån‘Im~ak'enAbNöal&yBuTìsasnbNëit´ eQµaH sWg gu"kfan' VnbegûétsarBátmanTI1 CaPasa
Exµr Ð kaEst (eBlenaHminTan'manJk´sarBátmanenAeLIyeT) ÇnKrvt‘È. namTSg2 enH, CamYy
nignammYyeTot – Ehm ecov, Vndk'Cab'k~¬gdYgcit‘nigk~¬gsti«nexmrCnCae¨cIn EdlsMKal'G~kTSg
3 faCaG~kes~haCatiedayskmµ. eKaledAdMbUg«nkaEstnKrvt‘ KW j¬Hjg'bN¶aCn[TamTarsÃ&y
PaB[Vnkan'Ete¨cIn BIGaNaniKmniymVrSg, KWfa[¨tLb'mkrbbmun EdlminsUvtwgEtg ehIy
EdlVnEcgk~¬gsnìisJïaq~S 1863 (munkar |PØg'nwgcMBuHTug| «nq~S 1884). k~¬gkartyuTìenH elak
sWg gu"kfan'(8) nwgeTABwgEpíkelI¨BHsgô, EdlminEmn¨Kan'EtCakmÂSg«n¨BHBuTìsasnaEdl¨bCa
CnExµrVnrMlaycUlCaBumõmYy CamYy¨beTsnigCatisasn_xÂçneT(9), ¨BHsgôCakmÂSgneyaVy1
edaysarskmµPaBk~¬gkarGb'rM¨bCaraås¶.
CamYynwgPikŬ Ehm ecov, saås‘acar´VlI nigGacar´«neyaFPUmiTahan \eCIg¨khm| TSg
Gs'(10), elak sWg gu"kfan' begûétsmaKmmYyeQµaH smaKmBuTìimamikCn (mit‘«nBuTìsasna)
EdlebIk[Kat'Tak'Tgy"ag¨sçl CamYyÓVsknig¨BHsgô«nKN:TSg2, Fmµyuti‘ nigmhanikay.
«f© 15 kkûda 1942 elakGacar´ Ehm ecov ¨tèveKcab' e¨kamkarecaTfa Eck¨tak'¨bqSgnwgVrSg
ehIynig \Tak'TgnwgCb"un|. enAk~¬gsalC÷nuM«nKN:rd½mån‘I, cMeJHmuxelak Ta san, rd½mån‘I¨ksYg
Fmµkar, VrSgeQµaH VrU" EdlCaGFikarkicÍkarneyaVy Vndksºg'cIBrecjBIelakGacar´ ecov
EdlrYcmk ¨tèveKykeTAXMuXSg. «f© 19 kkûda, PikŬ 1 500 GgðEdlmkBI¨Kb'tMbn'«n¨beTs, ¨bCu÷
K~akkkujenAmuxpæH \er"suIdg'sUßeb"rIy&r| eQµaH dãELm edayelIkbda \edaHElgGacar´ ecov!|. kar
vaytb'K~aVnekItmaneLIg rvagPikŬnigTahanVrSg (tamesovePAVrSg) EdleKehAmkbEnÄm
(e¨JHTahanExµrBuMhßan¨bmafPikŬ). VrSgVncg'[karbågûabVtukmµTI1 Edl¨bqSgnwgxÂçnenH eTACa
KMrU. eKk*²tVneXIjman¨btikmµeqÂIynwgkarbågûabPikŬenH ehIycab'tSgBI«f©enaHmk ¨beTsk*s©b'
s©at'v^j rhUtdl'q~S 1945. \G~knSGaT−| Vn¨tèveKcab'XMuXSg. elak sWg gu"k fan' EdleKrk
mux, ¨tèveTA¨CknwgTahanCbu"n EdlbJØènKat'mkdl'tUk´è tamry:sÄanTUtCb"unenAVgkk. tulakar
swkenA«¨BnKr, k~¬g«f© 19 F~è, kat'eTas¨bharCév^telak V"c QWn nig elakGacar´ Ehm ecov.
bu"En‘enA«f© 15 mifuna 1943, eTasenaHVn¨tèvbnÄymk¨twmdak'Kuk1Cév^tv^j ehIyG~kTSg2 k*¨tèveK
 39
ykeTAXuMXSgäekaH¨tLac(11) EdlenATIenaH, e¨kaymk elakGacar´ Ehm-ecov VnsuKt (ebI
tamv^n&ysgô PikŬ Ehm-ecov ²tVn¨tèveKp§wkeT). enHKWk~¬graC´¨BHVT nerat¶m sIhnu.
kareqHqYl«nKMnitCatiniymTSgenH Vn¨tèvkmÂaedaykareXasnaCbu"nGMBIkarbegûéteLIg,
k~¬gGnaKtkal, nUv ÇBiPBsmºèNásbºayCamYyK~aenAmhaGasuIbUJáÈ(12). Vrm¸nigkarN_enH, dãKU
¨bwgE¨bgeFÃI[maneLIgnUvKMnit ÇshB&nìniymÈ fµémYyGMBI²Nëècin(13). edémºIkicÍenH, v^FankarN_
xÂHVn¨tèvcat'eLIgedayGaCÆaFrVrSg Ð Binit´eLIgv^jnUvTMnak'TMngpÂèvmnus§ rvagVrSg nig CnCati
k~¬g¨suk, tMekIgkit´anuPaB«nes¶cenA²Nëècin(14), begûétclnayuvCnnigkILa(15), cMerInGk§rsaås¶
es~haCatifµémYyedémºIyuvCn, begûétsPashB&nì«n²NëècinmYyEdlmansmaC^k30nak' CaCnCati
²Nëècin Tl'nwg 23 xagVrSg.l. enA¨beTskmõ¬Ca, ÇersuIdg' sUßeb"rIy&rÈ ehðaeC enAEtbgÅ÷[man
karEkTMrg'd*twgEtg, CaehtuEdlxusnwgKMnit ÇshB&nìniymÈ «n dãKU. raCbJïti¶mYy cuH «f© 13
sIha 1943 bgðab'[e¨bIGk§rrU"mSug edémºIsresrCaPasaExµr (rebobdUcGk§ryYnsBëf©. ExµreyIg
Cae¨cInenAmanbJØICati ÉbJØIcuHGaJh_BiJh_EdlsresrrebobenaH). raCbJïti‘mYyeTot «f© 17
kkûda 1945 bgðab'[e¨bICapÂèvkarnUv¨bktiTin ÇVrSgÈ (ehðaeC bgÅ÷[Qb'e¨bI¨b¨ktiTintamcnæKti
e¨JHcg'bMVt'buN´cUlq~SExµr).
eBlEdlÓt¶mnavé dãKU, BIQUgsmu¨Tesom eTAQUgsmu¨Ttugkwg, kMBug'kac'cgûètTb'nava
²NëècinkuM[XÂIgeXÂag – nava²NëècinEdlelIkTg'C&yVrSgenAeLIy- Ót¶mesnIy dãehðal, Edl
enACamYyGar"ab'Ekºrvalx§ac'sahar"a, kMBugedaH¨saycMeNaTep§geTot. 3-4 GaTit´e¨kaykar
ekItman ÇkgkmÂSgVrSgesrIÈ mk, dãehðal begûét ÇsPakarBarGaNac¨kÈ Ð cMeJH dãehðal, kar
rMedaH¨sukVrSg¨tèveFÃICamYyK~anwgkar¨buge¨bobksageLIgv^j nUvGaNac¨kGaNaniKmVrSg, Edl
GacrlayxÍat'xÍay e¨JHEtkarrlM«nsaFarNrd½TI3. ksagGaNac¨keLIgv^j KWeFÃI[¨sukVrSg
eTACamhaGMNacv^j. «f© 22 kum¸: 1941 sPakarJrGaNac¨k ecjesck¶I¨bkasTI1 faxÂçnnwg
minTTYlsðal'kareVHbg'ecal (TwkdéGaNaniKm) NamYyeLIy BIsMNak'rd½aPiVl vésuI, CaBi
ess²Nëècin. dUec~H dãehðal enAEtsmÂwgmk²NëècinCanicÍ. Exmifuna 1943 enA¨kugGal'eh§ß,
\KN:kmµkarVrSgrMedaHCati| Vn¨tèv¨bkaseLIg. dãehðal minVnePÂceTnUvkarN_Edlsmõnìmit‘
Gg'eKÂs nigGaemrikSgrbs'Kat' -QYkQil nig rUsWEvl- VnEbreTAccarCamYy darLg' nig
Ót¶mesnIy h§ßérU" v^j (tMNagrd½aPiVl v^suI) k~¬gkrNIEdl¨tèvdak'TM&BelI ÇTwkdéVrSgÈ (m"ada
hðasûa, Gal'eh§ß). karenHVnmaneLIge¨kayeBlEdlkgTahanVrSgesrITTYlbraC&y k~¬gkar
eLIgeKakelI¨beTs suIrI. mYycMENkeTot dãehðal d·gcºas'fa åhÃg'KÂin rUsWEvl ²teBjcit¶Tal'
EtesaH nwgGaNaniKmniymrbs'VrSg. ehtuenHehIyVnCa dãehðal minTukcit¶smõnìmit¶rbs'Kat'
ehIyyl'fa ¨tèvEtCnCatiVrSgtyuTìxÂçnäg edémºIrk§aGFibetyPaBelI²Nëècin.
enAExsIha 1943, sni~sIT«n¨kugekbik sMercebIkqak¨byuTìmYyeTot dak'e¨kambJØakar
Ót¶mnavéGg'eKÂs em"an bTæwn. mNëlcMVMgrbs' em"an bTæwn EdlTTYleQµaHfa ÇbJØakarGasIu
GeK~y_È (KWk~¬geBlenaHehIy EdlJk´fa "South East Asia" , GasuIPaKGeK~y_, Vn¨tève¨bICaelIk
d÷bUg). ebskkmµrbs' em"an bTæwn KWeFÃI \v^Tìg§na| pÂèvswkenA¨Kb'kEnÂgEdlCbu"nkan'kab', ²Nëècin k*
Edr. KN:kmµkarenA Gal'eh§ß rbs' dãehðal k*xM¨bwgE¨bgeFÃI[eKbJÍèlkgäkPaBVrSgeTAk~¬g
 40
bJØakarGasuIGeK~y_enaH. vresnIy¨tI dãLg'kÂat (e¨kaymkeLIgCaÓt¶mesnIy_¨tçtT&BeCégeKakenA
¨sukExµrmunVnäkraC´) EdlCaG~kTak'TgrvagkgTahanVrSgenA¨sukcin nigkgTahanGg'eKÂsenA
¨suk²Nëa Bn´l' em"an bTæwn GMBI¨beyaCn_«neyaFBlVrSg Edlsðal'cºas'nUvTwkdé²Nëècin.
em"an bTæwn EdltSgTIbJØakarenAk~¬gekaH¨sIlgûa, k*¨BmTTYl[VrSgcUlrYmCamYy. minyUrbu"nµan
nayTahanVrSgmYy¨kummkenA¨kugkal'kt‘a ehIyerobcMeFÃIkarTak'Tgtamv^T´¬CamYy²Nëècin. dã
Lg'kÂat TTYlkaryl'¨BmBI dãehðal [begûét ǨkumskmµÈ mYy EdlnwgeTAerobcMbgû ÇBYkP~ak'
garsm©at'tsUßnwgCbu"nÈ enAä²Nëècin(16).
bu"En‘kicÍkarsm©at'enHminEmn¨sçleT, BIe¨JH²Nëècinrbs' dãKU minEdllak'faxÂçnmincUlcit‘
nwg \BYk| dãehðal eLIy. dãKU yl'fa¨tèvEtTuksÄankarN_enA²Nëècin[enAdEdl (Statu Quo), kuMeFÃI
kicÍGÃIEdlGaceFÃI[ Cbu"n man¨btikmµxÂSg, ¨btikmµEdlGacbJÍb'GFibetyPaBVrSgelI²Nëècin.
bu"En¶emT&BVrSgenAtugkwg, Ót¶mesnIy_ m&rdg', Vn¨tèveKx§wb¨Vb'GMBIskmµPaBsm©at'elITwkdéxÂçn.
qab'd·gfax´l'bk'mkBIxagNa, m&rdg' v^nicÏ&yfa eBlevlamkdl'ehIy Edl¨tèvcuHcUlnwgÓt¶m
esnIy_ dãehðal. m&rdg' k*cab'b¶èrsarsm©at'CamYy \kal'kt‘a| ehIysuMbJØaBI dãehðal. «f© 6
kkûda 1944, KWmYyExKt' e¨kaykareLIgeKakenA n&rm"g'DI rbs'kgT&Bsmõnìmit‘, dãLg'kÂat
elatq&¨telItugkwg ehIyCYbCamYy m&rdg' nigPUQYy, Ót¶mesnIy_ EGem", ähaNUy. karenH dãKU
²td·geT. bnæab'BIVneXIjKMeragkarN_ep§g@ «n \kartsUß| Tl'nwgCbu"nmk, m&rdg' nig EGem" k*
suxcit‘ \cUl«d| CamYyTSg2 nak'. «f© 25 sIha, dãehðal, naykrd½aPiVlbeN¶aHGasn~, edércUl
¨kugV"rIs — d÷eNIrcUlEdlVnCab'k~¬g¨bvti‘saås¶VrSg. «f© 12 kJïa, Ót¶mesnIy_ m&rdg', Edl
VncUl \ruWE¨tt| tSgEtBIExkkûda ehIyEdlÓt¶mesnIy_ EGem" C÷nYs, Vn¨tèvrd½aPiVlbeN¶aHGa
sn~ dãehðal EtgtSgedaysm©at'CaGKð¨btiPU«nrd½aPiVlVrSgenA²Nëècin. naTIfµé ehIyminTan'
ecjmuxenH enAe¨kambgðab'pæal'rbs' ÇKN:kmµkarskmµedémºIkarrMedaH²NëècinÈ EdleKbegûéteLIg
¨sbK~aenA¨sukVrSg, ehIyEdlrd½mån‘I¨ksYgGaNaniKm rWueN ebÂ"Ev"n d·knS. dl'«f© 24 tula
eTIbrd½aPiVlbeN¶aHGasn~ Vn¨tèvTTYlsðal'BI¨beTsGg'eKÂs, GaemrikSg, rus§I nigkaNada
(BYksmõnìmit‘). 4 «f©e¨kaymk EGem" [ dãKU d·gGMBIerOg m&rdg'. tUccit‘lµmEdr, dãKU min¨BmenA
e¨kambgðab' m&rdg', ehIyk*vayTUrelxsuMlaQb' eTArd½aPiVlbeN¶aHGasn~. bu"En‘ bnæab'BIVnCYb
K~a 2dg CamYy dãLg'kÂat, dãKU k*suxcit‘ \elgCamYy| Ð edémºIkuM[Cbu"nsg§&y, dãKU enAEteFÃI |KUEv
n&r eh§ßeNr"al'| dEdl bu"En‘GMNacEmnETn TSgxagsuIv^lTSgxagTahan ¨tèvkan'kab'eday m&rdg'.
tSgBIExtula mk (1944), Gakasyan«nT&BeCégGakasGg'eKÂsVnTmÂak'tamq&¨teyag
nUvmnus§nigGavuF elI¨suklav ¨sukyYn nig¨sukExµr(17). bu"En‘karN_EdlÓs§ah_eXIjyn‘ehaH
Gg'eKÂsk~¬gGakas²Nëècin EdlCarbs'VrSg, EfmnigkarerIsVnq&¨teyagnigsm¸ar: Edlvaeya
VnTaj[xusBITIedA, VnbMpuskarsg§&yrbs' \kSeb"«t|, ¨ksYgsm©at'Cbu"n. \kSeb"«t| enH Vn
TTYlkarE¨kgrGay"agxÂSg BIsMNak'VrSg (enA²Nëècin), Gg'eKÂs (enAPUmanigm"aeLsuI) nig
GaemrikSg (enAhÃIlIÂBIn), edaysarrebobeFÃIkarrbs'xÂçn EdlG~kxÂHfa minsUvxusK~aBI ÇGinùkaùev"ù
edùÈ rus§I, ÉtamG~kxÂHeTotfa¨sed¿gnwg Çehûs‘abU"È GalWÂm"g'. minyUrbu"nµan, Cbu"nk*d·gGs'GMBI
ÇkaredérEx§elIÈ rbs'VrSgenH. «f© 20 kJïa BlTahanrbs'Ót¶mesnIy_ m"ak'GarFYr eLIgeKakenA
 41
hÃIlIBIn ehIy«f© 25 kum¸: 1945 deN¶ImVn¨kugm"anIl. ²Nëècink*VnelcecjmkdUcCaTIedAmYy
«nkareLIgeKakelIke¨kayrbs'BYkGg'eKÂs-GaemrikSg. «f© 7 kum¸:, kgGakascrGaemrikSg ecjBI
mUld½anenA²Nëa ehIyTmÂak'¨Kab'EbkelITItSgCbu"nenA²Nëècin(18) nigenA¨beTs«f. Cbu"nk*sMerc
faeTAmuneCégkarN_ ehIybgÅ÷ dãKU [ |TmÂak'ebo| rbs'xÂçn.

«f© 9 mina 1945, k~¬gv^man nerat¶m (TIs¶Ikar KUEvn&r eh§ßeNr"al') 䫨BnKr, rd½TUtCbu"n m"at'
sUßmU"tU dak'kMNt'[ dãKU edayTamTar[kgT&BTSgGs'enA²Nëècin mkenAe¨kambJØakarCbu"un. dãKU
minyl'¨Bm, Cbu"nk*vayPÂam. k~¬gkML¬gmYyyb'bu"eNöaH kgT&BVrSgTSgmUlenA²Nëècin Vnrlay
Vt', ehIyCamYykarN_enH ¨KwHsÄanGaNaniKmk*VnrlM. elIkElgEteyaFa 3-4 Jn'nak', e¨kam
bJØakarÓt¶mesnIy_ GaeLHsg'¨DI nigsaVed, EdlVnecjrYceTAdl'¨sukcin. dãKU nigemTahan
TSgGs'Vn¨tèveKykeTAdak'Kuk. enA¨beTskmõ¬Ca, kgTahan \eCég¨khm| ¨bmaN 10 eyaFPUmi
enaH Vn¨tèvCbu"nmkcab'eday²tTSgd·gxÂçnVnbn‘iceLIy. EsíkeLIg, tamesck¶IsuMrbs'Cbu"n ¨BH

VTnerat¶m sIhnu enAP~MeBj, ¨BHVTsuIsava"gvg§ enAev¿gcnæn_, ¨bkasäkraC´ rbs'¨beTserogxÂçn

nigkarbMVt'ecalnUvGaNaniKm (¨btiktUr"a) VrSg. cMENkäGFiraC Vv-day enA¨kugev" k*VneFÃI
dUec~aHEdr 1 «f©e¨kaymk, «f© 11 mina.
bN¶aCnTSgLayenA²Nëècin VnPÆak'¨Kb'K~anwgd÷NwgfaVnäkraC´enH. bu"En‘enA¨sukVrSg,
Ót¶mesnIy_ dãehðal yl'fa eBlevlamkdl'ehIy Edl¨tèvbgúaj[Cak'lak' nUvneyaVyelI
²Nëècin. Ef© 15 mIna, dãehðal niyayeTAkan'¨bCaCnVrSg edaybenæasneyaVyeVHbg'rbs'
(rd½aPiVl) vésuI, ehIyGHGagkarsgô·mnigcMNg'rbs'¨beTsVrSg Edlcg'eXIj²Nëècin \rMedaH|
«f© 24 mIna rd½mån‘I¨ksYgGaNaniKm s´akubbßé ¨bkasfa kalNa²Nëècin\rMedaH| ehIy eKnwg
begûét ÇshB&nì²NëècinÈ EdlnwgenAk~¬g shPaBVrSg(19), ehIyEdlVrSgnwgkarJrpl¨b-
eyaCn_elI«pæGn‘rCatiC÷nYs. bu"En‘ rcnasmõnì«nshB&nìenaH minTan'VnerobcMenAeLIyeT manEt
Jk´sn´axÂH dUcteTAenH Ð ÇCnCatienAshB&nìnwgeTACaBlrd½²Nëècin nig Blrd½«nshPaB
VrSg. G~kenaHnwgGacbMeBjmuxgar (k~¬grd½) shB&nìenA²Nëècin nigenAk~¬gshPaB. shB&nìnwg

manrd½aPiVl (kN¶al) mYy d·knSeday KUEvn&r eh§ßeNr"al' m~ak'. ¨beTsTSg 5 EdlxusK~a

edayGariyFám, Catisasn_, nwgrk§aTuknUvlkÅN:pæal'rbs'xÂçn enAk~¬gshB&nìÈùùù .l. kar
¨bkas«n«f© 25 sIhaenH VneTACamUld½an«nEx§neyaVyVrSgk~¬gq~Se¨kay@ eTot.
eyIgVneXIjmkehIyfa sÄanPaBenA²NëècinkMBugv^vt‘n_eTAtamTismYyep§geTot. kar
rlayVt'PÂam«nGMNacVrSg VnbMpuseLIgPÂamEdr nUvbJúaTwkdé, CaBiessbJúakmõ¬Cae¨kam, kU
sSgsuIn. eBlEdlVrSgeLIgeKakenA²NëècinCaelIkd÷bUg, yYnnigesomkMBugEhkEckK~a nUv¨suk
Exµr nig¨suklav. karbgÅ^tbgÅ÷elIesom¨BmK~a, BIsMNak'VrSgnigGg'eKÂs, VneFÃI[esomdk«d
ecjmYyEPÂtsin BIkmõ¬Cak~¬g¨BMEdnsBëf© EdlehobnwgeTACaext‘esommYyeTAehIy. bu"En‘ kmõ¬Ca
e¨kam, EdlyYnVncUlmkenAENnNan'tan'tab'eTAehIy, VnkÂayeTACaGaNaniKmeBjTI (kULè
nI) rbs'VrSg e¨kameQµaHfa ÇkUsSgsuInÈ, dUcEdlG~kedérsMeBACatiGWru"bVnFÂab'ehAmk.
dl'CatiExµrnigCatiyYnVn ÇäkraC´È, bJúabJØak'¨BMEdnrvag¨beTsTSg2 k*¨tèvEtman
eLIg. «f© 17 emsa (1945) enA¨beTsevot-Nam (eQµaHCapÂèvkarsresrdUec~H, kalenaH)
 42
rd½aPiVl ¨twg¨tugKim Vn¨tèvEtgtSgeLIg, ehIyk*cab'KitKUr Çb¨gçbb¨gçm¨beTsÈ PÂam KWPØab'
kUsSgsuIneTAevot-Nam. «f© 18 mifuna GFiraC Vv-day eFÃIesck¶IEfÂgkarN_ bJØak'bMNgxÂçnfa
nwgbegúIyäkPaB«nevot-Nam, eday¨bmUlmkdak'e¨kamkar¨Kb'¨Kg«nrd½aPiVl¨kugev", min¨twmEt
¨Tug-KW (GNöam) nig Vk'-KI (tugkwg) eT KWEfmTSgTwkdéäeTot«nGaNac¨k. ¨BHecA sIhnu yl'
cºas'faeKniyayBIkUsSgsIun, k*tbeTAv^jenA«f© 25 mifuna РǨbeTskmõ¬CaminGacenA¨BegIy
ken‘IyeLIy cMeJHkarpÂas'b¶èrlkÅn‘ik:«nEdndémYy EdlxÂçnenAEtmansiTiìelIdrabÈ, ehIyk*suM[man
KN:kmµkarmYysMrab'bJØak'¨BMEdn«n¨beTsTSg2. C^tdac'Exkkûda, ¨twg¨tugKim VneFÃI[Cbu"n
yl'¨BmrMlaykarGPiVlkN¶alelI²Nëècin (rbs' KUEvn&r eh§ßeNr"al'), ehIydak' tugkwg
e¨kam{vaTrd½aPiVl¨kugev" edayEtgtSg¨btiPUGFiraCm~ak'enAhaNUy (garyYnfa \xS-«s|). bu"En‘
Cbu"nTukkUsSgsuIne¨kam{vaTxÂçnpæal' edayEtgtSgGPiVlCbu"nm~ak'eQµaH mINUda. ¨BHVTsIhnu
bJØènelak sWg gu"k fan', EdleBlenaHCard½mån‘IkarbreTs eTA«¨BnKr edémºIniyayCamYyCbu"n kuM
[eK \[| kUsSgsuIneTAyYn (kicͨV¨s&yCamYyvresnIyäk hay"asuI «n¨ksYgneyaVyCbu"n).
mYyrMeBcenaH kartTl'K~arvagExµre¨kamnigyYn k*pæ¬HeLIgv^j, kartTl'K~aEdlVn¨tèvbJÎb'eday
dãLa¨kg'ED´r BIq~S 1883. Exµre¨kameyIgTSg¨kum@, ¨bdab'edaydavnigpðak', nSK~aedérCaCYr ehIy¨b
haryYnTSgGs'EdlxÂçn¨bTHtampÂèv. enAtamPUmixÂHk~¬gkUsSgsuIn, eKeXIjsaksBCae¨cIn GEN¶t
tambwg, sæwg,TenÂ(20).
k~¬gcenÂaHeBlenaH sågðamenAEteqHxÂSgk~¬gmhasmu¨T V"suIhÃik. «f© 1 emsa 1945 kar¨b
yuTìd*xÂSgsahavedémºIekaH GUKINava" Vncab'ep¶émeLIg. «f© 12 rUsWEvl sÂab', harI ¨Tèm"an' Gnu¨bFa
naFibtI eLIgC÷nYs. «f© 17 kkûda sn~isITenA bu"ts¶S edémºIEbgBiPBelakEckK~a cab'eFÃIeLIgeday
¨Tèm"an', s‘alIn nig QYkQil (EdlmkCamYy Gat'TÂI, bn‘iceTotrd½mån‘ITImYy). erOg²NëècinEdl
minVnniyayenAy"al'ta Vn¨tèvykmkniyayä b"uts‘S. ¨Tèm"an' bn‘Ex§neyaVy«nbuBÃkarIxÂçn (rU
sWEvl) Edlmincg'[VrSg¨tLb'mk²Nëècinv^jeT(21). karN_enHVn¨tèvbJØak'eLIgedayesck¶I
sMercrbs'sn~isIT bu"ts¶S Ð kalNaCbu"ncaj'ehIy, ²Nëècinnwg¨tèvEbgEckCa 2 mNël eday
Ex§¨sbelx16 edémºITTYlkardak'GavuFcuHcaj'BICbu"n. kardkGavuFBIkgäkPaBCbu"nenA¨suklav
nigenA¨sukyYn xagelIEx§¨sb ¨BmTSgkar¨tçt¨tabeN¶aHGasn~«nmNëlenaH nwg¨tèv¨bKl'eTA[
cin (CagkayCak), cMENkenA¨sukExµr nigenAPaK¨sukyYn e¨kamEx§¨sb, kicÍkardUcK~anwg¨tèv
¨bKl'eTA[Gg'eKÂs. BI¨kugbu"ts‘S, ¨Tèm"an' KMramCbu"n[cuHcaj' ehIydak'«f© 3 sIha Ca«f©begúéy.
«f© 6 sIha (1945) yn‘ehaH eb-29 GaemrikSgmYy TmÂak'¨Kab'EbkbrmaNUelI hIurU"sIum"a. «f© 8
sIha Cbu"nepærkar¨tçt¨takUsSgsuIn eTA[ \xS-«s|, KWfa[¨sukkUsSgsuIn eTAevot-Nam(22). «f©
16 sIha Cbu"nsuMcuHcaj'.
RRRRRRRRRRRRRR
k~¬gsn~isITenAy"al'ta k*eKminehAeTA, enAbu"ts¶S k*eKminehAeTA, dãehðal TTYlkar ÇePÂc
PÂSgÈ rbs'smõnìmit‘Kat'enH dUcCa¨tèvkMeP¿g 2-3 «d. mYy«f©bnæab'BIkarTMlak'GavuF«n \GaNac¨k
«n¨BHGaTit´rH| mk dãehðal EfÂgsarmYyeTAkan'shPaBVrSgÐ saFarNrd½VrSg \¨Vf~adak'GFi
etyPaBxÂçnenA²NëècineLIgv^j|. kar¨Vf~a (voeu) Edlmann&yy"agmuttMrg'eTAb¬k Gg'eKÂs-Gaemri
 43
kSg(23). eBlEdlkgkmÂSgGg'eKÂsnigcin Vncab'ep¶émkarerobcMxÂçneTAehIy (KMeragkarN_ \bu"t
s¶S|), dãehðal eTIbEtEtgtSgemekIyrbs'Kat' Ð CaembJØakar«n \ebsk:eyaFBlVrSgenAcug
bUJá¨beTs|, Ót¶mesnIy_ LWEK EdlfÃé«dk~¬gcMVMgVneTACaerOge¨BgeTAehIy. CaGKðs~gkar«n
¨beTsVrSgenA²Nëècin (naTIdUc \KUEvn&r eh§ßeNra"l'\ EdlVn¨tèveVHecal) nig GKðembJØakar
kgkmÂSgeCégeKak, eCégTwk nigeCégGakas, dãehðaldak'emT&BsMNb'rbs'Kat'm~ak', Ót¶mnavépûay5
dah§g'el´I. LWEKÂ ¨tèveLIgeKakä²NëècintamdaneCégBYkGg'eKÂs. dah§g'el´I manebskkmµBIr
pæçnK~a Ð kar¨Kb¨KgshB&nì²Nëècin e¨kayeBlGs'sPaB¨Cçl¨cbl' nigkarduslag²Nëècin[
Gs' ÇkMEGlvésuIÈ.
enA²Nëècin ¨Bwti‘karN_puseLIgbn‘bnæab'K~ay"agelOn. «f© 14 sIha 1945 elak sWg gu"k
fan' Vn¨tèvEtgtSgCard½mån‘ITI1 ehIyGMJvnavdl'¨beTs[¨buge¨bobtyuTìedémºIäkraC´. enA
evot-Nam, BYkevotmij EdlVnCYyCbu"nedjVrSgkalBIExmIna, cUlkan'kab'¨Kb'¨kugTSgGs',
ehIyenA«f© 29 sIha hUCémij ¨bkaseLIgähaNUy nUv \saFarNrd½¨bCaFiety´ evot-Nam|,
bnæab'BIVnTTYlkardak'raC´«nes¶cVv-day. enAevogcnæn_ rd½mån‘ITI1 ecA ept sar"at (emclna
\Lav ²s§ra| ¨bkasenA«f© 1 kJïa, fakar¨bkasäkraC´rbs'es¶c suIsava"gvg§ enAEttMkl'Tuk
dEdl. dUec~H eXIjfabMNg«nrd½aPiVl«n¨beTsTSgbI«n²Nëècin mansPaBcºas'las'Nas',
e¨kayeBlEdlCbu"nTTYlbraC&y Ð ²t[nwmVrSgcUlmkv^jeT. edémºIsMercbMNgenH, rd½aPiVl
TSgbIk*xM¨bwgE¨bgerog@xÂçn [BYksmõnìmit‘TTYlsðal'tampÂèvehtu (de facto). «f© 6 kJïa, kgTahan
Gg'eKÂs bJØaedayÓt¶mesnIy eåhûsuI cab'mkdl'CahUrEh䫨BnKr. «f© 7, TahanGg'eKÂsmYy
¨kummkdl'P~MeBj. enA¨sukyYnPaKxageCég, kgTahancin bJØaedayÓt¶mesnIy lUhan' mkdl'
haNUy enA«f© 9 kJïa. k~¬gry:eBlenaH sÄanPaB²NëècinTSgmUlmansPaB¨cLMbl' mind·gG~k
NaCaG~kNa. ebIsinCak~¬g¨sukExµr nig¨suklav eK²teXIjman¨btikmµ \síb'breTs| BIsMNak'
bN¶aCneT, enA¨sukyYn pæ¬yeTAv^j, karb"HTgð^cK~arvagyYnnwgCatiVrSg EdlVnmkrs'enAyUr
ehIy eFÃI[mankarsMLab'rgðalenAähaNUy k*dUcCaenA䫨BnKr.
«f© 5 tula LWEK mkdl'«¨BnKrCamYyTahan 35 000 nak' (dah§g'el´Imkdl'«f© 31).
enATIenaH \karN_lí| mYyenAcaMKat'¨sab'. \karN_lí| enaH KWelak Xwm-Tit, «nrd½aPiVlExµr,
Edlykmk[ Ð ¨BHraCaNac¨k¨kugkmõ¬Ca«n¨BHVT nerat¶m sIhnu ykxÂçnmk[VrSg eday²t
manTamTarykGÃIeTAv^jeLIy (Gan erOgk~¬g¨beTs). enAq~S 1863 es¶c nerat¶m BwgVrSg[mk
Tajkmõ¬CaecjBI¨kjSesom. 82 q~Se¨kaymk, ecATYtBwgm¶geTot, bu"En‘elIkenH edémºICYyrbbraCa
niymkuM[Vt'bg'. «f© 16 tula LWEKÂ eQogcUlP~MeBj 45 naTI, eBlevla¨Kb'¨Kan'edémºIcab' sWg
gu"kfan' ykeTA. ¨beTskmõ¬CaVn¨tèvykVnmkv^j edayminVc'¨byuTì. eTAdl'«¨BnKrv^j,
LWEK cab'ep¶émkar \eFÃI[mansn‘iPaB| enAkUsSgsuIn. enAeBlenaH KNbk§neyaVy nig¨kumG~k
kan'sasnaep§g@ enAkUsSgsIun mancMnYne¨cInmIredrdas CaehtueFÃI[evotmijminTan'xÂSgenA
eLIy. edayVnTTYlC÷nYyBIGg'eKÂsmkpg, LWEKÂvaybMEbky"agFUrnUvkareLamB&Tìrbs'evotmij
Edlmanmnus§nigsm¸ar:ticCag. «f© 28 mkra 1946 kgTahanGg'eKÂsecjBI«¨BnKr, TukVrSg
EtägenAkan'GMNac. «f© 5 kum¸: LWEKÂ GacEfÂgenAmuxG~ksarBátmanfa ÇkareFÃI[mansn‘iPaBenAkU
 44
sSgsuIn nigenAGNöamxagtºèg Vncb'sBèKb'ehIyÈ. bu"En‘ cMeJHbursEdlVndeN¶Imyk
Vn¨kugKUåhÃa, V"rIs, ås‘asºçr nig EbßqûwHhûaDwn, sågðammYyEbbeTotVnbeJÍjxÂçneLIg Ð sågðam
qµk'. LWEK yl'eXIjfa sÄanPaBesd½kicÍ«n¨beTsVrSgenAeBlenaH BuMGac[xÂçnQmmuxtTl'nwg
sågðamfµéenaHeLIy. sågðamEdlnwgeFÃI[VrSg¨tehb¨thby"agrh&s ehIyrh&sxÂSgeTAeTot
e¨JHxÂçn¨tèveFÃI[esd½kicÍedéreLIgv^j edémºIeLIgeTAkan'GtIt: zan:xÂçnk~¬gGWru"b.
kUsSgsuInVnsn‘iPaBehIy, kmõ¬Cak*Vnmkv^jyUrehIy LWEKÂ edaH¨saybJúa lav nig
tugkwg. eBlenaH, manenABImuxKat' min¨Kan'EtGgðkarkN¶alrbs'evotmijeT, KWmanTSgkgT&Bcin
4 kgeTot (Catiniym, 180 000 nak') Edlkan'kab'TwkdétamkarsMercenAbu"ts‘S. kareTAyktug
kwgv^j minGaceFÃItamrebob \ek¶A| rbs' hûael´nI É el´aKI VneLIy. LWEKÂ e¨bIyuTìsaås¶mYy
eTot Ð karccar. karccar¨tèveFÃIelI«pæ2 Ð «pæTUtCamYycin, nig«pæneyaVyCamYy hUCémij (LWEKÂ
¨Vb'G~kccarVrSgfakuMjejItnwge¨bIJk´ \äkraC´| ! ). «f© 28 kum¸: 1946, äCug-Kwg, VrSgnig
cincuHsniìsJïamYy eFÃIkarb¶èrdUcteTA Ð T&BcinTSgGs'nwgecjBItugkwg nigBIlav, VrSg¨bKl'siTiì
xÂçneTAcinv^j EdlxÂçnFÂab'manenAesog«h, CanT§in, han'ekv nigkg'tug, VrSg[déQ~çl kÃagecvva"n'
eTAcinv^j, kMBg'Ep «hpug ²tykBnìGakr elIplitplcin, CnCaticinenA²Nëècin nwgbg'Bnìdar
minelIsBIG~käeTot ehIynwgmanäksiTìdUcCnCatiVrSgk~¬gpÂèvcºab'nigpÂèvtulakar. «f© 6 mIna enA
haNUy, sSgtWnI(24) nig hUCémij cuHhtÄelxaelIkicÍsn´aep¶émesck¶IVrSg-yYn EdlEcgfa Ð
\rd½aPiVlVrSgTTYlsðal'saFarNrd½evot-Nam Card½esrI| Edlmanrd½aPiVl, rd½sPa, kgT&B
nig hirJïvtĬxÂçn ehIyEdlenAk~¬gshB&nì²Nëècin nigshPaBVrSg. cMeJHkarb¨gçbb¨gçm ÇKIÈ
TSgbI, VrSgTTYltamkarsMercrbs'bN¶aCn (¨bCamti). BlTahanVrSg 15 000 nak' nwgGac
cUleTAtugkwgedémºIC÷nYsTahancin, bu"En‘ 5 q~Se¨kaymk¨tèvecj[Gs' .l.
bu"En‘ dah§g'el´I yl'eXIjpæ¬yTSg¨sugBI LWEK Рkaryk²Nëçècinmkdak'e¨kamGMNac
VrSgv^j ¨tèveFÃIEttamkmÂSg, ehIyrbb¨Kb'¨Kg KWrbbGaNaniKmC÷nan'mun. edayT&BVrSgman
kºal2, dah§g'el´I d·gyWthYseTAehIy GMBIkarcuHkicÍsn´aCamYyevotmijenaH, ehIyk*GacEt
beJÍjJk´¨bvti‘saås¶nigGk§rsaås¶xÂHbu"eNöaH. kar¨bECgrvagKMnitTSg2 VnkÂayy"agrh&s
eTACakar¨bECgrvagmnus§TSg2. bu"En‘e¨kaybn‘icmk LWEKÂVnsÂab'eTAk~¬ge¨KaHf~ak'yn‘ehaHmYy.
edImºIpÍaj' hUCémij EdltyuTìya"gsÃitsÃajrkPØab'kUsSgsuIneTAevot-Nam, dah§g'el´I elg
snÂwkebo ÇkUsSgsuInep§g- evotNamep§gÈ. snÂwkeboenH Vnruj¨beTsVrSg[beJÏHP~k'ePÂIg

mYy Edl¨bvti‘saås¶BiPBelakVndak'eQµaHfa sågðamTI1«n²Nëècin.

RRRRRRRRRRRR
sågðamenH Tal'Etq~S 1954 eTIbVncb' ehIyVneFÃI[sÂab'nigrbYsCag 77 000 nak'
¨Kan'EtxagVrSgnigsmaKtrd½(25). enAelIdémYyEdlF¬HFÂayeTAehIy GaemrikSgmkC÷nYsVrSg.
²t¨Bmcb' sågðambn‘eTAmuxeTotnUvkarkMeTcnig¨bharrbs'xÂçn. saksBExµrrab'lan nigsMErk
degúaye¨JHkarQWcab'd*mhima«n¨bCaCneyIg EdleyIg¾x§av@ k~¬geBlenH KWCaehtupl¨tg'@
«nsågðamenH.
 45

GFibºay

(1) rUsWEvl manbMNgxÂSgnwgbMpÂajGaNaniKmniymVrSg. k~¬geBlEdlkicÍkarccar Gaemri

kSg-Cbu"n elIerOgcinkMBugEteFÃI (tSgBIedémq~S 1941), T&BCbu"ncUleTA¨beTsyYnPaKxag
tºèg nig¨beTskmõ¬Ca (Exkkûda 1941). GaemrikSgsYrnSCbu"nGMBIerOgenHbeNI¶r es~IeTA
Cbu"nGMBIkareFÃI[²NëècineTACa \GB´a¨kwt| beN¶Ir. «f© 26 kkûda rUsWEvl bJØa[pí·b¨TB´
smºti‘Cbu"nTSgGs' Tukk~¬gshrd½. kicÍenHVn¨tèveFÃItam edayGg'eKÂsnig¨beTsTSgGs'
e¨kam{vaTxÂçn. bu"En‘kicÍkarccarenAEtbn‘eTAeTot. Cbu"nsuM[shrd½GaemrikbJÎb'kar¨bug
e¨boberobcMkarJrekaHhÃIlIBIn, Qb'[C÷nYyeTAGg'eKÂsnighULg' (EdlykeTAB¨g·gkar
karJrTwkdéxÂçn k~¬gsmu¨TV"suIhÃik) ehIy, elIsGÃITSgGs', Qb'CYycin. sùrùGaù eqÂIyeTA
v^jfa nwgKµankar¨Bme¨BogGÃITSgGs' ebICbu"nmin¨BmbJÎb'karB¨gékGMNacxÂçn.
«f©17tula rd½aPiVlmÍas' kUNUey epærtMENg[rd½aPiVlTahanrbs'Ót¶mesnIy_
tUeya. tUeya xMbgúajsuqnæ: edaybJØèneTAva"suIgetannUvrd½TUtEdlekµgCageK, sabUßrU KUrU
sUß. «f© 20 v^cÏika sabUßrU [eTArd½elxaFikar K&rEdl hußl nUvkar[«fÂcuge¨kayrbs'Cbu"n :
\ ebI sùrùGaù Qb'pí·bTuksmºti‘Cbu"n, ebIk[mankarlk'sSg[¨beTsCbu"nv^j ehIy,
elIsGÃITSgGs', Qb'CYycin, Cbu"nnwgdkxÂçnBIkmõ¬CanigBIev¿tNamxage¨kam ehIy¨tLb'
mkTItSgxÂçnätugkwgv^j|. «f© 26 hußl eqÂIyfa ¨beTsxÂçncg'niyayBIcMeNaTTUeTAenAGasuI
ehIysuM[Cbu"ndkT&BecjBI¨sukcin. KWfadUcmnus§fÂg'CECkK~a! 11 «f©e¨kaymk, «f© 7 F~è,
Cbu"nvayePIlEhßbbYr.
(2) dãKU Vn¨tèveKbJØèneTAmuxtulakarCan'xõs' dUcEdl dãehðal Vne¨KagTukk~¬gv^FankarN_
\eVklag| rbs'Kat'. tulakarVnkat'[rYcxÂçn eday²tcºab'ecaT (non-lieu). cMENkä
ka¨Tè Vn¨tèveKedjecalPÂamenAeBlenaH ehIybnæab'mkVneTAcUlCamYy dãehðal eTA.
(3) kalBIq~S 1933 k~¬gsn~isIT«n \smaKm¨bCaCati| (buBÃkarIrbs'Ggðkarsh¨bCaCatisBÃ
«f©) manEtKN:¨btiPU«feT EdleVHeq~atGnubºvaT elIkarp¶næa¨beTsCbu"nEdlVnQÂan
Jnma"n'CUrI. enAq~S 1938 ¨beTs«fcuHsnìisJïamYyCamYy¨beTsCbu"n GnuJïati[CnCati
Cbu"nk~¬g¨beTs«f mansiTiìdUcCnCati«f k~¬gpÂèvcºab'rd½bºevNI nigpÂèvcºab'JNiCØkmµ.
(4) tamesovePAVrSgxÂH GnaKtesna¨bmux ln' nl' VncUlrYmk~¬gkicͨbtibti‘karTSgenaH k~¬g
kgvresnatUcelx1 \Ta«r"y&r| (kgTahaneCég¨khm). bu"En‘ tamsMdé²s§rCneyIgxÂH
elak ln' nl' ²tVneFÃITahaneCég¨khmeT ehIyGs'elakEdlVnbJØak~¬gkgTa«r"y&r
enaH man : Óùsù sUkSxUy, Óùsù dYg sMGul, Óùsù qay Lay, elak Gß÷u kg, elak huwm
ess nigelak swun EdlVn¨tLb'cUlmkCév^tsuIv^lv^j. kgTahanVrSgmYyEp~keTot
EdlG~kpgVnehAfa TahaneCégexµAenaH KWkgrk§a²Nëècin (Garde Indochinoise). VneFÃITahan
 46
eCégexµA : dab QYn nig Óùsù xÂèt bußt. äKuNnam \¨khm| nig \exµA| enaH KWmkBIBNábnæH
kMNat' EdlruMkMPYneCégBlTahanTSgenaH.
(5) Cafµém¶geTot esomkan'kab'ext‘TSgenH (kML¬g 5 q~S, GanTMB&r 65, elxeyag 13) ehIyVn
xitxMp§BÃp§ayvbºFámxÂçn (CaBiess Pasa) edaybJØènmkCae¨cIn nUv¨Kèbe¨gonTSg¨bus
TSg¨sI.
(6) «f© 25 mkra 1942 rd½aPiVl«f«nPibulsågðam ¨bkassågðamTl'nwgGg'eKÂs nigGaemri
kSg (tamG~kxÂHfa Pibulcg'Tb'Tl'nwgCbu"nEdr bu"En‘suMC÷nYyBIGg'eKÂsminVn e¨JH¨sukenH
k*kMBugBiVkEdr). ¨BiDI P~Myg' Edl \¨bqSg| nwgneyaVy Pibul ¨tèveKykecjehIydak'
[eFÃICaraCanusiTì. bu"En‘raCTUt«fenAva"suIgetan, esnI¨VemaCØ, (raCTUtenAGg'eKÂsk*eFÃIdUec~H
Edr) min¨BmbJØènesck¶I¨bkassågðameTArd½aPiVl sùrùGaù ehIybegûét¨kummYyeQµaH
\«fesrI| edaymannis§it«fenAshrd½CYypg. KWCamYyBYk \«fesrI| enaHehIy Edlk~¬gq~S
1945 PibulTak'Tgy"agsMgat'tamry: ¨BiDI. edayVk'cit¶nwgkayv^karenH GaemrikSgVn
[¨beTs«frYcxÂçn (edayminsMKal'CabcÍami¨t) enAeBlEdlCbu"ncaj'.
(7) tSgBIq~S 1935 elak sWg gu"kfan' nigelak bYr hßg (EdlCasac'jati¨BHmhak§¨tI
kusm:) EtgC÷nMuK~aCamYybJïavn‘ekµg@ mYy¨kum Edlcg'[vg§ nerat¶m esayraC´CYsvg§
suIsuvtiÄ v^j (eKfavg§ nerat¶m ¨sLaj'CatiCagvg§ suIsvu ti¶). BYk \rkkºt'| enaH k*xMcuH-
eLIg mÍas'suFars nig sura¨mwt. eBles¶cmunIvg§suKt dãKU k*dUcCaVnsMercbMNgG~k
TSgenaHEdr edaydak'mÍas' nerat¶m sIhnu elIblÂ&gû. k~¬gesovePA \²NëècineXIjBIeb"kSg|
sem¶csIhnu r"ayr"ab' : \ mund÷bUg BYkfan'niymsbºayrIkrayNas'. eXIjfablÂ&gûVn
mkes¶cekµgmYyGgð«nvg§ nerat¶m ehIy es¶cEdlxÂçnnwgGacd·knSeTAkan'kartsUß. BYkenH
nwgVt'jjwmy"agrh&s ehIyxƬMk*dUcK~aEdr. eBl ehðaeC (er"sIudg' sUßeb"rIy&rVrSg) mkdl'
eyIgk*Vnd·gfa GÃICarbbrbs' eb"tSgùùù. ral'«f©GaTit´enATIlankILa G~kemIlExµr¨tève¨cog
bT \ esna¨bmux, eyIgmkdl'ehIy| muneBl¨bkYtVl'Tat'. k~¬gnaTICaes¶c eKk*BiVk[
xƬMe¨cogEdr bu"En‘xMƬ¨tèvEte¨kakeLIgQrpæ·meCég !|.
(8) ekItenA¨BH¨tJMg (sBëf©¨tayij) kumar sWg gu"kfan' eFÃImF´msik§aenA«¨BnKr. rYcmk
cUleFÃI \eVy| enAelIkV"l'VrSgmYy edémºImk¨sukenH. enA¨sukVrSg sWg g"ukfan' Vn
eFÃIÓt¶msik§axÂH (tamG~kxÂHfa). mkdl'kUsSgsuInv^j Kat'rkkareFÃIBuMVnesaH k~¬grd½karGa
NaniKm. eBlenaHehIy EdleKVnehAKat'mkP~MeBj EdlenATIenaHmit‘VrSgxÂHnwgCYy
Kat'[VnkareFÃI. d÷bUg eFÃICasuPaenA¨ksYgyuti‘Fmá rYcmk pÂas'eTABuTìsasnbNëit´eFÃICa
G~kkan'kab'bNöal&y. enATIenaH elak sWg gu"kfan' CYbsðal'elakGacar´ Ehm ecov
elak V"c QWn elak bußNö cnæmu"l .l. ebIsinCaKat'²tVnekItenAkmõ¬Cae¨kameT ebI
sinCaeQµaHKat'minEmn \eQµaHyYn| eT bursenH¨bEhlGacVneTACa \hUCémijExµr|.Jk´
ehAExµre¨kam (minehA \Exµr| EtmYym"at') EdleKe¨bIedémºIniyayBIG~kEdlekItenAnigrs'
enAäkmõ¬Cae¨kam bgúaj[eXIj \karminTTYl| mYyehIyBIsMNak'G~kehA. Exµre¨kam
EdleKVneVHbg'ecal[rs'tamyfakmµxÂçnenAstvt§r_TI19, Exµre¨kam EdlyYnTSglan
 47
nak'mk¨KbdN¶b'dUcrlkpæb'¨cSg rs'enAy"agcegí¿tk~¬gshKmn_xÂçn ehIyxMkarJrrk§aTuk
y"agsiÃtsÃaj nUvekr‘−mrtkxÂçn TSgvbºFmá TSgsasna.
kartyuTìy"agyUrCab'rab'tMNenH VnbJÍèlkarsÃahab'eTAk~¬gC÷nan'mnus§EdlekIt
bn‘bnæab'mk karsÃahab'EdlTTYlkar¨cENnBIsMNak'ExµrkN¶al. fÃétºitEtminbeJÍj[
eKd·gkar¨cENnenH, bUkcUlnwgKMnitkan'bk§BYk, VnbegûItesaknadkmµnwgkarCUrct'Cae¨cIn
k~¬gBg§savtaExµre¨kamenAkmõ¬Ca. ÓTahrN_Cak'Es¶gmYy KWXadkmµelIkgeyaFaExµrkmõ¬Ca
e¨kam k~¬gsågðam«n¨beTskmõ¬Ca (1970-1975) : eday¨cENnnwgkarGg'GacmuHmt'«nkg
eyaFaExµre¨kam ––EdlCaCnrYmQamxÂçnesaH–– TIGKðembJØakar«nkgkmÂSgCatiExµrVn
bJØèneTA[sÂab'TeT@ Exµrkmõ¬Cae¨kam¨bmaN 10 000 nak' «nkg«m"k_hÃßk (Mike Force)
EdlecjBIevotNamxagtºèg mkCYy \bgbíèn| äkmõ¬Ca.
elak sWg gu"kfan' VnmanCév^tneyaVyy"agyUr BIk~¬graCaNac¨keTAk~¬gsaFar-
Nrd½ ehIyVntTl' cUl«d Éminrvérvl' CamYy¨bmuxrd½ 6 nak' : ¨BHVTsuIsuvtiÄ munIvg§,
¨BHVTnerat¶m sIhnu, ¨BHVTnerat¶m sura¨mwt, sem¶cnerat¶m sIhnu, elak ecg ehg,
nig esna¨bmux ln' nl'. Cév^tneyaVyd*Evg (1935-1972) nigEdlk¨mmancMeJHExµr
kmõ¬Cae¨kam (enAkmõ¬Ca) enH manxõs'manTabCae¨cIn ehIyVncb'enATI¨kugP~MeBjCamYyùùù
¨Kab'EbkVÂsæikmYy !
(9) G~kniBnìExµreyIgm~ak'Vnsresrfa ebIeKbMVt'BuTìsasnaenAkmõ¬Ca eKbMVt'¨BmK~anUv¨Blwg
Exµr. k~¬gExemsa 1975 esck¶Isnµt'enH VnbgúajPaB¨twm¨tèvrbs'xÂçn. ²LèvenH etIeK
GacGHGagfa \ebI¨BlwgExµrpuseLIgv^jenAkmõ¬Ca nwgpuseLIgCamYyK~anUvBuTìsasna| Vn
eT? qµS«nGariyFmáExµr ¨BHsgôVnEckCamYyes¶c nUvGMNac¨Kb'¨Kg¨beTs k~¬gkML¬gkal
d*yUrrab'stvt§r_.
(10) k~¬gT&BVrSg (nigT&B¨beTskan'sasna¨Kis¶ CaTUeTA) manG~kbYs eFÃICaGacar´sMrab'eyaF
PUmiTSgGs' ÉEdleTACamYyTahank~¬geBlcºSg ehIyEdlVrSgehAfa \GUmU"nIej|. (Gan
elxeyag 4 GMBITahaneCég¨khm).
(11) VrSgVnykekaH¨tLac (BULèkugD&r) eFÃICaKuksMrab'dak'mnus§eTasÓ¨kid½FM@ nigmnus§
eTasneyaVy. elak V"c QWn (Edle¨kaymkVn¨tèveKedaHElgmkv^j) Etgbgúaj
dl'eKäg nUvs~amkgEdkelI keCég Kat' kgEdkEdlsMrab'cgPØab'mnus§eTasCaGlÂCéØ.
enAP~MeBj elak V"c QWn VncUlrYme¨cIndg k~¬grd½aPiVl (Fmµkar eXasnakar .l.).
e¨kayExmIna 1970 rd½aPiVlsaFarNrd½VnsuMmkv^j nUvGd½^¨BHGacar´ Ehm ecov ehIy
VneFÃIbuN´rMlwkv^JïaNkÅ&nì vér:burs«nkartsUßTl'nwgVrSgenH.
(12) dUcBYkNah§IGalÂWm"g'enAGWru"bEdr Cb"uncg'eFÃI[¨beTsGasuITSgGs' eTACarNbxÂçn. bu"En‘
cMeJH¨beTs«nGasuIPaKGeK~y_ EdlenAe¨kamGaNaniKmBYkEsºks Cbu"nCaG~krMedaH Cag
CaG~klukluy. karcg'EckK~acMrugcMerIn tamPUmiPaKerogxÂçn«nBiPBelak (ehAPUmiPaK
niym) Vn¨tèveKykmksik§ae¨cInK~aenAGasuIPaKGeK~y_ e¨kaysågðamelakelIkTI2.
cab'tSgBIq~S 1943 erOg \BiPBsmºèNásbºayCamYyK~a| (Sphère de co-prospérité) Vn¨tèv
 48
CnCati²Nëam~ak'eQµaH V"ni~kar ykmksik§am¶geTotk~¬gesovePA \GanaKt«nGasIuPaK
GeK~y_|. V"n~ikar Vn[eyabl'fa KYr¨beTsTSgGs'enAGasuIPaKGeK~y_ cUlrYbrYmK~ak~¬g
smõnìPaB \esd½kicÍ| mYy e¨kamkard·knS«n¨beTs²Nëa (e¨kaybraC&y«nCbu"n). EtgtSg
Card½TUt²Nëa¨bcS¨beTscinenAq~S 1949 V"ni~kar eFÃIkMNt'ehtumYy EdlenAk~¬genaH Kat'
benÂIsPaBdundab«nsÄanPaBenA¨beTsk~¬gGasuIPaKGeK~y_ : \ebIKµanC÷nYyy"agrh&s ehIy
smtamkar¨tèvkar enAelI«pæesd½kicÍeT rcnasmõnìneyaVy«nGasIuPaKGeK~y_ ¨Kan'EtCa
rbgd*es¶IgmYy Tl'nwgkarB¨gékxÂçn«nlTiìkumµ¬ynis‘|. edayd·gfa²NëaminGacp¶l'C÷nYy
enaHVn V"ni~kar suM[rd½TUtGg'eKÂsnigGUås¶alI epÆékMNt'ehtuKat'eTArd½aPiVlTSgLay«n
xmµinEvl (¨beTse¨kamGMNacGg'eKÂsBIedém). äksarenH VneTACamUld½an«nkarBiPak§a
K~a EdlVn[kMeNItdl'Epnkar kULM¬bU enAq~S 1950 (kmõ¬CaeyIgVncUlk~¬gEpnkarenaHEdr
CamYy¨beTs 21 eTot). smõnìkicÍxageyaFanigxagesd½kicÍäeTot k*ecHEtekIteLIgCa
bnæab'mkEdrenAGasuIGeK~y_ : esGatU, smaKm¨bCaCatienAGasuIPaKGaeK~y_ (ASEAN),
GUås¶alI-nUEvleh§Lg'-Gg'eKÂs (ANZUK), GUås¶alI-nUEvleh§Lg'-Gaemrik (ANZUS), ¨kum
¨bwk§aGasuInigV"suIhÃik(ASPAC) .l. \BiPBsmºèNásbºayCamYyK~aenAmhaGasuIPaKbUJá|
(Sphère de co-prospérité de la grande Asie orientale) Vn¨tèveKykmkniyaym¶geTot enAedémq~S
1978 enAeBlEdl¨beTsCbu"negébeLIgv^j eTACamhaGMNacmYyy"agFMenH.
(13) KMniteFÃI[²NëècinVrSgmanlkÅN:CashB&nì VnmaneLIgCaelIkd÷bUgenAq~S 1930 e¨kam
rd½aPiVl daLaeD´.
(14) es¶c nerat¶m sIhnu VneXIj-Vnsðal' ¨beTskmõ¬Ca edaysarÓt¶mnavé dãKU (tamsMdé
sem¶csIhnu pæal' k~¬g \²NëècineXIjBIeb"kSg|).
(15) ¨bEhlCasaås‘acar´VrSgm~ak'eQµaH h§ßk Lg' EdlCaedémehtu«nkarbegûétclnayuvCn
TSgenH. pÂas'BIhaNUymkP~MeBj h§ßk Lg', edémºIkMcat'karGp§¬k, k*begûétclnayuvCn
mYyeQµaH \hߧèevnIj"a| EdleFÃIskmµPaBxagkILanigtUr´tån‘I. edayeXIjeCaKC&y«nclna
enH dãKU k*man \KMnit¨bEm¨bmUlyuvCn«n¨beTsTSg3 dak'k~¬gclnamYyeQµaH \yuvCn²Nëè
cin| e¨kamkard·knS«nTahanVrSgeQµaH DuykUrÃa". e¨kABIkILanigtUr´tån‘I eKGb'rMbMpusKMnit
Catiniym«nyuvCnTSgenaH edémºIbeJÍ¿sBIkarTak'Taj«nCbu"n. CakarN_Fmµta dãKU k*VnsM
elogkSbitmuxBIredaymind·gxÂçn. e¨JHbnæab'BIkare¨bIkmÂSg«nCbu"n (cab'VrSg) enA«f© 9
mIna 1945 KWk~¬gcMeNamsmaC^k«nclnaenaHehIy Edlelak sWg gu"kfan' erIsykG~k
sµ&¨Kcit‘ eTArMlMrd½aPiVlcUlVrSg«nelak Gwug GuI. enA¨sukyYn emclnayuvCn (eQµaHfµé
fa fan' ejon Tag pug, yuvCnCYrmux), evCØbNëit pS gu"k fac', CasmaC^ksm©at'«nKNbk§
kumµ¬ynis‘²Nëècin ehIye¨kaymk VneTACard½mån‘I¨ksYgGnam&y «nrd½aPiVlbeN¶aHGa
sn~yYnxageCég! ²s§rCnExµreyIgxÂH enAcSenAeLIyGMBIkars~ak'Ga¨s&yenApan'Fak k~¬gCMrM
s¨mab'bgúat'em \yuv&n|. enApan'Fak (evotNamxagtºèg) eKbgúat'[e¨cogbTd÷eNIr«n
clnaenaH EdlVneTACa, dUcCa«cdn´, bTePÂgCati«nsaFarNrd½¨bCaFiety´evotNam!
 49
(16) tSgBIExkJïa 1943 Ót¶mesnIy_ dãehðal bJØa[ Óù sù ebÂh§ erobcMT&BmYykgedémºIbJØèn
eTAcugbUJá¨beTs. dl'kgäkPaBTSgLayekItmanehIy rd½aPiVlVrSgsuM[eKbJØèlkg
TSgenaH k~¬gbJØakarGasIuPaKGeK~y_rbs' em"an bTæwn. BYkGg'eKÂs-GaemrikSg min¨Bm
edaysMGagfa²NëècinenAk~¬gqak¨byuTì \qayNa| dUec~H enAe¨kamkar¨tçt¨tarbs' Cag
kayCak. «f© 22 ÓsPa 1945 rd½aPiVlVrSgbJØèn Óù sù h§ßèva"g (e¨kaymkesna
¨bmux), nayGKðesnaFikarT&BVrSg, eTAva"suIgetanedImºIsæg'emIlcit‘GaemrikSg E¨kgmankar
eLIgeKakelI²Nëècin. h§ßèva"g k*Vnd·gfa karvaysMrukelIke¨kaynwg¨tèveFÃIelI¨beTs
Cbu"nEtm¶g. VrSgk*es~Irkarb¶èrK~ayk \GFibtIPaBVrSgelI²Nëècin| Tl'nwgkarbUCakgBl
FMBIr e¨kambJØakar Óù sù LWEKÂ eTA[GaemrikSge¨bIk~¬gkarvaysMruk. GaemrikSgmin¨Bm.
«f© 6 sIha ¨Kab'EbkbrmaNUk*pæ¬HeLIg.
(17) 15 «f© e¨kaykare¨bIkmÂSgBIsMNak'Cbu"nenA«f© 9 mIna (1945) mk em \tsUß| nigTahan
¨bmaN 50 nak' «n \kgkmÂSgVrSgesrI| (F.F.L.) EdlVnelatq&¨telI¨sukExµrenaH Vn
¨tèvCbu"ncab'VnTSgGs' ehIyykeTAdak'k~¬gKukFM e¨kayvt‘ÓNöaelam äP~MeBj.
(18) enA«f©enaH (7 kum¸: 1945) TI¨kugP~MeBjVnsðal'karTMlak'¨Kab'EbkTI1 «n¨bvt‘isaås¶xÂçn.
yn‘ehaHGaemrikSgVneFÃI[EbkVk' ÉlicexæcxæInUv TUknigkV"l'suIv^l enAkMBg'Epctumux
(enAmuxvt‘ÓNöaelam) ehIyVneFÃI[sÂab'nigrbYsbN¶aCnCae¨cInrynak'. tamkarniyay
«nmhaCn ¾faCbu"nVnes~IsgCmW©cit‘elIkarxUcxatBIe¨JHsågðam EdlxÂçnCaG~kedémehtu
enHEdr bu"En‘¨BHecAsIhnufaminVc'[sg eday \d·gKuN| Cbu"n. karN_mYyEdlBit KW
karTMlak'¨Kab'Ebk \enAmat'TenÂ| enH VneFÃI[eKeC¯kan'EtxÂSg elIrUbbd^makrmYy (ehA¨BH
KMlg' Ées¶cKMlg') Edl²tVnxUcxatGÃIeLIy k~¬geBlEdlectIynigsMNg'xÂHeTotk~¬gvt‘
Vn¨tèvVk'EbkexæcxæI. eKBuMVnd·gBit¨VkdEdr GMBIvasna«nbd^makrenH e¨kayExemsa 30
q~Se¨kaymk.
(19) \shPaBVrSg| enH (1941) KWcmÂgmkTSg¨tdr BI \xmµinEvl| Gg'eKÂs (1931). VrSg
eFÃIshPaBVrSgenH edémºIxM{b¨kesabGaNac¨kxÂçnkuM[rlay k~¬geBlEdlxÂçn¨tèvedaH
Elgbn‘icm¶g@ nUv¨beTsGaNaniKmEdlkMBugegébeLIg. lkÅn‘ik:«nshPaBVrSg VneTA
CaerOg \eQÂaHK~a| y"agtwgmat' k~¬grd½sPa (Etgrd½FmµnuJï) BIr, sPaq~S 1945 nig 1946.
BitNas'eTAehIy bJúaBlrd½Vn¨tèvelIkykmkniyay : etIBlrd½«nshPaB CaBlrd½
VrSgEdrÉGÃI? CakarN_Fmµta ²tmanerOgeXIjExµrm~ak' ÉGaåhÃß^km~ak' mkeFÃItMNagraås¶enA
¨sukVrSgeT! eKk*rkVnesck¶IsMruHsMrYlmYy (Compromis). GtÄn&y«nshPaBVrSg
Vn¨tèv[k~¬gesck¶Iep¶ém «nrd½FmµnuJïVrSgq~S 1946: \shPaBVrSgman¨bCaCatinig¨bCa
CnTSgLay Edldak'mkCamYyK~a nUvFnFanrbs'xÂçn nigkar¨bwgE¨bgrbs'xÂçn edémºIcMerIn
GariyFmáxÂçn B¨gékPaBsuxsbºayrbs'xÂçn nigsn‘isuxrbs'xÂçn|. sPamYy«nshPaB
VrSg Vn¨tèvbegûéteLIg EdlenAk~¬genaH BYk¨btiPU \«n¨beTssmaC^k mansiTiìesµIK~anwg
¨btiPUVrSgEdr. bu"En‘ cºab'EdlVn¨tèvsMerc, tamFmµta, edaysPaGayk~¬g¨beTssma-
 50
C^k ¨tèvykeTAdak'[sPa«nshPaBBinit´. reboberobcMd*sµ¬¨KsµajenH Vn¨tèv¨BHVT
sIhnuv^nicÏ&yfa pæ¬ynwgv^carNJïaN (absurde)
(20) namWunyYneQµaH ega" Dineyom VncgKMnMuTuky"agg÷u. eBlEdlxÂçneLIgkan'GMNack~¬gq~S
1955 (10 q~Se¨kaymk) eyom cab'ebIkyuK«nkarB´aVTExµrkmõ¬Cae¨kam. k~¬geBlenaH raC
rd½aPiVlVnb¶wgeTAGgðkarsh¨bCaCati. KWk~¬geBlEdlExµreyIgbHsmÂab'yYnenAq~S1945
enaHehIy EdlyYnVncSeLIgv^jnUvJk´ \ma" tMu| (ravbgûg) dUcEdlExµreyIgcSminePÂcnUv
Jk´ \kMBb'EtGug|.
(21) mrNPaB«n rUsWEvl VnbEgÃrpÂèv«nsavta¨beTsTSgbI«n²Nëècin. eKeC¯Cak'fa ebIsinCa
¨bFanaFitIGaemrikSg enArs'enAeLIyk~¬geBlenaH VrSgminGacdak'eCégelIdé²Nëècinv^jVn
eLIy.
(22) kt‘aEdlsMerccit‘BYkCbu"n (nigbnæab'mkBYkVrSg) [¨bKl'kUsSgsuIn[eTAyYn man2 :
Ts§n:¨Vkdniym nigkaremIlgay. ¨Vkdniym e¨JHExµrenAkUsSgsuInCaCnCatiPaKtic.
karemIlgay CanamEtmYyEdleKGace¨bI edémºIcgí¬lGakbºkiriya«nVrSgGaNaniKmniym
cMeJHmuxes¶cExµreyIgTSgLay ehIytamenaH cMeJH¨beTseyIgTSgmUl. karN_Edl
es¶ceyIgrs'enAk~¬gcMeNam¨sIs~MTSghÃèg PIelognigGamat´TSgkg ehIyEdlkicÍC÷nuMerOg
ra"v¨beTs manEtkarKal'ehÃABIsMNak'namuWn \EdlmangarCaXun CahÂçg Ca¨BH CaÓkj"aùùù
bu"En‘EdlKµanecHGÃI e¨kABIlutCgðg'cuH¨kabfÃaybgð÷ ehIyedérTacUleTAEtbu"eNöaH, karN_enH
rUbPaBenH Caedémehtu«nkaremIlgay¨beTsCatieyIg BIsMNak'VrSgGaNaniKmniym.
(23) Ót¶mesnIy_ dãehðal, bursEdlsem¶csIhnueKarBCagGÃITSgGs' bnæab'BI¨BHsmN:eKat¶m
(k~¬g \²NëècineXIjBIeb"kSg|), VneFÃIsunærkfamYyeTot 21 q~Se¨kaymk enATI¨kugP~MeBj
k~¬gq~S 1966. cMeJH¨tecokGaemrikSg EdlkMBugTb'Tl'nwgkumµ¬ynis‘ k~¬gevotNamxagtºèg
nigtam¨BMEdnExµreyIg sunærkfaenAP~MeBjenH [tMbUnµanpæ¬yTSg¨sug BItMbUnµanEdlelc
ecjBIkar \¨Vf~a| «n«f© 17-8-45. ehIyebI rUsWEvl ¾ ¨bEhlCaKat'E¨bxÂçnk~¬gp~èrKat'
ehIy (tamJk´niyaymYyrbs'VrSg).
(24) bI«f©munsuMkarcuHcaj'«nCbu"n \kal'kt¶a| Vn[TMlak'tamq&¨teyagelI²Nëècin nUvP~ak'gar
sm©at'mYy¨kum CamYyK~anwg h§g' esDIl nig EB´remHEsµß EdleKbMrug[eFÃICa s~gkar«n
saFarNrd½¨bcStugkwg. e¨kABI sSgtWnI EdlVnmkdl'haNUyedayecjBI¨sukcin tam
kV"l'ehaHGaemrikSg, BYkelatq&¨tTSgGs' Vn¨tèvevotmijcab'Tuk. ²s§rCnVrSgTSg
enH Vnman²TìiBly"agxÂSg eTAelIneyaVyVrSgelI²NëècinCaBiess nwgelIGtIt:
¨beTsGaNaniKmVrSgCaTUeTA.
(25) smaKtrd½ Érd½ \hußn| nwgVrSg (Etats associés) man¨beTsEdlenAk~¬gshPaBVrSg
(Ganelxeyag 19). kaleyIgminTan'VnäkraC´ G~kpgÓs§ah_eXIj, e¨kABITahanV
rSg, nUvTahan \Ga¨Bic| nigTahan \Gamar"uk| edérqÃat'EqÃgtampÂèvenAP~MeBj. k~¬gBBYk es
eNhûaeL nig m"arU"kSg TSgenaH manmYycMENkFMEdlVnsÂab' k~¬g \cMkarkit‘iys| ²Nëècin
k~¬gcMVMgCamYyevotmijenH.Ú
 51

BI shPaB²Nëècin eTA shB&nì²Nëècin

erOgk~¬g¨beTs

rCØkal«n¨BHecAsIusuvtiÄ (1904-1927) nig munIvg§ (1927-1941) mansPaBs©b's©at',

ehIyk~¬gkML¬geBlenaH VrSgVnnSmknUvkarEkTMrg'Cae¨cIn. muneBlsuKt«n¨BHmunIvg§bn‘ic, ¨b
eTskmõ¬CaVnVt'bg'm¶geTot nUvext‘Vt'd÷bg, sIusupun nigPaKmYyy"agFM «next‘esomrab, kMBg'FM
nigsæwgE¨tg. eBleXIjfa Cév^t¨BHmunIvg§¨Cale¨CehIy, dãKU k*KiteTAdl'd÷N«nraC´. mÍas'
munIer"t, kUncºg«n¨BHmunIvg§ ehIyEdl¨tèveLIgesayraC´ ttamTMenomTMlab', eFÃI[ dãKU Vrm¸
e¨JHmanKMnit \äkraC´niym|. enA¨sukVrSg, mÍas'munIer"t nigbíèn, munIBg§, VncUleFÃITahank~¬g
kg \eLs´¬g| TahanCatie¨kA. e¨kayeBldak'GavuFQb'Vj'K~a (VrSg-GalÂWm"g') enAq~S 1940,
mÍas'munIer"t ¨tLb'mk¨sukExµrv^jCamYyKMnitfµé@. enAk~¬g²NëècinmYy EdlkarTak'TgCamYy¨beTs
VrSg \Cam¶ay| VnE¨b¨bçlElgdUcsBÃdg dãKU xMkarJrTuk[VnyUrbMput nUvGFibtIPaBVrSg
Edlkan'EtVnTTYlkarKMramkMEhge¨cIneLIg, tSgGMBICbu"nVneLIgmkelIqak²NëècinEdr (erOgtug
kwg, karVt'bg'ext‘Exµr). edémºI¨bugeCégkarN_Tuk eBlNamankarbHeVr, dãKU ¨tèvkardak'elIblÂ&gû
TSgbI«n²Nëècin, mnus§EdlxÂçn¨sNukek¶abbMbt'bMEbn. ¨BHmunIvg§suKtenA«f©TI 23 emsa
1941. mÍas'munIer"t Edl²tsmnwgesck¶I¨tèvkarrbs'eK, k*Vn¨tèv dãKU TajecjeTA. \KUEvn&r
eh§ßeNr"al'\ «n²Nëècin e¨CésykmÍas'nerat¶m sIhnu v^j Edl²tVnd·gxÂçnmuneLIy. enAeBl
enaH Gayu 18 q~S, kµçy«nmÍas'munIer"t kMBugbJÍb'mF´msik§aenA \lIes| sas§WlU-LèV 䫨BnKr.
«f© 28 tula 1941, enAk~¬gBiFId*FMmYy, dãKU bMJk'mû¬d[mÍas'sIhnu ehIyGPieskeFÃICa¨BHecA¨kug
kmõ¬Ca. dUcCaCétanigCéTYtEdr, ¨BHecAsIhnunwgeXIjy"agrh&sfa es¶cExµr¨Kan'EtCaGay"gEdl
\er"sIudg' sUßeb"rIy&r| VrSgTajEx§bu"eNöaH(1). es¶csIhnu EdlkalenaHcUlcit‘narI nig tUr´tån‘ICag
neyaVy¨beTs, k*bt'Ebnbnæn'xÂçny"agFUr tamkar¨tèvkarrbs'VrSg dUcEdl dãKU Vnb"g¨Vf~a,
ehIysÄanPaBenHmanrhUtdl'q~S 1945.
kar \e¨bIkmÂSg| «nCbu"n enA«f©TI 9 mIna 1945 VneVskMcat'k~¬gry:eBlEtmYyyb', swg
EtmYystvt§r_«nGMNacVrSg. Cbu"nVnniyaynwgmhaesd½écinExµr tan' V", [¨BmTTYlPar:d·knS
rd½aPiVlTI1 «nyuKe¨kayGaNaniKm. tan' V" minTTYl, Cbu"nk*Tukrcnasmõnìrd½aPiVlcas' (GKð
mhaesna Gwug GIu). naTICanaykrd½mån‘IEdlBImunenAelI«d \er"suIdg' sUßeb"rIy&r|, k*¨tLb'mkk~¬g«d
es¶cv^j EdlTTYlkarXÂSemIlBI \GKðTI¨bwk§a| Cbu"nm~ak'. 4 «f©e¨kaykarrMlayGMNacVrSg,
elak mas Nal', rd½månI‘¨ksYgsik§aFikar, bJØak~¬g«f© 13 mIna [e¨bIeLIgv^j nUv¨b¨ktITincnæ
Kti, bMVt'karsresrCaPasaExµrEdle¨bIedayGk§r rU"muSg, ehIybgðab'[e¨bIPasaExµr k~¬gkicÍkarrd½
Vl. elak V"c QWn Vn¨tèvedaHElgBIekaH¨tLac enA«f© 21 mIna(2), ehIybegûéteLIgv^jnUv
sarBátman nKrvt¶. enAedémExÓsPa, elak sWg gu"kfan' ¨tLb'mkBI¨beTsCbu"nv^j, ehIyVn
¨tèvEtgtSgenA«f© 1 mifuna Card½mån‘I¨ksYgkarbreTs, tamesck¶IsuMrbs'Cbu"n. enAeBlenaHehIy
 52
EdleKVneXIjmaneLIg nUvkare¨bH¨sSCaelIkd÷bUg«nsgðmExµr, edayehtumanlMnSneyaVy2

EdlyUrmkVnkÂayeTACalMnSmenaKmv^CØa, ehIyEdlkartTl'K~aVncb' Ca esaknadkmµ, enAEx

emsa 1975.
lMnSTI1¨bmUlp¶¬÷ BYkEdlcg'bMVt'rbbraCaniym, EdlxÂçneXIjfaCaÓbkrN_EdlGaNani
Km (ehIye¨kaymkGaNaniKmniymC÷nan'fµé) e¨bI¨Vs' edémºI¨kjSek¶ab¨beTsxÂçn. lMnSneya
VyenH(3) rMlaykartyuTìTl'nwges¶c cUlCamYykartyuTìTl'nwgGaNaniKmniym. lMnSTI2 KW
rbs'BYk¨Bènsgðm EdlykbuN´sk¶ixÂçneFÃICaedémTun ¨bmUl¨TB´smºti¶, buN´sk¶iEdles¶cEck
[ tamkarbuin¨bsb'rbs'xÂçnxaglut¨kab. BYk¨BènsgðmenH KW¨kumnahµWn(4). CakarFmµta BYkenH
¨Vf~a[rbbraCaniymmanGayuyWnyUrteTAeTot. edaym´a"g KUv^vaTTSgBIr¨kumemIlgaykarTUnµan
«n¨bvti‘saås¶, edaym´a"geTot mhaCnsõwk²tkMerIk rkxÂçn¨bmUlCakmÂSgneyaVyBuMVn, BYkTSg
BIr¨kumenH rt'rkbreTsral'dg edémºICYyxÂçn[Q~Hk~¬gkarv^vaTenH –– karv^vaTEdle¨kaymk ¨Kan'Et
CakJÍk'q¬Hsågðam¨tCak'«nmhaGMNacTSgLay. ElgnwkeXIjfa ¨beTsxÂçnenAk~¬gkal:eTs:PUmi
saås‘neyaVymYyEdlCUrct', xagNak*dUcxagNa BuMEdl¨Bmrkesck¶IsMruHsMrYl (compromis)
ÉrkCECkK~am¶gNaeLIy. e¨JHEtkardeN¶ImGMNacTSgkMeralgg·tmuxenH, ¨bCaCnExµrVnsg
kMhus nwgkMBugEtsgkMhus edaybg'tM«lmYyd*rnìt'eFÃIGMBI — dUcJk´G~kniBnìVrSg EbßNa ha
Em"l— QamnigTwkEP~k(5).
¨BHVTsIhnu, enAekµgehIyqab'tameK, TTYlC÷nYyk~¬gkicÍkarBIsMNak'BYk \TI¨bwk§a| Edl
CaG~kkarJredaymuWgma"t' nUvrbbraCaniym. eBlEdlelak sWg gu"kfan' eLIgmkelIqakneya
Vyv^j, ¨BHecAVnbegûétmuxkarmYyehAfa \TI¨bwk§a«nraCrd½aPiVl| ehIyEtgtSgenA«f© 7 mifuna
(1945) k~¬gnaTIenH, sem¶cmunIer"t EdlnwgmansemÂgBiPak§ak~¬gKN:rd½mån‘IeTot. edémºIkan'kab'
edays©at'@ nUvkarcayvayrbs'rd½aPiVl, es¶csIhnu dak'TI¨bwk§aBIrnak', elak Eb"n nut Card½
mån‘Irg¨ksYghirJïvtĬ nigelak pU e¨BOg CaGFikarhirJïvtĬ. k~¬gkalenaH, karxÃl'xÃayFM@ «n
rd½aPiVl KWCYyCbu"nk~¬gsågðamrbs'xÂçn, nwgedaH¨saybJúad*BiVk«nlkÅn‘ik:rbs' kUsSgsuIn
(sUmGanerOge¨kA¨beTs). mhn‘ray«n hIurU"sIm"a nig NahûasaKI VneFÃI[cb'subin \mhaGasIu
PaKbUJá| e¨kamGFibtIPaB«n \GaNac¨k¨BHGaTit´rH|. enA«f© 19 sIha 1945, 4 «f©e¨kaykar
pæ¬H¨Kab'EbkbrmaNUTI1, elak sWg gu"kfan' begûéterOgEkÂgbnÂMmYy ehIy[eKcab'rd½mån‘ITSgGs'
EdlKat'yl'facUlcit‘VrSg. G~kEdleTAcab'rd½mån‘ITSgenaH suTìEtsmaC^k«nclna \yuvCn²Nëè
cin| EdleKVndak'eQµaHfµéfa \yuv&nkmõ¬Crd½|. «f© 14 sIha, elak sWg gu"kfan' Vn¨tèvEtgtSg
Card½mån‘ITI1 ehIyenAEtkan'¨ksYgkarbreTs. elak Eb"n nut TTYl¨ksYghirJïvt¶¬, elak jw¬k
CUL¬g ¨ksYgesd½kicÍCati, elak V"c QWn ¨ksYgp¶l'esº¿g nigPs‘¬Par, elak sußm ehog ¨ksYg
mha«pæ, elak Xwm Tit TTYl¨ksYgkarJr¨beTs ¨tçtK~anwg¨ksYgsuxaPiVl. enA«f© 8 kJïa,
kgTahanGg'eKÂsmYykgmkdl'P~MeBj edémºITTYlkardak'GavuFBITahanCbu"n ehIyedaHElgeQÂIy
sågðamCatiGWru"b tamkicͨBme¨BogenA bu"ts‘S . mkCamYykgäkPaBGg'eKÂsenaH, mannayTahan
VrSgm~ak', vresnIy¨tI hûal'lÃa" Edlman \ebskkmµBiess|. elak sWg gu"kfan' ¨Vb'y"ag
 53
cºas'eTAnayTahanenaHfa raCrd½aPiVlExµrnwgeFÃIkarccarCamYyVrSg EtelImUld½anmYy, KWkar
TTYlsðal'äkraC´«n¨beTskmõ¬Ca.
edaycg'bgúaj, mYyEp~keTAVrSgnUvkarKS¨Trd½aPiVlKat'BIsMNak'¨bCaCn, mYyEp~keTot
eTABYksmõnìmit‘ faKat'²tCab'C÷Jk'GÃICamYyCbu"neT, sWg gu"kfan' bgðab'[eFÃIkarsYrqnæ:¨bCaraås‘1
(plébiscite) enA«f© 3 tula(6). Kat'²tVnd·geTfa enAe¨kayx~gKat' rd½mån‘IxÂHkMBugerobcMrMlMKat'.
enA«f© 23 kJïa, es¶csIhnu EdlKS¨TtampÂèvkarnUvneyaVy«nraCrd½aPiVl, VnbJØènelak Xwm
Tit —y"agsm©at'— eTACYbGaCÆaFrVrSg䫨BnKr. «f© 5 tula Ót¶mesnIy LWEK mkdl'«¨BnKr.
«f© 16, edaymanvresnIyäk Gußyvar nigTahan²Nëa 3-4 nak' «nT&BGg'eKÂsCUnmkpg, LWEKÂ
mkdl'P~MeBj ehIy[cab'elak sWg gu"kfan' (Edl¨Bm[eKcab'²tmantTl') e¨kamkarecaTfa
\eFÃIskmµPaB¨bqSgnwgBYksmõnõmit‘|. XuMXSg䫨BnKr, sWg gu"kfan' Vn¨tèveKv^nicÏ&yPÂam ehIy
TTYleTaseFÃIkarCaTm©n'k~¬gevla 20 q~S, ehIy²tcºab'sMct (k~¬g¨sukExµr) k~¬gevla 20 q~S. Ca
mYyBrsBæsaFukar «nsk¶i5 VrSg Gußyvar Edl LWEKÂ [emIlxus¨tèvelIvasna¨beTskmõ¬Ca, raC
rd½aPiVlfµémYyVn¨tèvEtgtSgeLIg e¨kamkard·knS«nsem¶cmunIer"t. mÍas'munIBg§ (e¨kaymkraC
TUtenAV"rIs), elak Xwm Tit, jwk CUL¬g, sßum ehog nig va" kamwul enAk~¬genaHEdr. mkdl'«¨BnKr
Vn 3-4 «f©, Ót¶mnavé dah§g'el´I (GKðs~gkar) CYbsem¶cmunIer"t 䫨BnKr, ehIyKUsEx§neya-
VyVrSg[eFÃItam Ð Gnuvt‘n_esck¶IEfÂgkarN_«n«f© 25 mIna 1945 GMBIshB&nì²Nëècin, dak'eLIg
v^jy"agqab'rh&s nUvkarGaNaB´aVl (¨btiktUr"a) VrSg elI¨beTskmõ¬Ca («f© 4 F~è 1945, es¶c
sIhnu ¨Bm[Gnuvt‘n_CabeN¶aHGasn~ nUvsnìisJïanigkicÍsn´a q~S 1863 nig 1884), EtgtSg
KN:kmµkareFÃIkicÍsik§aVrSg-ExµrmYy edémºIccareFÃIsnìisJïafµérvag¨beTskmõ¬Ca nig¨beTsVrSg.
bu"En‘bnæab'BIkarcab' sWg gu"kfan' ykeTA, ExµrCae¨cInnak'yl'eXIjfa es¶cVnyk¨beTs
eTA[VrSg. G~kTSgenaHv^nicÏ&yfa kmÂSgCameF´aVyEtmYyedémºIykäkraC´, ehIyk*nSK~acUl«¨B,
xÂHeTA¨BMEdnExµr-esom, xÂHeTA¨BMEdnExµr-yYn. BYkcUl«¨BenHbegûétclnamYyeQµaH\Exµr²s§r:|(7).
enATisxageCég Exµr²s§r:TTYlC÷nYyBIrd½aPiVl«f rbs' ¨BiDI P~Myg' (EdlxÂacBYkVrSgeFÃIGn‘ra-
Kmn_mYy k~¬geBlxagmux edémºIykEx¨tExµreTAv^j (Ex¨tEdlesomVnBIsnìisJïa ¨kugtUk´èq~S
1941). eQµaHBIrelcecjBIclnaenATisxageCégenH Ð dab QYn nig ekA tk'.
cMENkenATisxagtºèg, k~¬gext‘kMBt, elak V"c QWn TTYlC÷nYyBIyYn tamry: sWg «f egÿg(8),
bíènrbs'elak sWg gukfan'.
«f© 7 mkra 1946, sem¶cmunIer"t cuHkicͨBme¨BogsMerc \rebobrs'enA| mYy (Modus Vivendi)
CamYyÓt¶mesnIy GaeLH sg'¨DI, s~gkar«nsaFarNrd½ (garfµérbs'er"suIdg' sUßeb"rIy&r). k~¬g
esckI¶rbs' \mUDus véevnDI| enaH (rUbmn‘enHVrSgcUlcit‘Nas', bu"En‘BYkGg'eKÂsfaBiVkrs'enAtam)
¨beTskmõ¬Ca Ca \rd½sÃy&t| enAk~¬gshB&nì²Nëècin (EdlrUbragminTan'cºas'las'enAeLIyeT)
EdlxÂçnägenAk~¬gshPaBVrSgeTot. k~¬gkicÍkar«pæk~¬gsuTì, ¨beTskmõ¬CamanesrIPaBeBjTI. edémºI
[¨beTscab'edéreLIgv^j, VrSgp¶l'C÷nYyelI«pærd½Vl nigbecÍkeTs edaybJØènmknUv \TI¨bwk§a|

EdlnwgGb'rMbuKðlikExµr. kgT&BExµr mYynwg¨tèvbegûIteLIg. karbgúat'be¨gonkgT&BenH nwg¨tèvTTYl

bnæ¬kedayKN:ebskkmµeyaFaVrSgmYy(9) e¨kambgðab'TI¨bwk§aVrSgm~ak' Gmrd½mån‘I¨ksYgkarJr

 54
¨beTs. bu"En‘¨ksYgrtnaKar, Ky, sn‘isux, Gen‘a¨bevsn_, TUrKmnaKmn_, Gysµ&yyan .l. enA
elI«drd½aPiVlshB&nì ehIynwg¨tèvelIkeTAGKðs~gkard½an 䫨BnKr. niyaymYyma"t', kar
GaNaB´aVl ¨tLb'mkelI¨beTskmõ¬Cav^j, e¨JH \m"UDus v^evnDI| ²tnSGÃIfµémkeLIy, e¨kABIJk´
BIrm"at'. bu"En‘C÷hanEvgmYy k*VneVHeTAmuxEdr Ð KN:kmµkareFÃIkicÍsik§a Vn¨tèveK[bnæ¬keFÃI
KMeragrd½FmµnuJïmYy, e¨KOgEdl¨tèvmanxanBuMVn edémºIbnÄyrebob¨Kb'¨Kgp¶ac'karelIkmun [man
¨bCaFiety´xÂH@. sem¶c \¨kum¨BH| munIer"t ¨bqSgy"agxÂSgnwgKMeragkarenH, edaysMGagfa¨bCa
raås¶²tmankarGb'rMneyaVyTal'EtesaH, ehIycg'[¨tLb'mkrbbp¶ac'karv^j — karyl'eXIj
Edl¨BHecA¨sbtamEdr.
R
R R
eyabl'rbs' munIer"t Vn¨tèv¨bqSgedayBYkbJïvn‘ekµg@ ¨bmaN«m¸nak' EdleTIbnwg¨t-
Lb'mkBI¨sukVrSgfµé@ ehIyEdlsuM[begûétsPaep§g@ e¨CéserIsedaykareVHeq~at ¨BmTSgeFÃI
[rbbneyaVyk~¬g¨beTsmanlMnS dUcrbbenAbsÍwm¨beTs KWmanrd½sPa¨tçt¨tard½aPiVl. Ca
mYynwgkit´anuPaB \mkBI¨sukVrSg| rbs'xÂçn, ecHy"agsæat'nUvvak´s&Bæ¨bCaFiety´bsÍwm¨beTs,
BYkenH¨bmUlp¶¬÷Vny"agrh&snUvbJïvn‘k~¬g¨beTs (sm&yenaHsis§v^T´al&ysuIsuvtiÄ), G~kraCkar
TSgGs', ehIyCaBiessbk§BYkelak sWg gu"kfan'. k~¬gcMeNamBYkbJïvn‘mYyk¶ab'enaH eQµaHBIr
Vnelcecjmk Ð Qan v"m nig suIsuvtiÄ yuti‘vg§. bnæab'BIVnd·gGMBIkicÍsn´a VrSg-yYn Edl
cuHenAhaNUyk~¬g«f© 6 mInamk (sSgtWnI-hUCémij, GanerOge¨kA¨beTs), mtienAP~MeBjkan'EtTi-
etones¶ceLIg EdleKbenæasfaVncaj'eVkVrSg. ¨beTskmõ¬CaEdlVnelIkxÂçneTA[VrSg,
²tTTYlmkv^jnUvkM«r dUcEdl hUCémij TajykVnedaye¨bIGavuF. TwkdéExµrEdlVrSg[eTAesom
tamsnìisJïa¨kugtUk´è q~S 1941 (ext‘ 5) k*enAEte¨kamGMNacesom, k~¬geBlEdlBYkGg'eKÂs,
tSgBI«f© 1 mkra 1946, VnykBIesomeTA[PUma nig m"aeLsuIv^j nUvTwkdéEdlesomVnkan'kab'.
karminsbºaycit‘manCaTUeTA. sem¶c munIer"t nig¨BHecA sIhnu k*yl'eXIjfa¨tèvEteFÃId÷eNIrmYy
eTA¨sukVrSg edémºIbgúajcMeNaTTSgGs'eTArd½aPiVlVrSg(10).
rd½aPiVl munIer"t ¨tèveKkan'EtBuMcUlcit‘eLIg e¨JHrebobykGMNac k~¬gkar¨Kb'¨Kgrbs'
xÂçn, nigBIe¨JH —tamG~kniBnì hÃIlIB dãvéEl— karminh~wgnrrbs'xÂçn. VrSgk*cab'KitKUrpÂas'rd½a
PiVlenaH. kareBjcit‘VneTAelIG~k¨sLaj'VrSgm~ak', mÍas' nerat¶m nrinæetC EdlCamam~ak'«n
¨BHecA. mÍas' nrinæetC, edaymanG~kraCkarenAtamext‘KS¨Tpg, kMBug¨bwgE¨bgy"agskmµ tMelIg
KNbk§neyaVymYyeQµaH \KNbk§esrIPaB|. KNbk§enH es~IrbbraCaFibety´mYy Edl
eKarBrd½FmµnuJï, ehIyEdlv^vt‘n_bn‘icm¶g@ eTAkan'¨bCaFibety´, edayeFÃIkarEkTMrg'e¨cIneLIg@
e¨kamkarÓbtÄm¸ nig \d·knS| rbs'VrSg. eBjcit‘y"agxÂSgnwgEx§neyaVyenH VrSgk*CYytamGac
eFÃIVn. eBlecjd÷eNIreTA¨sukVrSg, «f© 13 emsa, ¨BHecA[d·gGMBI Ð karbMVt'ecalk~¬geBl
xagmux nUvraCaFibety´p¶ac'kar. KMeragrd½FmµnuJïmYy nwg¨tèvykeTA[rd½sPabeN¶aHGasn~mYyBi-
nit´. G~keVHeq~atenA¨Kb'XMu«n¨BHraCaNac¨k nwge¨CéserIstamkareVHeq~atedaymincM (suffrage
indirect) nUvG~kd÷Nagk~¬grd½sPabeN¶aHGasn~enaH. raCbJïti‘mYycuH«f© 15 emsa 1946 ebIk[man
 55
esrIPaBeFÃIsmaKm, nigesrIPaBeFÃIkar¨bCu÷u nigkareXasnak~¬gry:eBlerobcMeVHeq~at. minyUr
eLIy, KNbk§neyaVy 3 VnekIteLIg Ð KNbk§esrIPaB «nmÍas' nrinæetC, KNbk§eC¯n
elOn (bkE¨b) «nmÍas' nerat¶m mu"gtaNa EdlCaBUm~ak'eTot«n¨BHecA(11) nig KNbk§¨bCaFib-
ety´ «nmÍas' sIusuvti‘ yuti‘vg§. KNbk§eC¯nelOn cg'[manrbbraCaFibety´EdleKarBrd½Fmµ-
nuJï dUcKNbk§esrIPaBEdr. cMENkäKNbk§¨bCaFibety´, kmµv^FIneyaVy KWdak'rbb¨bCa
Fibety´ Edlmanrd½sPaCaFM, ehIyCaBiesseTAeTot, KWmankartyuTì (neyaVy) edémºIykäk
raC´eBjTI. KNbk§enH k*TTYly"agqab'rh&s nUvkarKS¨T«nBYkG~kCatiniymTSgGs', nigkarÓb-
tÄm¸y"agxÂSgBIsMNak'¨BHsgô Edl²tcg'Vn[VrSg¨tLb'mkv^jesaHeLIy.
«f© 31 ÓsPa ¨kum¨bwk§araCanusiTiì (e¨JHes¶cminenA) ¨bkas[e¨bIcºab'eVHeq~atmYy Edl
eroberogeLIgedayKN:kmµkareFÃIkicÍsn´aVrSg-Exµr Ð rd½sPabeN¶aHGasn~ nwg¨tève¨CéstSgeLIg

edaykareVHeq~atCasakl nigedaycMeJH. «f© 1 kJïa 1946 kareVHeq~at CasaklVneFÃIeLIg

CaelIkTI1 enA¨beTskmõ¬Ca(12). pæ¬yGMBIlTìplEdlVrSgrg'cS, C&yC÷nHVneTAelIKNbk§¨bCa

Fibety´ EdlVnTTYl 60% «nsemÂgTSgGs'. k~¬gcMnYnekAGI 67 EdlsPaman, 50 VnmkBYk
¨bCaFibety´, 14 VneTABYkesrIPaB nig 3 eTABYkäkq&næ. karC÷nuMTI1 «nrd½sPa VneFÃIeLIgenA «f©
25 kJïa enAcMeJHmux¨BHraCa. sPamin¨BmbMeBjmuxkar¨twmEtBinit´BiPak§acºab', ehIy¨bkas
xÂçneLIg — tampÂèvehtu — CasPaEtgrd½FmµnuJï. mansemÂgPaKe¨cInenAk~¬gsPa, KNbk§¨bCa
Fibety´ TamTarykkard·knSrd½aPiVl, EdlCaTmÂab'k~¬g¨beTs¨bCaFibety´bsÍwmTis. Ex F~è
1946, CamYynwgext‘TSg 5 EdlVrSgeTIbnwgykVnBIesommkv^j(13), rd½aPiVlmunIer"t epær
d÷ENgeTArd½aPiVlyuti‘vg§. cMnYneBl 3-4 GaTit´bu"eNöaH Vn¨Kb'¨Kan'dl'rd½aPiVlyuti‘vg§
edémºIbeJÍjKMeragrd½FmµnuJïmYy.

«f© 6 ÓsPa 1947, rd½FmµnuJï Vn¨tèv¨BHraCap¶l'eTA[¨bCaraås‘Exµr. cmÂg¨sbtam

KMeragrd½FmµnuJïVrSg«nq~S1946(14), G~keroberogbEnÄmkareQÃgyl'C÷nan'enaHxÂH dUcCama¨ta 21 Ð

(GMNacTSgGmºalmaNecjmkBI¨BHraCa) nigma¨ta 25 Ð (blÂ&gû«n¨beTskmõ¬Ca Caekr‘−mrtk«n
G~ktBUCePT¨bus«n¨BHVTGgðDYg) (bkE¨b). pæ¬ynwgcMNg'rbs'KN:kmµkareFÃIkicÍsik§a, rd½FmµnuJï
enH[GMNacxÂSgNas'eTArd½sPa. BitehIy kard·knSkicÍkarrd½enAelInaykrd½mån‘I Edl¨BHecA
EtgtSg, ehIyEdlerIsykrd½mån‘IxÂçnäg. bu"En‘naykrd½mån‘IenH, CamYynwgrd½aPiVlTSgmUl, ¨tèv
TTYlkarTukcit‘BIrd½sPaeTot (EdlmanGaNti‘ 4 q~S). sPaCan'xõs'mYyVn¨tèvbegûéteLIg Ð cmÂg
¨sbtam¨kum¨bwk§asaFarNrd½VrSg, ¨kum¨bwk§a¨BHraCaNac¨kmanEtmuxkarxagBie¨KaH BiPak§a
suTìsaF elIerOgcºab'. ¨kum¨bwk§aenH mansmaC^ke¨CéstSg nigsmaC^kCab'eq~at (EdleVHeday
segÅb) ehIysmaC^kTSgGs'¨tèvmanGayuy"agtic 40 q~S.
eBlEdlxÂçnkMBugEtcab'ep¶émkmµv^FIneyaVyrbs'xÂçn, KNbk§¨bCaFibety´Vt'bg'mYy
rMeBcnUvG~kd·knSrbs'xÂçn. enA«f© 18 kkûda, mÍas' yuti‘vg§ suKty"agcMElkenAäEkb (eKfa
yuti‘vg§ Vn¨tèveKsmÂab'). kareVHeq~at¨twm¨tèv (e¨JHrd½sPabeN¶aHGasn~) nwg¨tèveFÃIeLIgenAEx
v^cÏika 1947, ¨BHecAnigbk§BYkerobcMtTl'm¶geTot nwgBYk¨bCaFibety´. e¨bIlºic \EbgEck
semÂg|, ²s§rCnBIrnak'xagBYkes¶c begûétKNbk§neyaVyfµéBIreTot Ð elak jwk-CUL¬g d·knS
 56
KNbk§exmrbuNökar (CamYyelak ln' nl', sm sarI, KU run .l.(15), elak Xwm Tit d·knS
KNbk§rYmCati (Union Nationale). bu"En‘karxitxMenH enAEt²tVnpl e¨BaHsemÂgPaKe¨cIn enAEt
VnmkBYk¨bCaFibety´m¶geTot Ð ekAGI 54 k~¬gcMeNamekAGITSgGs' 75. 21 VneTABYkesrIPaB,
cMENkexmrbuNökar nigrYmCati (Union Nationale) ²tVnekAGImYyeLIy. «f© 11 kum¸: 1948 elak
Qan v"m, GKðelxaFikar«nKNbk§¨bCaFibety´, TTYld·knSKN:rd½mån‘I.
R
R R
k~¬geBlEdlG~kneyaVyExµr kMBugeFÃIsågðamKNbk§enAP~MeBj, Gsn‘isuxVnekItman
eLIgelI«pæ¨beTs. edaykgTahanenAkmõ¬Ca (kgTahan«nshPaBVrSg) Vn¨tèveKbJØèneTA¨suk
yYn edémºICYyVrSgcºSgevotmij, clna²s§r: ¨tçt¨tay"ageBjelj elIPaKxageCég«n¨beTs.
karehA[cuHcUledayelIkElgeTas[ kalBIq~S 1947, VnnSmkEtmnus§ 3-4 nak' Edl
cUlPÂammYyrMeBc k~¬gKNbk§¨bCaFiety´. enAxagtºèg nigenAxagekIt«n¨beTs, BYkevotmij Vn
cab'ep¶émtSgTIk~¬g¨sukExµr. CamYynwgBUkExµre¨kamEdlxÂçnbJͬHbJÍèlVn, evotmijbegûét \kgT&B
¨bCaCnExµrrMedaH| (bkE¨b). Exµre¨kamTSgenH nwgVneTACas~èlelIkd÷bUgbgís'«nevotmij enA¨b-
eTskmõ¬Ca. edayVrm¸nwgGsn‘isux Edlkan'EtxÂSgeLIgpg, eday²tGMNacelIkgT&Bpg, eday
BYk¨bCaFibety´Tietonfa sÂèteBkk~¬gkarTamTarpg, ¨BHecAsIhnusMerccit‘suM[VrSgBinit´eLIg
v^j nUvTMnak'TMngVrSg-Exµr. k~¬gsMbu¨tmYycuH«f© 7 v^cÏika 1947 epÆéeTA[rd½aPiVlVrSg, ¨BHecA
TamTar[Vn¨tçt¨takan'Ete¨cInelIkgT&B, nwg[VnsÃ&yPaBkan'EtFMeLIgk~¬gerOgsn‘isuxk~¬g¨b
eTs (VrSgminsUvsbºaycit‘nwgkarelIkElgeTas[BYk²s§r:eT). «f© 5 mifuna 1948 enAqk
smu¨T GaL¬g, GKðs~gkarfµé bußlLaEGr cuHkicͨBme¨BogmYyCamYyes¶c Vvday (hUCémijVncUl
«¨BehIy) TTYlsðal'äkraC´«n¨beTsevotNam(16). «f© 25 tula, ¨BHecAsIhnuepÆésMbu¨tmYy
eToteTArd½aPiVlVrSg, TamTarsiTiìep§g@ dUcEdlVrSgVnyl'¨Bm[eTA Vvday. enA{kas
buN´tSgtu, «f© 9 v^cÏika 1948, ¨BHecAniyayeTAGKðs~gkar eLGugBIj"¬g GMBIäkraC´, karN_Edl
manCaelIkTI1 Ð \xƬMniyayGMBIäkraC´ BIe¨JHxƬMeCOCak'fa Jk´enHCakUnesaedaH¨saycMeNaTTSg
Gs'rbs'eyIg.|ùùù
karN_EdlVrSg²tyl'GÃIesaH GMBIkarTamTarTSgenH, VnCYyelIk[kan'Etxõs'eLIgnUv
kit´anuPaB«nKNbk§¨bCaFiety´ EdlelgsnÂwkeboCatiniym. cab'tSgBIq~S 1948, BYktMNag
raås¶¨bCaFibety´ pæb'cºab'TSgGs' Edles¶cdak'mkrd½sPa. kartTl'K~arvag \niti| nig \¨bti-
bti‘|, laynwgkarkan'bk§BYkk~¬gKNbk§¨bCaFibety´ eFÃI[manv^bti‘KN:rd½mån‘I (rd½aPiVl
Qan v"m, rd½aPiVl Eb"n nut .l.ùùù) edayBuMGacQ~HBYk¨bCaFibety´k~¬gkareVHeq~at, es¶ce¨bI
lºicmYyeTot Ð eFÃI[man \karEbkecj| enAk~¬g«pæKNbk§enaHEtm¶g. KW \G~kEbkecj| m~ak'BI
KNbk§¨bCaFibety´, elak Ey"m sMbUr, EdlVnTTYlkard·knSrd½aPiVlenAExkum¸: 1949. rd½a
PiVl Ey"m sMbUr cab'ep¶émkicÍkark~¬geBlBiVkbn‘ic e¨JHfaenA«f© 21 ÓsPa 1949, rd½sPa
VrSgVneVHeq~atsMercPØab' kUsSgsuIn eTA¨beTsevotNam eday²tVnBie¨KaHCamun CamYy¨b
eTskmõ¬Ca(17), ehIyeday²tmaneFÃIlkÅn‘ik:BiessGÃI[dl'Exµrkmõ¬Cae¨kam (eTaHbI¨BHecAVnTam
 57
TarCae¨cIndgmkehIyk¶I). kar¨bqSg«nrd½sPacMeJHrd½aPiVl k*ecjmuxxÂSgkÂaPÂam. elIsBIenaH,
elak Ey"m sMbUr TTYlekr‘−dMENl«nrd½aPiVlmun@ nUvcMeNaTFM2 Ð erOg²s§r: nigerOgevotmij.
edayxÃHkgTahanedémºIbågûabBYkTSgenaH, rd½aPiVleFÃIkarGMJvnavmYydl'clna²s§r: edémºIkar
rYbrYmK~a«nExµrTSgGs' eqõaHmuxeTABYkevotmij, ehIyFanafanwgelIkElgeTas[TSgGs' dUckalBI
mun. ExkJïa 1949, elak Ey"m sMbUr TTYlC&yC÷nHmYy CamYykarsMucuHcUl«nem²s§r: dab QYn
EdlnSmknUvBlCae¨cInJn'nak' (karcuHcUlenH VneFÃI[VrSgElgTukcit‘elIelak Ey"m sMbUr).
edayC÷hrVnrwgbwug BIkarcuHcUlrbs' dab QYn, ¨BHecAcab'ccarCamYyVrSgeTot. «f© 8 v^cÏika
1949, CamYyK~anwgkarcuHhtÄelxayl'¨BmelIrd½FmµnuJïExµr eday¨bFan«nshPaBVrSg (¨bFa
naFibtI¨beTsVrSg), snìisJïaVrSg-Exµr mYyk*Vn¨tèveFÃIeLIgEdr. snìisJïaenHTTYlsðal',
tampÂèvcºab'nUv \äkraC´\ «n¨beTskmõ¬Ca. \saFarNrd½VrSgTTYlsðal'¨BHraCaNac¨k¨kugkmõ¬Ca
Card½äkraC´.\, eKGacGank~¬gma¨ta 1 «nsnìisJïaenH. bu"En‘ cuHmke¨kammk, karbgÅabgÅSgecHEt
maneLIg Ð ¨beTskmõ¬CanwgGacdak'cMNgTUtCamYy¨beTsäeTotVn(18) Tal'Etrd½aPiVlVrSg
yl'¨Bm. ExµrTTYlkar¨tçt¨taelIkgT&B nignKrVl, bu"En‘k~¬geBlNamansågðam bJØakarTahan
¨tèvdak'mke¨kamVrSgv^j. CnCatiVrSgk~¬g¨sukExµr enAEtmanGP&yäksiTìiBiess dUcCaminenA
e¨kamcºab'rbs'rd½Exµr.l.
edaysµanEtVnTTYlC&yC÷nHmYyeTot, elak Ey"m sMbUr yksnìisJïaeTArd½sPa edémºI
sMukaryl'¨Bm. rd½sPa min¨twmEtminyl'¨Bm, EfmTSgeVHeq~atdkesckI¶Tukcit‘BIrd½aPiVleTot,
e¨kamkarC÷ruj«nBYktMNagraås‘ ¨bCaFibety´ EdlecaTfard½aPiVlVnkºt'. edaytUccit‘Edr,
elak Ey"m sMbUr suM[rd½sPadkesckI¶minTukcit‘enaHeTAv^j, ebIBuMenaHeT nwgsuM[¨BHraCarMlay.
rd½sPaenAEth~wgdEdl, Ey"m sMbUr eFÃI[es¶cyl'¨BmrMlay, ehIyk*suMlaQb'CamYyrd½aPiVl
TSgmUl. CaelIkd÷bUgbgís', ¨BHecA nerat¶m sIhnu e¨bIma¨ta 21 (GMNacTSgGs'GmºalmaN
ecjmkBI¨BHraCa) ehIycuHraC¨kwt´mYy rMlayrd½sPa(19). edémºIrg'cSkareVHeq~atfµé, GMNacTSg
bu"nµanVn¨tèvepærmkes¶cv^jeday¨bFanrd½sPa, elak eGov ekIs (GKðelxaFikar KNbk§¨bCa
Fibety´C÷nYselak Qan v"m) Edlyl'eXIjfa Gsn‘isuxEdlmanenAk~¬g¨beTs BuMGac[kar
eVHeq~ateFÃIeTAedayerobryVneLIy. edaysMKal'fa snìisJïa«f© 8 v^cÏika CaeCaKC&yelIkd÷bUg
k~¬gkicÍccarTarykäkraC´, ¨BHecAehAelak Ey"m sMbUr mkeFÃICanaykrd½mån‘Iv^j ehIy \GnuJïati‘|
[d·knSrd½aPiVl edayminVc'manrd½sPa. elak Ey"m sMbUr fÃédºitEtminVneFÃI[rd½sPayl'
¨BmTTYlsnìisJïa«f© 8 v^cÏika, k*enAEtbn‘kicÍccarCamYyVrSgeTot, ehIycab'niyayK~a GMBIrebob
cat'EcgkarGnuvt‘n_. mind·gCamkBIehtuGÃIEdr, VrSg¨sab'EtdkykeTAv^j nUvkaryl'¨BmxÂHEdl
xÂçnVn[elIerOgtulakar nigerOgkgT&B.
R
R R
k~¬geBlEdlkicÍccarkMBugeFÃIeTATSg¨tdab¨tdYs, BYkevotmijk*xMB¨g·gtSgTIrbs'xÂçnenA¨b-
eTskmõ¬CaEdr. tamry: \kgT&B¨bCaCnExµrrMedaH| EdlenAe¨kambJØakar sWg gu"kmij ehIyEdl
bJͬHbJÍèlVnExµr²s§r:xÂHenaH(20), evotmij¨bkaskarekIteLIg«n \rNsir§CatirYbrYmK~a«nExµr
 58
esrI, FNUK|. «f© 14 mkra 1950 enAP~MeBj, G~kd·knS¨bCaFibety´ eGov ekIs Vn¨tèveK
smÂab'nwg¨Kab'Ebk«dmYy, enAk~¬gTIs~ak'karKNbk§. kar¨bqSg«nBYk¨bCaFibety´Tl'nwgelak
Ey"m sMbUr k*kan'EtxÂSgeLIg@. karrMeCébrMCYlmanrhUteTAdl'k~¬gv^T´al&y. rd½aPiVl¨tèvehAkg
rk§a²Nëècin (eCégexµA) mkbågûabBYkEdleFÃI[¨Cçl¨cbl'. ExmIna 1950, sWg gu"kmij(21)
\GeJØIj\ KN:kmµakar¨btibti‘evotmij «n Nam-bU (kUsSgsIun) [xM¨bwgE¨bgCamYy \kgT&B¨bCa
CnExµrrMedaH\ edémºItyuTìnwgc¨kBti‘niymVrSg, ehIy¨bkaskarbegûét \rd½aPiVlbeN¶aHGasn~«n
kmõ¬CaesrI\. Gsn‘isux k*eLIgdl'kMritxõs'bMput. cracrtampÂèvCatinana ¨tèveFÃIeLIge¨kamkarkarJr
«nkºçnrfyn‘Tahan (kugv&r). enAtam¨sukE¨scMkar, BYk²s§r: - evotmij ¨tçt¨tadUcCard½aPiVl
\Tnæwm| mYyEdr(22). bN¶aCn¨tèvbg'BnìGakrmYyeTA[ \kgT&B¨bCaCn| tamry:KN:kmµkarhirJï
vtĬmYyrbs' \kgT&B| enH. cMeJHmuxsÄankarN_KYr[P&yVrm¸enH Ey"m sMbUr etOnVrSg[qab'
p¶l'GavuFyuTìP&Në¨Kb'¨Kan' edémºIEknTahan 5 000 nak'. dac'Exemsa, edémºIeqÂIytbnwg \esck¶I
GeJØIj| rbs' sWg gu"kmij, Tahan 3 000 nak' «nkgT&BEmnETnrbs'evotmij «n Nam-bU pÂas'
mktSgTIk~¬gext‘«¨BEvg. edayP&yVrm¸, VrSgTamTar[elak Ey"m sMbUr cuHhtÄelxaelIkicͨBm
e¨BogbeN¶aHGasn~mYy dak'kgexmrPUminæe¨kambJØakarVrSg. Ey"m sMbUr min¨Bm, VrSgbgÅ^tbgÅ÷
¨BHraCa[pÂas'rd½aPiVl. edaymYycMENkeTot karbgÅ^tbgÅ÷dUcK~aenH es¶cVnTTYlBIsMNak'BYk
¨bCaFibety´Edr —EdleqHqYlxÂSgbnæab'BIXadkmµelIelak eGov ekIs— es¶ck*bJÎb'rd½aPiVl
Ey"m sMbUr eTA, enA«f© 3 ÓsPa 1950.
bnæab'mk k*manry:eBlCad÷Nak'mYy BIq~S 1950(23) eTAq~S 1951 EdlenAk~¬genaH v^bti‘
KN:rd½mån‘I ekItmanCabn‘bnæab'K~a (mÍas' \¨kumhÂçg| munIBg§, evCØbNëit sun m"m, elak Guß÷ Qag
sußn). k~¬gry:eBlenaH, ¨BHecAxMniyayp§Hp§ar[Vt'xwgsmºar ¨bEk¨bkan'K~a, ehIyxMBn´l'[
KNbk§TSgGs' cUlrYbrYmK~ak~¬grd½aPiVlb¨gçbb¨gçmCatimYy e¨kamkard·knS«nelak Ey"m sMbUr,

bu"En‘²tVnkareLIy. kareVHeq~atenA«f© 5 kJïa 1951 [C&yC÷nHm¶geTot, CaelIkTI3 Cab'K~a, eTA

KNbk§¨bCaFibety´ Ð 54 ekAGI k~¬gcMnYnekAGITSgGs' 78, Tl'nwg 18 eTAKNbk§esrIPaB.

«f© 12 tula, rd½aPiVl¨bCaFibety´ «nelak hßuy knì¬l TTYlesck¶ITukcit‘BIrd½sPa. Cafµém¶g
eTot kartTl'K~arvag niti nig ¨btibti‘ k*cab'ep¶émeLIg(24).
CamYynwgkarsgôwmfa nwgVnG~k \kN¶al| m~ak' EdlGacCECkCamYyBYk¨bCaFibety´
¨BmTSgbJͬHbJÍèlBYk²s§r: Tl'nwgevotmij, ¨BHecAsuM[VrSgElgelak sWg gu"kfan' mkv^j,
EdleKbMbrbg'enAä¨sukVrSg. «f© 29 tula, elak sWg gu"kfan' mkdl'P~MeBj, TTYledayG~kKS
¨T 5 000 nak' EdlsbºayrIkrayy"agxÂSg. eTaHbIKat'Vnsn´a (tamG~kxÂHfa) fanwgmin¨bLèk
k~¬gerOgneyaVyk*eday, sWg gu"kfan' cab'eFÃIsaCafµé nUvkarBn´¬H[¨bqSgnwgVrSg. edémºIkicÍenH,
Kat'begûétsarBátmanmYyenAP~MeBj eQµaH \Exµre¨kak|, ehIyeFÃIkareXasnaenAtamext‘. k~¬gkicÍ
snænaCasaFarN:mYyenA¨kugtaEkv, elak sWg gu"kfan' Edlmanelak V"c QWn (rd½mån‘I¨ksYg
eXasnakar«nrd½aPiVl hußy knì¬l) CUnmkpg, beJÍjcMNgeCég«nkartyuTìrbs'Kat' РǨb
eTskmõ¬Ca¨tèvTamTar[VrSgdkT&BxÂçnecjeTATSgGs', eTIbGaceFÃI[manäkraC´eBjTI nwg[Cév^t
neyaVyedérdUcFmµtav^jÈ. VrSgv^nicÏ&yfa skmµPaBelak sWg gu"kfan' Gac[e¨KaHf~ak'dl'
 59
sn‘isuxxÂçn (GFibtIPaB), k*[biTsarBátman Exµre¨kak enAExkum¸: 1952. sWg gu"kfan' k*e¨Cés
erIsmaKáaEdlenAsl' Ð cUl«¨B(25). «f© 9 mIna, EdlCa«f©xYb äkraC´ cMeJHG~kbegûét sarBátman
nKrvt‘ nig Exµre¨kak, sWg gu"kfan' eFÃIesck¶IGMJvnavdl'¨beTs [kan'GavuF¨byuTì ykäkraC´,
tamsMelgsÄanIyv^T´¬lYclak'mYy(26) enAP~MdgErk. edaymanG~kraCkarxagKym~ak'y"agsÃahab'
—elak eGov suIcUv— CYyeFÃIkarpg, sWg gu"kfan' xM¨bEm¨bmUlBYk¨kum²s§r: EdlminTan'cuHcUl
nwgraCrd½aPiVlenAeLIy (man ekA tk' Caedém), ehIybegéûtKN:kmµkarExµrrMedaHCatimYyeTot.
minyUreLIy, karsuß÷¨KlMK~ak*ekItmaneLIg rvagKNbk§¨bCaFibety´ nig clna²s§r:. tSgEtBI
ekItmk raCaFibety´BuMEdlTTYlkarKMramkMEhgdUec~HeLIy. edémºIC÷ruj[rd½aPiVl hußy knì¬l
TmÂak'eborbs'xÂçn, ¨BHecA¨Vb'rd½aPiVl[cat'v^FankarN_CacSVc' Tl'nwgclna²s§r:. min¨twm
EtmineFÃItames¶c, elak hußy knì¬l EfmTSg[cab'mit‘es¶cBIrnak'eTot Ð elak Ey"m sMbUr nig
ln' nl'. 1-edayecaTBYktMNagraås‘¨bCaFibety´ fa¨cLMyk¨beyaCn_KNbk§xÂçn Ca
¨beyaCn_¨beTsxÂçn, 2-ykelselIkarcab'elak Ey"m sMbUr nig ln' nl', ¨BHecAbJÎb'
rd½aPiVl hußy knì¬l enA«f© 15 mifuna 1952, ehIykan'naTInaykrd½mån‘IxÂçnäg.
bnæab'BI \rd½¨bhar¨tèvcºab'| enHmk, ¨BHecAsuMeTArd½sPa[Gnumti‘¨bKl'mknUvGMNacBi-
essk~¬gevlabIq~S, edaysn´afanwgykäkraC´eBjTI[Vnk~¬gry:eBlbIq~SenH. edémºITl'nwg
clna²s§r:, es¶cdak'eTArd½sPanUvKMeragfv^kamYyEdl 30% Tukd÷kl'Tije¨KOgGavuF, ehIyEdl
suMtMelIgBnìGakrTSgLay. esck¶IsuMenHeFÃIeTArd½sPaehIy, es¶cecjeTAesomrab ehIynSGtIt
em²s§r: dab QYn eFÃI¨btibti‘karmYyrkcab' sWg gu"kfan'. enAd÷Nac'q~S 1952 ¨BHecA¨tLb'mk
P~MeBjv^j eday²tVneCaKC&yGÃIeLIy. k~¬graCFanI ¨BHecAVnd·gfa rd½sPaVnTat'ecalTSg
Gs'nUvkarsuM[TTYlsnìisJïa «f© 8 v^cÏika 1949 sMNuMGMNacBiess nwgKMeragfv^kar. elIsBI
enH BYkrd½mån‘I (Edle¨cInEt¨kumjati‘es¶c Ð mÍas' sug edt, sirimt:, eb"geV"HyuKnìr .l. ¨Vb'
es¶c[d·gBIkarbMrugkºt'mYyEdlcg'rMlayraCaFiety´. karrMeCébrMCYlk*VneTAdl'BYksis§v^T´a
l&yeTot EdlnSK~aeFÃIkUdkmµ cab'tSgBI«f© 8 F~è 1952, kUdkmµEdlCab'rhUtCagmYyEx. elIkenH
¨BHecAe¨bIJk´ecaT 3 Ð 1- faBYk¨bCaFibety´xÂHTak'Tgnwgevotmij(27), 2- faKN:kmµkar
nayk«nKNbk§¨bCaFiety´Vnbegûét \KNkmµkareFÃIXatkmµ| mYy (tMNagraås¶ 9 nak' Vn¨tèv
cab'XuMXSg), 3- faeKe¨bIhibkarTUtrbs'Vgkk edémºITak'Tgnwg sWg gu"kfan'. rYcehIy es¶ck*e¨bI
CaelIkTI2 nUvma¨taTI 21 «nrd½FmµnuJï, edaycuHraC¨kwt´mYyrMlayrd½sPaenA«f© 13 mkra 1953
(28)
nig¨kwt´mYyeTot¨bkase¨bIcºab'GaCÆaswk enA«f©CamYyK~a.
niyayeTAkan'G~ksarBátmanm~ak', ¨BHecAfa Ð \rd½sPaVnkÂayeTACaTIC÷rkrbs'karkºt'.
ebIVrSgecjBI²Nëècin eyIgnwgVnäkraC´, ¨VkdehIy, b"uEn‘Vnbu"nµanq~S? xƬMeFÃIsh¨btibti‘karpÂèv
swkCamYyVrSg edémºIkarJresrIPaBeyIg. k~¬geBlCamYyK~a xƬMccarCamYyVrSgk~¬gbriyakas
mYyesµaH¨tg' edémºIedaH¨sayTMnas'xÂH. enHCaC÷hrrbs'xƬM!| (sarBátman \LWmu"g|), «f© 18-19
mkra 1953). edayyWtCagq©aye¨kayBYk¨bCaFiety´ EdlCaKU¨bECg, es¶ceTIbnwgyl'n&yBit
¨Vkdrbs'bMNg«n¨bCaraås‘ Ð äkraC´! . edémºI¨bEm¨bmUlTak'Taj¨bCaraås‘, es¶cenAsl'Et
meF´aVymYyeT, KW¨tèvEtrk[VnnUväkraC´enH. BuMenaHesat raCaFiety´nwg¨tèvVt'bg'eday
 60
ecosBuMrYc ebIsinCaclnaExµr²s§r: (CamYy sWg gu"kfan' nig KN:kmµkarExµrrMedaHCati) É clna
Exµr-evotmij (CamYynwg sWg gu"kmij nigrd½aPiVlbeN¶aHGasn~«nkmõ¬CaesrI) deN¶émykäkraC´
Vnmun.
R
R R
dUc hUCémij Edr, ¨BHecAcg'ccarykäkraC´enH q©ayBIbriyakasGaNaniKmniym. «f© 9
kum¸: 1953, bnæab'BIVnepærtMENgnaykrd½mån‘IeTAelak Eb"n nut nigdak'¨kum¨bwk§araCanusiTiì e¨kam
kard·knSrbs'sem¶c nerat¶m sura¨mit Edl¨tèvCaÒBuk, ¨BHVT sIhnu ecjBIP~MeBjeTA¨sukV-
rSg. KWCakarcab'ep¶émry:eBl¨bvti¶saås¶ EdlBYkG~kneyaVysgðmraås¶niymVndak'eQµaHfa
\¨BHraCbUCnIykmµedémºIäkraC´|. tSgBIeBlcuHsMctenA¨kugrU"m, ¨BHecAepÆésarmYyeTAelak vuSg
sg' GUrIy"Ul (¨bFanaFitITI1 «nsaFarNrd½TI4 VrSg) bgúajkaryl'eXIj«n¨BHecA elIkareFÃI[
manäkraC´enA¨beTskmõ¬Ca. mkdl'¨sukVrSg ¨BHVTsIhnus~ak'enAä LaNaBUl (kUtdah§ç)
ehIyepÆéBITIenaH nUvsMbu¨tCae¨cIneTA vuSgsg' GUrIy"Ul, TamTar[epærGMNacTahan nigtulakar
mkExµrv^j. «f© 25 mIna eTIbeKTTYl¨BHraCaenAv^man eGlIeh§. kicÍsnæna sIhnu-GUrIy"Ul ²tecj
CaGÃITSgGs', e¨JHGUrIy"UleFÃICamin¾Etm¶g. ¨tLb'mkenAä hìgEtnbÂè, ¨BHecAxMeFÃI[kicÍccareTAmux
eLIgv^j, edayTak'TgnwgG~kTTYlxus¨tèvVrSgCae¨cIn. bu"En‘karTamTarTSgenH ²tVn¨tèveKTTYl
¾eLIy.
edaytUccit‘Edr, ¨BHecAnwkeXIjdl'shrd½Gaemrik EdlCaG~kp¶l'GavuFe¨cInCageK (bnæab'
BIcinVnkÂayeTACakumµ¬ynis‘) dl'T&BVrSgenA²Nëècin. bnæab'BIVnTukshkarImYycMnYn [enAcSeFÃI
kicÍccarCamYyVrSg (elak Eb"n nut nig sm sarI), ¨BHraCaVnmkdl' mu"ger"Gal' enA«f© 12
emsa 1953, ehIys~ak'enA kaNada mYyGaTit´ edémºIeFÃI[BYksarBátman kaNada ¨Cçt¨CabxÂH GM
BIerOgExµr. «f© 19 emsa ¨BHVTsIhnuVn¨tèvTTYlenA va"sIugetan edayelak rIeQIt nicsun
(Gnu¨bFanaFibtIGaemrikSg). bnæab'mk ¨BHecACYbsnænak~¬geBlmYyem"ag CamYyrd½elxaFikar
dlÂws. eTAem«nkicÍkarTUtGaemrikSg ¨BHecAniyayfa Ð \ebIminrkkaredaH¨sayxagpÂèvneyaVy
eT kar¨bwgE¨bgxageyaFa, eTaHbIGaemrikSgCYyem¶ck*eday, k*nwgminGacQ~HEdr. C&yC÷nH minGac
ykVneLIy ebI¨bCaraås‘mincUlrYmk~¬gkartyuTì edaymanC÷enOfaxÂçntyuTìedémºI¨beyaCn_xÂçn. [
äkraC´Bit¨Vkddl'¨beTsTSgLayenA²Nëècin KWeFÃI[¨beTsTSgenHyl'kan'Etcºas' dl'kar
TTYlxus¨tèvrbs'xÂçnk~¬gsågðamenH, sågðamEdlkarQ~Hcaj' TTYlykcit‘Tukdak' BIelak¨bCaFib
ety´TSgmUl.| cemÂIyrbs' dlÂws Ð \TUlbgð÷sn´anwg¨BHGgðfa kalNae¨KaHf~ak'kumµ¬ynis‘Gs'
BI¨beTs¨BHGgðehIy, eyIgnwgeFÃIGIÃTSgGs'EdlGaceFÃIeTAVn edémºI[VrSgTTYlsðal'äkraC´
y"ageBjeljrbs' (¨beTs) ¨BHGgð. bu"En‘drabNas¨tèvrYmrbs'eyIg (evotmij) minTan'braC&y
eT –– ehIy¨BHGgð¨Cabcºas'favamansmtÄPaB nigeVskMcat'ecalraCaFibety´Exµr ¨BmTSg
TMenomTMlab'd*¨tkalrbs' (¨beTs) ¨BHGgð, GariyFám d*cas'yUrGEgÃg ehIynig¨bCaFiety´d*
ekµgrbs'¨BHGgð — drabNae¨KaHf~ak'd*FMenH EdlGacCae¨KaHf~ak'dl'Cév^trbs' (¨beTs) ¨BHGgð
minTan'kMcat'VneT eyIgminGaceFÃI[VrSgGs'cit‘Gs'kmÂSgVneLIy (ùùù). TMnas'rvag¨BHGgðnig
 61
VrSg nwgbMerIEt¨beyaCn_s¨tèvrYmeyIgeT.| (¨sg'ecjBI \neyaVye¨kA¨beTskmõ¬Ca| eday
rU"eh§sµif).
edayGaemrikSglaypl¨beyaCn_xÂçn CamYypl¨beyaCn_VrSg, ¨BHecAk*Vnxkcit‘m¶g
eTot. munnwgecjBIjèvy"kmkP~MeBjv^j edaykat'tamtUk´è ¨BHecAeFÃIesck¶IEfÂgkarN_mYyeTAsar
Bátmanjèvy"kEfm Ð tSgBIbu"nµanq~SmkehIy, KMnitfaevotmijtyuTìedémºIäkraC´«n¨beTs kan'Et
maneKeC¯e¨cIneLIg k~¬gBBYkvrCnExµr. ebIVrSgmin[äkraC´kan'Ete¨cIneLIgenAExµreT, k~¬g 3-4 Ex
xagmuxenH ExµrGacrYbrYmEmnETnCamYyevotmij. esck¶IEfÂgkarN_enH eFÃI[eKPÆak'epíél¨Kb'K~ak~¬g
cMeNamG~kneyaVyVrSg, ehIyxÂHE¨skfaCa \kSbitPØg'k| (chantage). bnæab'BIkarKMramenH, V-
rSgbnæn'²riyabfbn‘ic, ehIykicÍccarVrSg-Exµr k*cab'eFÃIeLIgv^j enAd÷Nac'Exemsa. «f© 9 ÓsPa
1953, elak Eb"n nut nigelak d·mu"gEsl, rd½mån‘I¨ksYgshKtrd½, cuHkicͨBme¨Bog VrSg-Exµr
mYy EdlenAk~¬genaH ExµrenAEtminVnTTYl[eBjcit‘EmnETn. VrSgmin¨Bm[es¶ceFÃI CaGKðem
bJØakar kgkmÂSg¨bqSgevotmij edaymanÓt¶mesnIyVrSgm~ak'CaTI¨bwk§a, bu"En‘¨BmTuk[enAe¨kam
karTTYlxus¨tèveBjTI«nkgexmrPUminæ PUmiPaKTSgLay EdlenAxaglicTenÂemKgð (ehAPUmiPaK
sÃy&t). cMENkEdndéEdlenAcenÂaHTenÂemKgð nig¨BMEdnExµr-yYn (EdlenAk~¬genaH evotmijdak'T&B
Cag 10 000 nak') TIbJØakarVrSgTuksMrab'xÂçn (kgT&BExµrman 12 kgvresnatUc Edl 6 Carbs'
VrSg). cinenA¨sukExµrcUlmke¨kamnitibJïti‘Exµr bu"En‘CnCatiVrSgenAEtmanGP&yäksiTiì mincUl
e¨kamcºab'ExµreTot. karTas'ExÃgK~a elIerOghirJïvtĬ nigesd½kicÍ enAsl'TSg¨sug, ehIyTas'kan'
EtxÂSgeTAeTot edayrd½aPiVlVrSg sMercEtm~ak'äg enA«f© 11 ÓsPa [bJͬHt«m¨Vk' \b´a"s|
EdlcayCamYyK~ak~¬g¨beTsTSg3 «n²Nëècin (Ganelxeyag 23)
«f© 12 mifuna, bnæab'BIVnepærd÷ENgTSgGs'm¶geTot eTAelak Eb"n nut, ¨BHecAsMerccit‘
eTAVgkk ehIyb"genATIenaH edémºIbegûétrd½aPiVle¨kA¨beTs (en exil) mYy. «f© 16, edaymanG~k
mk CamYy 26 nak'pg (k~¬genaHmanmÍas' suIsuvti‘ sirImt:, rd½mån‘I¨ksYgkarJr¨beTs), ¨BHecAmk
dl'Vgkk TTYledayÓt¶mesnIy pav ¨sIya"Nn, emnKrVl«f. enAP~MeBj, e¨kayeBles¶c
ecjd÷eNIr, v^T´¬Catip§aysarrbs'¨BHecAeTAVrSg Ð \edaycg'ecosvagcmºSg É karbHeVrTl'
nwg¨beTsVrSg —cmºSg É karbHeVrEdlExµrkan'Ete¨cIneLIg@ cg'eFÃI— xƬMcakecjBImatuPUmi
edémºIyk[VnnUväkraC´Edl¨bCaCatiExµrcg'Vn, edaymincSVc'[karTak'TgCaPatrPaBCamYy
¨beTsVrSgmane¨KaHf~ak'CasÄaBreLIy. ¨beTsVrSgeFÃI[eKyl'eXIj, tamGakbºkiriyanigkar
raErkrbs'xÂçn, faxÂçnmincg'[eLIy eTaHk~¬gbcͬbºn~ eTaHk~¬gGnaKt nUväkraC´Bit¨Vkd, EdlCavtĬ
EtmYyGaceFÃICaedémTI «nsh¨bti‘bti‘karpÂèvswkd*esµaH nigEdlman¨beyaCn_ rvag¨beTseyIgTSg2
ehIyedémºIksagkarrYbrYmrbs'eyIg k~¬gshPaBVrSg.
enA¨beTs«f, ¨BHecA EdlGaCÆaFr«fsMKal'faCaG~kePosxÂçnneyaVy Vn¨tèvesomham
min[eFÃIskmµPaBneyaVyGÃITSgGs'. ¨BHVTsIhnu ¨BmTSgG~keTACamYy k*¨tLb'mkVt'd÷bg
v^j EdlVnTTYlsÃ&yPaBehIy. k~¬gcenÂaHeBlenaH enAP~MeBj, sPaBtantwg k*ekItmaneLIgrvag
ExµrnigVrSg. Ót¶mesnIy dãLg'kÂat, embJØakarT&BeCégeKakenAkmõ¬Ca, ehAkgTahanC÷nYymkBI
¨sukyYn edémºIkarJrsuIv^lVrSg ¨bmaN 600 nak' eTA¨sukExµr. kgkarJr«nshPaBEdlman
 62
VrSg, yYn, m"arU"kSg nigGal'eh§rIyag nigmankgkSePÂIgFM cSCYyKS¨Tpg, rayK~adak'¨Kb'kEnÂgyuTì
saås¶enA¨kugP~MeBj. cMENkxagExµr, kgTahan«nvresnIy¨tI But qay (GtItem²s§r:cuHcUlBIEx
ÓsPa 1953) kan'kab'GaKarraCkarTSgGs'.
BI¨kugVt'd÷bg ¨BHecA¨Vb'VrSgfard½aPiVlExµrTat'ecalkicͨBme¨Bog «f© 6 ÓsPa ehIy
suM[eFÃIkicÍccarfµé Edlk~¬genaH ExµrTamTarlkÅn‘ik:mYydUc \dUmInIj"¬g| rbs'¨beTsV"KIs‘g' cMeJH
mux¨beTsGg'eKÂs. «f© 2 kkûda ¨BHraCaGMJvnavtamraCsarmYyeTA¨bCaCati ehA¨bmUlkmÂSgrs'

revékTSgGs'«n¨beTs edémºIcSrk§aTukäkraC´ edaybegûét kgCévBl nig narIkÂahan . PÂammYy

rMeBc bursnignarI 20 000 nak' eqÂIytbnwgkarGMJvnavenH, ehIy¨bCu÷K~aenA¨kugesomrab nig

Vt'd÷bg. EsíkeLIg«f© 3 kkûda, rd½aPiVlVrSgrbs' LanIEjl ¨bCu÷KN:rd½mån‘I ehIy[kMNt'
kicÍmYyeTAGKðs~gkar¨bcSsmaKtrd½TSgbI, EdlenAk~¬genaHrd½aPiVlVrSges~Ifanwg[ äkraC´
e¨kaykicÍccarfµéeTot. edémºIbgúajsuqnæ:rbs'xÂçn VrSgdak'G~kkarTUtm~ak', m"UrIs dãh§g', CaGKð
s~gkarenA²Nëècin. k~¬gbriyakasmYyEdltwgEdr, kicÍccarVrSg-Exµr cab'eFÃIeLIgenA«f© 31 kkûda
enAP~MeBj rvagelak Eb"n nut nigelak dãh§g'. kicÍccarenH VnecjCakar¨Bme¨BogCaelIk
d÷bUgmYy enA«f© 9 sIha, elIkarepærmkExµrv^jnUvGMNactulakar nignKrVl. «f© 17 tula 1953,
esna¨bmux h§èß va"g, k~¬gzan:CatMNag«nkgT&BVrSg, eFÃIBiFIepærGMNacTahanmk¨beTskmõ¬Ca,
ehIybgúètcuHmkCasÄaBrnUvTg'CatiVrSg, kicÍEdlbJÍb' 90 q~S«nGaNaniKmkmµrbs'VrSg. «f© 8
v^cÏika 1953, ¨BHecAsIhnu eFÃId÷eNIrcUld*maneCaKC&yk~¬g¨kugP~MeBj, ehIysm&ymYyeTotk*cab'
ebIkTMB&reLIg, sm&ysgðmraås‘niym(29) sm&y«nGMNacpæal'xÂçn.
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
 63

GFibºay

(1) erOgstÃesk nig erOgkUncab Edlsem¶csIhnuEfÂgk~¬g \²Nëècin eXIjBIeb"kSg| bJÍSg

ya"gcºas'nUvsÄanPaBenH.
(2) elak V"c QWn Vn¨tèveK (Cbu"n) edaHElgBIekaH¨tLac e¨kayBIVnCab'XuMXSgcMnYnBIr
q~S. k~¬gesovePA \kmõ¬Cak~¬gsågðamenAGasIuPaKGeK~y_| Lwk ehatan' nig ma"lxum xat'Evl
sresrfa elakGacar´ ecov EdlCab'CamYyK~anwgelak V"c QWn VnsuKt \e¨kamTaruN
kmµ ÉedayeKykeTA¨bharCév^t|.
(3) BYkEdltTl'nwgraCaFibety´enH EbkCaBIrcMENkeTAeTot : BYkTI1, EdleKVnehAfaBYk
\xags¶S|, ¨bmUlp¶¬÷G~kEdlVneCaKCSe¨cIn nwgt«mÂbsÍwmTis ehIyEdlcg'eXIj¨beTs
xÂçn mansÄab&nneyaVynigsgðmkicÍ dUcEdlmanenAbsÍwm¨beTs. BYkTI2, \xageqÃg| Ca
nimit‘rUb«nkarbHeVrrbs'TÃIbGasIuTl'nwgbsÍwmTis. mnus§EdlenAk~¬gBYkTI 2 enH e¨cInEt
VnTTYlcMeNHv^CØa nigkarGb'rMenAbsÍwm¨beTs. bu"En‘G~kTSgenH Tat'ecalTSg¨sugnUvt«mÂ
bsÍwm¨beTs EdlxÂçnyl'faCaedémehtu «nkarBukrlYynig¨TuDe¨Tamrbs'sgðmxÂçn. BYk
enHCakmÂSg«nrbbrYmsMVc'enAGasuI.
(4) e¨bob¨bdUceTA¨beTsevotNam rd½karGaNaniKmVn¨Begéyken‘IyTSg¨sug cMeJHkarGb'rM
enA¨beTskmõ¬Ca. enAq~S 1939 eBlEdl¨beTskmõ¬Camansis§EtbYnnak'k~¬gmF´msik§a
PaKTI2 ¨beTsevotNammansaklv^T´al&ymYyeTAehIy (1904). k~¬gq~S 1937 enA
¨beTs«f mhav^T´al&yv^T´asaås¶neyaVy zamµa"sat VnebIkTÃareLIg edémºIGb'rMG~k
neyaVy nigG~kkarTUt. eBlEdlqíwgx~grbs'evotNammansuTìEtG~kBhubecÍkeTs
bNëit v^sÃkr G~knitisaås¶ .l. ¨beTskmõ¬CaenABIe¨kayq©ayNas'. eday²tmankar
emIlgay eyIg¨tèvEtebIkEP~k[eXIjfa rd½mån‘ITI1 rd½månI‘ Ót¶mesnIy tMNagraås¶ TUt
.l. elIkElgEtmYycMnYntUc mankMritkarGb'rM¨twmEtmF´msik§a. GtItsis§salard½
VlTSgenaH (salaEdlVrSgbegûétedémºIeFÃI[m"asuInrd½karGaNaniKmxÂçnedér) ¨tçt¨tay"ag
dac'muxelI¨beTskmõ¬Ca k~¬gry:evlaCag 25 q~S. eBlEdlyuvCnecjBImhav^T´al&y
mkdl'elIqakCév^t¨beTs TMnas'rhUtdl'rvagC÷nan'mnus§ (conflit de génération) k*ekItman
eLIg. VtuPUt hßuy nim-hßU yn'-exov sMpn CalTìpl«nTMnas'enaH. edémºI¨kjSbuN´
sk¶ixÂçn[Cab' nahµWnpæb'min[eLIgekµgNa Edlmin¨BmcUlk~¬ge¨KOgyn‘BukrlYyrbs'xÂçn.
dUcBYkcinEdr nahµWne¨bIcMNgGaJh_BiJh_ edémºITak'ekµg[mkCamYyxÂçn. mhav^eyaK«n
¨bCaCnExµrsBëf© CakarkÂaymYy«nd÷e×sgðmenH.
(5) suTì b"UlIn nig EbßNa haEm"l VnsresresovePAmYyeQµaH \skÅIPaBGMBImnus§XadenA
kmõ¬Ca| EdlenAk~¬gcMeNamesovePAmuneKTSgGs' (1976) EdlVn¨Vb'mtiGn‘rCati GMBI
mhav^eyaKExµr.
(6) G~keVHeq~at ¨tèveqÂIynwgsMnYr5 :
 64
1) ¨bCaCncg'[¨beTsVnäkraC´eBjTI ÉeT?
2) ¨bCaCncg'¨bqSgnwgkarv^l¨tLb'mkv^j «nVrSg ÉeT?
3) ¨bCaCneBjcit‘nwgkarbegûétmuxgarCard½mån‘ITI1 ÉeT?
4) ¨bCaCnTukcit‘ÉeT elIrd½aPiVlsBëf© Edlmanelak sWg gu"kfan' CaG~kd·knS
ehIyEdlmanebskkmµd*xõs' ¨tèvkarJrnigrk§aTukCasÄaBr nUväkraC´nigesrIPaB
¨beTs?
5) ¨bCaCncg'VnÉeT nUvkarkarJrBIsMNak'mhaGMNacbreTsNamYy? (bkE¨b).
k~¬gcMeNam G~kmaneQµaHk~¬gbJØIeVHeq~atTSg 674 048 nak' G~kEdlVneVHman
cMnYn 541 470 nak' ehIyVneqÂIy 100% fa \cg'| eTAsMnYrTI1nigTI2, fa \eBjcit‘| eTA
sMnYrTI3, fa \Tukcit‘| eTAsMnYrTI4, ehIyfa \eT| eTAsMnYrTI5 (dkecjBI \savta«nGasuI
GeK~y_| eday hÃIlIB dãv^ElÂ).
(7) tamG~kniBnì dav^D Es‘gEbßk clnaExµr²s§r: Edlelak sWg gu"kfan' CaG~kbegûét Vnman
eLIgtSgBIq~S 1941 (?) KWmuneBlEdl sWg gu"kfan' ¨tèvVrSgrkcab' ehIyePosxÂçnmk
Vgkk rYcmktUk´è. clnaenHcab'bd^snìielITwkdéEdlVrSg[eTAesom tamsnìisJïa¨kug
tUk´èq~S 1941. tamG~kniBnìdEdl, k~¬gcenÂaHq~S 1941 nig 1945 BYkG~kCatiniymmYy¨kum
e¨kamkard·knS«n sWg gu"kfan' ehIyEdlVnePosxÂçneTAenA¨beTs«f VneFÃIkarerobcM
rcnasmõnì«nclnaenH edaymanesomCYypg (elak fan' cuH-eLIg Vgkk-tUk´è É GÃI?).
«f© 8 sIha 1946 kg²s§r:cUlvay¨kugesomrab kan'kab'Ggðrvt‘ ehIyVj'ecalnay
TahanVrSgBIrnak'enATIenaH. eBlEdlesom[ext‘TSg 5 mkExµrv^jenAExv^cÏika 1946
(Ganelxeyag 13) BYkem²s§r:¨tèv¨tLb'eTAenAVgkkv^j EdlenATIenaHBYkG~kCatiniym
äeTot@ ecHEtmkbn‘bnæab'K~a. ExkJïa 1947 BYkenAVgkk¨bkaskarekIteLIg«n \rd½aPi-
Vl «n kmõ¬CaesrI| EdlVn¨tèvTTYlsðal'edayrd½aPiVl«frbs' ¨BiDI P~Myg'. bu"En‘ dl'
Pibulsågðam ¨tLb'mkkan'GMNacv^j Exµr²s§r:Vn¨tèveKhamXat' min[eFÃIskmµPaBelI
Twkdéesom.
¨tLb'mk¨beTskmõ¬Cav^j G~kd·knS²s§r:¨bmaN 12 nak' begûétKN:kmµaFikarExµr
rMedaHCatimYy e¨kamGFibtIPaBrbs' dab QYn. KN:kmµakarenH²tVnman¨bsiTìPaB
e¨JHem@ rk¨tèvK~aBuMekIt ehIym~ak'@ eFÃItamkaryl'eXIjerogxÂçn k~¬gTwkdém¶¬M@ EdlxÂçn¨kjS
Vn KWfa²tmanedértamEx§neyaVyrYmGÃImYyeLIy. emPaKe¨cIn eFÃIecarkmµbÂn'raås‘Etm¶g.
G~kpgGacenAcSGMBI¨kum²s§r:d*sahav d·knSedayeQµaH esob, tk', yI .l. ¨kumecarenH
¨b¨Bwt‘y"agskmµtam¨BMEdnExµr-«f CaehtueFÃI[rGak'rGYlxÂSg dl'karrt'BnìGavuFEdlevot
mijTijBI¨sukesom ykeTA[kgäkPaBenAyYnxagtºèg. tamry: \kgT&B¨bCaCnExµr
rMedaH| (APKL) rbs'xÂçn evotmijxMbJͬHbJÍèlBYkem²s§r:. k~¬gBYkenH xÂHk*¨BmedérCamYy
xÂHeTotmin¨BmehIyk*vayevotmijEdr. eqÂIytbnwgkarehA[cuHcUl«nraCrd½aPiVl G~k
EdlmkmuneK KW dab QYn (e¨kaymk Ót¶mesnIy QYn mجleB¨C, kºt'ehIyVn¨tèveK
sMLab'enAq~S 1959) k~¬gExkJïa 1949, rYcehIy Cabn‘bnæab' man : But-qay nig GUßcnil
 65
eB¨C enAExÓsPa 1953, nerat¶m cnærg§I nig sava"gvg§ enAExkum¸: 1954 (e¨kayVnäk
raC´). k~¬gExkum¸: 1954 dEdl eGo sIucUv mkdl'P~MeBjedémºIccarkarcuHcUl«n sWg gu"k
fan'. mind·gCamkBIehtuGÃIEdr karccarenH²tVnecjCaGÃI ehIy sWg gu"kfan' k*min¨Bm
cUlnwges¶c.
(8) manExµrkmõ¬Cae¨kameyIgCae¨cIn EdlVnkan'kab'muxgarFM@ k~¬grd½karevotNamxagtºèg (CaBi
esse¨kayega"Dineyom) TSgsIuv^lTSgTahan. elak sWg «f egÿg EdleKsðal'Nas'
enAkmõ¬Cae¨kam enAk~¬gcMeNamExµrkmõ¬Cae¨kamEdlVneFÃICasmaC^k¨BwTìsPaevotNamxag
tºèg.
(9) tamkicͨBme¨BogenAh§WENvq~S 1954 kgTahanbreTsTSgGs' TSgevotmij TSgVrSg
¨tèvecjBI¨beTskmõ¬Ca. tamsMNuM«nraCrd½aPiVl mhaGMNacFM@ ¨Bm[¨beTskmõ¬Ca
TTYlsm¸ar:swk nigbuKðlikTahanbreTs (cMnYnmankMrit) edémºIkarJrTwkdéxÂçn. CUeGnLay
EdlxÂacE¨kg¨beTsExµrnig¨beTslavFÂak'e¨kam²TìiBlGaemrikSg Vnyl'¨Bm²tC÷Tas'
eBlEdlKat'd·gfa rd½aPiVlExµrgakeTArkVrSgm¶geTot edémºIksagkgT&BxÂçn. KN:eb-
skkmµeyaFaVrSgenAEtbn‘skmµPaBeTAeTot rhUtdl'ExmIna 1970.
(10) ¨BHecAmkdl'¨sukVrSg enA«f© 12 ÓsPa 1946 cMeBlEdleKkMBugeFÃIkareXasnaeVH
eq~at. es¶cVneTACYbnwg ehÃlic hðèva"g' EdlC÷nYs dãehðal EdlVnlaQb'. «f© 26
mifuna eday²tmanePÂgPÂat'k¶¬gk¶SgdUckalmkdl'Edr ¨BHecAecjBI¨sukVrSgmk¨sukExµr.
k~¬gcenÂaHeBlenaH h§ßk bßédU VnCab'eq~atCanaykrd½aPiVlbeN¶aHGasn~.
(11) tam miltun Gussºßn KNbk§eCOnelOn rbs'mÍas' mu"gtaNa Vn¨tèvtemÂIgedayBYk
KhbtIExµr-cin enAP~MeBj.
(12) G~keVHeq~atC÷nan'enaH suTìEtePT¨busTSgGs' e¨JHnarI EdlkalenaH eKdak'Tukk~¬gf~ak'TI2
«nEpnsgðm ²tTan'mansiTìieVHeq~atenAeLIy. m´a"geTot kareVHeq~atsm&yenaH ²tman
cUleTAdl'BiPBksikreT Q~Hcaj'KWenAelITI¨kugnigTI¨bCu÷CnTSgGs'. bu"En‘k~¬gkal:eTs:
sBëf©enH bnæab'BIVneXIjkarBukrlYy«n¨KçsarExµrCae¨cIn -karBukrlYyEdlVnnSExµr
¨khmmkkan'GMNac, sMnYrmYy¨tèvEtecaTeLIg : eTaHbIxÂçnKYrmansiTiìeVHeq~atk*eday etInarI
Exµrcg'enA¨twmEtPriya Écg'eTACaBlrd½Edr?
(13) e¨kamkarTamTarrbs'VrSg edémºIykBIesomv^jnUvTwkdéExµrniglav EdlsnìisJïa¨kugtUk´è
q~S 1941 Vn[eTAesom rd½aPiVl«frbs' esnI¨VemaCØ yl'¨BmCECkCamYytMNagrd½a
PiVlbeN¶aHGasn~VrSg enA«¨BnKrk~¬g«f© 9 emsa 1946. edaykarCECkenH²tecjCa
GÃI[Cak'lak' Óbºti‘ehtutam¨BMEdnk*ekItmaneLIg cab'BIExÓsPa. «f© 24 sIha, 4 «f©mun
eBlEdlGgðkarsh¨bCaCati ¨tèvBiPak§aelIebkÅPaB«n¨beTs«f, VrSg¨Vb'eTArd½aPiVl
GaemrikSgfa xÂçnnwgminykkarTamTarTwkdéenH eTAdak'muxtulakarGn‘rCatienA LaeGy eT
(dUcEdl«fVnes~é) bu"En‘xÂçnnwgbn‘sågðamCamYy¨beTs«f ehIynwge¨bIsiTiìmin¨Bmdac'
Ghgûa (veto) rbs'xÂçn Tl'nwgkarcUl«n¨beTs«fk~¬g Gùsùbù. CamYynwgkarsMruHsMrYl
rbs'rd½aPiVlGaemrikSg karCECkK~aVrSg-«f k*cab'eFÃIeLIgv^j k~¬gExkJïa m¶genHenA
 66
va"sIugetan. kicÍccarVn¨tèvnSedaymÍas' va"n«v"f´akn xagesom nigedayelak h§ßkBIkU
(rd½TUtenA ev"eNh§ßèeGLa) xagVrSg. «f© 17 v^cÏika 1946 kicÍsn´aVrSg-«f mYyk*Vn
¨tèveFÃIeLIg edaylb'snìisJïa¨kugtUk´èq~S 1941. 3 GaTit´e¨kaymk kgTahanVrSgk*
cUlkan'kab' Vt'd÷bgv^j.
(14) rd½FmµnuJïEdlVrSge¨bIrhUtdl'eBlcb'sågðam Vn¨tèveFÃIeLIgtSgBIq~S 1875 (saFarN
rd½TI3). k~¬gExtula 1945 e¨kamkares~Ieyabl'«nÓt¶mesnIy dãehðal ¨bCaCnVrSgVn
eVHeq~at¨BmpÂas'rd½FmµnuJï ehIyerIsk~¬geBlCamYyK~anUvsPaeroberogrd½FmµnuJïmYy Edl
[GMNacTSgGs'eTArd½sPa (mankarerIs¨bFanaFibtICaedém). dak'eTA[¨bCaCnsMerctam
¨bCamti enAExÓsPa 1946 KMeragenHVn¨tèvVrSgTat'ecalk~¬gPaK 53% Tl'nwg 47% .
KMeragrd½FmµnuJïenH Vn¨tèvExµrykmkeFÃICaKMrU. G~ksik§aneyaVyxÂH VneQ©akBinit´rd½
FmµnuJïExµrq~S 1947. elak Lakes cuHk~¬gniekÅbbTKat'fa \rd½FmµnuJïq~S 1947 Vn¨tèveFÃI
eLIgedayyuvCnExµrmYy¨kum EdlminVnd·gcºas'nUvkar¨tèvkarBit¨Vkd«n¨beTs. eBl
xÂH G~kTSgenaHe¨cInEt¨cLMykpl¨beyaCn_«nvNö:xÂçn, vNö:fµémYy«nG~kEdlmanP&BÃCag
eK, Ca¨beyaCn_rbs'¨bCaCn. ehIy¨kumenH KWEp~kd·knS«nKNbk§¨bCaFibety´|. (M.
Larché) .
elak PYg tun k~¬g \niekÅbbTelIkarv^bti‘Exµr| sresrfa Ð rd½FmµnuJï«nq~S 1947 Ca
s~a«d«nvNö:G~kmanmF´m«n¨bCaCati (Bourgeoisie nationale) Edledaycg'eLIgkan'GMNac,
Vneq¿t{kaslíe¨kayeBlcb'sågðamelakelIkTI2 edémºIsresresck¶IEcgcºab'mYy
EdlbMerI¨beyaCn_xÂçn. dUec~H rbbraCaFibety´fµéEdlmanrd½sPaenH ¨Kan'EtTTYlsðal'Ca
pÂèvkar nigkarJrkarmane¨bobnigGP&yäksiTiìEdlykVnedayvNö:manP&BÃTSgLay . ùùù
rd½FmµnuJïExµrfµé dºitEtykKMnittamKMrU¨bCaFibety´mYy, Vnykcit‘Tukdak'min[eday
cºas'nUvGFibtIPaBeTA¨bCaCati, dUcEdlVneFÃIrd½FmµnuJïPaKe¨cIn Edl¨bkbeday¨bCaFi-
bety´nigesrIPaB «n¨beTsGasuIPaKGeK~y_, ÓTahrN_ ma¨ta 3 «nrd½FmµnuJï«f«nq~S
1949 Ð \GMNacCaGFibtIecjmkBI¨bCaCnesom. ¨BHraCa k~¬gzan:Ca¨bmuxrd½ e¨bIGMNac
enHtamesck¶Icat'Ecg«nrd½FmµnuJï.| dUcK~aEdr rd½FmµnuJïlav«nq~S 1947 ma¨ta 3 Ð GFibtI
PaBCatiecjmkTSgmUlBI¨bCaCnlav.
(15) e¨kaymk elak jwk CUL¬g [KNbk§exmr:buNökar eTAelak ln' nl' kan'kab'. Vn
buN´Vns&k¶ie¨kammÂb'elak CUL¬g, elak ln' nl' cUlmky"agrmTm´ k~¬gqakneyaVy
Exµr edayd·knSKNbk§enH EdlsmaC^ke¨cInEtExµrkmõ¬Cae¨kam. nSeTAKal'¨BHecAeday
G~kKSJrrbs'xÂçn —elak CUL¬g— mån‘IxagnKrVl ln' nl' Vn¨tèveKcab'eVHeTAelICa
vr:esnIyeTa ehIyEtgtSgCaG~kTTYlxus¨tèvk~¬gext‘Vt'd÷bg elIkartyuTìTl'nwgBYk
²s§r:rbs' sWg gu"kfan' k~¬gExF~è 1952. mYyExe¨kayBIVnäkraC´ ¨BHVT sIhnu
eFÃI¨btibti‘kar \samKðI| k~¬gext‘Vt'd÷bg, enAExF~è 1953, edémºIrkvayevotmij. KWenAk~¬g
¨btibti‘kar \samKðI| enHehIy, EdlsamKðIPaB ln' nl' — sIhnu VnekIteLIg. samKðI
PaB Edl 17 q~Se¨kaymkVnrlay, ehIykÂayeTACamhaekalahlcMeJH¨bCaCatiExµr.
 67
elak ln' nl', Exµrkmõ¬Cae¨kamekItenAeragd÷rI (taynij), VnTTYlpûayTI1 rbs'Kat'enAq~S
1955, q~SEdlKat'Vn¨tèvEtgtSgCanayGKðesnaFikar «nkgexmr:PUminæ.
(16) ¨Kab'EbkEdlFÂak'elIkMBg'Ep haypug enA«f© 24 v^cÏika 1946 VnkMeTckicÍsn´a sSgtWnI
hUCémij. «f© 19 F~è, karbHeVrenAhaNUy[sJïa«nkarcab'ep¶émsågðamelIkTI1 «n²Nëè
cin. ExmIna 1947 dah§g'el´I Vn¨tèvC÷nYseday bulLaEGß. edémºIrkmeF´aVybJÍb'
sågðam, bulLaEGß elgsnÂwkeboVvday, EdlenAähugkug e¨kameQµaHfamÍas' v^j Fuy.
Vvday vayt«mÂPÂam Ð PØab'kUsSgsIunmkevotNam. rd½sPaVrSgeVHeq~atPØab' kUsSg
sIun eTAevotNam enA«f© 21 ÓsPa 1949.
(17) niyay[Bit, edayxÃl'nwgcMeNaTk~¬g¨sukxÂSgeBk bJúalkÅn‘ik:«nkUsSgsuIn minsUvVn
TTYlkarykcit‘Tukdak'BIraCrd½aPiVlbu"nµaneT. enA«f©TI 11 mIna 1948 sPa«nshPaB
VrSgBinit´KMeragkarbegûét¨kumC÷nuMmYyenAkUsSgsIun EdlmanPar:eVHeq~at \yl'¨Bmɨb
qSg| nigkarPØab'kUsSgsuInmkevotNam. KMeragkarenHlIlaTSg¨sug ÉemIlgayExµrBn'
eBk e¨JHk~¬gsmaC^k 64 nak' EdleKbMrug[mank~¬g¨kumC÷nuMenaH, 48 nak' CaCnCatiyYn 16
nak' CaCnCatiVrSg. k~¬gkicÍBiPak§aelIKMeragkarlIlaenH, KN:¨btiPUExµrEdld·knSeday
mÍas'k§¨tI BIg JgyuKnìr ²tVnsUvmat'keT, ehIydl'eBleVHeq~at KN:¨btiPUVneVH
ùùù GnubºvaT.
(18) bnæab'BIGg'eKÂs nigshrd½Gaemrik, ¨beTskaNada TTYlsðal'¨beTskmõ¬Card½äkraC´ enA
«f©TI 30 F~è 1953.
(19) k~¬g \savta«nGasuIPaKGeK~y_|, hÃßélIB dã rIEl bJØak'«f© 18 kJïa 1949 Etmin[edémehtu
«nkarrMlayrd½sPaenHeT. ebItam rU"ehߧsµif \k~¬gneyaVye¨kA¨beTskmõ¬Ca|, karrMlay
enHVn¨tèveFÃIeLIge¨kaysnìisJïa«nExv^cÏika 1949.
(20) tSgBIExmkra 1947, tMNagExµr²s§r:CamYyK~anwgtMNaglavesrI nigtMNagevotNam
esrI, VnbegûétKN:kmµkarcMruHGci«ån‘y_mYy edémºIeFÃI[maneLIgnUvsh¨btibti‘karBit¨Vkd
ehIyman¨bsiTìPaBelI«pæneyaVy, esd½kicÍ, eyaFa nigTUtk~¬gkartyuTìrYmTl'nwgc¨kBti‘
niymVrSg. KN:kmµkarenHVnepÆéesck¶IGMJvnavmYyeTArd½aPiVl sùrùGaù (sarBátman
LWm"ugd_, «f©TI 7/1/47).
(21) BiteBkeTAehIy, \sWg gu"kmij| CaeQµaHbegûétedayBYkevotmij. ¨Kan'Et¾eKsgûaPÂamfa
E¨kgbgbíèn sWg gu"kfan'. VrSg²tVncSyUreLIy edémºIecaT sWg gu"kfan' facUlCamYy
evotmij eBlEdlKat'cUlǬBenAExmina 1952.
(22) enAk~¬g¨kugTSgLay, evotmijk*manskmµPaBxÂSgEdr. k~¬gBBYkyYnGen‘a¨bevsn_, evotmij
erIsmnus§eFÃI¨kumP~ak'garsm©at'k~¬gkicÍp¶l'esº¿g Ggðasluy, Tijf~S, TijGgûr .l. dl'
eQµaHfa \evotmij| VnVt'CamYykaredérecjeTArbs'VrSg, eQµaHfa \evotkug| k*ekItman
eLIgCamYykarcUlmk«nGaemrikSg. bu"En‘KW¨kumP~ak'garsm©at'dEdlh~wg, EdleKdas'[eFÃI
skmµPaBeLIgv^jk~¬gsågðamTI2 «n²Nëècin.
 68
(23) enAq~S1950, e¨kamkarerobcMrbs'VrSg, ¨beTs²NëècinTSgbIC÷nMuK~aenA¨kugb"UedémºIeFÃIlkÅni‘k:
«n \shKtrd½|. ¨beTssmaC^kTSgenH¨Bme¨BogeFÃI[manEtmYynUv¨kdas¨Vk', kicÍkar
FnaKarnigKy edaymankarEckK~anUvcMNUlBnìKy kMBg'Ep«¨BnKrVneTACaEpsÃy&t.
G~kpgGaccSVnGMBI¨kdas¨Vk' 100 EdlmanrUbnarIExµr lav nigyYn, ehIyEdlcayVn
enAevogcnæn_ É«¨BnKrdUcCaenAP~MeBjEdr. k~¬gkarEckK~anUvcMNUlBnìKy, G~kkan'esd½kicÍ
Exµr eBlenaHVnbeN¶ay[yYnmane¨BobCag, eday¨beTskmõ¬CaykEt 23% k~¬geBl
EdlxÂçnCaG~kp¶l'vtĬFatuedémTSgGs' —CaBiessxagksikmµ— eTA[¨sukyYnEdlbeJÍj
tamÓs§ah_kmµeTACaplitpls¨mab'lk'teTAeTot. ExÓsPa 1953, rd½aPiVlVrSg
¨sab'EtEtbJͬHEtm~ak'ägnUvt«m¨Vk' \b´"as| enaH, karbJͬHt«mÂEdleFÃI[¨beTsTSgbI
minsbºaycit‘CaxÂSg. «f© 25 kum¸: 1954, bIExe¨kayäkraC´, VrSgTTYlsðal'eKalKMnit
«nGFibtIPaBExµrxagerOgesd½kicÍ, ¨kdas¨Vk', KynighirJïvtĬ. edémºIC÷rujesd½kicÍxÂçnEdl
kMBugmankarBiVk, ¨beTskmõ¬Ca TarykcMENkxÂçnxagcMNUlBnìKyEdleLIgdl' 800
lan b´"as. dUceKGacrg'cS, yYnpæb'kargarenHedayButeFÃICaeQÂaHCamYyExµr. bnæab'mk
edon ebonPU, h§WENv, sågðam²NëècinTI2 eFÃI[karTar \Cae¨cInelIke¨cIndg| rbs'Exµr²t
VnplGÃITSgGs'. VrSg, eq¿t{kasBICemÂaHExµr—yYnenH, Vnyk¨Vk'TSglanenHe¨bI
¨Vs'eTA. ¨Vk'EdlCarbs'rd½ExµrenH enAk~¬gFnaKaVrSgrhUtsBëf©.
(24) BitehIy, k~¬g¨beTsmYyEdlcab'tSgBIekIteLIg Vnsðal'Etrbb«nes¶cCamÍas'Cév^t, kar
yl'eXIjGMBIKNbk§neyaVy BiVk¨Cçt¨Cab[cºas'eTAk~¬g¨sTab'raås‘¨bCaEdr. bu"En‘
eCaKC&y«nKNbk§¨bCaFibety´ BitCaeCaKC&yneyaVymYyehIy e¨JHKNbk§enH
taglMnSPaKe¨cIn«n¨beTs Ð lMnSäkraC´niym. karv^nicÏ&yrbs'breTsm~ak'elIKNbk§
¨bCaFiety´, KYreyIgykmkBinit´Edr Ð \rd½sPaminse¨mckar elIneyaVyExµr CagKN:
kmµkarnayk«nKNbk§¨bCaFibety´eT. KN:kmµkarenHCaGgðkarGafákMVMgmYy, ²tTTYl
xus¨tèvcMeJHmuxG~kNaeLIy, bu"En‘¨tçt¨taelIkarse¨mc«nrd½mån‘ITSgGs'nigelIskmµPaB
«nG~kraCkarFM@. BYk¨bCaFibety´d·knSrd½edayrebobkan'bk§BYk, bJͬHbJÍèlrk«deCég
rbs'xÂçnk~¬gBYkG~kraCkar, eFÃI[kicÍkarraCkar¨cbUk¨cbl'Vt'sN¶ab'F~ab', begûéteLIgeday
ehtuenH nUvkarminsbºaycit‘Cae¨cIn, ehIyCajwkjy, minTSgcuHsMrugrvagK~aägpg. ùùù
EmnETneTA, edayehtufalkÅN:xÂçnnigeKaledAxÂçn enAEt²tTMnak'TMngGÃICamYymhaCn
EdlCa¨bCaksikr, KNbk§TSgLayxitxMEteFÃIxÂçn[eTACa \smaKm«nG~kmanP&BÃ| Edl
xÃl'xÃayEtrkmuxrbrnigrkekAGI[smaC^kxÂçn. BYk¨bCaFibety´VneFÃIrd½FmµnuJï, b"uEn‘k~¬g
kare¨skXÂanGMNacrbs'xÂçn ehIyedaysµanfanwgGacrk§aTukVnyUrnUvkard·knSkicÍkar
TSgLay, BYkenHVnePÂcfaenAk~¬gstirbs'raås‘ es¶cenAEtmann&yfa \Cati|, es¶cCaTIBwg
BMnak' CaG~kkarJrraås¶FMbMput. eKePÂcfaeBlNamanv^bti‘, mhaCnnigesck¶Isgôwmrbs'
xÂçnnwggakeTArkes¶ceT, minEmngakeTArkKNbk§eLIy. edayxÂçn¨bqSgnwges¶c, KN-
bk§¨bCaFibety´¨bEhlCaVn[¨Bhµlixit kMritvasnaxÂçnehIy.| (hÃßélIB dã rIElÂ).
 69
(25) elak sWg gu"kfan' Vn¨tèvtamedaybJïavn‘mYycMnYnFM EdlenAk~¬genaHmanelxaFikarpæal'
rbs'Kat', elak hg§ Funhak' GnaKtrd½mån‘ITImYy«nsaFarNrd½Exµr. e¨kayq~S 1954,
G~kTSgenaHVncuHcUlmkes¶cCae¨cInK~aEdr, ehIyVn¨tèvnKrVlsm©at'kt'sMKal'e¨kam
eQµaHfa \BYkdgErk|. e¨kaymk, dl'eBlekIterOg \ExµresrI|, BYkcas'@ «n¨kumdgErk
elIkElgEtelak hg§ Funhak' Vn¨tèveKcab'XuMXSgTSgGs', ehIyG~kEdleKyl'fa
xÂSg Vn¨tèveKsMlab'ecal.
(26) «f© 1 tula 1949 enAeb"kSg, em"A esTug ¨bkaskMeNIt«nsaFarNrd½cin¨bCamanit. sh
rd½GaemrikEdlrhUtmkdl'eBlenaH BuMe¨tkGrnwgGaNaniKmniymVrSgeT, ¨sab'EtEbr
e¨kayPÂambnæab'BIkar \xatbg'| ¨beTscinenH. CamYynwgkarekIteLIgenAedémq~S 1950, «n
KMnit¨bqSgy"aghYsehtunwgkumµ¬ynis‘ Edlp§BÃp§ayedayma"k'kaFI, «n¨TwsI¶ \ElºgdUmI
NU|, nig«nsågðamenAkUer", sùrùGaù nwgtMrg'kar¨bwgE¨bgrbs'xÂçneqõaHeTATÃIbGasuI edémºITb'
Tl'karB¨gékxÂçn«nlTiìrYmsMVc"EdlecjBIb¬k cin-rus§I. BIq~S 1950 eTAq~S 1954, Gaemri
kSgCaG~kp¶l'GavuFdl'ebsk:eyaFBlVrSgenA²Nëècin 80% «ncMNayk~¬gsågðam²Nëè
cinTImYy Cabnæ¬krbs' sùrù Gaù . k~¬gcenÂaHq~S 1951 nig 1954, GaemrikSgVn[ 25 lan
dulÂareTAVrSg edémºICYykmõ¬Ca. cab'tSgBIq~S 1950 KN:ebskkmµGaemrikSgCae¨cIn
VncUlmkbn‘bnæab'K~ak~¬g¨sukExµr. elIkenH, elak sWg gu"kfan' EbreTArkGaemrikSg, ehIy
¨bEhlKat'elgsnÂwkebo \¨bqSgkumµ¬ynis‘| VnCaKat'TTYlC÷nYyBI esùGIuùGaù enA
Vgkk.
(27) BYkXatkr«n¨bCaCnExµr, EdlsBëf©kan'GMNacenAP~MeBj, Caplitpl«nBYkExµrevotmij.
tSgBIvaekItmk, evotmijCae¨KaHf~ak'mYycMeJH¨beTskmõ¬Ca. EtKYr[s¶ay, G~kd·knSExµrBI
munVnykelsenH edémºIkMcat'G~kEdlVnE¨sk¨bqSgnwgGyuti‘Fmá. G~kd·knSVneFÃI[¨b
CaCnVt'C÷enOfa evotmijenHGacCae¨KaHf~ak'dl'Cév^t«n¨beTs.
(28) k~¬gevlaenaH hßU yn' enAeronä¨sukVrSg. eBlEdld·gfard½sPaVn¨tèvrMlay, hUß yn'
epÆésMbu¨tmYyeTAes¶cedémºIfaÐ ¨BHGgðElgCaes¶cxƬMehIy. (²NëècineXIjBIeb"kSg).
(29) e¨kay«f©¨bkasäkraC´ (9 v^cÏika, EdlcMdUcCa«cdn´elI«f©cMerInGayu¨BHecAsIhnu, tSgtu),
¨BHecAsMercbegúIyK~aCamYyKNbk§¨bCaFibety´. «f© 25 mkra 1955 es¶c[karyl'
¨BmeTArd½aPiVl eLg Eg"t EdlekAGITSgLayVn¨tèvEckdl'KNbk§TSgGs' elIkElg
EtKNbk§¨bCaFibety´. «f© 7 kum¸:, ¨bCamtimYyVn¨tèveFÃIeLIg EdlenAk~¬genaHsMnYrKWÐ
¨BHraCebskkmµVneFÃIeLIgCaTIeBjcit‘«n¨bCaraås¶eyIgÉeT?. G~keVHeq~at 925 812
nak'VneqÂIy \eBjcit‘| k~¬gPaK 99,8% .
«f© 19 kum¸: ¨BHecA¨Vb'[d·gGMBIkarEkTMrg'rd½FmµnuJï Edl[naykrd½mån‘ITTYlxus
¨tèvcMeJHmuxes¶c, ElgcMeJHmuxrd½sPadUcmun kicÍenHVn¨tèvC÷Tas'eLIgedayKN:kmµkar
Gn‘rCatixagkicͨtçt¨ta esùGIuùesù, Edlyl'faxusnwgrd½FmµnuJï. «f© 2 mIna 1955 ¨BH
ecAdak'raC´epæreTAÒBuk, sem¶c nerat¶m sura¨mit. Exemsa, sem¶c \ÓbyuvraC| sIhnu
begûétsgðmraås‘niymCamYy \mit‘Pki¶| xÂH Ð elak sm sarI, Ey"m sMbUr, Xwm Tit .l.
 70
eqÂIynwgesck¶IGMJvnav[cUlmkrYbrYmk~¬gsgðmraås‘niym, KNbk§TSgGs'VnrMlayxÂçn
ehIycUleTA, elIkElgEtKNbk§¨bCaCn ––CakarN_Fmµta–– EdlCarbs'Exµrevotmij,
KNbk§esrIPaBnig¨bCaFibety´. «f© 11 kJïa 1955, kareVHeq~atVneFÃIeLIg, ehIyG~k
Q~HFM KW \KNbk§sgðmraås¶niym| EdlykVnekAGITSg 91 Edlnwgmank~¬grd½sPa.
hib¨Vk'sgðmraås‘niymVn¨tèvCYybMeBjeday tan' V" nigesd½éäeTot EdlVnmin¨Bm
TTYld·knSrd½aPiVlenAExmina1945, bu"En‘EdlnwgCYyd·knSneyaVyesd½kicÍ«n \sem¶cÒ|
edaysarkayv^karenH.
KNbk§esrIPaBVn¨tèvrMlayxÂçnenAExkkûda 1956. cMENkKNbk§¨bCaFib-
ety´VnekIteLIgv^j 15 q~Se¨kaymk k~¬gkal:eTs:mYyep§geTot. Exmina 1970,
¨beTskmõ¬CaVn¨tèvvaylukluyedayT&ByYnxageCég. minKitrYbrYmK~aedémºIQmmuxTl'nwg
e¨KaHf~ak', G~kneyaVyExµrEbrCabegûétKNbk§eTot edémºIdeN¶ImGMNacK~a. lTìpl«nkar
emIlgayt÷bUnµan¨bvti‘saås¶enH, eyIgTSgGs'K~aVneXIjnigkMBugEteXIjenHehIy.

ÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆ
 71

PaKTI 5

shB&nì²Nëècin
edémºIGÃI?

eKBuMGac¨sLaj' Cati VneT ebIeKsíb' Cn «nCatixÂçn .

 72
PaKTI 5 manTMrg'Ca sMnYr-cMeLIy. GtÄbTedémVn¨tèvsresrcb' nigp§ayenAd÷Nac'Ex
tula 1977. dUec~H¨Bwti‘karN_TSgLayEdlekIte¨kaymk nwgykeTAsik§ak~¬g \v^PaKcuge¨kay|
enAk~¬gTMB&rPØab'2 . rIä TMnak'TMngExµrcin k~¬g¨bvti‘saås¶«n¨beTsTSgBIr Vn¨tèvykeTAEcgk~¬gTMB&r
PØab' 1.

sMnYr TMB&r

äk- shB&nì²Nëècin edémºIGÃI? ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 73

eTa- ehtuGÃI k*cSVc'eFÃI[Gs'mnus§? ebI¨beTsTSg3 nSK~aCECkEvkEjkrkkaredaH

¨saymYy¨bkbedayyuti‘FmáeTA etIeFÃIekIt É BuMekIt? ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 75

¨tI- ExµrnigyYnminTukcit¶K~aeTAv^jeTAmky"agxÂSg. ehtuem¶cVnCayYnGacbJͬHbJÍèl

bg÷kxYrExµr¨khmVn? ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 80

ctÃa- ebIdUec~H etImuxkarnig²TiìBlrbs'¨beTscink~¬gmhav^eyaKExµrenA¨tg'Na? ùùùùùùùùùùùùù 90

bJÍ- d÷eNIrd*maneCaKC&y«n bu"l Bt eTAeb"kSg GacCasJïa«nkarbnæn'rbbExµr¨khm

ÉeT? KWfa¨bCaCnExµrGacnwgVn¨sak¨san¶xÂHeT? ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 103

q- dUec~H etI¨bCaCnExµrnwgeTACay"agNak~¬gGnaKt? etIGnæak'enA¨tg'Na, sMNag

nwgrs'enA¨tg'Na? ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 104

sb¶- rhUtdl'kMritNa kmõ¬Ca¨bCaFibety´GacsgôwmelIsaFarNrd½cin¨bCamanit? ùùùù 111

Gd½- edayvay¨beTs«fCae¨cIndg E¨kgExµr¨khmcg'ykTwkdécas'v^jeTÉ? dUec~HeKmin

CaG~kCatiniymxÂSg? ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 118

nBÃ- etI¨bCaCnExµr lav nigevotNam GaccSTTYlGÃIxÂHVnBIelak ÇesrIÈ, CaBiessBI

shrd½Gaemrik? ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 118

Ts- cMeJH¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg, cMeJHsMNl'«n¨bCaCneyIgelIdéExµr, etIeyIg ExµrenAbr-

eTs GaceFÃIGÃICUn? ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù 120
 73

shB&nì²Nëècin edémºIGÃI?

GaNaniKmkmµrbs'VrSgelI²NëècinenAstvt§r_TI 19 VnbJÎb'y"ag¨twmnUvsnæ¬Hrbs'yYn
EdlVneVHxÂçnCab' 9 stvt§r_mkehIy k~¬gkarxitxMB¨gékTwkdé. dl'Vt'vt‘man«nbsÍwm¨beTseTA,
²NëècinsBëf© ¨tLb'mkk~¬gkal:eTs:PUmisaås¶neyaVy«nstvt§r_TI 19 v^j EbÂkEtmanmhaGM
NacGasuIfµémYy Edllatsnìwg¨semalGafákMVMgxÂçnmkelI. mhaGMNacfµéenH KWsaFarNrd½cin
¨bCamanit.
enAstvt§r_TI 10, bnæab'BIVnrMedaHxÂçnBI²TiìBlcinmk, yYn¨tèvQmmuxTl'nwgcMeNaTfµé1 Ð
karEbksay«ncMnYn¨bCaBlkrrbs'xÂçn. edayenAkegÿnk~¬gdgCnÂgTen¨khmEdlCadérabmYytUc,
¨sukyYn¨tèvkarlatxÂçneTArkTIäeTot edémºIrs'. enAd÷Nac'stvt§r_TI 16 yYnelbVn¨sukcMV",
ehIy 300 q~Se¨kaymk d÷eNIrcuHmkTisxagtºègrbs'yYn Vncb'nwgkarykVnkUsSgsuIn, kmõ¬Ca
e¨kamrbs'Exµr. KWenAeBlxÂçncab'edéreqõaHeTATisxaglic EdlyYnCYb¨bTH«f muxTl'nwgmux, «f
EdlVn¨tèvmu"gehðaledjecjBIyunNan ehIyEdlVncuHmkxagtºèg cab'tSgBIstvt§r_TI 13,
edayruj¨canExµ niglav EdlenAelIpÂèvrbs'xÂçn. «fnigyYn eCosvagkar¨bTUs‘r"ayK~a ehIyerIs
ykmeF´aVy¨tCak'mYy KWkarEckK~anUvTwkdéExµrniglav. GaNaniKmkmµrbs'VrSg min¨twmEtxa
XSgkarEbgEckenH, EfmTSgCb'rd½TSgBIr[rs'eLIgv^j.
Cab'C^tmYystvt§r_, yYntyuTì²t¨sak¨san‘ edémºIrMedaHxÂçnBI¨kjSVrSg. CamYyK~anwgkar
tyuTìenH KMeragB¨gékTwkdék*¨tèvVneFÃIEdr. eQµaH |KNbk§kumµ¬ynis‘²Nëècin| Edl hUCémij dak'
[clnabd^vt‘n_yYnenAq~S 1930 bgúaj[eXIjcºas'nUveKalbMNgrbs'G~kd·knSyYnenH. esc
k¶IEfÂgqnæ:elIkTI1 rbs'evotmij(1) EdlVneFÃIeLIgenAExtula 1941 kan'EtCak'lak'eTAeTot Ð
\b¨gçbb¨gçm¨sTab'sgðmTSgGs', Ggðkarbd^vt‘n_TSgGs', GaNikCnCatiTSgGs'. smõnìkicÍrvag
¨bCaCnTSgGs' EdleKC^HCan'enA²Nëècin|. k~¬gkartyuTìedémºIäkraC´«n¨beTsxÂçn hUCémij emIl
eXIjrYceTAehIy nUvcMeNaT —EdlecosBuMrYc— «nkarN_man¨bCaCne¨cInhYsenAevotNam. hUCé
mij KiteXIjfa ebIVrSgGacb¨gçbb¨gçm kmõ¬Ca lav nigevotNam [eTACard½mYy edaykmÂSgkS
ePÂIg nigeTaHbImanKMnuMQWcab'«n¨bCaCnk*eday, ¨beTsevotNamritEt¨sçl{b¨kesabkmõ¬Ca nig
lav CamYymuxkarxÂçnCa \G~krMedaH| nigCa \G~kp§BÃp§aymenaKmv^CØa|. enAq~S 1945, eBlEdlV-
rSg, k~¬gkarxMQaneCégrbs'xÂçnmk²Nëècinv^j, Vnes~Idl'¨beTsTSg \¨VM| nUvrUbmn‘ shB&nì²Nëè
cin, hUCémij ²tEdl¨bEkkm¶gNaeLIy. cMVMgrSgCl' laynwgkard·kCJØènmnus§[mkenAelIdé
TMenr VnhYssm&yeTAehIy (?) . edémºIelbykkmõ¬Caniglav, evotNamenAsl'EtmeF´aVy
mYyeT, meF´aVyEdlGacecosvagkarp¶næaeTasrbs'mtiGn‘rCati KWkarqÂgkat'tamd÷Nak'mYy
EdlCashB&nì«nrd½TSgbI. rUbPaBKYr[rnìt'«nkarGt'XÂan, «nmhn‘rayesd½kicÍ EdlmkGMBIkarman
¨bCaCne¨cInhYs EtgEteFÃI[G~kd·knS¨beTsevotNamPitP&yCanicÍ. cMeJH hUCémij dUcCacMeJH
buBÃkarIxÂçn nigcMeJHG~kbn‘tMENgxÂçn, manEtkarB¨gékTwkdéeT EdlGacTaj¨beTsevotNamecj
 74
putBIe¨KaHf~ak'«nkarman¨bCaCne¨cInhYsenH. dUec~HEmn, 2PaK3 «n«pæ¨beTsevotNam suTìswgEt
CaP~Mfµe¨cIn (emIlEpnTITMB&r 142-143) dUec~HGt'dSGÃIduH (eKe¨cInEte¨bobPUmisaås‘¨beTsevot-
Nam eTAnwgPUmisaås¶¨beTs suIlI EdlmandérabEtmYybnæHya"gcegí¿t beN¶aytameq~rsmu¨T.
yYnrs'enAy"agcegí¿tcgíl'elIdérabEdlxÂçnGaceFÃIE¨scMkarVn. enAq~S 1970 ¨beTsevotNam
manbN¶aCnC^t 50 lannak' Edlrs'enAelIEt 1PaK3 «n«pæ¨beTsTSgmUl, KWfaelI«pæ dImYy
EdltUcCagkmõ¬CaeTAeTot! ehIyenAelI«pædéEt 1PaK3 enH manEtval \¨tIekaN| EdlTenÂemKgð
nigTen¨khmhUrkat'cak'cUlsmu¨TeT EdlCaplitkr«n¨sUv. eKV"n'faenAq~S 2000 bN¶aCnyYn
nwgeLIgdl' 75 lan! CakarBitNas' EdlFnFanksikmµ«n¨beTsnwgxÃH«f©NamYyBuMxan cMeJH
mat'yYnTSgGs' (karxÃHenHcab'manbeN¶IreTAehIy. enAq~S 1976 yYnVn¨tèvkar¨sèv 1,2 lan
etanEfmeTot).
cMeJHkar¨tèvkarB¨gékTwkdéenH, kmõ¬CaCaTIedAmYyy"ag¨bNIt. e¨JHfavaldéduH EdlBuMsUv
manmnus§enAenH eJreBjeTAedaysmºti‘FmµCatiEdl²tTan'maneKb"HJl'. pæ¬yK~a¨sLHBIbN¶a
CnenAevotNam, ExµreyIgVnsðal'PaBsmºèNásbºayrhUt. fÃédºitEtrd½KµanneyaVy¨twm¨tèv
xagkare¨bI¨Vs'Twk, fÃédºitEteyIgeFÃIE¨stamrebobburaN, ehIyeTaHbI «pædéEdlVn¨tèvPØçrras'Kas'
dSmanTMhMtictYck*eday, kmõ¬Camunsågðam Ca¨beTsd·k¨sèvecjeTAe¨kA. BitehIy ebIeKemIl¨b-
eTsenA²NëècinmYym¶g@ dac'BIK~a, ¨beTsTSgenaHBuMsUvmaneT. bu"En¶ebIdak'mkCamYyK~anUvFnFan
xagEr", xagksikmµnigxagTwk, ¨beTsTSgbIrYmK~amansPaBCa \¨beTs| mYyman, ehIycºas'CaenA
k~¬gcMeNam¨beTsEdlsmºèNáCageKenAGasuIPaKGeK~y_ (emIlEpnTI).
sn~isITenAh§WENv q~S 1954 ¨Kan'EtCaÓbºti‘ehtuGa¨kk'mYy EdlxaXSgmYyEPÂtsin min
[subinrbs' hUCémij kÂayeTACakarBit. G~kd·knSyYnsBëf©¨Kan'EtedértampÂèvEdl hU VnKUsTuk
[. esaknadkmµCaTIrnìt'nigCaTIexÂacp§a «n¨bCaCnExµrsBëf©enH ¨Kan'EtCalTìpl«nPaKTI1 «n
KMeragkarrbs'yYnkumµ¬ynis‘. PaKTI1 «nKMeragkarenH KWkareFÃI[Gs'mnus§BIkmõ¬Ca, kicÍEdlCaC÷
hanTI1 EdlyYn¨tèveVH munnwgcUlmkk~¬gshB&nìmYy«nrd½enA²Nëècin.
 75

ehtuGÃIk*cSVc'eFÃI[Gs'mnus§? ebI¨beTsTSgbInSK~aCECk
EvkEjkrkkaredaH¨saymYy¨bkbedayyuti‘FmáeTA etIeFÃIekIt É BuMekIt?

tbnwgsMnYrenH G~kniBnìVrSg Gg'e¨d m"as'sug Vn[cemÂIymYyrYceTAehIy Ð \²NèëcinCa

karpð¬÷K~a«n¨bCaCnmYycMnYn EdleKBuMGaclaycUlK~aVneLIy ebImine¨bIkmÂSgeXareXA nigkar[
G~kQ~HelbykG~kcaj'|. BitehIy eKBuMsUveXIjPaB¨sedogK~a rvagGariyFmáExµrnigGariyFmá
yYneT. bu"En‘karxusK~arvagvbºFmá nigrvagTs§n:elICév^trs'enAenH BuMGacBn´l'[Gs'Etm~ak'ägeT
faehtuGÃIVnCashKmn_TSg2 laycUlK~aBMuekIt. dUec~HEmn, karxkcit‘Cab'rab'stvt§r_ EdlmkGM
BIkar¨tçt¨tarbs'breTs Vnbegûétk~¬g¨TègExµrnUvcMNg'ya"gxØab'mYy nwgkarJrGgðPaBCatisasn_
nigvbºFmárbs'xÂçn. snæ¬Hcit‘karJrenH EdleKe¨cInEtsMKal'edayxusfaCaKMnuM rvagsasn_nig
sasn_, beJÍjxÂçneLIgCakar¨bqSgya"gsÃitsÃaj nwgkarbu"nb"glaybJÍèl Ébgûat'BIsMNak'br
eTsTSgGs' eTaHCayYn ÉminEmnyYnk*eday.
m´a"geTot eyIgGacsegûteXIjfa karxÃl'xÃayFMbMput EdlelcecjBIneyaVye¨kA¨b
eTs«nkmõ¬Ca k~¬gkML¬g 25 q~SmunenHmanEtmYyeT Ð karrYcCév^t«n¨beTs. k~¬gry:eBlenH mnus§
TSgmYyC÷nan' Vn¨tèv¨Cçt¨Caby"age¨CAnwgcMeNaT«nCév^t¨beTsenH, cMeNaTEdlEmnETneTA Ca
s~èl«nKMnitCatiniymExµr. minsMxan'eT rbbneyaVyEdlmnus§mYyC÷nan'enH¨tèvTTYlyk, bu"En‘
mnus§TSgenHnwgTat'ecal²txaneLIy nUvkareFÃIshB&nìCamYyrd½äeTot. lkÅx&Në xanB¬MVn (sine
qua non) Edl¨tèvbMeBjmunnwgTajkmõ¬CacUlk~¬gshB&nìmYyCamYyyYn (niglav) KWkarbMVt'¨tg'@
nUvmnus§TSgmYyC÷nan'enH EdlCae¨KOgyn‘«n¨beTs. karenH²tBiVkeFÃIesaHeLIy. KW¨Kan'Et
cak'BYk \G~k¨k| [bHTl'nwgBYk \G~kman| eTAVnehIy. \G~k¨k| elIsBIG~kGP&BÃ Edl²tFnFan
²tcMeNHv^CØa É ²t¨Kçsar, manBYkecar nigBYk¨bmwkeTot, niyaymYym"at' KWBYkG~kEdlVnxkcit‘
nigVn¨tèveVHbg'ecaledaysgðm. BYk \G~kman| KWmin¨twmEtBYkEdlVnPØçrE¨selIx~graås¶eT
EfmTSgBYkEdlmancMeNHv^CØa eTaHtictYcs¶çces¶Igk¶I, e¨JHcMeNHv^CØaenHVn¨tèvsMKal'faCasJïa
«nkarman.
edémºIeFÃIkarcak'bMbHenH yYnkumµ¬ynis¶man \Gat'| BIrsnÂwkEdlsuTìEtxÂSg@ Ð 1, karEbk
Vk'K~axagk~¬g (rvag ln' nl' nig nerat¶m sIhnu) Edl[elsdl'sågðambd^vt‘n_, 2, BYkExµrevot
mij.
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ

sMnYrTI 3 Ð ExµrnigyYnminTukcit‘K~aeTAv^jeTAmkxÂSg
Nas'. ehtuem¶cVnCayYnGacbJͬHbJÍèlbg÷k
xYrExµr¨khmVn? (enATMB&r 80)
 76

GFibºay

(1) edayeyIgBuMsUvTak'cit‘nwgkard·gGMBIsavtarbs'¨beTsC^txageyIg, edémkMeNIt«nevotmij

enAEtCasMnYrmYyminTan'mancMeLIycMeJHExµreyIgCae¨cIn. G~kniBnì k~¬gkicÍsnænaCamYyG~k
neyaVyeyIgxÂH EdlVnsðal'yuKevotmij, segûteXIjfaGs'elakTSgenaHdUcCa¨cLM
fa KNbk§kumµ¬ynis‘²NëècinCaevotmij. cMeJHmit‘G~kGan eyIgsUmCUneLIgv^jnUvsavta
segÅb«nevotmij. GgðkareyaF: -neyaVyenHmin¨twmEtVnedjVrSgecjBI²NëècineT,
EfmTSgVnbEgÃrpÂèv¨bvti‘saås¶«n¨beTseyIgeTot e¨JHfa —cUreyIgkuMePÂc— BYk saL¬t
sr, eGog sarI, sun esn, sU Pwm .l. ¨Kan'EtCaplitplelIkTI2 rbs'evotmijeT.
savta«nevotmijBuMGacTajecj[dac'BICév¨bvti‘rbs'G~kbegûétxÂçneLIy, KWrbs' hU Cémij
(esovePAEdlniyayBIerOgenHmane¨cInNas', bu"En‘EdllíCageK KWrbs' hÃßélIB d· rIElÂ,
\savta«nevotNam BI 1940 eTA 1952|, hageVHp§ay sWy 1952).
C&yC÷nH«nCbu"nelIrus§I enAq~S 1905 eFÃI[Vt'C÷enOfaBYkEsºks BuMecHcaj'. GasuI
PaKGeK~y_TSgmUl, EdlBYkEsºksVnykeFÃICaGaNaniKm cab'kMerIkeLIg. jaties¶c
yYnm~ak'eQµaH KYg ed, edaymanG~kGk§rsaås¶ pan' bUycUv EdlCaÒBuk«nkarbd^vt‘n_yYn
CUneTApg, ePosxÂçneTAenA¨beTsCbu"nk~¬gq~S 1906, ehIyBITIenaHnSK~aj¬Hjg'yYn[bHeVr
Tl'nwgVrSg KYg ed sresrsMbu¨tCae¨cInCamYynwgQamxÂçn. e¨kaykarbd^vt¶n_cin«nq~S
1911 sußn y"atesn, pan' bUycUv mkenAäkg'tug edémºI[VnC^tevotNam. k~¬gq~S 1912
enAkg'tug cUv ¨bEm¨bmUlVnG~kCatiniymyYnxÂHk~¬g¨kum \kicÍsamKðIedémºIksagevotNam
eLIgv^j| (evotNam Pik kÃwk dugmijhUy, Puk kÃwk), ehIyerobcMrd½aPiVle¨kA¨beTsmYy
CamYymÍas' KYg ed. cmºSgrvagK~aägk~¬g¨sukcin xaXSgBYkCatiniymyYnelIkd÷bUgenH min
[eTAmuxVnq©ay k~¬gskmµPaBxÂçn cUvVnCab'KukrYcElgmkv^jeday sußn y"atesn.
bnæab'BIsaFarNrd½cinVnTTYlbraC&yCae¨cIndg k~¬gkar¨byuTìCamYyBYk \mhaemcmºSg|
EdlBuMTan'cuHcUlenATisxageCég, KNbk§ KYmintag (cinCatiniym) EdlmanmUld½anenAkg'
tug k*erobcMbk§xÂçneLIgv^j edaymin¨Bm[BYkkumµ¬ynis‘ (em"A, CU .l.) cUlmkCamYy,
ehIymYycMENkeTotEkE¨bkgT&Brbs'xÂçntamKMrUrus§I. Ót¶mesnIy Cag kayCak Vn¨tèv
eKbJØèneTAshPaBsUevot. eBl¨tLb'mkv^j, eKk*se¨mcbegûétbNëitsPaeyaFamYy
enA va"mVÃ" k~¬gExmkra 1924. bNëitsPaenH manTI¨bwk§arus§ICaG~kbgúat'be¨gon (d·knS
eday mi«x bUrU"DIn nigÓt¶mesnIy va"s'suIlI bÂèßEQ). pan' bUycUv niyaynwgcin[¨BmTTYl
yYn 40 nak' k~¬gbNëitsPaeyaFa va"mVÃ". enAkg'tugEkºrK~anwg¨kum \PukkÃwk| rbs'cUv, G~k
CatiniymyYnmYyBYkeTotp¶¬÷K~ak~¬g¨kum \tStSsa| enAq~S 1923. k~¬gq~S 1924 \tStSsa|
bJØènsmaC^kxÂçnm~ak', pS hug«f, [eTAsmÂab' \KUEvrn&r eh§eNr"al'| Em"LSg. edayxÂçn
bMeBjebskkmµBuMcb', pS hug«f k*smÂab'xÂçnenAkg'tug. elIkCavér:burs«nevotNam, pS
hug«f VneXIjp~èrrbs'xÂçnkÂayeTACaTIskûar:bUCamYy.
 77
enAq~SEdlbNëitsPa va"mVÃ" Vn¨tèvbegûéteLIg, hU Cémij, ehA lIFuy, mkdl'
kg'tug enAExF~è 1924, edaykat'tam mU"sðè bnæab'BId÷eNIrCu÷v^jBiPBelakmYy. eQµaHBIkMeNIt egÿg
siujKug, e¨kaymkehA egÿg tatfaj', rYcehIy egÿg GaykÃwk, hUCémij ekItenAq~S 1890 k~¬g¨suk
ej" Gan' (GNöamxageCég). bnæab'BIVneFÃImF´msik§aenA¨kugehÃ, rYcehIyeronxagC÷nYjVn 3-4
Ex enA«¨BnKr, hU cUleFÃIeVyenAkV"l' \LamIra"l'LaTUs -e¨tvél|, enAq~S 1912, edémºImkTÃIb
GWr"ub. enAq~S 1913, Kat'cuHeCég¨kugL¬g¨d_ ehIyrs'enATIenaH 4 q~S edayeFÃIkarCaG~klagcank~¬g
sN½aKar kaltun. enAq~S 1917, hU mkdl'V"rIs, Kat'cUlsußbk~¬gneyaVy. enAq~S 1919, yk
KMnittamesck¶Ies~I man 14 x «n¨bFanaFibtIGaemrikSg v^lsun, Kat'eTA Evr«s edémºIbgúajkmµv^FI
man 8 x rbs'Kat'edémºI[esrIPaBeTAevotNamGaNaniKm, hU VnCYbsðal'G~kd·knSsgðmniym
VrSg, m"akEsl kasSg nig ma"rIyus mu"get. enAq~S 1920, KNbk§sgðmniymVrSgbJØèn hU
[eTACa¨btiPUenAsmaC¨kug TY. q~S 1921, hU Cémij begûétsarBátmanmYyeQµaH \LWV"rIy"a| Edl
E¨bmkfa G~ketaky"ak. k~¬gq~SdEdl Kat'eTA mU"sðè cUlrYmk~¬gsmaCTI 4 «nkUminETn (Jk´kat'«n
kumµ¬ynis‘Gn‘rCati. kuM¨cLMnwg KYmintag cin). q~Sbnæab'mk, Kat'eTA¨kugenaHm¶geTot, elIkenH
KNbk§kumµ¬ynis‘VrSgbJØènKat'eTAerobcMclna \ksikrGn‘rCati| (e¨ksæinETn) EdlenAk~¬genaH
Kat'VnCab'eq~atCasmaC^kKN:kmµakar¨btibti‘. e¨kaykicÍC÷nuMehIy, hU enAEtk~¬g mU"sðè rYccuHeQµaH
eronk~¬gsaklv^T´al&y«nG~keFÃIkar«nbUJáTisk~¬gq~S 1924. rYcehIyKat'k*ecjBIm"Usðè mkkg'tug
edayeFÃIkarCaG~kbkE¨bPasaenAkugsußlsUev¿t. enAkg'tug hU Cémij CYbCamYy¨kumG~kCatiniym
yYnTSgLay. Kat'Bn´l'G~kbegûét¨kum \tStSsa|, hUTugma"v nig eLhugpug, [¨BmeFÃIbd^vt‘n_,
ehIyG~kTSgBIrk*dak'eQµaHfµé[clnaxÂçnfa \smaKmyuvCnbd^vt‘n_ev¿tNam| (evotNam kak
em"j faj'-ejon dug CéhUy, É faj'-ej¿n). enAq~S 1925 hU eFÃIkicÍkMcat'KU¨bECgrbs'xÂçn, pan'
bUycUv EdlkMBugEterobcMbegûétKNbk§mYy, \KNbk§CatiniymevotNam| (evotNam kÃwk dan'
dag, VNQDD). cUv Vn¨tèveKnSeTAcUlk~¬gGnæak'mYy EdlnSKat'eTA[nKrVlVrSgenAesog«h
(EdlkalenaHeKEbgEckK~a¨tçtdUc¨kugEbßLSg) (G~kdak'Gnæak'VnTTYlrgÃan'xan'exA 10mWun b´a"s).
fÃétºitEtKµan pan' bUycUv, KNbk§CatiniymevotNamVn¨tèveKbegûéteLIgenAhaNUy k~¬gq~S
1927. ykKMrUtam KYmintag cin, KNbk§enHVn¨tèvd·knSeday egÿg «fhuk, ehIyVneTACaKU
¨bECgrbs'smaKm \faj'-ej¿n|. enAkg'tug, tamry:¨kumfaj'-ej¿n, hU Cémij ¨bEm¨bmUl
rksav&kxÂçn edaybJͬHbJÍèllTiì m"ak§ eLnIn. Kat'eVHp§ay¨Bwti‘b&¨tral'GaTit´ mYyeQµaH
\faj'ej¿n| (yuvCn) EdltamenaHKat'p§BÃp§ayKMnit¨bqSgnwgGaNaniKmniym nigKMnitbd^vt‘n_.
BIExmifuna 1925 eTAemsa 1927, ¨Bwt‘ib&¨tecjVn 88 elx. hU cSdl'elx 60 eTIbKat'
¨Vb'sav&kfa sågðamedémºIäkraC´ ¨tèveFÃICamYyK~anwgsågðamedémºIGMNacp¶ac'kar«nvNö:kmµkr-
ksikr e¨kayry:eBlbJÍèllTiì 4 Ex, hU e¨CésykG~kBUEkCageK[CYyeFÃIkarKat', ykG~kxÂHeTA
p¶SepÆénwgbNëitsPaeyaFa va"mVÃ", ehIybJØènBYkenAsl'eTA¨beTsevotNam edémºIp§BÃp§aynUv
KMnitKat' (sav&k 200 nak'k~¬gcenÂaHq~S 1925 nig 27).
enAq~S 1927, e¨kayBIVncUlK~ak~¬gry:mYyya"gxÂI, BYk KYmintag nigBYkkumµ¬ynis‘cin Ebk
K~av^j. hUCémij, bUrU"DIn nigTI¨bwk§arus§IäeTot¨tèvecjBI¨sukcin. hU Tugma"v Edld·knSsmaKm
 78
faj'-ej¿n Vn¨tèv KYmintag cab', e¨kaybn‘icmk. ¨kum faj'-ej¿n rt'mkenAhugkug, Edl
enATIenaH LS DwkFW TTYld·knS. enAq~S 1928, clna kUminETn bJØèn hU eTA¨beTsGalÂWm"g',
ehIyq~Sbnæab'mk eTA¨beTs«f EdlenAk~¬genaHmanyYn 2 mWunnak'rs'enA. e¨kameQµaHfa fag C^n,
hU Cémij edérCYbshKmn_yYnenA Ódn, PiC^t, sakun nigNaxun, edayTak'TgCanicÍ CamYy¨kum
faj'-ej¿n ähugkug. ExÓsPa 1929, BYk faj'-ej¿n eFÃICasmaCmYyenAhugkug EdlKitKUr
erobcMKNbk§kumµ¬ynis¶yYnmYy. bu"En‘¨btiPUEdlmkBIkEnÂgCae¨cInenAevotNam, edayEqítcit‘nwg
Cév^teqItqayrbs' LS DwkFW, em faj'-ejon, k*BuM¨BmcUlrYmk~¬gsmaCenaH. ¨tLb'mk¨sukyYnv^j
G~kTSgenaHbegûét \KNbk§kumµ¬ynis‘| Cae¨cInenAtamPUmiPaKxÂçn. eBlenaHehIyEdl kUminETn
bJØèn hUCémij mkhugkugv^jedémºIb¨gçbb¨gçmBYk \KNbk§kumµ¬ynis¶| GayTSgGs'. dUec~HehIy
eTIbKNbk§kumµ¬ynis‘²Nëècin (dug edOg kug sag dag) VnekIteLIgenAhugkugk~¬g«f© 6 mkra
1930. k~¬g¨sukcin enAq~S 1930, k*manKNbk§yYnBIr¨bECgK~a, bu"En‘EdltyuTìnwgs¨tèvEtmYy
KWGaNaniKmniymVrSg Ð KNbk§CatiniymevotNam, cas'CagehIyminEmnkumµ¬ynis‘ EdlBYk
KYmintag KSJr, KNbk§kumµ¬ynis‘²Nëècin EdlKSJredayBYkkumµ¬ynis‘cin, CakarN_Fmµta.
muneK, BYkCatiniymse¨mcvay. k~¬gyb'«nEf© 9 eTA 10 kum¸:, karbHeVrmYy (Edl¾rnæW
xÂSgenAsm&yenaH) ekIteLIgenATI¨bCu÷Cn ey"n Vy. Tahan«neyaFPUmibHeVreLIgehIysmÂab'BYk
nayTahanVrSg. VrSgbJØa[yn‘ehaHeFÃIGn‘raKmn_ ehIykarbHeVrk*Vn¨tèvbågûaby"agrh&s.
em«nKNbk§Catiniym, egÿg «fhuk Vn¨tèveKcab'Vn ehIysmÂab'ecaleTA. e¨kay¨Bwti‘karN_
enA ey"n Vy enH, ¨ksYgsn¶isuxVrSgenA²Nëècin tamrkcab'BYkCatiniymTSgGs'. bu"En‘KN
bk§kumµ¬ynis‘TSgGs'k*sMerc eFÃI[mankarbHeVrmYyEdr. Exkkûda 1930 enA ej"-Gan (¨suk
kMeNIt hU Cémij), BYkkumµ¬ynis‘yYn¨bkasbegûét \mUld½anbd^vt‘n_| sUevot nanak~¬g¨suk ej"-Gan
edaymaneQµaHfa \sUevot ej"-Gan|. mUld½anTSgenHman¨kumG~k¨sukkan'kSePÂIgkarJrPUmiäg,
mantulakar¨bCaCn ehIyeFÃIkicÍEckdéK~a (cmÂgtammUld½ancinkumµ¬ynis‘). «f© 12 kJïa 1930,
ksikr 6 Jn'nak' nSK~aedértMrg'eTA¨kug v^n, EdlCaTI¨bCu÷ext‘. kgTahaneFÃIGn‘raKmn_ ehIybMEbk
VtukmµenH. emd·knSxÂHEdlman pS yuSgdug, tug Dwkfag nig y" egÿgya"b' Vn¨tèveKcab'bJÍèl
Kuk. tameKfa, hU Cémij ²tVncUlrYmk~¬gVtukmµenHeT ehIyenAähugkug.
«f© 10 mifuna 1931, nKrVlGg'eKÂseLamB&Tìkariyal&y kUminETn enAhugkug ehIycab'
hU Cémij enATIenaH. Vnsµak¶IGg'eKÂsm~ak'eQµaH elAs_Vy karJr, hU Vn¨tèveKedaHElgv^jenA
edémq~S 1933. eLIgkV"l'mk¨sukGg'eKÂs, hU Vn¨tèveKcab'm¶geTotenAsigúbUrI eday²tlixitqÂg
Edn, ehIyykmkdak'Kukhugkugv^j. elIkenHtamerOgniTanxÂH, hU rt'ecjBIKukVn, ehIymkdl'
¨sukcin EdlenATIenaH Kat'xMrkTak'TgCamYykumµ¬ynis‘cin EdlkMBugmankarN_BiVkEdr. e¨kay
mk hU eLIgkV"l'rus§ImYymk vaÂ" DIv"Us‘¬k, ehIymk mU"sðè. enAmU"sðè Kat'cUleronenAsaklv^T´al&y
eLnIn ehIyrkkareFÃIVnk~¬gv^CØasÄan¨sav¨Cav«nkarsik§aGaNaniKm. enAk~¬geBlenaH karbågûab
BYksmaC^k«nKNbk§kumµ¬ynis‘²Nëècin edaynKrVlVrSgkMBugEtbn‘eTAeTotenA²Nëècin. enAq~S
1935, KNbk§kumµ¬ynis‘²NëècinbJØèn¨btiPUBIrnak', eL hugpug (G~kbegûétm~ak'«n \faj'-ej¿n|)
nig egÿg FImij«x eTAsmaCTI7 «nkUminETn ämU"sðè. k~¬g{kasenaH, eL hugpug VnCab'eq~atCasma
 79
C^kKN:kmµkar¨btibti‘«nclnakUminETn. dUec~H hU Cémij Vn¨tèveKElgrab'Gan, ehIykarN_enH
¨bEhlCaTNëkmµGMBIbraC&yk~¬gVtukmµ sUevot ej"-Gan kalBIq~S 1930. k~¬gq~S 1936 enA¨suk
VrSg, eKkMBugEtelIktemûIg \rNsir§¨bCamanit|. enA²Nëècin G~kbd^vt‘n_yYnCae¨cInnak'Vn¨tèveK
ElgBIKukv^j. Cafµém¶geTot kareVHBumõp§ayep§g@ rbs'BYkkumµ¬ynis‘ nigBYkCatiniymyYn cab'eFÃI
eLIgv^j. enAq~S 1937, Cbu"ncUllukluy¨beTscin. Cafµém¶geTot, KY mintag nigcinkumµ¬ynis‘
cab'«dK~aeLIgv^j. shPaBsUevotEGbxÂçnmkC^t¨beTscin ehIycuHkicÍcgem¨tIPaBCamYycin
edaymankar[xÍI¨Vk' 259 landulÂar. hUCémij Gac¨tLb'mk¨sukcinv^jeday²tmankarBiVk.
elIkenH hU cUleTAcUlCamYyBYkkumµ¬ynis‘cinä¨kugs´a"n, enAd÷Nac'q~S 1938. BI¨sukcin, Kat'xM
Tak'TgeLIgv^jCamYyKN:kmµkarkN¶al«nbk§kumµ¬ynis‘²Nëècin. Exv^cÏika 1939 T&BCbu"nkan'
kab'Vnext‘ kÃagsuI. TnæwmK~anwgkarrlM«nsaFarNrd½TI3 VrSg, Cbu"ncUlkan'kab'evotNamxageCég
enAEx kJïa 1940.
enA²Nëècin, \KUEvn&r eh§ßeNr"al'| dãKU, edayxÂacclnabd^vt‘n_yYnTSgGs'mt'K~aeFÃIkarbH
eVr, sMercvay[Vnmun Ð CnCatiyYnCae¨cInJn'nak', eTaHVn¨tèveKsMKal'Cakumµ¬ynis‘ Ék*²t
esaH, k*Vn¨tèveKcab'XuMXSg. eL hugpug, GKðelxaFikar«nbk§kumµ¬ynis‘²Nëècin, nigsmaC^k
KN:kmµkar¨btibti‘xÂHeTot Vn¨tèveKsMLab'ecal. dUec~H KNbk§kumµ¬ynis‘²NëècinVnxÍat'xÍay
mYyeBleTA. bu"En‘smaC^kCae¨cInVnePosxÂçnrYceTAdl'¨sukcin, CaBiessenAext‘ yun Nn. hU
Cémij Edlm¶genHTTYlC÷nYyCa¨Vk'kasy"age¨cInBIcinkumµ¬ynis‘, xitxM¨bEm¨bmUlyYnTSgLay
EdlePosxÂçnmkenA¨beTscin. kicͨbEm¨bmUlTSgenHnSKat'[CYbG~kd·knSyYne¨cInnak' Edlman
nayTahanm~ak'k~¬gT&Bcin KYmintag eQµaH hU gu"kLS. nayTahanyYnenHk*kMBug¨bEm¨bmUlK~IK~amk
k~¬gclnaxÂçneQµaH \smaKmedémºIkicÍsamKðIedImºIäkraC´evotNam| (evotNam dukLab' dugmij
hUy) EdlVn¨tèvbegûéteLIgtSgBIq~S 1935 enA NnKig. edayVn hU gu"kLS CYypg, hU Cémij
Vn¨tèveKnS[CYbG~kd·knS KYmintag m~ak'enA kÃaylin eQµaH lI Céesn. G~kd·knScinenHkMBugrk
mnus§m~ak'Edl¨BmeTAesIubkarN_elITItSgT&BCbu"nenAevotNamxageCég, ehIyKUsKMeragpÂèvcUl
mYyk~¬gGnaKts¨mab'T&Bcin. hU eq¿t{kasPÂam ehIydak'ebkÅPaBrbs'xÂçn.
enAExtula 1940, hU Cémij es~Idl'¨kumyYnTSgGs'[cUlk~¬grNsir§rYbrYmmYy, ehIynS
K~amkenAtam¨BMEdncin-yYn. \¨kumevotNam dukLab' dugmijhUy| rbs' hU gu"kLS k*cUlK~aCa
mYyBYkKNbk§kumµ¬ynis‘²Nëècin k~¬grNsir§fµémYyeQµaHfa \evotNam dukLab' dugmij| (kicÍ
samKðIedémºIäkraC´«nev¿tNam), eQµaHEdlVrSgehAkat'fa evotmij. hU gu"kLS VnCab'eq~atCa
emclna. ä pS yuSgdug Cab'CaPUQYy, ehIyevotmijk*VnekIteLIgedayy"agenHäg. CamYy
clnaevotmij, hU Cémij ¨tLb'cUlmk¨beTskMeNItv^j edémºItyuTìtamsågðamqµk'Tb'Tl'nwg
VrSg. sågðambd^vt‘n_EmnETnk*cab'ep¶émeLIgcMeJHG~kneyaVy hU Cémij EdlVnrg'cS{kas
enH 21 q~SmkehIy, tSgBIxÂçnVneTA «vr«s enAq~S 1919.

ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ
 80

ExµrnigyYnminTukcit‘K~aeTAv^jeTAmkxÂSgNas'. ehtuem¶c
VnCayYnGacbJͬHbJÍèlbg÷kxYrExµr¨khmVn?

BYkXatkr«n¨bCaCnExµrEdlkan'kab'GMNacCagbIq~SenA¨sukExµrBuMEdlVn¨tèvbg÷kxYreday
CnCatiyYneT bu"En‘Vn¨tèvbJͬHbJÍèledayBYkEdlsem¶c sIhnu Vn[eQµaHfa \Exµr-evotmij|.
edémºIyl'faehtuem¶cVnCaCnCatiExµrkÂayeTACa Exµr-evotmij ekIt ehIyBinit´emIlkarv^vt‘n_«nBYk
enH eyIg¨tèv¨tLb'mke¨kaycMnYn 30 q~Sv^j.
Cad÷bUgeyIg¨tèvd·gfa kUnesaEdlebIk[evotmijVnTTYleCaKC&y KWBYkGaNikCnCati
ep§g@ «n²Nëècin. eTaHbIkarN_enH [eKrkeC¯BuMekIt, kgTahanelIkd÷bUgrbs'evotmij²tmanCn
CatiyYneT, bu"En‘mansuTìEtBYk \fU|(1) Edlsíb'yYnrab'd÷Nr dUcCnCatixÂHEdr. dUec~HEmn, eq¿t
{kasBIkarbHeVrmYyrbs'BYkkånæaj fU Tl'nwgGMNacGaNaniKmk~¬gq~S 1940, y" egÿgya"b'
erobcMtemÂIgmUld½anmYy EdlnwgeTACaTIedém«nkartyuTìd*yUrTl'nwgVrSg. teTAenH KWkarr"ayr"ab'«n
G~kniBnìVrSgeQµaH eh§ßra" eL kÃag GMBIbecÍkeTsEdl y"ab' Vne¨bI edémºIcUleTAk~¬gBYk fU (k~¬g
esovePA |ya"b' Ésågðam«n¨bCaCn| bNöaKar dãNUEGl 1973) Ð
\tamd÷bUnµan«n hUCémij, y"ab' eroneTsPasaBYkG~k¨sukP~M ehIyecHniyaylµmk~¬geBlxÂI
bn‘icEdr. Kat'[eKbe¨gondl'mnus§Kat'eTot. edayykcit‘Tukdak'elI¨bsiTìPaB«nkareXasna
Kat'[eFÃIkmµsik§aneyaVy eTAtamTMenomG~k¨sukÐ \CamYyBYk ma"n' s (kånæaj¨sukP~MmYy) (man
BYk m"an' exµA, kùkùnù) eyIg¨tèvrhUtKUrrUbeTot edémºI[eKyl'KMniteyIg, Kat'Vnniyay¨Vb'e¨kay
mk. edémºI[yl'fa VrSgnigCbu"n CJØk'Qam¨bCaCneyIg, eyIgKUrrUbVrSgm~ak'nigCbu"nm~ak'vay
yYn, ÉrUbksikrm~ak' sgût'edayTm©n'BnìdarnigkMENn. eyIgeFÃIKMnUr1eTot Edlman Kin m~ak'
(GaNikCnmYy¨kumeTot), m"anm~ak' É fUm~ak' edérkan'«dK~a edémºIbgúajkarcSVc'«nkarrYbrYmCatiTl'
nwgBYklukluy|. y"ab'Vnd·knSG~kbgúat'mYy¨kum EdleFÃIkark~¬gPUmiPaK hÃaGan egÿgbß^n. Kat'
r"ayr"ab'fa edémºIeFÃI[bN¶aCnTukcit¶ Kat'VnbJØa[mnus§rbs'Kat'bnæn'xÂçneTAtamTMenomTMlab'
rbs'eK ehIynigeFÃIBiFIsºf eBlNacUleTAk~¬gPUmi ma"n mYy.l. edayy"agenHägEdlVn¨tèv
sageLIg e¨kamsnæ¬Hrbs' y"ab' nig¨sbtamKMnitrbs' hUCémij, nUveKalKMnitmYyk~¬gcMeNam
eKalKMnitneyaVyäeTot«nrbbfµé Ð karCYyKS¨TBYkGaNikCn EdleKnwgeKarBC÷enO nigTMenom.
Ót¶mesnIybInak'«nkgT&Bevotmij CaCnCatifU. kgBlFMelx 312 nig 316 EdlVn
cUlrYmk~¬gkar¨byuTì«n edon ebon PU mansuTìEtCnCatifU (20 000 nak', KW 20% «neyaFa evotmij
enAq~S 1954). rd½mån‘I¨ksYgkarJr¨beTs k~¬grd½aPiVlbeN¶aHGasn~TI1 «nsaFarNrd½¨bCaFib-
ety´evotNam, CUy"agtag, CaCnCatifU. eBlEdlevotmij cab'cUlmkk~¬gevotNamxagtºèg vak*
VneFÃImUld½anCaTIedémmYy edaye¨bIBYkGaNikCnEdlrs'enAä \TITYlxõs'| Edr(2). dUceKGacrg'
 81

cS, Exµre¨kam EdltyuTìtSgBIstvt§r_TI 19 edémºIrk§aGgðPaB Catisasn_ nigvbºFmáxÂçn k*evotmij

BuMVnbMePÂcEdr. dUcGaNikCnCatiäeTot eKbbYlbgbíèneyIg[¨byuTìtTl'nwgVrSg edaysn´afa

nwg[sÃ&yPaBTUlMTUlay eBlNa²Nëècinrlas'xÂçnBIVrSgGaNaniKmniym.
tSgBIq~S 1946, hUCémij cab'ykcit‘Tukdak'nwg¨beTskmõ¬Ca. eKaledABIrya"gcºas'las'
mank~¬gKMnitG~kd·knSyYn. TI1, sMrab'e¨bIkarPÂam@ KWsÄabnapÂèvecjcUlmYy edémºId·knSkSePÂIgEdl
Tijedayrt'BnìBI¨suk«f ykmkevotNamxagtºèg ehIyedémºIrkesº¿gbJØènmk¨sukenH (¨sUvVt'
d÷bg, ¨tITenÂsab .l.). kicÍkarenHVn¨tèv¨bKl'[kgäkPaBevotmij(3). TI2, sMrab'eBlxag
e¨kay KWeFÃI[¨beTskmõ¬CaeTACarNb eBlNa²NëècinrYcBI¨kjSVrSgehIy, edaye¨bIKNbk§
kumµ¬ynis‘ \Cabgbíèn| mYy EdlmansuTìEtExµrEdl¨buge¨bobxÂçnC÷nYsVrSg. kicÍkarenHVn¨tèvTuk
[Exµr (EdlelIkd÷bUgsuTìEtExµrkmõ¬Cae¨kam) ehIynigExµrkat'yYn ÉyYnEdlekItenA¨sukExµr ehIy
EdlVncUlsußbk~¬gsgðmExµr. G~kniBnì EbßNahÃl', k~¬gesovePArbs'xÂçneQµaH \evotmij| (bNöa
Kar Garm"g'kULSg, 1960) VnbgúajTMrg'TMray«nExµrevotmij ehIyBn´l'k~¬geBlCamYyK~a nUv
becÍkeTsbJÍèlxÂçnrbs'evotmij mkk~¬gkmõ¬Ca Ð
Çbu"En‘¨beTsGasIuBIrVnTTYly"agFM k~¬gkML¬ge¨cInq~SmkehIy nUv²TiìBl«nneyaVye¨kA
¨beTs«n sùbùvù (saFarNrd½¨bCaFibety´evotNam) Ð lavnigkmõ¬Ca. edaykt'sMKal'sPaB
Tn'ex§ayxagcMnYn¨bCaBlkr xagkgT&B nigxagesd½kicÍ«n¨beTsBIrenH cMeJHmux sùbùvù, eKKYr
Binit´[yUr nUvTMnak'TMngrvag¨beTsBIrenH nig sùbùvù.
ÈGtIt: smaC^k«nshB&nì²NëècindUcCaevotNamEdr ¨beTsBIrenHmanCamYyG~kC^txag
yYnxÂçn min¨twmEtkarBiesaFn_elIGaNaniKmniymVrSgeT EfmTSg¨bvti‘mYyd*Evg «nkarrs'enACa
mYyK~aEdl, Cajwkjy, BuMsUv¨bkbedaysn‘iPaB, ehIyEdlrd½tUcTSgBIre¨cInEtCaG~kbg'xat.
kardkykPaBGaNaniKmecjBIkmõ¬Caniglav VneFÃIeLIgtamrebobmYy¨sYlbYlEdr ehIyBuMKYreTA
CaehtumYyEdleFÃI[manGn‘raKmn_yYneT. bu"En‘cMeJHerOgenH, sùbùvù dUcCaVnlaymenaKmv^CØa
ma"k§niym rbs'xÂçncUlK~anwgeKalbMNgmYyEdlfaTMenomTMlab' (siTìi) CatiniymyYn. e¨JHfa
TwkdéyYnTSgGs'EdlenAe¨kamEx§¨sbelx 18 nigenAxaglic«nsæwgexµA ¨Kan'EtCaTwkdéEdlxÂçn
cUlmkenAelIeT, ehIycMeJH (Twkdé) evotNamxagtºèg GaNaniKmkmµenHenAfµé@ enAeLIy. say
hûg eTIbnwgeTACayYnenAq~S 1688 eT, ehIyhaeTog EdlenAxagnirtI«ne¨Cay (²Nëècin) eTACayYn
enAq~S 1714 KWfaticCag 150 q~S muneBlEdlVrSgmkdl'. bu"En‘ KWtSgBImunq~S 1850 eTAehIy
EdlmYyPaKFM«n¨beTslav VnenAe¨kamGMNac (¨bUtiktUr"a) es¶cGNöam, ehIyenAq~S 1846
¨beTsesomnig¨beTsGNöam EbgEckkmõ¬CaCaPUmiPaKep§g@ EdlxÂçnsnìwg²TiìBlelI. CaelIk
begúéy, KWkarcUlmktSgTI«nVrSgeT Edl¨VkdCaVn¨sg'¨beTsTSgBIrecjBIkarVt'bg'TSg
mUl, karVt'bg'EdlraCaNac¨kcam Vnsðal'kalBI 2 stvt§r_mun.
ÈkarrMlwksavtaenH CakarcSVc' edémºIyl'Gakbºkiriyarbs'yYnkumµ¬ynis‘ Éminkumµ¬ynis‘,
cMeJHmuxlav nigkmõ¬Ca — KW¨Kan'EtCaTwkdéBIrEdl, \tamcºab'|, ¨tèvsMKal'fadUcCarbs'evotNam
eTAehIy, ehIy¨bEhlCanwgeTAdUec~HEmn ebIKµanÓbsKð«nGaNaniKm (VrSg). EmnETneTA cMeJH
TMnak'TMngrvagkmõ¬CanigevotNamxagtºèg, kardk (²Nëècin) ecjBIkarkk'bJÍS (nwgVrSg) GaNa
 82
niKm VnbeJÏHcMeNaTrvag¨beTsTSgBIr— sayhûgecaTP~MeBjfaVn[C÷rkdl'BYkyYnEdl¨b
qSgnwgrd½aPiVlxÂçn, P~MeBjecaTsayhûgfaeFÃITukÅbukem~jdl'BYkGaNikCnExµrd*e¨cIn (440 000
nak'!) Edlrs'enAtamPaKe¨kam«nTenÂemKgð, ehIyCYyKS¨TBYkExµrEdl¨bqSgnwgsem¶csIhnu .
ÈcMENkäTMnak'TMngrvagsaFarNrd½¨bCaFibety´evotNamnigkmõ¬Cav^j, e¨cInEtCakarbn‘
neyaVyEdlCaTMenomTMlab'rbs'yYn edémºIcUl (k~¬gTwkdéExµr). neyaVyenH Vn¨tèvGnuvt‘n_
y"age¨cInk~¬gcenÂaHq~S 1950 nig 1954 e¨JHfasÄankarN_xagk~¬grbs'Exµr dUcCaebIk{kas[
Nas'. enAExmIna 1945 G~kneyaVyExµrm~ak'EdlmanedémkMeNItenA¨sukyYn, sWg gu"kfan', KS
Jreday Cbu"n, ¨bkasäkraC´eBjTI«nkmõ¬Ca e¨kaykare¨bIkmÂSg«nCbu"n EdleVskMcat'rd½kar
VrSg. k~¬gnaTICard½månI‘TI1 Kat'xM¨bqSgnwgkarv^l¨tLb'mkv^j«nVrSg bu"En‘Vn¨tèvkgäkPaB«n
Ót¶mesnIy LWEKÂ cab'y"agrh&s ehIyVn¨tèvbMbrbg'. edaHElgmkv^jtamkarTTUcsuM«n¨BHecA
(²LèvenHsem¶c) sIhnu enAq~S 1951 Kat'¨tLb'mkkmõ¬Ca edémºI¨Kan'EteVHxÂçnm¶geToteTAk~¬gkar
¨bqSgnwges¶cKat' k*dUcCa¨bqSgnwgVrSgEdr.
Èbu"En‘ evot-mij ²tVnrg'cSkar¨tLb'mkv^j«n sWg gu"kfan' eT edémºI¨bmUlmkTuke¨kam«d
rbs'xÂçn nUvBYkExµrmincuHcUlTSg¨kumEdlmanBBYk¨kum \Esllul| nigkgäkPaBBiessevotmij
cSCYy¨Bçt«dpg. tSgBI«f© 19 mina 1950 eTAehIy KWminTan'TSgVnmYyExpg e¨kaykarbegûét
KNbk§ Lav-dug (KNbk§G~keFÃIkar, sBëf©kan'GMNacenAevotNam, kùkùnù), BiFIsem¸aF«n
\KN:kmµkarkN¶al«nkarrMedaH¨bCaCnExµr| Vn¨tèveFÃIeLIg, ehIyEdleTACarNbsuTìsaF«n sù
bùvù (saFarNrd½¨bCaFibety´evot-Nam). k~¬gkareXasnaevotmijenAkmõ¬Ca eK¾niyayBIExµr
m~ak'y"agGafákMVMgeQµaH sWg gu"kmij. bu"En‘EmnETneTA ¨btibti‘karevotmijenAkmõ¬Ca enAe¨kambgðab'
«nnay \kariyal&ykN¶al«nTk§iNTis|, kUnkat'Exµr-yYnm~ak'eQµaH suIv ehg.
Èedayehtufa enA¨beTskmõ¬CamankareFÃIlºat«nebsk:eyaFBl (VrSg) ticCagenA¨b-
eTsevotNam, TIbJØakarnana«nevotmijenATisxagtºèg k*cab'ep¶émeFÃIclnamk¨beTskmõ¬Cak~¬grdèv
ek¶A (eGet) q~S 1950. k~¬geBly"agxÂé ¨beTskmõ¬Cak*Cab'cUlk~¬greboberobcMrd½VlevotmijmYy
Edr, ehIykicÍenH¨tèvEteKsMKal'faCard½aPiVlTahanmYyelITwkdékan'kab' e¨JHeFÃIeLIgenAk~¬gdébr
eTs. kmõ¬CaTSgmUlVn¨tèvEckCabIPUmiPaK (emon), CaEb"k (vg') ehIyCaäkPaB nigCa¨kum \Esl
lul| Gay (¨suk, XuM, PUmi). KN:kmµkar¨kbx&Në (V"gkagsuW) Vn¨tèvdak'BIelIPUmiPaKExµrTSgbI,
KN:kmµkarsMrab'PUmiPaKnirtI²tmanExµreT, ehIyBIreTot mYy@ manEtExµrm~ak'k~¬gcMeNamsmaC^k
TSg7 «nKN:kmµkar.
ÈenA«f© 22 v^cÏika 1950, sni~sITTImYyrvagG~kd·knSevotmij nigBYkmincuHcUl«nkmõ¬Canig
lav Vn¨tèveFÃIeLIg. lTìpl«nsn~isITenH KWesck¶IEfÂgkarN_mYy cuHhtÄelxaeday tug Dwkfag
edémºIevotmij, suIv ehg edémºIkmõ¬Ca nigmÍas'mincuHcUl supanuvg§ edémºIlav, ehIyEdlcg'eFÃIkmµv^FI
dUcteTA Ð smõnìPaBmYyrvag¨beTsTSg3 edayykCamUld½annUv \smPaB nig kareKarBeTAv^j
eTAmknUvGFibtIPaB nigbUrNPaBTwkdé«n¨beTsnimYy@|, xitxMedémºI \lb'bMVt'kar¨bkan'BUCsasn_
(KWfaTwkcit‘¨bqSgyYn«nlavnigExµr) EdlVrSgGaNaniKmniymVneFÃI[man|, rYcCabegúéy suM[¨b
CaCnTSg3 rYbrYmK~a[kan'EtC^tsi~TiìeLIgedémºI¨byuTì. karerobcMeday¨sbK~anUv \rNsir§rYbrYm|
 83
rbs'Exµr nig rbs'lav EdlcMLgtamKMrU elon-evot k*ecHEtedéreTAmux, ehIyenA«f© 11 mIna 1951
sn~isITmYyeTotk*eFÃIeLIg Edl¨bCu÷BYkt÷Nag elon-evot rbs' sùbùvù (tugDwkfag) nigBYk
t÷NagrNsir§CatirYbrYmExµr (FNUK, kùkùnù) nigBYktMNagrNsir§CatirYbrYm V"eftLav. elIkenH
esck¶IsMerccit‘EdlVn¨tèveKeVHeq~at maneKalxÂH«nkmµv^FImYycºas'las'eTAehIy Ð kicÍkarCa
eKalFM«nkarbd^vt‘n_«n¨beTsTSgbI KWedjecjBYkGaNaniKmniymVrSg nig (semÂgCYgfµémYy)
BYkGn‘raKmn_niym GaemrikSg. \KN:kmµkarnaykGci«ån‘y_mYyVn¨tèvbegûéteLIg EdlmaneQµaH
fa \KN:kmµkar«nsmõnìPaB«n¨bCaCn evot-Nam, Exµr nig V"eftLav|.
È ²LèvenH evotmij¨bugrYcCae¨scnwgdak'KNbk§CamUld½anmYyEdlcab'BITIenaH eKGac
temÂIgGgðkarkumµ¬ynis‘ExµrmYy, e¨JHfaBYk \ExµresrI| (Exµr²s§r:) cUlcit‘eFÃIkareday²tsN¶ab'
F~ab'eBk, tamEtcit‘BYkemk~¬g¨suk. KN:kmµkarmYyeTotVn¨tèvbegûéteLIgEdlmaneQµaHy"agEvg
fa \KN:kmµkarkN¶aledémºIrt'kicÍkaredémºIbegûétKN:bk§bd^vt‘n_«n¨bCaCnExµr| (Vgy"agdugfan'
Lab'dagj"agdagkakm"agkav-man). ¨tg'nwgk*Edr eKBuMVneFÃIedayxØIxØaeT, e¨JHfakmµv^FI«nKNbk§
fµéenH Vn¨tèvsresreLIgedayG~käkeTsyYnEtm¶g edémºIEckbn‘eTA[Exµr tam¨kumevotmijk~¬g
¨suk. rebobEdl¨tèveFÃItamVn¨tèv¨Vb'y"agcºas'k~¬gkMNt'Bn´l'EdlPØab'CamYylkÅn‘ik: «nKN
bk§fµé ehIyEdlVnEckp§ayCamYyK~a Ð

dl'smmit‘TSgGs',

enHCaäksarBIrEdlTak'Tgnwg Ð
1- Ex§neyaVy«nKNbk§.
2- lkÅn‘ik:«nKNbk§bd^vt‘n_«n¨bCaCnkmõ¬Ca.
lkÅn‘ik: Vn¨tèvGnumti‘CaäkcÏ&næ edayV"gkagsWu «nkmõ¬Ca. cMENkxagEx§neyaVy«nKN
bk§ V"gkagsWu VnGnumti‘EtEx§bnæat'FM@ eT Edlmit‘nwgykeTAeFÃICamUld½an«nkicÍkarrbs'mit‘
nig «nkarbgúat'bgúajdl'G~kcUlfµék~¬g \KNbk§bd^vt‘n_«n¨bCaCnExµr|. edayäksarenHVn¨tèv
sresreLIgy"agelOn, eK¨tève¨bIeBlevlaxÂH edémºIsik§a[hµt'ct'nige¨CA.ùùù

eyIgsUm[ (KN:kmµkar) PUmiPaK bkE¨b CaExµr rYcEckp§ayenAk~¬g¨kumTSgLay. eyIgsgôwwm

fak~¬gry:eBlrt'kicÍkar edémºIerIsrkG~kcUl nigedémºIerobcMEsllulTSgLayEdlKNbk§nwg

BwgEpíkeTAelI edémºIekIteLIg[¨twm¨tèvtamcºab', mit‘nwgbågðb'äksarenHCamYymtirbs'mit‘ Edl
mit‘nwgeFÃIeLIg[Vndl'KN:kmµkarkN¶al edémºIrt'kicÍkark~¬gkML¬gExkum¸: 1952.
KN:kmµkarnwg¨bmUlp¶¬÷mtiTSgGs' ehIynwgykKMnittamedémºIeFÃIesck¶IEfÂgeKalbMNgneya-
VyCapÂèvkar«nKNbk§. esckI¶EfÂgeKalbMNgenH nwgVn¨tèvEckcayCapÂèvkar k~¬gcMeNam
¨bCaCnEteBlNaEdl V"gkagsWu nwgVnyl'¨BmehIy.
(htÄelxa) «f© 5 sIha 1951
KN:kmµkarkN¶aledémºIrt'kicÍkaredémºIbegûétKNbk§bd^vt‘n_ «n ¨bCaCnExµr.
 84

ÈlkÅn‘ik:«nKNbk§bd^vt‘n_«n¨bCaCnExµr EdlVn¨tèveroberogeLIgedayTIbJØakarevot
mijenAkmõ¬CaenH minCaGÃIe¨kABIesck¶IsegÅb«nlkÅn‘ik:rbs' Lav-dug eT. karxusK~amanmYykEnÂg

ehIyy"agsMxan' Ð ²t manniyayBI \lTiìFM@ «n ma"k§, Ginhðil, eLnIn nig em"A-esTug| eT. kar

niyayBIlTiìneyaVy manenAEtk~¬gXÂamYyEdlminGs'esckI¶ Ð \lTiì«n KNbk§ CalTiì¨bCaFi

ety´¨bCamanit.(4)
Ècab'tSgBIeBlenHeTA, karrIkcMerIn«nkarbH¨bqSgExµr eFÃIeLIgy"ag²telí¿gtamKMrUyYnrbs'
xÂçn. enAq~S 1952, KN:kmµakarCati«nkarrMedaHExµr E¨bxÂçneTACa \rd½aPiVlExµrtsUß| d·knSeday
s·g gu"kmij ehIyEdlVn¨tèv \TTYlsðal'| PÂam BI V"eftLav nigBI sùbùvù e¨kABIenH ²trd½ä
NaeTotTTYlsðal'eLIy. \rd½aPiVltsUß| enH mansar:sMxan'bn‘ic enAeBlC^teFÃIsni~sIT h§W
ENv, e¨JHfaebI sùbùvù eFÃI[eKTTYlsðal'VnnUvvt¶manCapÂèvehtu «nrbbTSgBIrenH EdlxÂçnKS
Jr, C÷hrrbs'xÂçncMeJHmuxVrSgnwgrwgbwugy"agxÂSg. k~¬geBlEdleCaKC&yxagTahanrbs'xÂçnman
eLIgCabn‘bnæab'K~a enAlavnigkmõ¬Ca BIExF~è 1953 eTAExemsa 1954, G~kd·knS sùbùvù k*niyay
jwkjyeLIg nigxÂSgeLIgGMBI \rd½aPiVl| «n sWg gu"kmij nig supanuvg§. karb¶èrebskkmµK~a k*
maneLIg, ehIyrhUtmaneTAdl'esck¶IEfÂgkarN_«n \rd½mån‘I¨ksYgkarbreTs| «nrbb sWg
gu"kmij, ekmunI, Edltva"enA«f© 20 mIna 1954 Tl'nwg \Gn‘raKmn_GaemrikSgenA¨sukExµr\ ehIyecaT
¨BHecAsIhnu —EdlVnTTYlBIVrSgnUväkraC´«n¨beTs enAExtula 1953— faCatukûta.
Èbu"En‘karbegûét \rd½aPiVltsUßExµr| Cakarbn‘¬bbEn‘geBk. ¨bCaCnExµrPaKe¨cInenAesµaH¨tg''
nwges¶cxÂçn ehIynigsÄab&ntamTMenomTMlab'xÂçn. ehIyeKeXIjcºas'eBknUv«dbreTs —yYn—
EdlenABIe¨kayesck¶I¨bkasnigsunærkfaTSgLayenaH EdlCajwkjy Vn¨tèvbkpæal'BIPasa
yYn. ¨beTskmõ¬Ca nig¨beTslavBuM¨BmGgð¬yenA h§·ENv e¨kaytu CamYy \rd½aPiVlbIsac|
TSgenaH ehIyb¬kkumµ¬ynis‘ k*bnæn'xÂçntam. k~¬gry:eBlticCagBIrEx, rcnasmõnìrd½aPiVlevotmij
enAkmõ¬CaVt'Gs' dUcCa¨tèvmn‘GaKm. sWg gu"kfan' eFÃIskmµPaBm¶geTotCamYyes¶cxÂçn —bu"En‘¨Kan'
EtedémºICab'¨bLak'm¶geTotk~¬gkarb"unb"grMlMes¶cenH k~¬gq~S 1959. sWg gu"kmij —etImnus§enHman
Emn ÉmYyCa sIuv ehg?— ecjeTACamYykgäkPaBevotmij Edl¨tLb'eTAevotNamxageCégv^j
e¨kaykicͨBme¨BogQb'cºSgK~a. sùbùvù caj'TwkTImYyenAkmõ¬Ca.
ÈkarP&n‘¨cLMEdlVneFÃI ¨tèvEtEkeLIgv^j. EmnETneTA karEkenHnwg¨sYleFÃICagkar EdleK
mansgôwmTukenAhaNUy. edayVnTTYlTukÅbukem~jxÂSgBIG~kC^txagminkumµ¬ynis‘xÂçnBIrnak' KW¨b
eTsevotNamxagtºègnig«f, kmõ¬CaeXIjelcecjmkv^j nUvÓVyklrYmtamTMenomTMlab' Edl
eFÃI[xÂçnVnVt'äkraC´kalBIGtIt:. kmõ¬Cak*EbrrkTÃarTSgGs'EdlebIk[xÂçnrYcBIe¨KaHf~ak'ùùù ehIy
haNUyCaTÃarmYyEdr. sùbùvù Elgman¨BMEdnCamYynwgkmõ¬CaehIy, ehIysarBtámanxÂçnnigv^T´¬
xÂçnkarJr¨beyaCn_Exµr, minEmnedayesck¶I¨sLaj'BiesselIraCaFibety´ExµreT, bu"En‘BIe¨JHG~k
C^txagrbs'ExµrCasmõnìmit‘y"agC^ts~iTiìnwgshrd½Gaemrik. sem¶csIhnu —es¶cnwgdak'raC´[ÒBuk
m¶ayenAq~S 1955— ElgTTYlkareCrtµHtiHedolCaGlÂCØéBIv^T´¬haNUyehIy, pæ¬y¨sLHeTAv^j.
bu"En‘sem¶cenAcS ehIyExµrk*minePÂc karcUllukluyevotmijk~¬g¨beTskmõ¬Ca enAExkum¸: 1954,
 85
ehIykicÍkarTak'TgEdlmaneLIgrvagP~MeBj nig haNUy ¨Kan'Etsmrm´, ²telIsBIenHeLIy.
G~ktMNagpÂèvTUtExµrm~ak'eTAenAä sayhûg bu"En‘KµantMNagExµrenAhaNUyeT (rhUtdl'q~S 1960).
Èdl'Exv^cÏika 1958 eTIbKN:¨btiPUyYnxageCégmYymkdl'P~MeBj, bu"En‘munnwgmkdl' Exµr
Vn¨Vb'rYce¨sc ehIyy"agcºas'fa k~¬geBl²LèvenH²tmanerOgTTYlsðal'rd½aPiVlhaNUyeT.
kicÍccarenA¨twmEt eFÃIkicͨBme¨BogJNiCØkmµmYy cuH«f© 20 v^cÏika EdltamenaH sùbùvù nwgp¶l'dl'
kmõ¬CanUvF´èg, CatiCéhìssÃat, GMeVH nig¨kNat' ehIynigEt b¶èrK~anUvplitplksikmµ. kicͨBm
e¨BogenHmanniyayEdrGMBI \karsgôwm| nwgeFÃI[manTMnak'TMngxag«¨bsNIy_ nigxagvbºFmá, dUec~H
eKdUcCaGac[eyabl'bJÍb'fa sùbùvù VnElgGnuvt‘n_ —y"agehacNas'k*k~¬geBl²LèvenH
Edr— nYvneyaVyykkmõ¬CaeFÃI \rNb|, e¨JHneyaVyenHVnxUcxatm¶geTAehIy.È

(cb'kardk¨sg')

dUec~HtSgBIq~S 1950 rcnasmõnìeBjeljCaKN:kmµkar-¨kbx&Në (V"gkagsWu) Vn¨tèveFÃI

eLIgeBjraCaNac¨k, ehIyenAe¨kamkar¨tçt¨tarbs'vresnIyäk egÿg fat'sWg (ehA hn:l:KIrI)
«nkgT&Bevotmij(5). cMENkxagreboberobcMBYk¨kume¨kammkeTot Vn¨tèvcMLg²texÍaHBIKMrU evot
mij enAevotNam(6). enA«f© 11 mifuna 1950 salamYysMrab'Gb'rMneyaVydl'BYk¨kbx&Në
(f~ak'XuM, ¨suk) Vn¨tèvbegûéteLIgenAPUmiPaKnirtI EdlmaneQµaHfa salaGacar´ Ehm-ecov (!).
sis§C÷nan'TImYyman 140 nak' EdlmkBI¨Kb'TItMbn'«nraCaNac¨k(7). enAk~¬gtMbn' \rMedaH| mYy,
kgT&B¨bCaCnExµrrMedaH (APKL, emIlPaKTI4, erOgk~¬g¨beTs) sem¸aFenA«f© 14 sIha 1950 sala
TahanmYysMrab'bg÷kbgÃãnExµr EdlcUlk~¬gCYrxÂçn (CMnan'TI1 man \V"kTIsg'| Exµr 100 nak').
rd½aPiVlmYysuTìsaF Edlman¨Kb'¨ksYgbMerIkarTSgGs' (nKrVl, eXasnakar, esd½
kicÍ, sik§aFikar .l. mktSgTIenAtaEkv. k~¬gsni~sITenA h§·ENv q~S1954, pSyuSgdug, fÃétºitEt
xÂçnBUEkEfÂgsuM, ²tVneFÃI[eKyl'¨BmTTYlExµr-evotmij enAe¨kaytuC÷nuMeT. eBlEdlevotmijdk
T&BxÂçnecjBIkmõ¬Ca(8) ¨sbtamkicͨBme¨Bog h§·ENv, ¨kbx&NëExµrTSgGs'd*mant«m ¨BmTSgekµg
Exµrrab'Jn'nak'eTot EdlcUlcit‘ ÉBuMsUvcUlcit‘nwgxÂçn k*evotmijBuMVnePÂcd·kCJØèneTAEdr. ExµrTSg
Jn'nak'enH (5000 nak', tamEbßNahaEm"l), EdlVneTAtam ÉeTAedayeKbgÅ÷CamYyevotmij k~¬g
kar¨tLb'mkpæHrbs'BYkenH, Vn¨tèveKbJØènmkkmõ¬Cav^j e¨kay¨Bwti‘karN_«nExmIna 1970.
Exµr¨khmBuMEdlVn¨tèvbJͬHbJÍèledayCnCatiyYneT, bu"En‘edayCnCatiEdlmanEsºkdUc
xÂçn KWBYkExµr-evotmij. TukÅesakExµreyIgTSgGs' KWenA¨tg'h~wg!
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ

sMnYrTI4 Ð
ebIdUec~H etImuxkar nig ²TiìBlrbs'¨beTscin
k~¬gmhav^eyaKExµr enA¨tg'NaxÂH? (TMB&r 90)
 86

GFibºay

(1) Jk´ \fU| k~¬gPasayYn E¨bmkfaG~k¨sukedém. dUec~HExµrkmõ¬Cae¨kamk*Vn¨tèvehAfa fU Edr.

sBëf©enH CnCatifU Ca¨kumGaNikCnFMCageKenAevotNamxageCég (400 000 nak') tam
Cn m"ak'GaliEsæ (k~¬g \GaNikCn¨sukP~MnigevotNam Ð kUnesamYyebIkbgúajsågðam
²Nëècin|, hageVHp§ay BIET Kuns‘aED), BUkfUVnbu"nb"gdeN¶émykblÂ&gûyYnEdr, enAst-
vt§r_TI 16, EtykBuMVn. bnæab'BIkarbHeVrenH, yYnVnse¨mclaybJÍèlbgûat'BYkfU
edaynamuWnTSgLayEdlenA¨tçt¨tafU. namWunyYnTSgenaHVnerobkarCamYy¨sIfU ehIykUn
xÂçnEdlekItbn‘bnæab'mk, ehAfa fU-TI, VnkCavNö:vrCnfU. eBlEdlVrSgmkdl'²Nëècin
BYkfU, EdllkÅN:rUbkaydUcExµrNas' (CaBiesssmº¬r¨säm), VnVt'Gs'rlIgnUvPa
saedémrbs'xÂçn.

(2) VrSgVnyl'edayyWtNas'dl'sar:sMxan'«nGaNikCnCatiep§g@. Ót¶mnavé dah§g'

el´I, e¨kayeBlmkdl'kUsSgsIunbn‘icmk, VnbegûéttMbn'sÃy&tBYkm"Uyxagtºèg (ZAMS)
edémºI[VrSg¨tçt¨taCnCatienHedaypæal' (kicÍEdlGaemrikSgVneFÃIEdre¨kaymk). karerob
cMkgqµk'k~¬gBYkGaNikCnVn¨tèvTukdak'[¨kum \kumµ"g'dU| cMruHq&¨teyag (GCMA) EdlxÂçnäg
enAe¨kambgðab'¨ksYgsm©at'VrSg (SDECE). bu"En‘karerobcMTSgenHVn¨tèveFÃIeLIgedayyWt
Nas' (1953 - 54).

(3) emevotmij«n Nam-bU (yYnxagtºèg) eQµaH egÿg-bß^n, ehA \EP~kmYy|, eQµaHEdlVn¨tèv

sðal''xÂSgBITahanVrSgEdlVn \vay| enA²Nëècin. lºIlºajedaysarePrvkmµrbs'xÂçn,
eQµaHenHVneFÃI[ \ya"b'| dl'kgäkPaBVrSgenAevotNamxagtºèg. mnus§GanaFibety´,
egÿg-bß^n Vn¨tèv¨Bmaneday hUCémij. ¨bEhlCaxÂçnBuMVneFÃItambJØaxÂHrbs' hU, eQµaH
enHVn¨tèveKekaHehAeTAevotNamxageCégenAq~S 1946. tampÂèvrbs'xÂçn, egÿg-bß^n Vn¨tèv
TTYlbgðab'[eqogcUlmkdéExµr edémºIriHrkpÂèvecjcUlmYys¨mab'd·kGavuFTijBI¨sukesom.
egÿg-bß^n Vngab'eday«cdn´k~¬gkarBYnsæak'rbs'kgäkPaBExµrmYyenA¨kecH (emIlTs§na
vd¶é \Giuss‘èrIy"a|, elxBiess 24). eKGaccat'Tukq~S 1946 Caq~SEdlevotmijcab'cUlxÂçn
mk¨beTskmõ¬Ca.

(4) bgbíènePosxÂçneyIgnigeyaFaExµr¨khmVnbJØak'fa xÂçn²tEdlVn¾niyayBIlTiì ma"k§

eLnIn É em"A esTug eT. \Jk´KNbk§kumµ¬ynis‘Exµr| eTIbnwgecjBImat' bu"l-Bt kalxÂçn
eTAeb"kSg. k~¬gesovePAEdlKat'sresr 15 q~SmunExµr¨khmcUlmkykGMNac, EbßNa
hÃl' bJØak'GMBIvtĬEdlk~¬g¨sukExµrsBëf©enaHehAfa \Ggðkar\. GgðkarenHminCaGÃIe¨kABI
\KNbk§| k~¬gsm&yExµrevotmijeT. cmÂgtamKMrUedém«nreboberobcM Exµr-evotmij, rcna
smõnì«nGgðkarExµr¨khmCarebob \rukÅCatiduH| (Kl', Emk, Fag .l.) Ð
 87

GgðkarelI

k k

x x x x

K K K K K K K K K K K K

mhaCn
( \K| sðal'Et \x|, ²tsðal' \k| eT)

kar¨bDitrbs'evotmijenH man¨bsiTìiPaB²teFÂay edémºIlak'VMgnwgkarJrBYkG~kd·knSxÂçn.

edémºIdwgfaetIbJØamYymkBINa, ehIyG~kNaCaG~k[, eK¨tèvrukrktamEmkFagTSgGs'.
karenHeFÃIeTABuMrYceLIy e¨JHCnTSgLay²tsðal'K~aTSgGs'eT, ehIym´"ageTotedayman
¨kumKijTnæwmmYyEdl \Vnkar| Nas'. ebIbJØamYyBuMVn¨tèveFÃItam, Ggðkar¨sNukrkeT
kEnÂgNaEdlVnefÂaHeFÂay. eyIgVneXIjehIynUvrebobEdlemExµr¨khmBit¨Vkd Vn
e¨bIedémºIlak'VMgxÂçn. eBlEdlVnGMNacehIy \KNbk§| ¨Kan'EteFÃIxÂçn[eTACaGgðkar,
ehIyreboberobcMtamExµr-evotmij k~¬gPUmiPaKnana ykeQµaHfa \KN:k¶ab'rd½GMNac| Edl
CarcnasmõnìtamPUmiPaK«nGgðkar. reboberobcMedém«nevotmij Vn¨tèvG~kniBnì hÃßéilIB
dãvéEl r"ayr"ab'dUcteTAenH Ð
\edémºép§BÃp§aykmµv^FIxÂçnniglatsnìwg²TìiBlxÂçn, evotmijmantSgBIedémkMeNItxÂçn
nUvreboberobcM«nKNbk§kumµ¬ynis‘²Nëècin. egÿg GaykÃwk (hUCémij) eq¿t{kas«nsmaC
enA¨kug Ti§n TI§ (Tsin Tsi) edémºIeFÃIkarerobcMsaCafµé. cºas'Nas'karN_Edlevotmij,
dUcCaKNbk§kumµ¬ynis‘²NëècinEdr, nwgGaceFÃIkarelITwkdé²NëècinVnEtedaylak'bMBYn
xÂçn. dUec~H ¨tèvEtxitxMerobcMGgðkarmYyEdllak'xÂçnVn, xMriHrkrebobfµénigÓVyfµé Edl
s¨mçltamkmµv^FIfµéenH. karGt'Fµt'y"agsÃitsÃajrbs' egÿg GaykÃwk VnTTYlplk~¬g
eBlenHehIy. G~kd·knSTSgGs'«nKNbk§Vnyl'dl'PaBGsarbg'«nkicÍkarTSgLay
Edl²tVn¨tèverobcM[hµt'ct'min[eFÂayeLIy. ehIyeCaKC&y«nevotmij nwgmkGMBI
karN_Edl, k~¬gry:eBl4q~S, xÂçnnwgerobcMs¨mçl²t¨sak¨san‘nUvGgðkarrbs'xÂçn eTAtam
skmµPaBfµéNaEdlnwgGaceFÃIVn, ehIynigB¨g·g²tQb'QrnUv¨bsiTiìPaB«nBYk¨kum Edl
manmkehIy. etIGgðkarenHCaGÃI?|
\enAxage¨kamman Esllul (Cé-bU), tUc@eT, ¨bmUlp¶¬÷mnus§EdlmanGÃICamYyK~a
xÂHehIy dUcCarbrrksuI, zan:sgðm É kånæajCatisasn_. EsllulTSgLay, Edlman
 88
muxgarbgûBYk¨kum, mansPaBbiTC^tNas', eday²tTak'TgK~aBImYyeTAmYyeLIy. manEt
emEslluleT EdlTak'TgCamYyG~kenAxagelIxÂçn|.
\EsllulnimYy@ enAk~¬grcnasmõnìmYy (EdleyIgnwgehAfa \¨tg'eLIgelI|) Edl
tamFmµtaskmµPaBlatsnìwgeBjelI¨beTsevotNam ehIyEdl¨bmUlp¶¬÷EslluldUc
K~aTSgGs' KWfaEdlmnus§k~¬genaHmanrbrrksuIdUcK~a, zan:sgðmdUcK~a É kånæajCatisasn_
dUcK~a. rcnasmõnì \¨tg'eLIgelI| TSgenaHmantamFmµtanUvyIehaEtmYyfa \smaKmyYn
edémºIe¨sac¨sg'¨beTs| (evotNam KW kÃwkhUy). enAq~S 1944, evotmijVnehAmk
T§inT§I nUvBYktMNagsmaKmyuvCn (faj'ejon), narI (PUnU), kmµkr (kugsag), eyaFa (bß^n
suI). enAk~¬gmNëlnimYy@, kard·knSrcnasmõnì \¨tg'eLIgelI| nimYy@enAk~¬gbnæ¬kKN:
kmµkarCab'eq~atmYyEdlerIsykemxÂçnäg.|
\bu"En‘esck¶I¨tèvkar«nkartyuTìTSgxagTahan TSgxagneyaVy nS[¨bmUlp¶¬÷meF´a
VyTSgGs's¨mab'eXasna«nEsllulnanatamPUmiPaKnimYy@, ehIydak'e¨kambJØakar
emEtm~ak' EdltSgeLIgedayKN:kmµkarkN¶al«nKNbk§ ehIyEdleFÃItamkarENnS«n
KN:kmµkarenH. dUec~H, cMeJHmuxtMNagTSgGs'EdlVnCab'eq~at, karcat'EcgskmµPaB
manEtmYyehIyEdlmkBIelI.|
\edayehtuenH¨sukyYnVn¨tèvEckCabI \bU|, ɨbeTs (Vk'bU Étugkwg, ¨TugbU É
GNöam, NambU ÉkUsSgsuIn). bU nimYy@ Vn¨tèvEbgCaext‘, ¨suk, XuM, PUminigsgûat'.
bMENgTwkdénimYy@ enAe¨kamkarTTYlxus¨tèv«nKN:kmµkarmYyEdlman¨btiPUCab'eq~ateVH
edayBBYkrcnasmõnì \¨tg'eLIgelI|, ehIyKN:kmµkarenH¨tèvd·knSedayemm~ak'EdltSg
edayembMENgTwkdéxagelI. emKN:kmµkarmanGMNacse¨mckary"agTUlMTUlay ehIy[
{vaTEtm~ak'ägelIbMENgTwkdéTSgmUl, BYksmaC^kKN:kmµkar¨Kan'EtmansemÂgk~¬gkarBi-
e¨KaH ehIyeFÃICaG~k¨btibt‘i.|
\reboberobcMenHhµt'ct'Nas'enAk~¬g \bU| nimYy@, embMENgTwkdITSgLay¨tèveFÃI[
¨sbtamkarbJØanigkicÍENnS«nGaCÆaFrEdlenAelIxÂçn. pæ¬yeTAv^j, edaymkBIkarBiVk
xagkarTak'Tg, \bU| TSgbIVnTTYlsÃ&yPaBFMlµmEdr. EmnETneTA, meF´aVyeFÃI²TiìBlcM@
eTAelIKNbk§ enAk~¬gkN¶ab'«dKN:kmµkar \bU| TSgbI, EdlmanesrIPaBlµmEdr cMeJHmux
KN:kmµkarkN¶al. CaBiessKN:kmµkarNambUmanesrIPaBesæIrEteBjTI k~¬gskmµPaB
xÂçn, eday¨BmTTYlBIKN:kmµkarkN¶alEtkicÍkarENnSTUeTAxagneyaVy.|
\Cabegúéy, enABIelIGgðkarevotmij manKN:kmµkarkN¶alEdldak'lTiìEtmYynwg
kicÍcat'EcgEtmYy[tam.| (cb'dk¨sg')
pæ·meTAnwgrcnasmõnìevotmij, reboberobcMrd½Vl«nkmõ¬Ca¨bCaFiety´, elIkElgEt
kEnÂgbMEpÂkxÂH, dUcK~aebHbiT. ehIymanG~kniBnìxagbsÍwm¨beTsCae¨cInEdlsresr¨Vb'
eKägfaCareboberobcMfµé !
 89
(5) GgðkarelIsm&yenaH KW vr:esnIy_äk egÿg fan'sWg EdlVnykeQµaHExµr (VlIeTAeTot!)
Ca \hn:l:KIrI|. e¨kaysn~isITh§WENv egÿg fan's·g, EdlVnbeJÍjmuxxÂçn, nST&Bevot
mijcUl¨sukkMeNItv^j.
(6) tSgBIkalenaH, min¨twmEtreboberobcMeT EdlVn¨tèvcmÂgtamevotmij, bu"En‘rebobniyay
—Pasa— kumµ¬ynis‘ExµrmYyk*Vn¨tèvbegûétEdr. bu"En‘edayKµanäksar, eyIgBuMGacGHGag
VneTfa \Pasa| Exµr¨khmsBëf© enAEtdEdldUckalBIsm&yevotmij.
(7) BYk bu"l Bt, nYn Ca, ng sYn, sU Pwm .l. KWminsuTìEtVneronenAsalaenH?
(8) elak ln' nl' Vn¨tèvraCrd½aPiVldak'[enAGmKN:kmµkarGn‘rCati (esùGIuùesù), edémºI
¨tçtemIlkarcakecj«nT&Bevotmij. Kat'Vn¾eKniyayCaelIkd÷bUgBIeQµaH \Ekv mas|
m~ak'EdlnwgGacCaG~ktMNagenA h§WENv «n \rd½aPiVl| rbs' sWg gu"kmij, ebIsinCard½aPi
VlenHnwgVn¨tèvTTYlsðal'BImhaGMNac. e¨kaymkeToteQµaH \Ekv mas| enHVn¨tèv
eK¾m¶geTot, faCaG~kbegûétm~ak'«nKNbk§¨bCaCn. bu"En‘KµannrNaVneXIjmux ÉrUbft
Ekv mas enHeT.

ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ
 90

ebIdUec~H etImuxkar nig²TiìBlrbs'¨beTscin

k~¬gmhav^eyaKExµr enA¨tg'NaxÂH?

mYkrebobcinEdlExµr¨khmJk', vt‘man«nG~käkeTscinenAkmõ¬Ca, karedjBYkTUtrus§Iecj

enAExemsa 1975 suTìEtCakarN_tUc@ EdleFÃI[G~kxÂHsµan rhUtdl'fa¨bCaCnExµr Vn¨tèvcin
ykeTAeFÃIkarBiesaFn_ \sgðmfµé| mYy. esck¶IÓbmaTSgenH, EdlmkBIkarrevérvayrkerOgGsÍar´
edémºIÓs§ahkmµlk'Btáman, Vn¨tèvbeJÍjmkedayrh&seBk. eK¨Kan'EtTs§nak~¬geBlenH
nUvGFikrN_TI2 k~¬gerOgExµr rvagcinnigyYn.
GFikrN_TI1 VnekIteLIgkalBIsni~sITenAh§WENvk~¬gq~S 1954(1), EdlCakarN_bgúaj
¨beTscinCamhaGMNacmYyelIk¶arGukneyaVyGn‘rCati. tSgBIk~¬gsunærkfarbs'xÂçnelIkTI1 enA
h§WENv, pS yuSgdug EdltSgxÂçnCa \G~knSJk´«n¨bCaCnTSgbI«n²Nëècin|, TamTar[Exµrevotmij
(rd½aPiVl«n sWg gu"kmij) nigBYktMNag V"eftLav mansiTiìcUlrYmk~¬gsn~isIT, sMNUmEdlrd½
mån‘IVrSg h§ßk bßédU ¨bjab'¨bjal'nwgTat'ecal(2). bJúaPaBtMNag«nExµr-evotmij nig V"eft
Lav Edl pS yuSgdug bMpuseLIgenH eFÃI[sni~sITecjBuMrYc. kare¨sac¨sg'elIkenH mkBI¨beTs
cin. «f© 8 ÓsPa, CUeGnLay EdltSgBIedém KS¨TkicÍkarrbs' pS yuSgdug ¨sab'EteFÃI[eKd·gfa
Kat'VnsMerccit‘yl'eXIjdUc h§ßkbßédU, KWfa bMEbkcMeNaT¨beTsevotNam, qak«ncMVMgrvagyYn
K~aäg, BIcMeNaT¨beTslavnig¨beTskmõ¬Ca EdlVn¨tèvlukluyeday \T&BbreTs| (Ganfa \T&B
evotmij\)(3). Gn‘raKmn_«n CUeGnLay min¨twmEtVneFÃI[sni~sITecjrYceT, EfmTSgVnCYy
kmõ¬Ca[rYcxÂçnBIkarbd^vt‘n_mYyEdlcºas'CabgúèrQamxÂSgdUcsBëf©enH, karbd^vt‘n_EdlCaTIVrm¸«n
rd½elxaFikarGaemrikSg CnhÃsEsædlÂws(4).
karxÂacE¨kg Exµr-evotmij elbyk¨beTs Vncab'¨Kvat' sem¶csIhnu eTAk~¬grgÃg'«dcin.
h§WENvVnbegúIyäkraC´«nkmõ¬Ca, Vn'Dug mYyq~Se¨kaymk (1955) cab'bgÅ^tcinnigExµr[C^ts~iTì
K~a(5). BIsn~isITenA Vn'Dug eTAExmIna 1970, 15q~SknÂgeTA EdleJreBjeTAedaykarTMnak'TMng
lírvagcinnigExµr, BitEmnEtlík'BNáedayB´¬HsgôraxÂH. sMrs'qÂas'K~anwgkarkMejIj CaGavuFFM«n
karTUtrbs'cinenAGasuIGeK~y_. ¨BmK~anwgkarrk§aTMnak'TMnglíCamYyrd½aPiVlk~¬g¨suk, cinmin¨twm
EtKS¨TBIe¨kAeT EfmTSgciJÍwmBYkcUl«¨BeFÃIbd^vt‘n_eTot, ehIye¨bIBYkenHsMrab'kMejIjnig¨Bman —
kare¨bI¨Vs'Edl \Vnkar| y"agxÂSg. kicÍkarTUtrebobenH Vn¨tèvGnuvt‘n_k~¬g¨beTs«f, PUma nig
m"aeLsuI. manEt¨beTskmõ¬CaeT EdlputBIkºçnenH. dUec~HEmn kEnÂgd*¨bNItsMrab'¨beTscin k~¬g
neyaVye¨kA¨beTs«nkmõ¬Ca, neyaVyminTukcit‘rbs'ExµrelIshPaBsUevot nigkardac'TMnak'
TMnglírvagkmõ¬Canigshrd½Gaemrik (Gan \TMnak'TMngExµr-cin|) eFÃI[Gt'GMeBIdl'karbegûét nigciJÍwm
(6)
¨kumcUl«¨BeFÃIkarbd^vt‘n_ .
ExmIna 1970 ebIkyuKfµémYy«nsavta¨beTskmõ¬Ca Ð yuK«nkarcuH{nfy, yuK«nesck¶ITukÅ
esak bnæab'BIkaregébmuxeLIgk~¬gry:eBlmYyy"agxÂé. s~èrkSePÂIgCaelIkd÷bUg, EdlVnehAmhaeka
 91
lahlmYy mkp¶ac'Cév^tExµrTSglannak'enH Vn¨tèvVj'eLIg, cUreyIgkuMePÂc, edayBYkyYnkumµ¬y
nis‘. bnæab'BIVnbgúèrQamExµr nigbMpÂajsmºti‘rd½Exµr, yYnVneFÃI[sågðamlukluyrbs'xÂçnkÂay
eTACasågðamrvagExµrK~aäg. lºicyuTìsaås‘d*eq~ImenH ¨tèveFÃIeLIgCa 5 d÷Nak' dUcteTA Ð
1- karvayy"agrh&smYy, eday¨kum \kumµ"g'dU| bMpÂaj, kMeTcPaKe¨cIn«nsMNg'CamUl
d½ansgðmkicÍ—esd½kicÍ«n¨beTs Ð sõan, f~l', mnæIreBT´, sala, eragc¨k .l.
2- eFÃI[kan'kab'Vny"ag¨VkdnUvPUmiPaK emKgð-elI TSgmUl(7) edayvaybMP&n‘y"ag
xÂSg k~¬gPUmiPaKxagtºèg nigPaKkN¶al«n¨beTs (kMBg'sõW, kMBt, kMBg'FM, kMBg'q~Sg
.l.(8)
3- kareVHbg'ecalPUmiPaK emKgð-elI TSgmUledaykgT&BExµr tSgBIeBlcab'ep¶ém
sågðam, ebIk[yYnk¶ab'Tuke¨bI¨Vs'nUvfamBlmYyd*FMxagmnus§ nigxagksikmµ
(9)
EdlnwgbegûéteLIgnUvkgäkPaBelIkd÷bUg«nT&BExµr¨khm .
4- bJØènmkmatuPUmiv^jnUvhÃègBYkExµr-evotmij Edle¨skXÂan 15 q~SmkehIy, ehIy
EdlcSEtkMeTc nigbgúèrQamdl' \kmõ¬CakJØHc¨kBti‘GaemrikSg|. BYkenH, EdlsBÃ
«f©kan'GMNacEmnETnenAkmõ¬Ca, CaG~kksagkgT&BExµr¨khm(10).
5- eFÃI[sågðam \eTACaExµr| edayfyecjbn‘icm¶g@ edémºI, CaelIkbegúéy, ¨Kan'Etkan'
naTICaG~kp¶l'GavuFyuTìP&Në (mkBI¨sukcin kat'tampÂèvlMhUCémij)(11).

cMENkxag¨beTscinv^j, edayxÂçn yWt CagyYn25 q~S, manEt«dTeT eBlEdl¨Bwti‘karN_

mIna 1970 pæ¬HeLIg. «cdn´«n¨BhµlixitVnyksem¶csIhnu eTAeVHecaläeb"kSg. VnkUnGuk

mYyy"agsMxan', cinxMrt'[Tan'eBlevlav^j. VneTACaÒBukFmá«nkarbd^vt‘n_Exµr, cinnigyYneFÃIkicÍ
t¨mèvK~amYy tamsn~isITelIkTI2 «n¨bCaCn²Nëècin (emsa 1970). ¨beTscinmansIhnu (Edl
man¨bCa¨biyPaBk~¬g¨bCaksikrExµr nigk~¬gGn‘rCati) ehIymanGavuFyuTìP&Në. ¨beTsyYnmanBYk
Exµr-evotmij ehIy[T&BxÂçneFÃIGn‘raKmn_pæal'(12). cinKS¨TsIhnuCamYynwgraCrd½aPiVlrYbrYmCati
«nkmõ¬Ca, Exµr-evotmijcUlCamYysIhnu, edémºIbMerI¨beyaCn_xÂçnVn, k~¬grNsir§rYbrYmCati«nkmõ¬Ca
(FUNK, ¨sedogK~anwgbgrbs'xÂçn, FNUK). \¨BHGgðKitEterOgTUteTArYcenAäe¨kAcuH, Tuk[eyIgxƬM
eFÃIsågðamrMedaHk~¬g¨suk|, Exµr¨khm¨Vb'sem¶csIhnu. pÂèveTAkan'C&yC÷nHGacenAEvgq©ay, eday
mkBIcMVMgenAevotNam nigkarkan'k¶ab'«nGaemrikSg. e¨kamsMbke¨kAmYy Edlbgúajkar¨tèvK~a²t
elí¿g, BYkTSgBIr¨kum (sIhnu nig Exµr-evotmij) erobcMxÂçn edémºIkMcat'K~aeTAv^jeTAmk.

erOg \v"ETehðt| nigkarFÂak'«n nicsun mkruj¨Bwti‘karN_[remoly"agelOn. C&yC÷nHmk

dl'qab'CagVne¨KagTuk. bIExmuneBlExµr¨khmcUlP~MeBj, sem¶csIhnu, cºas'Nas' CamYyBr

sBÃsaFukar«nCUeGnLay, bgúajsmasPaB«nraCrd½aPiVlrYbrYmCati nig«nrNsir§ \hìg|.
sIhnu²tVn \dak'| eT eQµaH saL¬t sr, eGog sarI, sun esn .l.ùùùù G~kd·knSExµr¨khm
\eFÃIenAevotNam| Ð
 92
rd½mån‘ITImYy Ð Eb"n nut rd½mån‘I¨ksYgFmµkarnigsgðmkicÍ Ð CU ect
Óbrd½mån‘ITImYy, rd½mån‘IkarJr¨beTs nigGKðem rd½mån‘I¨ksYgesd½kicÍCatinighirJïvtĬ Ð
bJØakarkgkmÂSgrMedaH Ð exov sMpn kuy FYn
rd½mån‘I¨ksYgmha«pæ, shkrN_nigGPivDón rd½mån‘I¨ksYgp¶l'GavuFyuTìP&Në Ð Em"n san
shKmn_ Ð hUß yn'
rd½mån‘I¨ksYgeXasnakar Ð hußy nwm Óbrd½mån‘I¨ksYgmha«pænigsn‘isuxÐ suk FYk
rd½mån‘I¨ksYgkarbreTs sarin qak Óbrd½mån‘I¨ksYgkarJr¨beTs Ð Kg' supl
rd½mån‘I¨ksYgyuti‘Fmá nigEkTMrg'tulakar Ð Óbrd½mån‘I¨ksYgeXasnakar Ð TIv Gul
nerat¶m PUris§ra
rd½mån‘I¨ksYgsaFarNsuxaPiVl Ð CYn eCOn Óbrd½mån‘IkarbreTs Ð rs' cit‘Fmá
rd½mån‘I¨ksYgsaFarNkar, TUrKmnaKmn_ nig Óbrd½mån‘IkarbreTs Ð va"n' BInI
sÄabnaeLIgv^j tUc PWn

kariyal&yneyaVy «n rNsir§ Ð

¨bFan Ð Eb"n nut . smaC^k Ð ecA esg, dYg sMGul, can' yUr"an', Ca san, hUß yn', hußy nwm,
hYt smºt‘I, exov sMpn, sarin qak, CYn mum.

karcakecjy"agelOn«nGaemrikSg TukkEnÂgkan'GMNac[enATMenrk~¬g¨kugP~MeBj. edayd·g

xÂçnfaBuMGac¨tçt¨taExµr¨khmVn, ehIyedayxÂaccUlGnæak'Exµr¨khmPÂame¨kayeBlVnC&yC÷nH,
sIhnu, bnæab'BIVnd·gfa \raC| FanIFÂak'ehIy, suM[cinbJØènT&B¨sYcmYykgeTAP~MeBj. CUeGnLay
Edlcg'elgsnÂwkebo \sIhnu| xÂçn[ \Gs'«d|, yl'¨Bmtam. k~¬gPaB¨Cçl¨cbl'«nC&yC÷nH,
TahancinTSgkV"l'ehaHcuHdéenAeJFicintug(13). bu"En‘Exµr¨khm, Edl¨bEhlCaVnd·gGs'GMBI
klÓVyTSgLay, cat'v^FankarN_Vnmun. kar¨bNSgdeN¶ImGMNac rujExµr¨khm[eFÃIGMeBI
eXareXA«¨B«p§TImYye¨kayeBlxÂçnmkdl'P~MeBj Ð karCen¿sbN¶aCnecjBIrd½FanI, ehIy
e¨kaymkecjBITI¨bCu÷CnTSgGs'(14). BitehIy KWenAk~¬g¨kugTSgLayEdlbN¶aCn nigG~kePos
xÂçnTSglannak'rg'cSTTYl \sem¶cÒ| nigsn‘iPaBCaTITnæwgemIl, EdlExµr¨khmGacFÂak'k~¬gGnæak'
v^j. smõnìPaB CUeGnLay-sIhnu caj' \Twk| TImYy. rd½mån‘ITImYycinnwgpÂas'lºic ehIye¨bI
sMrs'rbs'xÂçnedémºIlºgdak' sIhnu k~¬gGMNacv^j(15).
eBlsem¶csIhnuCan'déP~MeBjv^j enA«f© 9 kJïa 1975, GtIt:bitaäkraC´Cati GacEtbgúèr
TwkEP~keCakfõal' edayeXIjraCFanImYyGs'mnus§rlIg ehIyFuMkÂinGsuPExµrrab'muWnnak'EdleK
smÂab'ya"g«¨B«p§. \kUnecACaTIes~ha| ²tVnenATIenHeT edémºIfÃaysMErkCeyad*KwkkgrMBgdUc
kalmun. subinnwgVneFÃIdUcÓt¶mesnIy_ d·ehðal ²tVneTACakarBiteT. rd½mån‘ITImYy CUeGnLay
sÂab'enA«f© 7 mkra 1976, bursEdlxÂçnKSJr (sem¶csIhnu) Vn \laQb'| ehIyC÷nYseday
 93
exov sMpn enA«f© 5 emsa. snÂwkebo \sIhnu| ElgelgekItehIy. ¨beTscinEdlnwg¨kajxM
etag¨beTskmõ¬CateTAeTot enAsl'EtpÂèvmYyeT Ð cUlCamYyExµr¨khm(16).

ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ

sMnYrTI5 Ð d÷eNIrd*maneCaKC&y«n bu"l Bt eTAeb"kSg

GacCasJïa«nkarbnæn'rbbExµr¨khmÉeT? KWfa¨bCaCn
ExµrGacnwgVn¨sak¨san‘xÂHeT? (enATMB&r 103)

ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
 94

GFibºay

(1) e¨kayq~S 1949 q~S«nkar¨bkassaFarNrd½¨bCamanitcin, sågðamenAevotNamkan'EteqH

qYlxÂSgeLIg. VrSg, CYyedayGaemrikSg, KS¨TVvday. b¬kcin-rus§I KS¨ThUCémij.
VrSgm~ak'Vnsresrfa sågðamenaHTMJrelbsis§salasSgesoTSgC÷nan'. enAV"rIs
rd½aPiVlFÂak'mYyeLIgmYy bn‘bnæab'K~a tamelº¯nmYyEdleKminEdleXIj. rIäenA²Nëècin
BYkÓt¶mesnIyVn¨tèvpÂas'b¶èry"agrenÄIn Ð rWuEv (1949), dWL&¨t (1950), saLg' (1952),
Nava"r (1953). enAedémq~S 1954, mhaGMNacTSg4 GaemrikSg-Gg'eKÂs-VrSg-sh
PaBsUevot EdlC÷nuMK~aenA EbßLSg edémºIBiPak§aerOgeFÃI[¨beTsGalWÂm"g'manEtmYyv^j nig
erOgsn‘isuxTÃIbGWru"b, ²tVnrkeXIjkaredaH¨sayGÃI[Bit¨VkdeT bu"En‘se¨mcenA«f© 18
kum¸: fanwgCYbK~am¶geTotenA h§WENv. karCYbK~aenHedémºICECkBIerOgkUer", nigBIkareFÃI[man
sn‘iPaBeLIgv^jenA²Nëècin edaynwgmanehA¨beTscineTAcUlrYmpg. «f© 13 mina, evot
mijvays¨mukcUlmUld½an \¨tg'es| edonebonPU. kMBugEteBj¨byuTìdeN¶ImedonebonPU,
kgvr:esnatUcevotmijBIr cUlk~¬g¨beTskmõ¬Ca¨tg'ext‘sæwgE¨tg ehIy«f© 2 emsa, kan'kab'
TI¨bCu÷Cnevén«s.
bu"En‘tSgBIExvicÏika 1953 ¨beTskmõ¬CaCa¨beTsäkraC´. ebIcMeNaTExµr²s§r: dUc
CaVnedaH¨sayehIyedaykarcuHcUl«nemCae¨cIn (k~¬gTisJy&B´enAsl'mnus§Cae¨cIn
rynak'eTot EdlenACamYy sWg gu"kfan'), enAsl'cMeNaTkgT&B¨bCaCnExµrrMedaH (APKL)
nigcMeNaTevotmijeTot. bnæab'BIkarQÂanJnevotmijelIkenH, ¨BHecA nerat¶m sIhnu,
eday¨Bme¨BogCamYyÓt¶mesnIy Nava"r, kan'bJØakarkgkmÂSgVrSg-Exµr ehIysuMC÷nYy
pæal'BIshrd½Gaemrik. sÄankarN_swkenA edonebonPU eFÃI[GaemrikSgVrm¸. rd½elxaFikar
dlÂws, burstYäkenAsm&yenaH, CaG~kcg'CYyVrSgedaypæal'. ¨bFanaFibtI Gaysiun
hUvevé, edayxÂac¨btikmµcindUcenAkUer", sæak'esæIrnwgCYyedaypæal'. bu"En‘se¨mceTA, enA«f© 4
emsa 1954, GaysiunhUvevé yl'¨Bmtam dlÂws, [EtG~kenHbbYl¨beTsGg'eKÂs cUl
rYm¨byuTìVn ehIynigBn´l'¨beTsGasIuTSgLay [¨BmrYbrYmK~ak~¬gsmõnìkicÍmYyTl'nwg
kumµ¬ynis‘. k~¬gkML¬gEtbIbYn«f©, dlÂws sYreyabl'dl'tMNag¨Kb'¨beTsTSgGs'EdlTak'
TgnwgkarN_enH Ð Gg'eKÂs-VrSg-GUås¶alI-nUEvleh§Lg'-hÃIlIBIn-«f-kmõ¬Ca-lav nig
evotNam. Gg'eKÂsmin¨Bm¨Clk'xÂçnk~¬gkarp§ge¨BgenH, ¨beTsVrSg, Edlesd½kicÍdun
dabxÂSge¨JHEtsågðamenH, rkkaredaH¨saymYytamkicÍccar.
«f© 26 emsa, dUcVne¨KagTuk, sn~isITGMBIerOgkUer"ebIkeLIgenAh§WENv. «f© 7
ÓsPa, e¨kaykartsUßcMnYn 55 «f©, edonebonPU FÂak'k~¬gkN¶ab'«devotmij. cab'tSgBI«f©
bnæab', 8 ÓsPa, kar¨bCu÷TImYyGMBI²Nëècink*cab'ep¶émeLIg. k~¬genaHman¨btiPU«n¨beTsVrSg
(bßédU rYcmk EB´r m"g'edsåhÃg'), «n¨beTssUevot (m"ULètUv), «n¨beTsGg'eKÂs (Gg'tUnI eG
Edn), «n¨beTscin (CUeGnLay), «nsaFarNrd½¨bCaFibety´evotNam (pS yuSgdug), «n
¨beTskmõ¬Ca (eTB pn), «nsaFarNrd½evotNamniglav. rd½aPiVlGaemrikSgbJØènG~k
 95
segûtkarN_m~ak'mk, ebEdlsµif. «f© 7 sIha, kicͨBme¨BogQb'Vj'K~aenAkmõ¬Ca Vn
¨tèveFÃIeLIg.
(2) tbnwg pS yuSgdug Edlfa \¨bCaCnExµrnigV"eftLav rYbrYmy"ags~iTìCamYy¨bCaCnevot
Nam, Vn¨byuTìedayvérPaBedémºIesrIPaB, äkraC´, äkPaB, ¨bCaFibety´ùùù vt‘man«ntM-
Nag¨beTsExµr nigtMNagV"eftLav nigCakarFanamYyEfmeTotcMeJHeCaKC&y«nsn~isIT
ùùù|, h§ßkbßédU eqÂIyfa \esck¶Ies~Irbs'evotmijTUlMTUlay, ehIyk~¬genaHehtukarN_TSg
bu"nµanlayLMK~a. elak dug cg'bgúajrUbPaBTUeTAmYyEdlTak'Tgnwg¨beTsTSgbI«n²Nëè
cin Ð lav-kmõ¬Ca nigevotNam. bu"En‘k~¬gbJúaTSgenHmanmYyPaKEdlecjBIsmtÄkicÍrbs'
Kat'ùùù. hUCémij Tat'ecalkalBIq~S 1946 nUvshB&nì²Nëècin. etI²LèvKat'cg'dak'shB&nì
enHmkv^j edémºI¨beyaCn_evotmijÉGÃI? ¨beTsVrSgnwgyl'¨BmdkT&BxÂçnecjBIkmõ¬Canig
lav ebIevotNamdkT&BxÂçnEdrùùù| (k~¬gsarBtáman LWmu"gd_ «n«f© 15 ÓsPa 1954).
(3) bJúaPaBtMNag«nrd½aPiVlrbs' sWg gu"kmij enAk~¬gsn~isIT, EdlVnkkayeLIgeday
pS yuSgdug, eFÃI[mankarCECkK~ay"agtwgmat'rvagKN:¨btiPUExµr (elak eTB pn, sm sarI,
ng KimnI) nwgKN:¨btiPUsaFarNrd½¨bCaFibety´evotNam. ¨bqSgnwgsMNMurbs'elak
pS yuSgdug, elak eTB pn EfÂgfa Ð \rd½aPiVlEtmYy«n¨beTskmõ¬Ca, Edl¨twm¨tèvtam
cºab' KWraCrd½aPiVl, e¨JHfaKWrd½aPiVlenHEdlVnTTYläkraC´BI¨beTsVrSg|. edémºIxM
eFÃI[VnkarKS¨TeBjTMhwg«nb¬kcin-sUevot, pS yuSgdug beJÍjkarsMGagGMBI \c¨kBti‘
niymGaemrikSg| EdlkMBugKMramkMEhgsn‘iPaB«nGasuIPaKGeK~y_ (dug t¨mg'eTAkicÍerobcM«n
GaemrikSgedémºItemÂIg esGatU —EdlnwgTTYlhtÄelxabegûétenA«f© 8 kJïa 1954). cemÂIy
«nelak eTB pn Ð \KSJr¨beTsxƬMTl'nwgkarQÂanJnbreTs CakicͨtèvnwgTMenomTMlab'«n
Gaemrik, G~kkarJresrIPaB. shrd½Gaemrik²tcg'begûétGaNac¨kGaNaniKmmYyeT. eK
¨Kan'Etcg'p¶l'mkeyIgnUvmeF´aVy¨twm¨tèv edémºIrk§aTukäkraC´eyIg, nigedémºITb'¨beTs
eyIgkuM[eTACaGaNaniKm«nc¨kBti‘kumµ¬ynis‘!|. mU"LètUv \¨bFanrYm| nig CU eGnLay KS¨T
sMNuM«nsaFarNrd½¨bCaFibety´evotNam, bu"En‘TSgBIrnak'Vn¨BmK~anwgKitKUr bMVt'TM-
nas'enHedayCECkK~apæal', CaäkCn|! «f© 16 mifuna, tamkarcat'Ecg«n CU eGnLay, kicÍ
snænamYyrvag CU nig eGEdn (¨bFanrYm) VneFÃIeLIgEdlnwgBie¨KaHGMBIGnaKt«nkmõ¬Ca.
edayes~I \f~èr| mYyCamYy eGEdn, CU TTYleKalKMnit«nkardkecjBIkmõ¬CanUvT&BbreTsTSg
Gs' (TSgevotmij TSgVrSg), ehIyTTYlsðal'raCrd½aPiVl Card½aPiVl¨tèvcºab'EtmYy«n
kmõ¬Ca, bu"En‘bkmkv^j, TamTarkuM[¨beTskmõ¬Ca (niglav) kÂayeTACamUld½anT&BGaemrikSg
k~¬geBlGnaKt. CamYynwgkares~Irbs' CU, eGEdnk*¨bjab'eTACYb¨btiPUVrSg h§ßk bßédU.
k~¬gerOgenH, CakarN_mYycºas'Nas' Edl¨beyaCn_VrSg nig¨beyaCn_cin ¨sbcUlCa
mYyK~a, e¨JHfa¨bsinebImanshB&nì²NëècinmYye¨kamkard·knS«nevotmij, CakarN_Fmµta
EdlVrSgnwgGs'²TìiBlrbs'xÂçn ehIycink*BiVksnìwg²TiìPaBxÂçnmkelIkmõ¬CaniglavEdr.
«f© 18 kkûda, \¨beTsFM| TSg4 BiPak§aK~aeTot. CU eGnLay es~IdUcmunm¶geTot
ehIyTarBI eGEdn nUvkarFanay"agmF´&tmYyelI¨beTskmõ¬Ca EdlKat'mincg'eXIjeTACa
 96
mUld½anGaemrikSg. eGEdn [karFana \e¨kApÂèvkar| rbs'Kat'eTA CU ehIybJØak'fakmõ¬Canig
lav nwgeTACa¨beTsGB´a¨kwt Edlnwg¨tèvkarJreday¨beTsVrSg k~¬g¨kbx&Në«nsh
PaBVrSg. dl'¨tg'enH, sni~sITk*C^tcb'ehIy. karCYbK~aedémºIcuHhtÄelxabegúIyVn¨tèv
snµt'eFÃIenA«f© 20 kkûda em"ag 9 yb' k~¬glMenA«n Gg'tUnI eGEdn. KN:¨btiPUExµr, Edlmk
dl'yWt 2 em"ag (G~kebIkLanVnvegÃgpÂèvk~¬gh§WENv), ¨sab'EtBMu¨BmcuHhtÄelxaelIkicÍ
¨Bme¨Bogbegúéy. eTB pn BMu¨BmcuHhtÄelxay"agdac'Nat' drabNama¨ta 3-4 Edltam
mtiKat', eFÃI[mane¨KaHf~ak'k~¬gGnaKtdl'sn‘isux«nkmõ¬Ca, minVn¨tèvEkE¨bCamuneT. mU"Lè
tUv, twgcit‘esæIrTb'BuMVn, ¨BmTTYleFÃIGaCÆakN¶aledémºIbJÍb'begúéy[Vnrh&s. enHCama
¨taTSgLayEdlCab'ecaT ehIynigkarEkE¨b Ð
k- kicͨBme¨BogbegúéyEcgfa ¨beTskmõ¬Caman¨bePTCa¨beTs \GB´a¨kwt|, ²t
e¨CotE¨Ckk~¬gkicÍkarGn‘rCatimYyNaeLIy enAeBlevlaNak*eday. elIerOgenH,
kmõ¬Casn´afanwgmincUlk~¬gsmõnìkicÍeyaFaNa Edlmin¨twm¨tèvtamFmµnuJï«nGgð
karsh¨bCaCatieLIy, bu"En‘TamTar[mansiTiìdak'mUld½anT&BbreTs enAeBlNa
EdlxÂçnyl'famane¨KaHf~ak'. eTaHbI pS yuSgdug tva" ¨bqSgy"agxÂSgk*eday,
mU"LètUv ¨Bm[Ekma¨taenH, karN_EdleFÃI[¨btiPUTSgGs'PÆak'¨Kb'K~a.
x- evotmijsuM[karnSGavuFyuTìP&NënigbuKðlikeyaFabreTscUlmkkmõ¬Ca eFÃIenA¨tg'
kEnÂgxÂH«n¨beTs, EdleKkMrwtTukmun. kmõ¬Cacg'[karnScUlenHeFÃIenAkEnÂgNak*
eday«n¨BMEdnxÂçn. ¨tg'enHsn~isITk*yl'¨BmtamsMNuMExµrEdr.
K- elIbJúa«nkarfyecj«nT&Bevotmij nigkardkGavuFecjBIkgExµr-evotmij, pS
yuSgdug es~I[BYkExµrEdlVneFÃIsh¨btibti‘karCamYyevotmijenAmansiTìikan'Ga
vuF ehIyp¶¬÷K~aenAk~¬gPUmiPaKkMNt'TukmYy rhUtdl'eBleVHeq~atCati (dug cg'Eck
kmõ¬CaCaBIrdUcEdlsn~isITVneFÃIcMeJHevotNam). bnæab'BIkartva"¨bqSgya"gxÂSg
«nKN:¨btiPUExµr, evotmijes~I[manKN:kmµkarcMruHmYyEdlmantMNag«nraCrd½a
PiVlnigtMNag«nrd½aPiVl sWg gu"kmij, ehIyEdlnwgedaH¨saybJúa«nkar
bJÍèlkgExµrevotmijmkk~¬gsgðmCativij, ehIykarsMercTSgLay«nKN:kmµkar
cMruHenH nwg¨tèv¨tçtBinit´edayKN:kmµkarGn‘rCatimYyxagkicͨtçt¨ta. eday²t
rvl'nwg¨btikmµeBjedaykMhwg«nBYk¨btiPUevotmij, mU"LètUv Garkat'CaelIkbegúIy
edayTat'ecalerOgTTYlsðal'rd½aPiVl«n sWg gu"kmij. CaTIbJÍb', kicͨBm
e¨BogbegúéyVnTTYlhtÄelxak~¬geBlG¨Fa¨te¨CA (em"ag 2 PÂW) «n«f© 21 kkûda
1954. kicͨBme¨BogenHCasJïabgúajpÂèvbt'mYy«nd÷eNIrsavta¨beTskmõ¬Ca .
(elak h§g' sUEvl, EdleBlenaHCard½TUtVrSgenA¨kug Ebßgn_, smaC^k«nKN:
¨btiPUVrSg, r"ayr"ab'k~¬gTs§navd¶é \Guiss‘èrIy"a| (elxBiess 25) faÐ \CaelIk
TImYy ehIy¨bEhlCamanEtm¶gKt'k~¬gCév^t kargarrbs'Kat'CaG~keFÃIsn~isIT, rd½
mån‘IkarbreTs«nshPaBsUevot (mU"LètUv), cMeJHmuxlkÅN:¨byuTìxÂSg«nshkarI
 97
Kat'xagkmõ¬Ca, elak sm sarI, k*FÂaysMeNIcehIyyl'¨Bmtamm¶geTotCaelIk
begúéy.|)
(4) \drabNas¨tèvrYmrbs'eyIg, evotmij, minTan'braC&yeT —ehIy¨BHGgð¨Cabcºas'fava
mansmtÄPaBnwgeVskMcat'ecalraCaFibety´Exµr ¨BmTSgTMenomTMlab'd*¨tkalrbs'¨b
eTs¨BHGgð, GriyFmád*cas'yUrGEgÃg ehIynig¨bCaFibety´d*ekµgrbs'¨BHGgð— drabNa
e¨KaHf~ak'd*FMenH, EdlGacCae¨KaHf~ak'dl'Cév^trbs' (¨beTs) ¨BHGgð, minTan'kMcat'ecjVn
eT, eyIgminGaceFÃI[VrSgGs'cit‘ Gs'kmÂSgVneLIy.|, rd½elxaFikarbreTsGaemrikSg,
dlÂws, eqÂIyeTA¨BHecA sIhnu, kales¶cTamTaräkraC´enAq~S 1953, (emIlPaKTI4, TMB&r
60). karVrm¸rbs'dlÂws, cMeJHeBlsBëf©enH, eTACaTMnaymYy.
(5) sn~isITenAVn'Dug (emsa 1955) Ca¨Bwti‘karN_xÂSgEdlVneFÃI[sem¶csIhnu sMercKUs
¨taEx§neyaVye¨kA¨beTs«nkmõ¬Ca. k~¬gkicÍsnænaep§g@ CaäkCneTÃPaKI nig¨tIPaKI Ca
mYy CU eGnLay nig pS yuSgdug elIGnaKt«n¨beTskmõ¬Ca, sIhnuVn \Vk'cit‘|
elIbursTSgBIrenH EdlecHKYrsmy"ag¨bNIt. TSgBIrnak'es~IeTA sIhnu nUvkarb¶èrTMnak'
TMngK~a EdlykmUld½anelIneyaVymine¨CotE¨CkK~amYy! kares~IenHcak'cMcMNucex§ay«n
sem¶csIhnu Edl, edayVnbNëit enhru x§wbBn´¬Hpg, kMBugrkeTsn_p§aybJÍsIla!
(6) BIq~S 1958 eTA 1967, ¨beTskmõ¬Canig¨beTscin ¨V¨s&yTak'TgK~ay"agmenarm´.
sIhnu eq¿t{kasBI \mit‘PaBcin| enH edémºIkMcat'bcÍami¨txageqÃg. kicÍenHVneFÃIeTArYceday
cin \eFÃImind·g|. BYkkumµ¬ynis‘Exµr, k~¬gkarrt'eKcBIkarbågûabrbs' sIhnu, Vnt¨mg'eTATÃar
EtmYyEdlxÂçnenAsl' Ð evotNamxageCég. karminrvérvl'«ncinelIBYkkumµ¬ynis‘Exµr mkBI
mUlehtuesd½kicÍEdr Ð ebIk~¬gkmõ¬Caman¨kumkgqµk'kumµ¬ynis‘, sem¶csIhnu cºas'CacUlCa
mYyGaemrikSg. dUec~Hcin¨tèvEtCYyk~¬geBlCamYyK~adl'rNsir§bI Ð yYn lav nigExµr.
karN_enH esd½kicÍcinsm&yenaHBuMGacTTYlbnæ¬kVneLIy. cMeJHG~kd·knScin, ebIkumµ¬y-
nis‘TTYlC&yC÷nHenAevotNam, CakarN_FmµtaEdlkmõ¬CaniglavrGilcUlrgÃg'sgðmniym.
KW¨Kan'EtbJúaeBlevlaeT. karyl'eXIjenHk*¨sbK~anwgeyabl'sem¶csIhnuEdr Edl
xMrkmit‘PaBcin edémºIecosvagkar¨bTUs¶r"ayk~¬geBlxagmuxCamYy \kumµ¬ynis‘cin—yYn|
(Jk´ehACajwkjyeday sIhnu).
(7) tSgBI«f©d÷bUg«nsågðam, BYkyYnxageCég¨tçt¨taPUmiPaK emKgð-elI TSgGs' ehIybiTpÂèvCati
elx 7 VnenA¨tg'TenÂbiT! Ót¶mesnIy ln' nl' Vns¬tcit‘y"agxÂSg eBlEdleK¨Vb'fa
¨kecHVnFÂak'ehIy. embJØakarEp~kswkrg¨kecH, ecg sayMubßn, enAmuxkarvaysMruky"ag
xÂSg«nkumµ¬ynis‘, rt'ecalTahanxÂçnEdlesæIrEtTSgGs'Vn¨tèvcab'CaeQÂIy. k~¬geBlrg'
cStulakarswk, sayuMbßn VnecjBIKukrYc ehIyeTAcUlCamYyExµr¨khm enAExemsa, eBl
Edl nicsun [TahanGaemrikSgcUlk~¬gdéExµr (C÷erA 30 Kùmù, tMbn' \EpÂsnèæc|) edémºIsMGat
TIC¨mkevotkug, ln' nl' suM[GaemrikSgbgúçskarvaycUlrbs'xÂçndl'¨kecH ehIykan'kab'
¨kugenH rhUtdl'eBlT&BExµrrkTahanC÷nYyVn. bu"En‘sMNuMenH ²tVn¨tèv \KSg| ykCa
karN_eT.
 98
(8) k~¬gPaKxagtºègnwgkN¶al«n¨beTs, evotkugvaytam¨kumkumµ"g'dUtUc@ eT. bu"En‘cMeJHnay
TahaneyIg, Edlsux¨sçl 15 q~SmkehIynwgsn¶iPaB«nbJÍsIla, KWCakar¨Cçl¨cal
y"agxÂSg. edayP&ysÂn'nwgkarvayCu÷v^j¨kugP~MeBj, TIGKðembJØakarsµanEtyYnt¨mg'rkrd½
FanI. kare¨tHriHBicarNabn‘ic ¨bEhlCaVnbgúaj[eXIjfayYn²tman¨beyaCn_nwg
\yk| P~MeBjPÂamdUec~HeT.
(9) tSgBId÷Nac'q~S 1972, kgTahanExµr¨khmGac¨byuTìdl'f~ak'kgBlFM.
(10) k~¬gBIrq~Sd÷bUg«nsågðam, kgTahankumµ¬ynis‘suTìEtyYnTSgGs'. skÅIPaB«nbN¶aCn «nPUmi
PaKCae¨cIn¨tèvK~aTSgGs' Ð k~¬gkareTAmkrbs'xÂçn, yYnman¨kumExµrtUc@ edérCamYy, Edlk~¬g
eBlenaHeKsµanfaEtBYk \G~kbgúajpÂèv|. EtEmnETneTA, KWBYkTSgenaHehIyEdlCa¨kum¨kb
x&NëbJØènBIhaNUy. karEknTahanCaelIkdMbUgVneFÃIeLIgeday²tcMeNaT. BYkxilxUc
nigecar¨sukTSgbu"nµanVn¨tèveK[kSePÂIgkan' ehIyEtgtSgk~¬gmYyb"¨bicEP~kCaemPUmi — em
XuM! karyksIhnumkkan'GMNacv^j Vn¨tèveKniyayBImat'mYyeTAmat'mYy! PUmiNaEdl
TTwgrwgrUs VnTTYlTNëkmµya"gsahav (karsmÂab'rgðalmanrab'minGs', Edl«¨B«p§Cag
eK KWenA¨tJMgCg, k~¬gq~S 1971). kare¨bI¨Vs'kSePÂIgFM ¨Kab'Ebk, ¨Kab'ru"kEkt, (d÷bUgrus§I
rYcmkcin) Vn¨tèvTuk[y"agdac'muxdl'BYkyYn, rhUtdl'q~S 1975.
CamYyd÷eNIrfµé@ «n b"ul Bt eTAeb"kSgnigkar¨bkasxYbTI 17 «nKNbk§kumµ¬ynis‘
Exµr, BYksarBtámanbsÍwm¨beTseFÃIkarsµanEtBIsEtJsdUcsBÃdg. xÂHniyayrhUtdl'fa
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ

pÂèvCatieyIgxÂH

pùCù1 = P~MeBj — G~kelOg — sÃayerog — («¨BnKr)

pùCù3 = P~MeBj — taEkv — kMBt
pùCù4 = P~MeBj — kMBg'sõW — kMBg'esam
pùCù5 = P~MeBj — kMBg'q~Sg — eBaF−sat' — Vt'd÷bg — sIusupun — eV"yEb"t
pùCù6 = E¨Bkk¶am — sðn' — kMBg'FM — esomrab — sIusupun
pùCù7 = sðn' — kMBg'cam — E¨kk — emmt' — s~çl

(taynij) (L¬knij)

(PUmiPaKEpÂsnèæc)
pùCù12 = kMBg'FM — GnÂg'«¨B — revog — pÂèvEbkEqb/mÂ諨B — ¨seLA (Tl'muxxug, lav)
pùCù13 = s~çl — ¨kecH — sæwgE¨tg — (xug, Vk'es, lav)
pùCù19 = sæwgE¨tg — lMpat' — (epÂKU, evotNam)
 99
KµanTMnak'TMngGÃIrvag Exµr-evotmij nwgBYkemExµr¨khmsBëf©enHeT. enHKWCakar¨bmafeBj
TIdl'v^JïaNkÅ&nì«neyaFaeyIg EdlVnbUCaCév^tenAsmrPUmi nig«nbgbíènksikreyIgEdl
Vn¨tèveKsmÂab'rgðaly"ag«¨B«p§.
(11) k~¬geBlenHminTan'mansiÄticºas'las'elIcMnYnGavuF \kumµ¬ynis‘| EdlVn¨tèvp¶l'[Exµr¨k-
hmeT. yYncºas'CaminVnd·kCJØèn[eday²tykkM«reLIy. dUcCaExµreyIgk~¬geBlCJØèn
kSePIÂgBIkMBg'esameTA[evotkug, yYn¨bEhlCaVn \ebHyk| mYyPaKEdr.
(12) BYkkumµ¬ynis‘yYn, fÃIdºitEteKd·g¾¨Kb'K~a GMBIkar¨tèvr"UvK~a sIhnu-pSyuSgdug enAeb"kSg enA
«f© 21-3-70, Vn¨bEkkk~¬gBIrq~Sd÷bUg«nsågðamfa KµanT&BxÂçnenAkmõ¬CaeT. ma¨ta 20 «nkicÍ
¨Bme¨BogenAV"rIs «nExmkra 1973 CakarTTYlsarPaBmYyBit@. bu"En‘Kµan¨beTsNa
mYydak''TNëkmµdl'evotNamxageCégeT, d÷Nwgdl'G~kNaEdlsgôwmelIkarxÃl'xÃayrk
yut‘iFmá «nsn~isITGn‘rCatiTSgBYg! teTAenH KWGtÄbT«nkicͨBme¨BogenAV"rIs rvagshrd½
GaemriknigevotNamxageCég EdleFÃIenAExmkra 1973 (vKðTI7, ma¨ta20) Ð
k/ù PaKIEdlcUlrYmsn~isITenAV"rIsGMBIerOgevotNam ¨tèveKarBy"agm"t'ct'dl'
kicͨBme¨Bogh§WENv«nq~S 1954 elIkmõ¬Ca nigkicͨBme¨Bogh§WENv«nq~S
1962 elIlav, kicͨBme¨BogEdleFÃI[man¨twm¨tèvnUvsiTiìCatiCaòsKl' «n
¨bCaCnkmõ¬Caniglav, KWäkraC´, GFibety´PaB, äkPaB nigbUrNPaBTwkdé«n
¨beTsTSgenH. PaKI ¨tèveKarBGB´a¨kwtPaB«nkmõ¬Caniglav. PaKI EdlcUl
rYmk~¬gsn~isITenAV"rIsGMBIevotNamsn´afamine¨bITwkdékmõ¬Caniglav edémºIb"H
Jl'eTAv^jeTAmkdl'GFibtIPaBK~a nigdl'sn‘isuxK~a nigedémºIb"HJl'dl'
GFibtIPaB«n¨beTsäeTot.
x/ù breTsnwgbJÎb'skmµPaBTahanTSgGs'enAkmõ¬Caniglav, nwgdkecjBI¨b-
eTsTSgBIrenHnUvkgTahanTSgGs', TI¨bwk§aTahanTSgGs', buKðlikTahan,
GavuF, ¨Kab' nigsm¸ar:cmºSg ehIynwgminbJÍèlmkeToteLIy.
K/ù kicÍkar«pæk~¬g«n kmõ¬Caniglav ¨tèv¨bCaCnTSgBIrcat'EcgerogxÂçneday²tbr-
eTse¨CotE¨Ck.
X/ù cMeNaTTSgLayEdlCab'C÷Jk'nwgTMnak'TMngrvag¨beTs«n²Nëècin nwg¨tèv
edaH¨sayedayPaKI²NëècinelImUld½an «nkareKarBeTAv^jeTAmkdl'äkraC´
K~a, bUrNPaBTwkdéK~a nig«nkarmine¨CotE¨CkeTAv^jeTAmk dl'kicÍkar«pæk~¬gK~a.
(cuHhtÄelxaeday eLDwkfU nig hinrI Kis§ijeCé enA«f© 27 mkra 1973) (dk¨sg'
ecjBIsarBtáman \LWm"ug| «n«f© 26-1-73).
karN_mYyEdlVneFÃI[G~ksegûtkarN_breTsegOgq©l'y"agxÂSg KWG~kkan'GMNac
enAP~MeBjVnbJØa, ¨Kan'Etsni~sITenHcb'PÂam, [kgT&BbJÎb'karVj'K~aCaäketaPaKI
ehIy[eFÃIbuN´mYyGbGrsaTrTTYlkicͨBme¨BogenH.
(13) muneBlP~MeBjFÂak'bn‘ic, kar¨bkYt¨bECgK~arvagbk§BYkTSgLayk~¬g saFarNrd½ eFÃI[Ga-
emrikSgse¨mccit‘yk ln' Nun ecj[q©ayBIP~MeBj. \kaNun| Vn¨tèveK[eTAeFÃId÷eNIr
 100
mYyeTAbreTsk~¬g \zan:| Card½TUt¨tac'cr. Exµr¨khmeFÃI[manJk´ccamGar"amfa k~¬g
d÷eNIrrbs'xÂçn ln' Nun VnTak'TgCamYyrus§I. eday²tcg'niyayfa karedjTUtrus§I
ecjBIP~MeBjenAExemsa 1975 mkEtGMBIerOgenH, eyIgGacniyayedaycºas'fa Exµr¨khm
²tVnedjBYkTUtshPaBsUevot e¨kamkarj¬Hjg'rbs'cineLIy.
(14) enAGasIuPaKGeK~y_, karbd^vt‘n_Nak*Cabd^vt‘n_ksikmµEdr (xÂSgNas'elIkElgEtcMeJH
hugkug nig sigúburI), e¨BaHfamhaCnPaKe¨cInCaksikr. vNö:kmµkrk~¬g¨kug ¨Kan'EtCaels
eT. karTak'Taj«nsPaB \eqItqay| EtgEteFÃI[manCanicÍ, k~¬gsgðm Ekºr-mUlFnniym,
nUvkarcakecjBI¨sukE¨scMkarmkrs'enAk~¬g¨kugv^j, karN_enHCakrNIy«nkmõ¬CaEdr. lb'
bMVt'¨kugTSgLayecj CaeKaledAFMmYy«nkumµ¬ynis‘GasuITSgGs' EdlkMBugEteLIgkan'
GMNac, eTaHbIxÂçnyk¨Tws¶ItamlTiìNak*eday, eTaHbIxÂçnmanlkÅN:dac'Nat'xÂSg Étick*
eday. minEmnEtk~¬gkmõ¬Ca¨bCaFibety´eTEdleKlb'bMVt'¨kugecal, enAevotNam nig
enAlav k*eKeFÃIdUec~HEdr, bu"En‘edaybn¶icm¶g@. EdlExµr¨khmedjbN¶aCn ecjGs'y"ag
elOnBIP~MeBjnig¨kugäeTotenH, KWminEmnmkBIerOgesd½kicÍ ÉedémºIbMeBjbMNgmenaKmv^CØa
GÃIeT. Exµr¨khmVneFÃIedayGmnus§FmáenH e¨JHcg'ecosvagGnæak'4 dUcteTAenH, EdlGac
\kat'mux| xÂçnVn Ð
k/ù e¨kaykicͨBme¨BogenAV"rIs«nq~S 1973, eKfaGacmankicÍccarelIerOgExµr.
sIhnu, CamYykaryl'¨Bm«n CU eGnLay, eVHsnèæcmYyeTA Ð raCrd½aPi
VlrYbrYmCati ¨BmeFÃIEtkicÍccar eTÃPaKI, CamYyGaemrikSgEtm¶g. sIhnu min
Emncg'EtTaj ln' nl' nigsaFarNrd½ecjeT, KWEfmTSg —ehIymunGÃI
TSgGs'— BYkExµr¨khm \kUnsis§| yYneTot (enAeBlenaH, rd½TUtVrSg
enA¨kugeb"kSg, eGEdn ma"Nak', eFÃICaG~kTak'Tg[). cab'tSgBIq~S 1973
enAkmõ¬Ca, eKeXIjmankgqµk' \sIhnuniym|. enAk~¬gPUmiPaKxÂH, mankarvay
tTl'y"agxÂSg rvagExµr¨khm nig \BYksIhnu|.
x/ù eBlEdlKat'eTACard½mån‘ITImYy, hg§ Funhak' Vnrkccar, tamry:Vgkk,
CamYy¨kum sIhnu - exov sMpn - hßuy nim - hUß yn', kar¨bwgE¨bgEdlVn
eFÃI[Kat' Vt'muxgareTA.
K/ù suEs‘n EhÃßrNg'Eds, GtIt:GKðembJØakar, cg'eFÃIrd½¨bharmYyedémºIrMlM
ln' nl' ehIyyksIhnu (Etm~ak'äg) mkv^j. edayxÃHKuNsmºti‘mYy
EdlVrSgehAfa \GIunIs´"aTIv| (karecHcat'EcgedayxÂçnäg mincSVc'maneK
bJØa), suEs‘neTAsYreyabl'GaemrikSgsin. CakarN_Fmµta, GaemrikSg
eqÂIy \eT|, ehIyxÂçnk*s¶ab'.
X/ù nl' Nun k*dUcK~aEdr BuMVnenAes©¿mk~¬gkar¨bNSg deN¶ImGMNaceT.
\Ót¶mesnIy_| Ehm ektdara nig¨kum \mU"Nas´è| rbs'xÂçn, nayTahanJk'
pûayxÂH Edl¨tehb¨thbmkdak'esa¨cvak'enATÃarcUl¨ksYgeXasnakar
bgúaj[eXIjlºicklTSgLay«neBle¨kayenaH.
 101
BitNas'eTAehIy, Exµr¨khmd·gGs'BIÓVyklTSgenaH. karN_EdlKYrkt'sMKal' KWBYk
edérlºicTSgenH, TSgG~kmansuTìcit‘ TSgG~ke¨skbuN´sk¶i, Vnyl'¨cLMGMBIGMNacEmn
ETnelIBYkExµr¨khm. TSgGs'K~a²tVnyl'dl'GtÄn&yy"ag¨Cale¨CA «nkarsmÂab'rgðal
«¨B«p§ enA¨tJMgCg, Ódugð, kMBg'cam .l. eLIy. eKsµanEtebIminsIhnu (EdlmanysCa
¨bFan«nrNsir§nigmankarKSJrBIeb"kSg) k* exov sMpn Edr (CamYygarxÂçnCaGKðembJØa
kar nigrd½mån¶IkarJr¨beTs) Edlkan'begú¿rd·knSbd^vt‘n_. minKW exov sMpn Edlk~¬geBl
mYyVn¨Vb'G~ksarBtámanVrSgm~ak'enAk~¬g«¨Bfa Ð \e¨KaHf~ak'FMbMputcMeJHkarbd^vt‘n_ KW
kalNaC&yC÷nHVnrh&seBk|? etI exov sMpn cg'[d·gfa minEmnxÂçneTG~kmanGMNac
EmnETnÉGÃI? bu"En‘kalenaH cenÂaHq~S 1971 nig 73 ²tmannrNacab'PÂwkxÂSgeLIy eday
sµanEtniyayBIkicÍkarerobcM. emIleTA, edaycg'sgKMnMu—QWcab' elIsgðmxÂçn, edaycg'
eFÃI[Tal'Et sIhnu ykGMNacv^jBMuekIt, exov sMpn, EdlemIlgayemeron¨bvti‘saås¶
dUcBYk \BukrlYy| enAP~MeBjEdr, Vnsuxcit‘cUlCamYy \bn| BYkhaNUy.
(15) eKVnniyayGMBIkar[xÍI¨Vk' 1 000 landulÂar Edl CU eGnLay ¨BmeFÃI cMeJHkmõ¬Ca¨b-
CaFibety´ edémºI[Exµr¨khmTuk sIhnu Ca¨bmuxrd½.
(16) muneBl bu"l Bt eTA¨sukcinbn‘ic, Ts§navd‘é \esd½kicÍcugbUJá¨beTs| cuHGtÄbTmYysr
esreday Nay"ancan'da e¨kamcMNgeCégfa \kmõ¬CanigcinminsUvs~iTìs~alK~a|, ehIyEdl
EcgdUcteTAenH Ð
\sIhnu Ð ¨bPB[BtámanCatiGWru"bmYy Edld·ge¨cInGMBIeb"kSgniyayfa cinmin
(R)
sbºaycit‘eTGMBIrebobEdleKEfTSsem¶csIhnu, ehIy \BYkbYnnak'| Vn¨tèveK[TTYl

xus edayBuMVnxitxMeFÃI[ sIhnu enACa¨bmuxrd½. ¨bPBenHyl'fa minEmnCa«cdn´eT

karN_Edl sIhnu Vn¨tèvdkecjBItMENge¨kayBImrNPaB«nrd½mån‘ITImYy CU eGnLay
(EdlCaG~kKSJr sIhnu k~¬gry:eBl¨VMq~SEdlsem¶cenAeb"kSg), Tl'nwgBYkG~kdac'Nat'
xÂSgk~¬gcMeNamExµr¨khm. ²LèvenHeb"kSgdUcCaVneXIjfa karTmÂak'sIhnu VneFÃI[kmõ¬Ca
Vt'G~knSJk´m~ak'EdlmansmtÄPaB, mkGMBIneyaVyeFÃIxÂçnäekaGnafa.
\fÃIdºitEtTMnas'rvag¨beTscin«nhYKYehÃg nwgkmõ¬CaminTan'ecjenAeLIyeT, eKeXIj
mansJïafa eb"kSgminsUvmankars~iTìs~alk~¬gkicÍTak'Tgrbs'xÂçnCamYykmõ¬Ca. karbriyay
BIerOgExµredayTIP~ak'garBtámancinfµé —¨bdab'vas'kMritmit‘PaBmYyEdleKTTYlsðal'— Vn
FÂak'cuHmky"ags¶çces¶Igk~¬gq~SEdlknÂgeTAenH. ¨bdUceTAnwgGtÄbTcMnYn 22 elIkmõ¬Ca Edl
TIP~ak'garBtámancinfµéVncuHp§ayk~¬gExkkûda-sIha 1976, TIP~ak'garVncuHEtbYnGtÄbTeT
k~¬gry:kaldUcK~aq~SenH.
\sJïamYy«nkarcuHGn'«nPaBkk'ek¶Arbs'eb"kSg KWkMritminsUvxÂSg«nPaBtMNagrbs'
¨beTscink~¬gBiFICb'elogbuN´xYbenAExemsa. k~¬gBiFICb'elogq~SeTA, EdleFÃIeLIgmun
mrNPaB«n em"A esTug nigkarFÂak'«nBYkbYnnak', VnmkcUlrYmsmaC^kbInak'«nkariyal&y
neyaVy ¨BmTSgrd½mån‘IkarbreTsk~¬geBlenaH, Cav KYnhY (e¨kaymkeKElgrab'rk). q~S
(R) ¨bBnì em"A esTug nigK~aKat'.
 102
enH, VnmkcUlrYmk~¬gBiFIsmaC^km~ak'«nkariyal&yneyaVy nigrd½mån‘IkarbreTs hYghY.
sunærkfarbs' hYghY ¨tCak'Cag Cav KYnhY EdlVnEfÂgGMBIesck¶I¨VemaCØnwgkarEdlman
\mit‘rYm¨byuTì| esµaH¨tg'dUcExµr.|
\karcuH¨tCak' «nTMnak'TMng«n¨beTsTSgBIr ¨bEhlCamineFÃI[mankardac'edacxÂSg
É[eXIjCasaFarN: nUvsågðamsÂabVkûadUckrNICamYy¨beTsGal'VnIeT, e¨JH¨beTs
TSgBIr ¨tèvkarK~a eTAv^jeTAmk. cinmin¨twmEt[xÍI¨Vk'y"age¨cInsemºIm sMrab'karksag
eLIgv^je¨kaysågðameT (¨bEhl 1 000 landulÂarGaemrikSg, Edlk~¬genaHmanC÷nYyCa
rbs' t«m 20 landulÂar), EfmTSgVn —tameKsµan— [buKðlikbecÍkeTs 1 000 nak'
mkCYsCulpÂèv nigÓbkrN_d·knStamGakas nigGysµ&yyan, e¨KOgp¶l'GKiðsnInigerag
c¨ksMxan'@ äeTot ¨BmTSg[d÷bUnµanxagGPivDón_ksikmµ. elIsBIkar[GavuFFmµta, cin
Vnp¶l'kV"l'sMrab'eFÃIlºat ehIybgúat'Exµr[ecHe¨bI¨Vs'. Gakascrcin (e¨kaymk tam
edayGakascryYnniglav) enAEtCasõanFMEdlPØab'¨beTsmkBiPBelakxage¨kA. ebsk
kmµExµrxagJNiCØkmµEdlecje¨kA¨beTsCaelIkd÷bUg mktSgTIk~¬gFnaKarkumµ¬ynis‘mYy
enA hugkug (Ts§navd¶é, 10 F~è 76) ehIykicÍCYjdUrTSgLayeFÃItamry:FnaKar«n¨beTs
cin. eTaHbIkmõ¬CaVnebIkbn‘icm¶g@ nUvkarTak'TgxagBaNiCØkmµCamYyelakxage¨kAk*eday
—CaBiessCamYyCbu"n— eBlevlamYyry:nigknÂgeTA munnwgP~MeBjGacrwg«drwgeCégedérEt
m~ak'ägVn.|
\tbmkv^j, CamYyneyaVye¨kA¨beTsd*äkraC´rbs'xÂçn nigC÷hrya"gxÂSgrbs'
xÂçn¨bqSgnwgshPaBsUevot, kmõ¬CaeFÃIsmnwgTwk¨Vk'k~¬gv^k&yb&¨tcinNas'. fÃédºitEt
eb"kSgcg'[kmõ¬CaEkE¨bC÷hrCatiniymelIslubrbs'xÂçn nigbMVt'TMnas'xÂçnCamYy¨beTs
«f, PaBäkraC´y"agmanH«nkmõ¬CaVn¨tèvTTYlsðal'fa karFanamYyTl'nwges~¿tTSgLay
«nmhaGMNac dUctTl'nwgkarekIteLIg«nb¬k²NëècinäkraC´mYyEdr. eTaH¨beTsTSgBIrmin
cUlcit‘nwgneyaVyk~¬gK~axÂSgy"agNak*eday, kmõ¬Canigcin nwgenAEtedérCamYyK~ae¨JHEt
mUlehtuy"agxÂIenH Ð ¨beyaCn_rd½ .|
(Ts§navd¶éesd½kicÍcugbUJá¨beTs 30 kkûda 1977)

ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
 103

d÷eNIrd*maneCaKC&y«n bu"l Bt eTAeb"kSgGacCa

sJïa «n karbnæn'rbbExµr¨khmÉeT? KWfa
¨bCaCnExµrGacnwgVn¨sak¨san‘xÂHÉeT?

eTaHCaG~kd·knScin¨bmUlmnus§mYylannak' elITIlan eTonGanem"n edémºIeFÃIkarTTYly"ag

GsÍar´mYydl' bu"l Bt nigedémºI¨Vb'eTABiPBelakfa kmõ¬Ca Ca \kEnÂgsMrSgTuk| rbs'cink*eday,
eKaledA«nG~kd·knSsBëf©nigk~¬gGnaKt«n¨beTsevotNam enAEt²tE¨b¨bçleLIy Ð bMeBj
cMNg' hU Cémij, KWfa ykkmõ¬Caniglav cUlk~¬gshB&nìrd½mYy e¨kamkard·knS«nevotNam. man
e¨cInK~a G~kEdlcSemIl, edayeqat, karN_EdlExµr¨khmebIky"agFM nUvTÃar¨beTs edémºI[ \ecA
hÃay| yYnxÂçncUlmkykkmõ¬Ca. enHKWmeF´aVyEdl hU Cémij BuMVn¨Vb'eyIgeT. G~kd·knS
evotNammanCae¨cInK~a nUvkarBiesaFn_Cab' 40q~S xagsågðambd^vt‘n.
_ eKVnQmmux k~¬gkartyuTì
y"agyUredémºIäkraC´¨beTseKTl'nwgGaNaniKmniym nigc¨kBti‘niym Cae¨cIn Ð VrSg, cin,
Cbu"n, GaemrikSg. kan'cgûèt¨beTsmYyEdl —cMeJHEP~kBiPBelakTSgmUl— Ca¨beTsrgkmµ, G~k
TSgenHecH ehIynigenAEtecH ecosvagmin[eKfaxÂçnCac¨kBti‘v^jVn.
etIExµr¨khmGnuvt‘n_²texÍaH nUv¨Tws¶Ibd^vt‘n_«nvNö:kmµkr-ksikr rbs'em"A(1)? ÉmYyyk
KMniteday²txusmYybnæat'BIlTiì ma"k§-eLnIn? ÉmYyBYkenH \duslag[brisuTì| edémºIeFÃIsgðmfµé
mYyenAkmõ¬Ca? ²tsMxan'eT ¨bPB«nlTiìEdlemExµr¨khmykKMnittam, karEdl¨tèvsgût'elI KWBYk
enHVnTTYlkarhÃwkhÃWnxagbecÍkeTssågðambd^vt‘n_enA¨sukyYn. ebIKµanC÷nYycin(2) karbd^vt¶n_
yYn¨bEhlCaminVnC&yC÷nHeT. dUcK~aEdr ebIKµanC÷nYyyYn emeraKkumµ¬ynis‘ ²tmankmÂSg¨Kb'
¨Kan'nwgkMeTc ehIykb'ecalnUvGriyFmáExµreLIy. BitehIy VneronenAsalayYn minEmnVnn&y
E¨bmkCanicÍfaCaxƬMkJØHyYn ehIybMerIpl¨beyaCn_yYneT. bu"En‘ ebI¨beTsevotNamVneFÃIBlikmµ
y"age¨cInedémºICYyExµr¨khm KWmkBI¨beTsenHeXIjfaxÂçnGacTajpl¨beyaCn_mkv^jVn. mk
dl'eBlenH G~kd·knSyYnGacsbºayrIkraynwglTìplelIkd÷bUgehIy, rgÃan'«nkarsbº¬rsrbs'
xÂçn Ð ¨beTskmõ¬CaGs'mnus§ edaykarbMpÂajxÂçnäg(3). eTaHeyIgcg' Émincg' Exµr¨khmkMBugEteFÃI
[Gs'mnus§BI¨beTsxÂçnehIy e¨JHfa Ð
k/ EfmelIGsuPExµr 1 200 000 nak' Edl¨BwTìsPaGaemrikSgVnTTYlsðal', bnæab'
BIkarCECkmYyya"g¨twm¨tèvelIKNeny´mk, nigmanmYycMnYneTot, EdleyIgminhßannwg
mincg'V"n', «nG~ksÂab'edayehtuCévsaås‘. ehIyeyIgminniyayBIkarEdlTarkcab'
kMeNItBuMVn nigBIkarsmÂab'¨tg'@ EdlnwgenAEtmaneTotpg.
x/ù k~¬gGMeBIqûçtkMeral nigsmÂab'rbs'xÂçn Exµr¨khmeFÃI[man¨btikmµeTAmk bn‘K~a Edl
nwgnS¨beTseTA[mankarkMeTcTSggg·tmuxmYyCaTIexÂacp§ar. eKalv^T´asaås‘Edlfa kmµ
begûIt¨btikmµ nwgbgúaj[eyIgeXIj Ð kareFÃIVbnS[mankarbHeVr, karbHeVrnS[man
 104
karbågûab ehIykg'c¨kenHecHEtv^leTAeTot. karbHeVrenHecjBIbN¶aCn k*dUcCaecjBI
bk§BYk¨bECg.
edémºIeFÃI[Gs'mnus§BIkmõ¬Ca, evotNam²tVc'e¨bIkgT&BxÂçneLIy. bu"En‘mkdl'eBl
enH¨Kan'Etcb'd÷Nak'mYyeT. GnaKteXIjdUcCaexµAgg·tNas'. ¨bCaCnExµr¨tèv¨bugxÂçncS
TTYlrgB´¬Hsgôrae¨cIneTot EdlbgúajxÂçnenAeCégemXeTAehIy.

dUec~H etI¨bCaCnExµrnwgeTACay"agNak~¬gGnaKt?
etIGnæak'enA¨tg'Na, sMNagnwgrs'enA¨tg'Na?

e¨kay¨Bwt‘ikarN_ 18 mIna 1970, eBlEdl¨beTskmõ¬CacUlk~¬gpÂèvfye¨kayBuMVn «n

cMVMgK~aäg, elak nYn eXOn, saås¶acar´briJïab&¨t¨bvti‘sa¨s¶ «nmhav^T´al&yGk§rsaås¶ nig
mnus§saås¶¨kugP~MeBj, tamry:esovePAmYyeQµaH Çd÷eNIreqõaHeTATisxaglic nig²Nëècink~¬gq~S
2000È, [kar¨BmanmYyeTAKUv^vaTTSgBIr Ð \vasna«n¨beTseyokNamCavasna«n¨bCaCatimYy
EdlB¨gékTwkdéedaysågðam ehIyEdl¨tèveKeFÃIsågðameTAGnaKteTot.|
k~¬gCe¨mA, nYn eXOn cg'niyaydUcteTAenH eTAkan'G~kd·knSTSgBIrxag Ð k~¬gkMeralnig
smÂab'K~aeTAv^jeTAmk cUrG~kkuMePÂce¨KaHf~ak'yYnEdlkMBugEtXÂSemIleyIg. d÷bUnµan¨bvti‘sa¨s¶Vn
¨Vb'eyIgrYcehIyfa KWedaysarcMVMgK~aeyIgTSgenHehIy EdlyYneq¿t{kasral'dgedémºIruj
¨caneyIgecj. CaCagkMeTcK~aäg, KYreyIgxMsn§MCév^tExµrv^j edémºIQmmuxTl'nwgsågðammYyk~¬g
GnaKt CamYyevotNameBlNaEdl¨beTsenH nwgVnrYmmkEtmYyv^j.
dUcCaFmµtaeTAehIy, karGMJvnavenH²tVn¨tèveK¾eLIy. karsn~id½an«nelak nYn eXOn
eXIjfa¨tèvdUec~HEmn k~¬geBl²LèvenH. eTIbnwgecjeKIm@ BIsågðamd*rnìt'mYyk~¬gkML¬g¨VMq~S Edl
VneFÃI[sÂab'nigrbYsmnus§ 8 00 000 nak' k~¬gbN¶aCn(4), ¨beTskmõ¬CacUlk~¬gdegû¿bkarbd^
vt‘n_d*manButtº¬t nigd*«¨B«p§mYy EdlKabmYlxÂçn[hUrQame¨caHesæIrEtGs'eTAeTot. kMBugEt
¨tdab¨tdYsedaymuxrbYsTSgenH, sarBtámanTSgLayEcgBIsJïa«nsågðammYyeTotrvagkmõ¬Ca
nigevotNam, Edlk~¬geBlenH¨Kan'EtCa \CemÂaHerOg¨BMEdn|. karN_mYyfµé Ð kmõ¬Ca, elIkenH, eTACa
\G~kQÂanBan\ eTAv^j (sMenog«nsunærkfarbs' bu"l Bt enAeb"kSg [eKsµanTukfa nwgmancMVMg
y"agFMmYyrvagyYnnigExµr). G~kd·knSExµr¨khmkMBugEtnSCatiExµrTSgmUleTAeFÃIGt¶XatkmµehIy Ð
edémºIIlukluykmõ¬Ca yYne¨bIedayeCaKC&ynUvels \GaNaniKmniymVrSg| (1951- 54), rYcmk
els \c¨kBti‘GaemrikSg| (mina 1970), elIkenHKµanGÃIXat'yYnmin[e¨bIels \c¨kBti‘niymcin|
eT. enAExemsa 1975, eBlEdlBYkcincuHkV"l'ehaHenAeJFicintug, edaysµanfacincUlkan'kab'
kmõ¬Ca yYnVncUlvayCaTUeTAtam¨BMEdn ehIykan'kab'ekaHExµrTSgGs'k~¬gsmu¨T(5). enHCakar
¨BmanmYyehIy EdlevotNameVHeTA[cin. Tal'Etman \Ts§nkicÍCamit‘PaB| «n eL dYn(R) enA
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
(R) eL dYn Ð elxaFikarTImYy«nKNbk§ Lav-dug. lºIfaCaG~kdac'Nat'xÂSgk~¬gcMeNamG~kd·knSyYn.
 105
P~MeBj eTIbGFikrN_enHVn¨tèvedaH¨saymYyeBlsin (bnæab'BI \Ts§nkicÍ| enH, eGog sarI Vn
elcecjCaelIkd÷bUgCaÓbrd½mån‘ITImYy nigrd½mån‘IkarbreTs, ¨BmK~anwgeQµaHCae¨cIneTotEdl
rhUtmkdl'eBlenaH enA \e¨kayvSgnn| enAeLIy.
TMnas' cin-yYn TIBIrVncab'ep¶émehIy. cMeJHEP~kG~kd·knS¨beTsevotNam, ebI¨beTs
kmõ¬CakÂayeTACamUld½anmYy«n¨beTscin, äkPaBrbs'¨beTsevotNam¨tèvkÂayeTACabJúav^j.
e¨JHfayUr Éqab' cinGacbn‘kicÍEdl CU eGnLay VneFÃImkBImun Ð Tuk¨beTsyYn[enAEtEbkK~a
eday¨T¨Tg'kartsßUyYn Tl'nwghaNUy tammaKáa«n¨beTsExµr. karmYyeTotEdlcºas'KW ebIcin
TTYlra"b'begûénGavuFyuTìP&Nëdl'Exµr¨khm, yYnk*nwgTarC÷nYykan'Ete¨cIn BIshPaBsUevotEdr.
ehIyenA«f©EdlG~kd·knSyYnv^nicÏ&yfaC÷nYypÂèvswk«ncindl'kmõ¬CaVnhYskMrit EdlCae¨KaHf~ak'
mYydl'evotNam, kgTahanyYnnwgeTAmux¨Bwti‘karN_ ehIynwgvaylukluy¨beTsExµrm¶geTot.
tamsµan, dUcCaenAExmIna 1970 Edr, BYklukluynwgeFÃIsågðamrh&smYy edayvaysMrukCamYy
kmÂSgTSgGs'rbs'xÂçn edémºIkMeTcT&BExµr¨khm. elIkenH, eKGacnwgeXIjyYnk¶ab'Cab'¨beTs

kmõ¬Ca EdlGacElg¨bTUs¶nwgxÂçn e¨JHfabN¶aCnExµr, edayVnrgTukÅevTnaxÂSgeBk, Gacnwg TTYl

yYn Ca G~krMedaH !
GMeBIGa¨kk'VneFÃIrYceTAehIy, bu"En‘²txUcxatTSgGs'eT.
ebIG~kd·knSExµr¨khm, fÃédºitEtxÂçnsahav«¨B«p§ nigqûçtvegÃg«¨kNa, enAmankard·gsÂab'—
d·grs'enAeLIy— eyIgcg'fa BYkenHsuxcit‘Vk'muxCaCagVt'¨suk, xÂçn¨tèvcat'v^FankarN_dUcteTA
EdleXIjdUcCakicÍticbMputEdl¨tèveFÃI edémºIsgôwmfanwgeXIj¨bCaCatiExµrrYcCév^t Ð
k) bJÎb'karkab'sMLab'e¨scnwgcit‘. bnìèrkargar«nbN¶aCnedayeFÃI[eTAtamkmÂSg
mnus§.
x) GnuJïat[¨kumeBT´cUleTAkmõ¬Ca edémºIB´aVlG~kCm©W, edaymancMnYn¨Kb'¨Kan', nig
sÄitenAk~¬gry: evlaEdl¨tèvkar.
K) [Gahar¨Kb'¨Kan'dl'bN¶aCn, edayman ÉGt'C÷nYyBIxage¨kA.
X) edayman¨beTscin nigshPaBsUevotCYypg (Exµr¨khm, ehIyCamYyxÂènkmõ¬Ca
TSgmUl, manEtxatTSgGs' ebIenAEteqµIgnwgshPaBsUevot) ekaHehAKN:kmµkar
Gn‘CatixagkicͨtçtBinit´ (es GuI es) mkeFÃI[eKeKarB¨BMEdnExµr (ebI es GIu es enH
Gs'manGaNti‘ ¨tèvTamTar[manKN:kmµkarrebobK~aenH).
g) Fanasn‘isuxk~¬g«pæ¨beTs (sn‘isuxdl'¨kumeBT´ nig¨kumG~kCYyäeTot, xaXSgkuM[
mankarbHeVr«nbN¶aCn — v^FankarN_enHeFÃI[exÂaccit‘Nas' bu"En‘CakarcSVc')
edayehAmknUvT&BGn‘rCati (BYkmYk \exov| «n Gùsùbù ÉkgTahanEdlmkEtBI
¨beTssgðmniym).
v^FankarN_TSg 5x enH KWedémºIbJÎb'mrNkmµk~¬g¨sukExµrEtbu"eNöaH. GP&yäksiTiìnwg
E¨skehAdl'BiPBelakxage¨kA enAk~¬g«dG~kd·knSExµr¨khmehIy, EdlnwgenAEtemIlxus¨tèvk~¬g
¨suk. BitehIyBiPBelakenAFµwg, cat'karGÃIedayxÂçnägBMuekIt, bu"En‘eKnwgcUleTACYy¨bCaCnExµrPÂam
eBlNaEdlrd½aPiVlkmõ¬Ca mkrkeKmun.
 106
e¨kaymk evlad*sMxan'bMputnwgmkdl', evlaEdl¨beTskmõ¬Canwge¨CéserIsykneya-
Vyfµé, evlaEdlkgeyaFaGn‘rCatinwg¨tèvdkxÂçnecj edaymineFÃIGÃI[mansågðamrvagExµrK~aägm¶g
eTot. bu"En‘eyIgBMuTan'eTAdl'd÷Nak'enaHenAeLIyeT. karsMercCaGayuCév^t kare¨CéserIsd*sMxan'

bMput, sMrab'eBlPÂam@ enH, enAelIExµr¨khm Ð karbd^vt‘n_ É ¨beTs.

ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ

sMnYrTI 7 Ð rhUtmkdl'k¨mitNa kmõ¬Ca¨bCaFiety´

GacsgôwmelIsaFarNrd½cin¨bCamanit? (enATMB&r 111)

ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
 107

GFibºay

(1) karbd^vt‘n_yYnykKMnittamkarbd^vt‘n_cinEdr. k~¬gesck¶Iep¶ém«nlkÅn‘ik: «n dagLav-dug

(KNbk§«nG~keFÃIkar, begûétenAExmIna 1951), eKGacGan Ð \mUld½an«nKNbk§ Lav-dug
nigeKalKMnitTSgLayEdlENnSKNbk§enH k~¬gskmµPaBTSgGs'rbs'xÂçnKW lTiì«nma"k§,
Ginhwðl eLnIn, em"A esTug, s¨mçleTAtamesck¶I¨tèvkarBit¨Vkd«nkarbd^vt‘n_|. ebIeK
emIllkÅn‘ik:«nKNbk§bd^vt‘n_«nkmõ¬Ca, EdleFÃIeLIgedayTIbJØakarevotmijenA¨sukExµr
ehIyEdl¨Kan'EtCaesck¶IsegÅb«nlkÅn‘ik:KNbk§ Lav-dug, eKeXIjEtkarBn´¬H[gb'
gg·tmux, dUck~¬gXÂaenHCaedém Ð \b¨gçbb¨gçm¨bCaCnTSgmUl k~¬grNsir§Exµr²s§r:, eday
eFÃIsh¨btibt‘ikary"agC^ts~iTìCamYy¨bCaCn«nevotNam niglavùùù ehIybn‘y"agxØab'xØçn
kartyuTìedémºIkMeTc[Gs'VrSgGaNaniKmniym, GaemrikSgGn‘raKmn_niymnigxƬMkJØHva|.
(emIlesovePA \evot-mij\ rbs' EbßNahÃl', bNöaKar Gam"g'kULSg 1960. GanTMB&r 83
nig 84 «nk¨mgenHEdr).
ebIsinCaG~kd·knSyYn²tVnmanKMnitTuM cºgnwgsresr \karXat'XSgk~¬gKMnit| mYy
edaydak'lkÅx&Nëfa ¨tèvs¨mçllTiìkumµ¬ynis‘eTAtamlTìPaB nigsÄanPaBk~¬g¨suk, kar
bd^vt‘n_yYn¨bEhlCasahav«¨B«p§dUcrbs'Exµr¨khmEdr. ¨by&t~bu"Nöwgem¶c GMeBIrMelaPBI
sMNak'G~k \xage¨kam| enAEtVnekItmaneLIgdUcEdlG~kniBnì hÃßélIB dãvéEl Ecgk~¬gkar
GFibºayGMBIkareLIgkan'tMENg«nevotmij k~¬grd½aPiVlbeN¶aHGasn~TImYy «nsaFarN
rd½¨bCaFibety´evotNam 1945 Ð
\ùùùùùù dUec~HEmn karN_sMxan'k~¬geBlenH minEmnJk´EdleKniyay ÉGtÄbTEdleK
sresrk~¬gTI¨kugTSgLay dUchaNUy É ev" eT. e¨JHfaenATIenaHmanebskkmµBYksmõnì
mit‘EdlcuH-eLIg, dUec~Hrd½aPiVl¨tèvEt \Tukmux| xÂçn ehIyrk§aPaBerobry. karN_sMxan'KW
ehtuEdlekItmaneLIgenATICnbT.|
\cab'PÂameLIg karbd^vt‘n_tam¨sukE¨s-cMkarmanlkÅN:p¶ac'kar, dac'Nat'Etm¶g.
munnwg{vaTep§g@ cMeJHKN:kmµkarTSgLay«n¨bCaCnVn¨tèverobcMeLIg, karbd^vt‘n_, bd^
vt‘n_EmnETn, Vncab'ep¶émrYceTAehIy.
\enAtamXuMnigPUmiTSgLay, G~kmanmux-mat' nignamWunTSgry@ nak' ¨tèveKrkerOg,
vayd÷¨cMFak', cab', rhUtdl'smÂab'rgðalpg. G~knSGaT−BYkeLIgkMhl'TSgenaH e¨cInEtCn
EdleKminsðal', äbN¶aCnv^j EdlP&ytk's¬tCaTUeTA —bu"En‘eBlxÂHyl'¨BmtamEdr
enaH— ²tman¨btikmµGÃIeLIy. BnìnaKartUcFMTSgGs' ¨tèveKebIkTÃareLIg¨BmK~a ehIy
CHecjmkelI¨beTsnUvG~keTas \neyaVy| nigG~kCab'eTasedaybTelµIs, Edl¨sv·g
eCakedaykarsgswk. ekalahl'nigPaB¨cbUk¨cbl' rwtEt¨sYlekItmaneLIgeTAeTot
edayehtufatSgBIe¨cInExmkehIy GMNacrbs'rd½aPiVl, e¨kABIenAk~¬gTI¨bCu÷CnFM@, manEt
eQµaHeT.|
 108
\bn‘iceTotmk eKk*rab'ElgGs'nUvcMnYnkarlYcbÂn', karEqkeqr, karcab'cgeday
e¨scnwgcit‘, karbMVt'¨Vk'kas, \karrwbGUsyksmºti‘BYkG~kmanhÃas'siuH nig¨bqSg
bd^vt‘n_|, nigXadkmµ e¨kay (ÉKµan) kareFÃIhak'dUcCakat'esck¶Ieday \tulakar¨bCaCn|
EdleKbegûéteLIgy"agqk'keN¶ot. BYkG~k¨bwgE¨bgeFÃIkar[bk§kumµ¬ynis‘²Nëècin yl'fa
eBlevlamkdl'ehIy EdleK¨tèvGnuvt‘n_kmµv^FIeFÃI \karbMVt'mUlFnniymhÃas'suiH|, kmµ
v^FIEdlbe¨gondl'xÂçn k~¬gkºçneFÃI[ekItclacl. k~¬gTI¨bCu÷Cnext‘nigXuMCae¨cIn, CaBiess
enAGNöamxageCégnigenAtugkwg, KN:kmµkar«n¨bCaCn bJØa[bMVt'ecalnUvBiFIbuN´¨b«B
NIyep§g@, [eFÃIkarEckdéE¨scMkar, [rwbGUs¨TB´smºti‘BYkG~kman, ehIyd·knSkicÍkar
TSgenHedaypæal'.|
\KN:kmµkarTSgLay«n¨bCaCncUlkan'kab'XuMTSgBYg, ehIyes¶cc¨klíwtelíac
TSgLayEdlenAk~¬gKN:kmµkarTSgenaH eFÃIkarsgût'sgû^nnigePrvkmµ. enA¨Kb'TIkEnÂg
GMNacEmnETnenAk~¬g«dBYkkumµ¬ynis‘ EdlCajwkjye¨cInEtmnus§e¨kAXuM ÉBYkEdl
bgúajxÂçnCakumµ¬ynis‘.|
\y"agenHkarbd^vt‘n_k*mantSgBIedémTInUvlkÅN:CakartyuTìsgðmy"agxÂSg BuHeJr
bMput. k~¬gPaKe¨cIn«nPUmiPaKTSgLay karbd^vt‘n_enHbJØak'xÂçnfamanxÂwmsarCakumµ¬ynis‘,
ehIyeFÃIeLIgeTAtamEx§bnæat'dac'Nat' «nkmµv^FIeLnInniym.|
\GMeBIhYsehtuTSgenH GacEteFÃI[Gab'{ndl'karbd^vt‘n_, [karenHFÂak'eTAk~¬gPaB
vegÃgvk'vé. G~kd·knSkumµ¬ynis‘d·gPÂamGMBIkarenH. dYgVk'm"ay, G~kd·knSm~ak', nig¨Vb'xƬMyUr
e¨kaymk (enAExmIna 1947) GMBIkicÍEdlKat'xMeFÃI, k~¬gnaTICaGFikarxagkicÍkarneyaVy
nigrd½Vl¨bcSPaKxagekIt«nNam-bU (kUsSgsuIn), edémºIbgíg'snæ¬HxÂSgkÂaxuseBlevla «n
G~ktyuTìxage¨kam edayBn´l'dl'G~kTSgenaHfa Par:kicÍk~¬geBlenH minEmnkareFÃIbd^vt‘n_
kmµkr-ksikreT bu"En‘KWkarrMlM \GaNaniKmniym| edayGMJvnavdl'¨bCaCn TSgmUl [eFÃI
kartyuTìTl'nwgGaNaniKmniymenH.|
\dUec~HEmn cMeJH hU Cémij nig¨kumrbs'Kat', kardeN¶émykäkraC´¨tèveFÃImunGÃITSg
Gs'. Kat'yl'fa eBlevlaebIk{kas[Nas' ehIy¨bEhlCamin¨tLb'mkm¶geTot
eLIy. dUec~HkarGÃITSgGs'¨tèveFÃItMrg'eTAeKalbMNgenaH. karbd^vt‘n_k~¬gsgðmenAelI«pæTIBIr
eT, e¨kayq©ayeTAeTot. (ùùù) ebIkarbd^vt‘n_manlkÅN:tammenaKmv^CØa , BYkhUCémijnwgbg'
xatTSgGs'ehIy. edaymanEt 5000 nak' , BYkenHBuMGacsgôwmbMbt'bMEbnmhaCnVneT.
(ùùù)|
\bågûabGMeBIhYsehtu, rkkarrYbrYm¨bCaCn[Vn Ð KW[eTAdl'eKaledATSgBIrenH
Edl hU Cémij nig¨kumKat'cab'eFÃIkarPÂam. dUec~HEmn hU Cémij enAEteCOCak'faùùù kardak'
edayKMhuknUvrbbsgðmniymmkelIevotNam eFÃIeTABuMrYceLIy. ¨bCaCn²t¨buge¨bobnwg
TTYlrbbenHeLIy, edaymkGMBITMenomTMlab'nigstixÂçnpg. k~¬gkML¬ge¨cInq~SeTot, ¨beTs
evotNam¨tèvedéry"agyWteTAkan'sgðmniym tamkarhat'eron nigtamkar¨b¨Bwt‘¨bCaFib-
ety´. (ùùù)|
 109
\k~¬geBl²LèvenH kareCarhYs¨bmaN«n \G~ktyuTìxage¨kam| Vn¨CmuC¨beTs
evot-NameTAk~¬gekalahl. edémºIkan'kab'kicÍkarVnv^j hU Cémij manEt¨kummYytUc,
\xYr| sam-Essibnak'enAhaNUy, minTSge¨cInbu"NöwgpgenA¨Kb'ext‘äeTot. kareXasna,
karniyayBn´l' (e¨JHkmÂSgGavuFminTan'manenAeLIy) CameF´aVyEtBIr EdlBYkenHGac
e¨bI¨Vs'Vnùùù|.
(hÃßélIB d·véElÂ, k~¬g \savta«nevot-Nam BI1940 eTA 1952|, hageVHp§aysWy)

enA¨beTsyYn kartyuTìvNö:eFÃIeTACamYykartyuTìedémºIäkraC´ (d÷bUgTl'nwgVrSg,

rYcmkTl'nwgGaemrikSgedémºIb¨gçbb¨gçm¨beTs). dUcK~aEdr enA¨beTscin, em"AesTug, Ca
mYyK~anwgkartyuTìvNö:, VntyuTìBId÷bUgTl'nwgCbu"n. enA¨beTskmõ¬Ca manEtkartyuTì
vNö:bu"eNöaH. ebIenAevotNam karbd^vt‘n_Vn¨tèveFÃIeLIgedaybJïvn‘, enAkmõ¬Ca KWG~kl©wt
l©g'EdleFÃIbd^vt‘n_ Ð etImnus§rebobNaEdl exov sMpn, eGog sarI, saL¬t sr e¨bI
¨Vs'? eBlNaCnTSgbIenHnwg¨tèvVt'xÂçndUcG~käeTotEdr?

(2) BIrd½aPiVlbeN¶aHGasn~TImYy«nsaFarNrd½¨bCaFibety´evotNam enAq~S 1945 eTA

edon ebonPU enAq~S 1954, min¨twmEtkarbd^vt‘n_cineT EdlVnCaKMrUdl'evotmij, bu"En‘bnæab'
BIcab'kMeNItenAq~S 1949 cin¨bCamanitKS¨TyYntampÂèvsm¸ar:eTot. enAq~S 1950 kgT&B
cinelx 2 VneFÃI[ecjCarUbragnigbgúat'kgBlFMevotmijelx 304, 308, 312, nig
320. karbd^vt‘n_ksikmµ EdlhaNUyeFÃIeLIgBIq~S 1953 eTA 1956 KWcmÂg²telí¿gBI
KMrUcin. k~¬gry:s¨gðamTI2 «n²Nëècin, cinVnCYyyYnxageCége¨cInNas' Óù e¨kam¨KuDecv,
shPaBsUevot[C÷nYyyYnxageCégt«m 350 landulÂar. k~¬gkML¬geBlenaH C÷nYycinmk
yYnt«m 450 landulÂar.
(3) karN_EdlKYr[rnìt'mYyeTot KWmnus§EdlenA¨sukExµr e¨kayExemsa 1975 nigmanmYy
cMnYnFMEdlBikar tSgBIkMeNItnUvkay nigstiedayedémehtuCévsa¨s¶. etIExµrbd^vt‘n_d*mha
GsÍar´mYylannak' dUcEdlVne¨KagTukedayExµr¨khm mankmÂSgGÃIQmmuxTl'nwgyYn
50 lannak' (75 lan enAq~S 2000!) k~¬gsunærkfarbs'xÂçnenAeb"kSg bu"l Bt Vnfa
\eyIg¨tèvkarmnus§ 20 lannak'|. (emIlTs§navd¶éeb"kSg (Péking Review) elx 41, Extula
1977). etI bu"l Bt cg'ebIkTÃarkmõ¬Ca[ \G~kGen¶a¨bevsn_| cin ÉGÃI?
(4) esµIK~anwgcMnYnG~krge¨KaHeday¨Kab'EbkbrmaNU huIrU"sIum"a ¨VMbIdg.
(5) tSgBIyUrmkehIy yYncg'VnekaHExµrNas'. kare¨skXÂanenH minEmnmkEtBIkMNb'e¨bg
katEdlGacmanenAe¨kamCaysmu¨TenaHeT, KWedémºIbMeBjesck¶I¨tèvkaryuTìsa¨s¶Edr.
dUec~HEmn, eBlNamankarv^vaT, yYnGacxæb'cracrmin[kV"l'cUlEpkMBg'esamVn ebIxÂçn
CaG~kkan'kab'ekaHTSgenaH, kMBg'esamEdlCaEpsmu¨TEtmYyrbs'Exµr.
 110
ekaHExµrFM@ BIrameTAJm haeTog KW Ð ekaH¨cL¬H, ekaH¨kbI, ekaHòs§I, ekaHtaKav,
ekaH¨semac, ekaHfµé, ekaHesH, ekaH¨tl' (PUkÃwk), ekaHGågûg, ekaHesHmYyeTot, ekaHeJ,
ekaHGn‘ay, nigekaHBIreTot enAq©ayBIeq~r Ð ekaHBULè«v nigekaHtag.

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 111

rhUtdl'kMritNa kmõ¬Ca¨bCaFibety´ Gac

sgôwmelIsaFarNrd½cin¨bCamanit?

cMNgEdle¨kok¨beTscineTAnwg¨beTskmõ¬Ca k~¬gkal:eTs:sBëf©«nkarTak'Tg cin-Exµr

Vn¨tèvrwteLIgedayEtJk´BIrm"at' \¨beyaCn_rd½|, dUcEdlVnsresredayG~keqÂIyqÂgm~ak'«n
Ts§navd¶éesd½kicÍcugbUJá¨beTs, Nay"an' can'da (GanTMB&r 101, elxeyag 16)
enAExmkra 1973 eBlEdlsn~isITenAV"rIselI¨beTsevotNamkMBugeFÃIeLIg, Gnurd½elxa
FikarGaemrikSg sußlÂIva"n' VnecalJk´dUcteTAenH Ð \¨beTscincUlcit‘eXIjmanrd½ bYn \rebob
(R)
¨sukbl'kg'| Cag²NëècinEtmYye¨kamkarENnS«nevotNamxageCég EdlenAe¨kam²TìiBlsh

PaBsUevot| (siuc) (emIlTs§navd¶éesd½kicÍcugbUJá¨beTs, Exkum¸: 1973). e¨kaykarcuHhtÄelxa

elIkicͨBme¨BogEdlbJØak'sn~isITdEdl, hinrI KIs§ijeCé(1) VnniyayrebobenHEdr eTAkan'G~k
karTUtcinm~ak', edaycMGn'elgbn‘icpg Ð \ebIeyIg, GaemrikSg, CaG~kcaj', Gs'elak, cin, CaG~krg
e¨KaH.|
|Jk´Elbxay| «nG~kTTYlxus¨tèvxagkarbreTsGaemrikSgenH niyayminticeT GMBITMhM
«nkarv^vaT cin-rus§I, min¨twmEtenA²NëècineT, bu"En‘enAk~¬gGasIuPaKGeK~y_TSgmUl. shPaBsUevot
EdlneyaVye¨kA¨beTscMeJHrd½TSgLay«nGasuIPaKGeK~y_ minsUvelaPln'bu"nµan munv^vaTenH
ekIteLIg(2), kMBugEtlatsnìwg²TiìòTìixÂçnelIPUmiPaKenH«nBiPBelak bn‘icm¶g@ bu"En‘Cak'eLIg@. tam
ÓVyenH rus§Icg'eLamB&Tìcin tamry:¨beTsTSgLayEdlenAe¨kam²TìiBlxÂçn.
e¨kaybraC&y«nGaemrikSgenA²Nëècin, KWedaysarsnæ¬Hsti¨bqSgyYnrbs'Exµr Edl¨b-
eTscinGacetagCab'EmkeQIkmõ¬Ca, k~¬geBlEdlevot-Nam(3) niglav(4) FÂak'eTAe¨kam²TìiBl
shPaBsUevot. dUcCacin¨tèvkar¨beTskmõ¬CaEdr Exµr¨khm¨tèvkar¨beTscin. BYkenHEbreTArkcin
min¨twmEtedémºITb'Tl'nwgkmÂSgyYneT, bu"En‘edémºIB¨g·gGMNacxÂçnEdr edayeFÃIkarbMVk'karbu"nb"g¨b-
qSgkarbd^vt‘n_. bu"En‘eKGacsYrfa etIk~¬gkML¬geBlbu"nµan ²TìiBlcinelIkmõ¬Ca nwgenAEtxÂSgdEdl?
Vncab'ep¶émrYceTAehIy kar¨bNSg¨bECgK~ay"agsÃitsÃaj rvagmhaGMNacsgðmniymTSgBIr enA
¨beTs«f, PUma nigm"aeLsuI. TMnas'cin-rus§IenA²Nëècin EdlbN¶ak'K~amk kÂayeTACaTMnas' Exµr-
yYn, yk \cMeNaTmuxBIr| mYyy"agBiVk mk[cinedaH¨say. edayevotNamnigkmõ¬CaenAk~¬g«s
evonmenaKmv^CØadUcK~a ¨beTscin¨tève¨CéserIsykkaredaH¨saymYyEdlmineXÂag Ð eTAelImYy
EdlCab'nwgcintamelahit nigtamsavtarab'stvt§r_, É eTAelImYyeTot EdlcinkarJredémºI
¨beyaCn_xÂçnpæal'.
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ

(R) sMedAeTArd½ bßulkarI, yUehðasÂavé, nigGal'VnI EdlmanrbbsgðmniymdUcK~a bu"En‘man \mit‘smÂaj'| xusK~a.

 112
erOgenHd·gehIy, eyIg¨tèvsMKal'fa sågðammYyeTotrvagkmõ¬CanigevotNam. Edl²LèvenH
¨Kan'EtenAk~¬gkarsµanTuk, Gacnwgpæ¬HeLIgEsík@ enH. karN_enHGacekItmaneLIgNas' dUcEdl
¨bvti‘sa¨s¶«nGasuIVnbe¨gondl'eyIg, ¨bvt‘isa¨s¶Edlmankarbt'EbnCae¨cIn EdleKBuMGacsµan
TukCamuneLIy. k~¬gkrNIcMVMgExµr-yYn, ¨beTscinmanEtC÷erIsbIeT Ð
k) cinp¶l'C÷nYyy"ageBjeljxagGavuFyuTìP&Nëdl'Exµr¨khm. bu"En‘BYkenHTb'Tl'
VneT nwgkgT&ByYnEdlmane¨cInCagy"agelIslub(5) nigGavuFy"agTMenIbrbs'
rus§I (CaBiessGakasyanEdlnwg¨tçt¨tapÂèvGakas)? eBlNaeyaFaxÂçnsÂab'
Gs'e¨cIneTA etIExµr¨khmEbreTArknrNa? eTArkbN¶aCnEdlxÂçnykeTAeFÃITaskr?
x) kgT&BExµr¨khmxÍat'xÍayeTA, etIcincab'«dmÍas' \shB&nì²NëècinÉeT? edémºIenA[
esµImuxnwgshPaBsUevot? (eKVneXIjrYcm¶gmkehIy karN_Edlcin \¨tLb'
e¨kay, Ebr!| enAmux¨Bwt‘ikarN_EdlxÂçnxaXSgBuMVn KWenAeBlEdlExµr¨khmQ~H
elIsIhnu).
K) etIcin¨bkassågðamTl'nwg evotNam \d*tUc| ÉeT, karN_EdlGacnS[shPaB
sUevoteFÃIGn¶raKmn_ ehIybegûétplv^VkEdleKesæIrEtminhßannwkeTAdl'? ¨beTs
lavEdlCab'¨BMEdnK~a FÂak'eTAk~¬g«drus§IeTAehIy, etIkmõ¬Ca KYrcineFÃIBlikmµ[ÉeT?
bu"En‘eKBMuGacsµanTukCamunVneLIy facinnwgman¨btikmµy"agenH y"agenaH. dUcCa¨beTs
TSgGs'enAGasuIEdr (elIkElgEtCbu"n?) EdlbN¶aCnBuMEdlVnsðal'eLIy faGÃICa¨bCaFibety´
Bit¨Vkd, ¨beTscin, mha¨beTsmYyEdlGariyFmáenAk~¬gBBYkcas'CageKTSgGs'k~¬gBiPBelak,
enAEtCa¨beTsmYyEdlneyaVyrd½enAk~¬gkN¶ab'«dmnus§EtmYy¨kum. bu"En‘ebIeyIgebIkTMB&r¨bvti‘
saås‘eyIgeLIgv^j eyIgnwgeXIjehtukarN_xÂH EdlGac[eyIgriHKit.
k~¬gry:kalTSgmUl«nGMNacrbs' sIhnu, eKGacfa¨beTskmõ¬CaCarNb¨beTscink*Vn
Edr (Gan \TMnak'TMngExµr-cin|). k~¬g¨Kb'eBlmanTMnas'TwkdéCamYy¨beTsC^txag, sem¶cKMramfa
cinnwgelIkT&BmkCYykmõ¬Ca. enAExsIha 1962, e¨kayBIVneFÃI[ekaHPUkÃwk (ekaH¨tl')(6) eTACa
mUld½aneCégTwky"agFMbMput«n¨beTs edémºIbJÍb'karlYcbJÍèlxÂçn«nevotkug EdlmkBI¨sukExµrtam
smu¨T, evotNamxagtºègTamTarekaHmYycMnYnBIkmõ¬Ca Ð ekaHfµé, ekaHesH, ekaHGn‘ay, ekaHtaKav nig
ekaHeJ. ¨beTsTSgBIrv^HEtnwgcºSgK~a. BI¨kugeb"kSg CUeGnLay KMramfanwg[T&BcineFÃIGn‘raKmn_.
enAExmIna 1964 elak ln' nl', Edlk~¬gkalenaHCanayGKðesnaFikarkgT&B, eFÃITs§n
kicÍmYyenA¨beTscin Edlnwg[mkKat'nUvGavuFsMrab'bIkgvresnatUc. k~¬geBlenaH¨bFan em"A
¨Vb'eTAKat'fa Ð \eyIgnwgenAEkºr¨beTskmõ¬CaCanicÍ k~¬gkarTb'Tl'nwgc¨kBti‘GaemrikSgnigbrivar.|
G~kd·knSExµreLIgTwkcit‘nwgkarrab'rkrbs'G~kd·knScinNas' ehIyk*begûéterOgminBitmYy, ¨bEhl
CaedémºIbgÅkcit‘BYkv^Tìg§naxageqÃg CagedémºIbMP&yG~kC^txagEdlekagkac Ð Jk§ccamGarammYy
elcecjenAP~MeBj rYcbnæab'mk¾eBj¨beTskmõ¬Ca fakV"l'ehaHcinTSgJn' EdleKlabsJïa
T&BGakasExµr e¨tomxÂçnTukrYce¨sc nwgeFÃIGn‘raKmn_eBlNakmõ¬Ca¨tèvQÂanJneday¨beTsC^t
xag!
 113
sunærkfa«nsem¶csIhnuk~¬gsmaCCati enAExF~è 1964, Edl¨Vb'dl'¨beTs[d·gfa cin
sn´aEtp¶l'GavuF minFanaeFÃIGn‘raKmn_kgT&BeT eBlNamankarQÂanJn, k*eFÃI[rlayesck¶I
sgôwmenaHmYyeBleTA.
s~ak'enAeb"kSge¨kayExmIna 1970, sIhnusgôwmTSg¨sugelI CUeGnLay. ¨bFanrNsir§
rYbrYmCati«nkmõ¬Ca —ehIy¨sukExµrTSgmUlk*¨bEhlCadUec~HEdr— CaG~krge¨KaHnwgkareCOs¬g(7) elI
cinenH.
cMENkxag \mtisaklelak| v^j, cUreyIgQb'sgôwmep¶kp¶çlelIeTA. ¨btikmµ«nBiPB
elakcMeJHmuxkarsmÂab'rgðalGs'ExµreyIgrab'lannak' bgúaj[eyIgeXIjcºas'nUv¨bsiTìPaB«n
\mtiBiPBelak| enH. krNI«n¨bCaCatiV"eLsæIn k*CaÓTahrN_mYyEdr. vasna«nkmõ¬Caep¶kp¶çl
eTAelIEtkar¨bwgE¨bgrbs' exmrCn bu"eNöaH.
KW exmrCn eT EdlnwgsMercfaxÂçnnwgsðal' Énwgminsðal'vasna«nCnCaticam(8).

ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ

sMnYrTI 8 Ð edayvay¨bhar«fCae¨cIndg E¨kgExµr¨khmcg'yk

Twkdécas'v^jÉeT? dUec~HeKminCaG~kCatiniymxÂSg? (enATMB&r 118)

ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
 114

GFibºay

(1) KW hinrI Kis§ijeCé EdlVnbMeBjkrNIykicÍxÂçnCaGaemrikSg eday¨can¨beTsExµrcUlP~k'

ePÂIgsågðam edémºI¨sg'Cév^tTahanGaemrikSg.
(2) kEnÂgsMrab'²Nëècink~¬gneyaVye¨kA¨beTs «nshPaBsUevot e¨kam nIKIta ¨Kèeqv minsUv
sMxan'bu"nµaneT. cab'tSgBIq~S 1965 GaeLcsIuH kussuIhðIn EkE¨bCafµénUvneyaVyrus§I
cMeJHevotNamxageCég nigkUer"xageCég.
(3) k~¬geBlfµé@ enH y" egÿgy"ab' VnEfÂgkarN_fa Ð \enAq~S 2000 evotNamnwgElgCa¨b-
eTsBuMsUvlUtlas'ehIy|. k~¬geBlEdlG~kd·knSExµr¨khm[sMLab'BYkeBT´, G~kbecÍk-
eTs, bJïav&n‘, [biTsalanigsaklv^T´al&y, G~kd·knSyYncat'v^FankarN_pæ¬yeTAv^j.
edémºIeFÃI[xÂçnTMenIb evotNamEbreTArkshPaBsUevotCaBiess, bu"En‘becÍkeTs«nbsÍwm
Tis k*yYnxMrkEdr.
(4) ¨beTslavCacMNImYy EdlyYn¨sYlelb edayehtufa Ð
k- lavman¨BMEdnCab'nwgevotNamxageCég
x- elI«pædéTMhM 236 000 Kùm2, ¨bCaCnlavmancMnYnEt 3 lannak' enAq~S 1975
(minTSgdl' 13 nak' k~¬g1 Kùm2 pg, KWfaticCag 1 Ca 3 ebIe¨bobeTAnwgkmõ¬CamunExemsa
1975). ¨bCaCnd*ticenHEbgEckCaCnCatisasn_ep§g@ e¨cIneTAeTot, Caehtu[sgðmGac
e¨bHqaVneday¨sçl. mYycMENkeTot Jk'kN¶al¨beTslavVn¨Cçt¨CabnwgvbºFmá
yYneTAehIy (V"eftLav, rd½mån¶ITImYysBëf© «ksUnpu÷v^han manÒBukyYn, cMENk¨bmuxrd½
mÍas'supanuvg§ man¨bBnìyYn).
sniìsJïakarJrK~aeTAv^jeTAmk, EdlVncuHk~¬geBlfµé@ enH ehIyEdlcglavnwg
evotNam k~¬gry:eBl 25q~S, KWCasal¨kmkat'eTas¨bharCév^tlav. yUreTA, ebIKµanGÃI
mkeFÃI[E¨b¨bçlsÄankarN_Fmµta, ¨bCaCnlavnwgkÂayeTACaGaNikCnmYy¨kum k~¬gsmu¨T
CnCatiyYn.
(5) cºab'mYyfµé@ enAevotNam GnuJïat[rd½aPiVlTukTahanTSgGs' bMerIkgT&BteTAeTot,
ehIydak'karTTYlxus¨tèvxagGPivDón_esd½kicÍ k~¬g«drd½mån‘I¨ksYgkarJr¨beTs, y" egÿg
y"ab'. teTAenH KWtarage¨bobeFobkgT&ByYnnigExµr (¨sg'ecjBIsarBtáman LWmu"gd_ «f© 3
emsa 1978) Ð

T&ByYn
TUeTA = Tahan 615 000 nak'. kgyam¨BMEdn, yameq~rsmu¨T
nigkgsn‘isux¨bCaCn = 50 000 nak'. kg¨bCara¨s‘kan'
GavuF = 1 500 000 nak'.
 115
eCégeKak= 18 kgBlFMefµéreCég. 3 kgvresnaFMrfe¨kaH. 20 kgvresna
FMVj'kS¨CçcehaH \sam|. 40 kgvresnaFMkSePÂIgVj'yn‘
ehaH. manCaBiess 900 rfe¨kaHmF´m Fun et-34, et-54
nig et-59.
eCégGakas = 12 000 nak' Ð yn‘ehaHcmºSg 198 (CaBiess 110 mic-17
nig sßUxUy-7, 80 mic-19 nig mic-21). yn‘ehaHd·knS 50
ÓTìm¸aKc¨k 25.
eCégTwk = 3 000 nak' Ð navaGmkarJr 2. kaNUtelOnVj'kS¨CçcehaH
4. kaNUtep§g@ TUkeLIgeKak Ð 80. ÓTìm¸aKc¨k 10 .
sMNl'BIGaemrikSg Ð rfe¨kaH 500. yn‘ehaHnigÓTìm¸aKc¨k
1 100.

T&BExµr

TUeTA = Tahan 80 000 nak'. EckCa 4 kgBlFM nig 3 kgvresnaFM

sÃy&t.
eCégeKak = rfe¨kaH¨sald·keyaFa 175. 26 kSePÂIgFM Fun 155 mùmù,
200 kSePÂIgFM Fun 105 mùmù, kSePÂIgtºal'nigkSePÂIgFMminfy
e¨kay Fun 107 mùmù. sm¸ar:TSgenHeFÃIedaycin rus§I nig
GaemrikSg.
eCégGakas = ¨bEhlCaPØab'eTAT&BeCégeKak. manyn‘ehaHcmºSg 10 Fun
GaGiN-20, yn‘ehaHd·knS 10, yn‘ehaHsMrab'hat' 35,
ÓTìm¸aKc¨k 25.
eCégTwk = kV"l'tUceFÃIlºat TUkeLIgeKak = 150.

(6) ekaH¨tl'¨tèvVnVrSg[eTAyYn k~¬geBlPØab' kUsSgsIun eTAevotNam enAq~S 1949 (Ca

mYyK~anwgekaH V"r"aEsl EdlcinnigyYndeN¶ImK~asBëf©). ebIeKemIlEpnTIeq~rsmu¨TExµr,
eKGacEt¨sgakcit‘nwgGyuti‘FmáBIrCan' «nGaCÆaFrVrSgsm&yenaH.
(7) karTukcit‘s¶èk, karsgôwmrhUtePÂcxÂçn, kareCOs¬gelIGÃImYyEdlminBit min¨bsiTìdUcsµan,
GacCae¨KaHf~ak'mYyy"agFMdl'sgðm ebImnus§k~¬gsgðmenaHmanKuNv^bti‘TSgenHe¨cInK~a
eBk. ÓTahrN_ Ð manminticeT G~kEdlVnykeQµaHbIenH \ hUß yn', hußy niwm, exov
sMpn| Canimit‘rUb«nkarsíatsíM«nCatiniymExµr, Casgôwmrbs'¨beTskmõ¬Ca. sgðmExµreyIg
¨b¨Bwt‘TMlab'Ga¨kk'mYy EdlbegûétnigkMLaKuNv^bti‘xagelIenH, Éy"agehacNas' k*sN¶M
karvag«vnigsuPnicÏ&yEdr. TMlab'Ga¨kk'enHKWC÷enOelIGar&k§G~kta eTvta ²ånæ¨Bhµ TsVrmI
 116
vtĬsk¶isiTì .l. min¨twmEtCnFmµtaeT EdleCOehIyeFÃIBiFIk~¬gCév^tpæal'xÂçn, KWrhUtdl'es¶c
Epndé (nig¨bFanaFibtI) Edlcat'karrd½tamBiFIenaH Ð bYgsYgsuMTwkeP¿g [ÓTìm¸aKc¨kVc
x§ac' \B&TìsIma| Cu÷v^jP~MeBj .l.
e¨kayExemsa 1975 enHeTot k*enAmanG~kneyaVyeyIg \cak'KmõIr| edémºIKitKUr
karrMedaHCati!
(8) CnCaticammansN¶ansasn_ dUcmnus§EdlenAe¨Caym"aeLsuI nigenAk~¬gekaHd*e¨cIn«n
mhasmu¨TV"suIhÃik (sasn_m"aeLyU — bU"lIeNsuIEyn). enAedém¨Kis¶skraC, CnCatienH
VncUlmkenAtamCaysmu¨T EdllatsnìwgBITÃarGNöammkdl'e¨Cayva"«r"La. cab'BI
stvt§r_TI 10 eTA, camVnb"HTgð^cnwgExµr k~¬geBlEdlxÂçnkMBug¨tèvyYnruj¨cancuHBITis
xageCég. k~¬gkML¬gstvt§r_TI 12 TSgmUl camnwgExµrcºSgK~arhUt edaymankarkan'kab'Twk
déK~aeTAv^jeTAmk. enAq~S 1177, bnæab'BIVnvays¨mukGgðr edaymin[Exµrd·gxÂçnCamun,
camkan'kab'raCFanIcMnYn¨VMq~S. k~¬gq~S 1181, kUnrbs'es¶c Faraniånæavrµ&nTI2 (1150-
1160) rMedaHGgðrv^jVn ehIyeLIgesayraC´e¨kameQµaHfa C&yvrµ&nTI7 . eqÂIytbnwgkar
QÂanJnmYyrbs'cam enAq~S 1190, C&yvrµ&nTI7 vaylukcUl¨beTscMV". cab'tSgBIq~S
1203 eTA, ¨sukcMV"kÂayeTACaext‘mYyrbs'Exµr. enAq~S 1227, es¶c²ånæavrµ&nTI2 (1201-
1243) EdlCaBuTìsasnikCny"ag¨CHfÂadUcÒBuk (C&yvrµ&nTI7) Edr ehIyEdlcg'Gnuvt‘n_
emt‘akruNaFmá, bJØa[dkT&BecjBIcMV". k~¬gq~SdEdl, GPiVlext‘cMV"TTYlmû¬dCaes¶c
ehIy¨beTscMV"k*manraCaFibety´pæal'v^j. bu"En‘ ecjBIGaNac¨kExµrminVnyUrbu"nµan,
¨beTscam¨tèvyYnvaylukeTot.
enAstvt§r_TI 18, ¨beTscMV" VnVt'BIEpnTIBiPBelak ehIy¨bCaCncamk*Vn
sÂab'Vt'bg'. G~kEdlenAsl' rt'eTA¨Ckekanäkmõ¬Ca (GaNikCnmYy¨kumtUc rs'enAk~¬gkU-
sSgsuIn). k~¬gq~S 1970, CnCaticamenAkmõ¬CamancMnYn 80 000 nak' Edle¨cInEtrs'enA
edaykarensaT. pæ¬ynwgCnCaticin EdlVnxitxMbJÍèlxÂçnk~¬gsgðmExµr ehIyk~¬geBlCa
mYyK~a eFÃI[Exµr¨Cçt¨CabnwgvbºFmáxÂçnEdr, camEtgEtrs'enAdac'edayELk k~¬gshKmn_
xÂçn. karN_enH¨bEhlCamkBIsasna«nCnCaticam, ehAExµr²sÂam (¨beTscMV"Edlman
vbºFmáeyageTA²Nëa Vnkan'sasnamhama"t' enAstvt§r_TI 15). edayxÃl'xÃay cg'rk§a
Tukekr‘i_mrtkvbºFmánigsasnaxÂçn, cMNg'EdlCasn¬æH¨BlwgFmµta rbs'¨kumGaNikCn,
¨Kçsarcam[kUnNaEdlBUEk cUleFÃIkark~¬grd½karnigkgT&BExµr. mån‘InignayTahancamTSg
enaH manPar:karJr¨beyaCn_«nshKmn_xÂçn. k~¬gcMeNamenaH, G~kEdlVnbMeBjmuxkar
enHy"ageBjelj KW GtIt:Ót¶mesnIy_ eLH kaEsm. G~kerobcMy"agsMxan'm~ak' «n \rd½
¨bhar| «n«f© 18 mIna, eLH kaEsm Ca«ds¶SmYy«n ln' nl' k~¬geBld*yUr. Ót¶mesnIy_
kaEsm Vn¨tèvelak ln' nl' cat'[bMeBjebskkmµsm©at'Cae¨cIn. CamYynwgmrNPaB
rbs'Kat'enAm"aeLsuIk~¬geBlfµé@ enH, KWXÂSgmYyy"agFM «nerOgsm©at'k~¬g¨bvti‘sa¨s¶Exµr
sBëf© EdlVt'bg'.
 117
CamYynwgkareLIgkan'GMNac«nExµr¨khm, BYkExµr²sÂamVnsðal'mhav^eyaKmYy
eTot Ð karsmÂab'rgðal dUcEdlVnsðal'nwgkMBugEtsðal' bgbíèneyIgk~¬g¨sukEdr. cam
mYycMnYntUcVnecjrYcBIkmõ¬Ca, ehIyrkeXIjC÷rkk~¬g¨beTsmYyeTot CaBiessm"aeLsIu.
camVnVt'EmnETnehIyBIbJØImnus§rs'.
eyIg, Exµr, ¨tèvTajd÷bUnµanecjBIsavta¨beTscMV"nig¨bCaCncam. G~kEdlyl'
fa kar¨BçyVrm¸GMBICév^t¨bCaCatiExµr CaTuTid½^niym, KYrQb'emIlgay¨bvti‘sa¨s¶ ehIyKit
BicarNaeLIgv^j.

ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
 118

edayvay¨beTs«fCae¨cIndg E¨kgExµr¨khmcg'yk
Twkdécas'v^jeTÉ? dUec~HeKminCaG~kCatiniymxÂSg?

enAelIdéenH Kµan¨beTsNaenAk~¬gkal:eTs:PUmisa¨s¶neyaVymYy EdlCUrct'dUc¨beTs

ExµreT Ð karN_EdlmanG~kC^txagBIrcg' B¨gékTwkdé(1).
edém¨sl'«f, EdllºIfacgí¬ly"agcºas'nUvkarE¨b¨bçlFM@ «nvaeyaneyaVyGn‘rCati, dUc
Caman, elIkenH, nUvkarBiVkk~¬gPaBTn'PÂn'rbs'xÂçn. sm&yfµé«nGMNacp¶ac'kar«nvNö:kmµkr ksikr,
EdlVn¨tèveKniymk~¬g¨beTsTSgbI«n²Nëècin, eFÃI[¨beTs«f¨BçyVrm¸. ÓTahrN_Exµr ritEt
bMP&y«feTAeTot Edlsæak'esæIrnwgEbrxÂçneTArkTisdUcK~a. kMBugEtE¨b¨bçleBjTMhwg, «frkkaredaH
¨saymYyedémºI \ecj| xÂçn[rYc edaymin[bg'xate¨cIn.
\k~¬gbcͬbºn~enH esomenATn'ex§ayxag«pæk~¬g BuMGaclatsnìwgteTAeTotVneT ebImindUec~aH
äkPaBesomcºas'Ca¨tèvTTYlkarKMramkMEhgBICnCatiPaKtic y"agF©n'minElgeLIy karlatsnìwg
hYsmaD nwgnSmk[esomnUvPaBTn'ex§ayv^jeTùùù.|, elak nYn eXOn VnsresrenAq~S 1970.
k~¬geBlsBëf©enH, CaelIkTI2, karsn~id½anrbs' nYn eXOn [eXIjfa¨tèvdUec~HEmn(2). edémºIelb
kmõ¬Ca niglavVn evotNam¨tèveFÃI[«fenAnwgfûl' k~¬gC÷hrG~kcSEtkarJrxÂçn. kar¨tçt¨taelIlav
nwgsMrYly"age¨cIndl'karsML¬tenH. karEdlÓbºti‘ehtutam¨BMEdnExµr-esom niglav-esom Vn
ekIteLIgCae¨cInk~¬geBlCamYyK~a eFÃI[mansMnYrenH Ð etImnus§Edlkan'GMNacEmnETnenAkmõ¬Ca
sBëf©enH CaExµr ÉmYyCayYn (kat' Éminkat') BYne¨kamsJØatiExµr?(3) e¨JHfa eKBuMGacbd^esF
VneT karN_EdlBYkenHbMerI¨beyaCn_yYn, TSgk~¬g¨BMEdn TSge¨kA¨BMEdn.

etI¨bCaCnExµr, lav nig evotNam GaccSTTYlGÃIxÂH

VnBIelak \esrI|, CaBiessBIshrd½Gaemrik?

e¨kayBIVnmanGMNacy"agxÂSgelI²Nëècin k~¬gkML¬geBlCag 25 q~S, shrd½GaemrikVn

dkxÂçnfyecj edayTukEtGnus§avrIy_y"aglamk lb'lagy"agNak*BuM¨CHeLIy. etI¨bvti‘sa¨s¶
niyay¨tèv Éxus ebI[ \c¨kBti‘niymGaemrikSg| Etm~ak'ägTTYlxuselImhn‘rayenA²Nëècin nig
elITukÅevTnaEdlVn¨tèvrgedaymnus§ BI 2 eTA 3 tMN k~¬g¨bCaCnTSgbI? Gacfa¨tèvk*Vn, Gacfa
xusk*Vn.
 119
bu"En‘enAelIdéenH, ebImanrd½aPiVlmYyEdlKµansiTiìniyayBI \siTiìmnus§| ehIyCaBiess BI
siTiìmnus§enAkmõ¬Ca, KWcºas'Card½aPiVlGaemrikSgenHäg. kicÍTak'TgrvagGaemrikSgnigExµr Vnb¶èr
EtkaremIlgay nigkarxkcit‘.
Gaemrikrbs' nicsun ykkmõ¬Cae¨bI¨Vs' edémºIdkxÂçnecjBIevotNam \CamYykiti‘ys|
(GanlixitcMh «nshKmn_ExµrenAkaNada eTA¨bFanaFibtI karETr, enAk~¬g¨Bwti‘b&¨telx 4, Exkum¸:
1977). Cab'k~¬gGnæak'sågðam, ¨beTsenHTmÂak'elIkmõ¬Ca, Etk~¬gkML¬g 4 q~S (1969-1973) nUv
¨Kab'EbkcMnYn 500 000 etan!
Gaemrikrbs' ehߧr"al' hÃ&d, edayv^lkº¬gmYyeBl, sMerceVHbg'ecalsmõnìmit‘Exµr nig
evotNam rbs'xÂçn ehIyrt'ecjeTA²tgake¨kayeLIy.
Gaemrikrbs' C^mµI karETr eFÃICaePÂcerOgehtuTSgGs' ehIy¨bjab'¨bjal'eTArkcab'«dExµr
¨khm EdlTTwkeCaknwgQamExµrenAeLIy(4), ehIyeTsnabeN¶Ir@ GMBIkar karJrsiTiìmnus§!
karBiesaFn_«n²Nëècin elImit‘PaBGaemrikSg ¨tèveTACad÷bUnµandl'¨bCaCatiTSgLayNa
EdlsgôwmelIGaemrikd*xÂSg, G~kkarJresrIPaB!
karEdlCbu"nvay ePIlharbY enAq~S 1941 VnTajGaemrikecjBIäekaniymrbs'xÂçn.
edaye¨bIkmÂSgTSgGs'EdlxÂçnman GaemrikvaydeNI¶mykVnCae¨cIn nigy"agq©ay ehIyknÂgput
mhasmu¨TV"suIhÃikeTot. mktame¨kayVrSg, ehIydUcBYkVrSgEdr, GaemrikSgVnmkpugxÂçnk~¬g
²Nëècin. bnæab'BIVnbgúèrQamevotNam, lav nig Exµry"age¨cIn nigbgúèrQamägy"agGsar²t
kar, GaemrikdkxÂçnfyecj, braC&y, e¨TamTSgxÂçn e¨TamTSgKMnit. Cafµém¶geTot GaemriklUncUl
k~¬grUgxÂçnv^j Ð bnæab'BIkmõ¬Ca KWevotNam, rYcmk kUer". mYym¶g@ kUn dUmINU VnrlM, ÉebIniyay[
¨tèv, Vn¨tèveVHbg'ecal.
bu"En‘karv^l¨tLb'v^j «nGaemrikk~¬gPaBäekaniymenH minEmnbgúajfa¨beTsenHcg'eXIj
mansn‘iPaB nigPaBnwgnrk~¬gBiPBelakeT. xusq©ayeTAv^j, karN_enHCakarsgswk — ehIyy"ag
sahav!
k~¬geBlEdls¨tèvrYmrbs'²Nëècin KWkg bU-dUy rbs' hUCémij nigsav&kxÂçn kMBugsab
e¨JHmnus§Xad nigrMelaPelIsiTiìmnus§ k~¬gEdndékMeNItrbs'¨bCaCatiTSgbI, ¨bCaCnExµr, lav
nigevotNam ¨tèvrYbrYmK~ay"agC^ts~iTì edémºIbJÎrrNsir§mYyy"agrwgTl'nwgs¨tèvrYmd*TmiL nigd*
«¨B«p§. ¨bCaCatiTSgLay«nGasIu nwgminbeN¶ay[c¨kBt‘iniymtugkwg Q~HVneLIy.
 120

cMeJH¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg, cMeJHsMNl'«n¨bCaCneyIg
elIdéExµr, etIeyIg ExµrenAbreTs GaceFÃIGÃICUn?

eTaHbIeyIgcg' Émincg' ¨bCaCnExµr ÒBukeyIg m¶ayeyIg bgbíèneyIg TSg¨bus¨sI Kg'nwg

bHeVreLIg. eTaHbIeyIgcg' Émincg' QamKg'nwghUreTotenAelIdéeyIg. Kµanmnus§Nam~ak'Edl
Gac¨TSrgTaruNkmµExµr¨khm eday²tbHeVreLIy. ehIyebIeyIg nwkeTAdl'¨twmEt¨KçsareyIgä
¨sukExµr k*xÂçneyIgKYrEteTAdl'TIenaHrYce¨sceTAehIy.
yl'¨BmTTYlrbbExµr¨khm KWsuxcit‘beN¶ay[CatieyIgsÂab'. ¨beTsTSgLayEdlenA
Cab'nwgkmõ¬CaeyIg mhaGMNacEdlenAq©ayEmn bu"En‘Edl²TìiBlxÂçneTAdl'¨Kb'TIkEnÂg min¨Kan'Et
cSemIl¨beTseyIgdac'degúémbu"eNöaHeT. xÂHxMykcMeNjGMBIkarEdleyIgex§aHQam xÂHeTotEdl
yl'faxÂçnmane¨KaHf~ak' kMBugcat'v^Fankar karJrxÂçn. meF´aVyrbs'rd½TSgenH VneTAdl'TIkEnÂg
rYceTAehIy Ék*Vne¨KagTukehIye¨sc dak'k~¬gftturbs'eK. enHKWCakarFmµta enHCaneyaVy
Gn‘rCati CaElºgGukrbs'G~kd·knSsgðmmnus§TSgLay.
enAelITIlan¨byuTì QmmuxTl'nwgkgkmÂSgEdlTMenIbTan'sm&y ehIyCaBiess¨VCÆa
(5)
eyIgmaneyaFa \Exµr¨khmeyIg| EdlBitehIy BUEksmÂab'²trujra bu"En‘eqat minsUvecHd·g
ehIy CaBiess Etäkäg²tbN¶aCnKS¨T. enAelItuccarQmmuxTl'nwgKUCECkEdlecHd·gehIy
qÂat eyIgmanmnus§EdleyIgminEdlsðal' sJØatimincºas'las' ÉEdlv^lkº¬gxUcsµartI(6).
eXIjfa ebIeyIgTuk¨beTs[enAe¨kamEtExµr¨khmEtäg kmõ¬CanwgmuxEtbg'xat¨Kb'C÷BUk.
ehIyminTan'TSgeTAdl'eBlcºSg nigccarenaHpg kmõ¬CaVnVt'bg'nigkMBugEtVt'bg'bN¶aCnrab'
lan EdlCaCnrYmCatieyIg elahitrbs'CatieyIg.
¨tèvEteyIgeTAdl'k~¬gTwkdéExµrEdr! eyIgEdlCaG~kecHd·gExµr É ebIniyay[¨tèv eyIgEdl
CasMNl'G~kecHd·gExµr eyIgmankrNIykicÍ nig katBÃkicÍ ykkmÂSgkaynigkmÂSgKMnit eTAcUlrYm
k~¬g clnatsUßExµr.
ebI¨bCaCatimYyTSgmUlcg'rs' ehIytyuTìedémºIrk§aCév^txÂçn KµankmÂSgGÃImYy k~¬gelakenH
EdlGackinkMeTc¨bCaCatienaHeT. e¨JHfa karsMxan' KWkardac'cit‘ karcg'Q~Hedaye¨bI¨Vs'¨Kb'
smtÄPaBTSgGs'EdlxÂçnman. bJúaäeTot@ ¨Kan'EtCakarbnæab'bn§MeT.
cMeJHmhn‘ray«nmatuPUmieyIg eyIgmin¨tèvdak'kMhuseTAelI¨beTsNamYyeT bu"En‘mkelI
xÂçneyIg. kalNa¨bCaCatimYyeVHbg'xÂçnecalehIy ¨bCaCatimYyeTotnwgmksågðb'elI ehIyTM-
JrelbVt'. enHKWCacºab'FmµCati cºab'«nkarv^vt‘n_rbs'GariyFmáTSgLay.
eBlEdlGaNac¨keyIgcuHGn'fy bnæab'BIkarFÂak'raCFanIGgðr es¶ceyIgTSgLayVneVH
bg'xÂçnecal bu"En‘sMrab'EtxÂçnägm~ak'.
 121
buBÃkarIeyIg FÂak'k~¬gkargg·tggl' Vt'cMNgTSgGs'CamYy¨bvti‘sa¨s‘xÂçn e¨JHbcÍami¨t
Vn bMp^ÂcbMpÂaj¨bmUlykGs'nUvkºçnx~at kab'smÂab'ekorykeTAGs'nUvG~k¨VCÆraCbNëit(7).
CédUnCétaeyIg CamYynwgBnÂW¨Bwm@ EdlnSmkedayGaNaniKmniymVrSg VnebIkEP~kPÆak'
eLIg. bu"En‘edayTm©n' raCaFibety´ p¶ac'karsgût'xÂSgeBk G~kxÂHElgrvérvl' ehIyKitEteq¿tTaj
ykkM«r[Gs'BI«d dUc \¨kbIGt'XÂan EdlsuI¨beTsäg|. G~käeTot eday \K~ad·gxÂçnfaGs'kMLSg
eBk| edémºIeLIgzan:sgðm[Tan'BYkTImYy ¨TSenA¨kI¨kTSgpÂèvsm¸ar: TSgpÂèvKMnitsµartI(8). (GanTMB&r
24 PaKTI 3).
bg@ eyIg k*eVHxÂçnecaleTot xÂHedaymkBItUccit‘e¨JHbMNgneyaVyxÂçnBuMVnsMerc.
xÂHedayeXIjfakarBukrlYyeFÃI[qab'manNas'. BYkTImYy biTmat'TMlak'«dElgtyuTì ÉbeN¶ay
xÂçn[luHlg'eTAtammenaKmv^CØabreTs. BYkTI2 Vt'Gs'ehIynUvkareGonxµas' nUvkarTTYlxus¨tèv
ehIyKitEtBIekIb¨bmUl¨TB´smºti‘ Ð cMeJHG~kxÂH \man| E¨bmkfa kiti‘ys. cMeJHG~kxÂHeTot
¨twm¨tèvehIy \¨k| E¨bmkfa ePÂI minsUvqÂat.
eyIgkMBugeXIjehIyfakarEdlsgðmeyIgTSgmUl nSK~aeVHbg'xÂçnecalCaTUeTA ehIyCa
erogrhUtmkenH VneFÃI[¨beTseyIgFÂak'dl'f~ak'Na ehIyeFÃI[¨bCaCneyIg Edlm¶gNak*CaG~k
TTYle¨KaHEdr rgTukÅesakdl'kMritNa?
²LèvenH enAeBld÷Nac'stvt§r_TI 20 etIeyIg yuvCnExµrC÷nan'fµé nwgeFÃItamG~kmun@ eyIgÉ
eT? etIeyIg \KµansamKðIFmátampÂèvcit‘|, \²tmanmenaseJÍtnaCatibn‘icbn‘çc|, \²tyl'famatuPUmi
CaGÃIeLIy| dUcG~kmun@ eyIg ÉGÃI? (GanTMB&r 23-24 PaKTI 3). etIeyIgnwg¨kJt'«demIl¨bCaCati
eyIgrlayVt' ÉGÃI?
min¨Kb'¨Kan'eT ebI¨Kan'EteyIgniyayfa xÂçneyIgVnEqítcit‘nwgPaBGn' karBukrlYy nigkar
minTTYlxus¨tèv rbs'bg@ eyIg. etIeyIgVneFÃIGÃIehIy cMeJHmatuPUmieyIg? etIeyIgVn[GÃIehIy
dl'¨bCaCneyIg?
e¨kayExmIna 1970 eyIgEdlCaeBT´ G~kGk§rsa¨s¶ G~kv^T´asa¨s¶ G~kbecÍkeTs .l.
VnTukcMeNHv^CØaeyIgsMrab'ksag¨beTseLIgv^j eBlNaEdlsågðamcb'ehIy. cMeNHv^CØaEdl
rd½kmõ¬CaVnp¶l'mkeyIg Gs'ry:eBl 20 eTA 30 q~S edaypæal' nigtamry:¨beTsCamit‘.
e¨kayExemsa 1975 cab'BIeBlEdlGanbnæat'enHeTA eyIgGacKµan{kas GacKµanlTì
PaB hucCUneTA¨bCaCneyIgv^jnUvbMNulrbs'eyIg ebIeyIgenAEt cS cS cS teTAeTot.
etIeyIgFÂak'Twkcit‘ ÉGÃI e¨JHkarenAes©¿m²tkMerIkrbs'G~käeTot? ÉmYyeyIghYscit‘ e¨JH
G~kEdlbeJÍjKMnit ecHEtTas'ETgExÃgKMnit EbkVk'K~a? enHCakarFmµtaeT enAk~¬gsgðmNak*dUec~H
Edr.
eyIgTSgGs'K~aman cMeJHmuxsavtaeyIg nUvkarTTYlxus¨tèvmYy EdleyIg¨tèvbMeBj Ð
kare¨sac¨sg'Cév^t¨beTseyIg. ebIeyIgmin¨bfuyeFÃIGÃImYy[dl'kmõ¬CaeT enAk~¬g¨bvti‘sa¨s¶Exµr
eyIgnwgminmant«mÂhYsBIBYk \¨kbIGt'XÂan| É BYk \Gs'kmÂSg| kalBImunenaHeT!
bgbíènrYmCati eyIg¨tèvElgrg'cSksag¨beTseLIgv^j ÉcSbMerI¨twmEtCaBlrd½suIv^l.
eyIg¨tèvcUlrYm cab'BIeBlenHeTA k~¬gkartsßU¨bdab'GavuF «n ¨bCaCneyIg. elIsBIbMBg'kSePÂIgeTA
 122
eTot kartsUߨtèvkar xYrkºal edémºIe¨KagEpnkar B´aVl vHkat' rkesº¿g bgúat'Gb'rM begûét
¨kbx&Në nig ùùù Kit!
eTAnwgcm©l'Edlfa \E¨kgeyIgeFÃIkartsUßmYyEdlcaj'muneTd·g?| eyIgsYreTAv^j faetI
eyIg, Exµr, EdlsBëf©enHCaBlrd½kaNada GaemrikSg VrSg .l. Gacrs'enAedayxõs'muxVneT
ebI¨bCaCatiExµrrlayVt'? etIbgbíènrYmCatieyIgEdlenAänay emIleXIjy"agem"cmkelIrUbeyIg?
etICnEdleyIgenAk~¬g¨beTseK KiteXIjy"agem¶cmkelICatieyIg?

bgbíènrYmCati cUreyIgbgúajeTABiPBelakfa yuvCnExµrC÷nan'fµé xusBIC÷nan'mun@ ! cUreyIg

TajCév^teyIgecjBIPaBeVHbg'xÂçnecal nig BIPaBGam"as'mux ehIyhucCUneTA¨bCaCatieyIg! sÂab'
edémºICati eTIbCév^teyIgkan'Etmann&y!

tula 1977
 123

GFibºay

(1) k~¬gsm&ysaFarNrd½ G~kneyaVyeyIgxÂH Vn¨bdUcsÄanPaBPUmisa¨s¶neyaVy«n

kmõ¬CaeTAnwgrbs'GuI¨saEGl. kar¨bdUcenH xÃH¨VkdniymTSg¨sug e¨JHfa sÄanPaBPUmi
sa¨s¶neyaVy «n¨beTsTSgBIrxusK~aq©ayNas'. elak QUk em"gem"A EdlenAk~¬gcM-
eNamG~kneyaVyTSgenaH Vnniyay[kmõ¬Caman \Kib bußt|(@) dUcmanenAGuI¨saEGl
Edr. rd½aPiVlsaFarNrd½ k*VnbJØènnisi§tnigG~ksik§axÂH eTA¨beTsTSgenHEdr. yk
KMnittamreboberobcMGuI¨saEGlTSgenH elak ln' nl' bJØa[erobcMCapæHdb'x~g, 50x~g
.l.ùùù
(@) Kib bußt Ð PUmishkrN_enAGuI¨saEGl EdlCaBiessmanbN¶aCnTSg¨bus¨sI kan'GavuFkarJrpæal'.

(2) GaNikCnenA¨beTs«f Vn¨tèvEbgEckCa 5 ¨kumFM@ Ð cin, Exµr, m"aLayU, yYn nigG~k¨suk

P~MxagTisøsan e¨kABIG~k¨sukP~Msasn_«f. muneBlEdlExµreyIgePosxÂçn eday¨Bwti‘
karN_«f© 17 emsa 1975 GaNikCnExµrEdlenA¨beTs«f mancMnYn 450 000 nak' kal
BIqµ~S 1939 (tamkarsæg'cMnYn¨bCaCneday vùGù ¨khS GtIt:TI¨bwk§a«nraCrd½aPiVl«f).
GaNikCnExµrTSgenaH rs'enAk~¬gext‘ep§g@ dUcteTAenH Ð rd½burI Naxunc&ysuI suP&NburI
P~MsaraxS NaxnNay"ut PUmiPaKxaglic«nGrJï nigsurinæ. enAq~S 1932 rd½aPiVl«fVn[
biTsalavt‘Exµr ehIybgÅ÷G~krd½karEdlmanedémkMeNItCaExµr [niyayEtPasa«f. e¨kay
mk, tameKfa, GaNikCnExµrC÷nan'e¨kay@ k*VneCakCSnwgvbºFmá«f.
(3) tSgBIedémkMeNIt«n¨bvti‘sa¨s¶eyIgmk ¨bCaCneyIgVnTTYlkard·knS Ékar¨tçt¨ta, k~¬g
ry:evlaEvgÉxÂI, edaycM É edayExµrbN¶ak', BIsMNak'BYkp§ge¨BgbreTs EdlVncUl
mkedaydac'Etäg Éeday¨beTseKbJØènmk Ð ²Nëa cam-CÃa esom yYn B&rTuyehð
eGsº"aj¬"l VrSg Cbu"n cin nig GaemrikSg. k~¬gry: 22 q~Se¨kaybgís', bnæab'BIäkraC´«n
q~S 1953, G~kd·knSeyIgVnekatE¨kg nigelIktMekIgCnbreTs elIsshesv^kExµrrbs'
xÂçn. karj"mnwg \eK| Cab'rab'tMNenH, TMlab'eXIjbreTsk~¬gkicÍd·knS¨beTsenH, Vn
bJØèlk~¬gstiExµreyIg nUvkarElgrvérvl'GMBIedémkMeNIt nigGtItkal «nmnus§EdlenAk~¬g
vNö:d·knSrbs'eyIg. etI¨bCaCneyIg TSgk~¬g¨beTs TSge¨kA¨beTs Vnman¨btikmµy"ag
em¶c enAeBld·gfaG~kd·knSkmõ¬Ca maneQµaHEdlxÂçnminEdl¾esaH dUcCa Ð nYn Ca, gYn kg,
sU Pwm, jwm rs, bu"l Bt, vn ev"t, yun y"at .l. ? cuHebImnus§e¨kameQµaHTSgenHCayYn
eTA etI¨beTseyIgeTACaGÃIehIy? Óù lav CamYy «ksUnpu÷v^han?
k~¬geBlEdleyIgs~ak'enAbreTsenH KYreyIg¨keLkemIlehIysYrfa etICnCatieK
beN¶ay[mnus§EdlmansJØatidUceKk*eday bu"En‘EdleTIbnwgmkdl'fµé eLIgdl'zan:d·k
nS¨beTs ÉPUmi, sh¨Kas ÉsmaKmeKtUcNamYyeT? enHminEmnmkBIeKsíb'exõémbreTs
eT bu"En‘eKkarJrCatieK rebobrs'enArbs'eK karyl'eXIjrbs'eK. k~¬gyb'«n«f© 16 emsa
1975 elak L¬g bUer"t, rd½mån‘ITImYy, eBlEdlGs'kmÂSgy"agxÂSg gakeTAsYrG~ksar-
 124
BtámanVrSgm~ak'fa Ð \etIxƬM¨tèveFÃIdUcem¶c?|. tbnwgsMnYrGMBImUlehtuEdlnS[Exµr¨khm
smÂab'rgðal¨bCaCnäg, Exµrm~ak'EdlmancMeNHv^CØay"age¨cIneqÂIyfa Ð \xÂçnminGac[
cemÂIyVneT munnwg \GicEsõ&r| G~kC÷najkarbsÍwm¨beTsVneFÃIv^PaKehIysin|. sYrnS
GMBI¨bvti‘sa¨s¶ EdlsmaKmExµrmYyVnsresr, G~kecHd·gdEdleqÂIyfa Ð \minVc'eT
eKeTAebIkesovePAemIlk~¬gbNöal&yk*VnEdr. KMnitEdlecjmktamvacaTSgbIxagelIenH
KYrEtG~kEdlman eVHbg'ecal edémºIGnaKt«n¨beTseyIg Ð KMnitfa CnCatibreTs¨Kan'
ebICagCnCatiäg nigkarsíb'exõImrhUtdl'KMnitCnCatiäg.
(4) ¨bFanaFibtI kakET Vncab'ep¶émneyaVye¨kA¨beTsrbs'Kat' edaysaklºgrkPØab'
cMNgeLIgv^j CamYy¨beTscMnYn¨bmaN 13 Edl¨bqSgtic Ée¨cInnwgGaemrikSg, Edl
enAk~¬genaHman kmõ¬Ca¨bCaFibety´ Edr. ¨ksYgkarbreTsGaemrikSgVneXIjfa Exµr¨khm
hamXat'xÂçnmin[cUlk~¬g¨sukExµr (KN:ebskkmµ vUdkuk enAExmIna 1977).
(5) Jk´rbs' bßév «qelog k~¬gGtÄbTeQµaH \karbMVt'BUCsasn_KYr[rnìt' nigkarsuImnus§enA
¨beTskmõ¬Ca| cuHk~¬g¨Bwti‘b&¨tshKmn_ExµrenAkaNada elx 9 Extula 1977.
(6) eBlEdlsem¶csIhnu ¨bFanrNsir§ \hìg| enAk~¬g¨kugeb"kSg \rd½mån‘I| Cae¨cInminTSg
GacVneTAC^t ÉeTAeXIj¨BHGgðpg. rebobenHEdr eBlEdlsIhnueFÃITs§nkicÍCapÂèvkarenA
V"rIs BYkGgðrk§VneFÃIy"agNamin[sem¶ceTAC^tExµrEdlmkcg'eXIj¨BHGgðVneLIy. ä
BYkG~kEhrhm k*mankiriyaKYr[eKmnæilEdr. elak tan' GußkNSeGog, GtItGnu¨bFanrd½
sPa, Vnbriyay¨Vb'eyIg GMBIGakbºkiriyabg«fÂKat' sarin qak rd½mån‘IkarbreTsrbs'
sem¶csIhnu enAk~¬gcMNtGakasyan súaldãehðal Ð \xƬMnigkUnTSgLay xMsæ¬HeTArkKat'
sarin qak bu"En‘eyIg¨tèvQb'enAnwgfûl' e¨JHeXIjmuxKat'FµWg EP~kebIkEtemIleyIgGt'
eXIj. eTaHbIkUneBAxƬM EdlrlwkGß÷vaNas' ehIyEdlcg'yYrkatab[ k*BuMhßaneTAC^tKat'
Edr|.
k~¬geBlmhasn~iVt Gùsùbù enAExkJïa 1977 enH smaC^kTSgbInak' «nKN:¨b-
tiPUExµr (e¨kaymkman eGog sarI ehIytameKfa man bu"l Bt Edr) KW Ð CYn ¨bsiTì can'
yUr"an' nigmnus§minsðal'muxm~ak' EdleKVneXIjmYyEPÂtk~¬gTUrTs§n_enAmu"ger"Gal' Jk'
Gav-k¨tg'BNáexµA ehIymuxmat'dUccinsuTì. ¨bPBrbs'eyIgVnbJØak'fa mnus§e¨kayenH
KWcinEmn mannaTICa \TI¨bwk§a|! cMENkä can' yUr"an' minEdlVnCan'déExµrv^jeT e¨kay«f©
17 emsa 1975. etIKat'Vn¨tèvExµr¨khmEmnETn cat'[bMeBjebskkmµenHeT?
KWfaehtukarN_TSgenH Edlhak'dUcCaecjBIerOg¨belamelakbU"lIsnigcarkmµ Ca
karN_EdlVnekIteLIgEmn. ebIdUec~HehIy sMnYrmYy¨tèvEtecaTeLIg Ð etIkmõ¬Ca¨bCaFib-
ety´ nwgeTACay"agNa?
(7) k~¬geBlsBëf©enH cab'tSgBIExemsa 1975 minKWGMeBIdEdl EdlVnekItmaneLIgv^j?
esovePAkºçn KmõIr t¨ma TSgGs'Vn¨tèvdutecal CamYybNöal&yCati. vtĬburaN Edlrk
t«mÂdak'Kµan ehIyEdlCasak§I«nGariyFmáeyIg Vn¨tèvkMeTcecalGs' CamYymnæIrtSg
ektnPNëCati. vt‘Garam sala mhav^T´al&y Vn¨tèvbiTTÃar. BYkG~kecHd·g cab'tSgBI
 125
bNëit eTAdl'G~k¨Kan'EtecHGanecHsresr Vn¨tèveKtamrkmux ehIysMLab'ecal. PUmi
XuM ¨suk ext‘ ElgmaneQµaHehIy manEtelx dl'eBlExµrC÷nan'e¨kayeyIgsÂab'Gs'eTA
nwgElgmaneQµaHExµrsMrab'TI¨bCu÷CnExµrNaTSgGs' e¨JHkUnekµgtUc@ EdlExµr¨khmyk
ecjBIÒBukm¶ayxÂçneTAbgúat' Vn¨tèveKbg÷k[e¨bIEtvak´s&Bæfµé. sUmºIEtGgðrvt‘ k*VnVt'
eQµaHxÂçnehIy ehIyenA¨twmEt \¨VsaTkMBUlbI|.
(8) enHCakaremIlgayBIVrSg k~¬gsm&yGaNaniKmniym. sUmGan \ Moeurs et coutumes des
Khmers | rbs' Guy Porée et Evelyne Maspéro (Payot, 1938.)

ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
 126

TMB&rPØab' 1

karTak'TgExµr-cin
ebImnus§xMcgmit‘
¨beTskuMcgs¨tèv.

¨bvti‘sa¨s¶«nkmõ¬Cafµé KWCa¨bvti‘sa¨s¶«nkarTak'TgExµr-VrSg, rIä¨bvti‘sa¨s¶sBëf© KW

(R)
¨bvti‘sa¨s¶«nkarTak'TgExµr-cin . cMNgmit‘PaBrvagkmõ¬Canigcin¨bCamanit KYr[eyIggake¨kay

¨keLkemIleTAm¶geTotEdr. eTaHbImanyIehaCa \GB´a¨kwt|, kmõ¬Ca k*enAEtFÂak'k~¬gePÂIgsågðam Edl

xÂçncg'ecosvagbMput.
BitehIy sn‘iPaB 15 q~S Edlkmõ¬CaVnsðal'e¨kaykar¨bkasäkraC´ nigGB´a¨kwtPaB KW
manedaysarkarbiun¨bsb'«n sem¶csIhnu k~¬gkarbt'Ebnecosregéksågðam¨tCak'«nmhaGMNac.
karbuin¨bsb'enH VnTTYlkarsresIry"age¨cInBIsMNak'G~ksegûtkarN_breTs EdlmkBI¨Kb'
¨cklúk«nBiPBelak. KYr[s¶ay eday¨sv·gnwgkarekatsresIrenHeBk sIhnuVnePÂcTSg¨sug
dl'neyaVyk~¬g¨beTs. minKitedaH¨saybJúaBIKl'sgðmeLIgEtm¶g, minKitC÷erOnkarGb'rMmha
Cn edémºI[mhaCnyl'dl'karTTYlxus¨tèvrbs'xÂçnk~¬gsgðm sIhnuEbrCaB¨gékkareKarBbUCadl'
buKðlxÂçneTAv^j. neyaVyenH ritEtVn¨tèvkMLanigEfrk§aedayG~kEhhmeTAeTot edayBYkenHrk
EtTuk¨bCaCn[enAl©g'exÂAeTA edémºIxÂçn¨sNukk¶ab'. ¨kGWtnwgGgðrvt¶Nas' bu"En‘swgEt²td·gGÃITSg
Gs' GMBIGtItkalsm&yenaH, BukrlYy bu"En‘faxÂçnCaG~kkan'BuTìsasna, emIlgayt«mÂG~kd«T bu"En‘
faxÂçn¨sLaj'Cati, G~kEhhmsIhnuTSgenH —mnus§dEdl EdlnwgeTA \bribuNö:| ln' nl'—
ciJÍwmlTiìkumµ¬ynis‘Exµreday²td·gxÂçn.
Tukcit‘eK, eqatÉmYy¨sv·g, sIhnu ²tVnyl'dl'karcSVc'nwg[¨beTsman kgT&BmYy
EdlxÂSg GackarJrGFibtIPaBCatiVn. edémºIkarJrkmõ¬Ca \sem¶cÒ| ep¶kp¶çlTSg¨sugelI¨beTs
cin EdlbN¶aCn 800 lannak' eFÃI[¨BHGgðP&ypg Tukcit‘pg! karP&n‘¨cLMy"agmhimaenH ¨tèvG~k
d·knSsBëf©nwgGnaKt«n¨beTskmõ¬Ca ykeTABinit´eLIgv^j!
kicÍTak'TgExµr-cin BuMEmneTIbnwgmank~¬gsm&yenHeT. GgðTUtExµrTImYyEdleKd·gfamanenA
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
(R) eKEck¨bvti‘sa¨s¶CabYnEp~k Ð savtaburaN BIedémkMeNItmkdl' Kùsù 395. savtayuKkN¶al (¨tèvnwgsm&ysk¶i-

PUmi) BIq~S 395 dl' 1453 q~SEdlBYkTYKIdeN¶ImVn¨kug kugs‘g'TINUb. savtayuKfµé BI 1453 dl'q~S 1789 (karbd^vt‘n_
VrSg). savtasBëf© cab'BI Kùsù 1789 mk. eyIgGacniyaydUcxagelIVn e¨JHkmõ¬CaeyIgeTIbnwgeXIjBnÂWxÂHeLIgv^j
e¨kaykarmkdl'VrSg.
 127
¨sukcin Vn¨tèvbJØèneday¨BHecA¨sImara (hÃan'ecma"n' k~¬gPasacin) enA Kùsù 228 (sm&ynKrP~M
É hÃßèNn. ¨sImara CaG~kbegûétgar \vrµ&n| Jk´sM¨sûwt EdlE¨bmkfa e¨kaH É e¨KOgkarJrxÂçn
TUeTA. garenHVn¨tèveVHbg' —rYcePÂcrhUtmk— CamYyK~anwgkarputBUCes¶c«nGgðr e¨kammuxlM
EBg«n ta¨tsk'Epím (1332—1340) es¶cExµre¨kaybgís' Edlykgarvrµ&nenHEdr KW ¨BHVT
nerat¶¶m sIhnuvrµ&n bnæab'BIsilacarwkTSgLay Vn¨tèvrkeXIjnwgGandac'eLIgv^j.
dUcPaKe¨cIn«n \nKr| TSgLay EdlenACu÷v^j¨beTscinEdr, ¨sukExµr (hÃèßNn) Vn¨tèvcin
sMKal'Card½cuHcUl. karbJØènraCTUtCamYysYysaGakrmk¨beTscin Vn¨tèveFÃICahUrEherogmk
edayes¶c«nhÃèßNn (nKrP~M) rYcmk«ncinLa (nKrBYkkUn²sIkmõ¬). edayehtuenH, cab'tSgBI
stvt§r_TI3 mk, GtÄbTcinGMBI¨sukExµr k*manmunsilacarwkExµr. enAq~S 506 PikŬExµrnamsgôBla
Vn¨tèves¶ccin«nraCvg§elog nimn‘eTA¨sukcinedémºIbkE¨b¨BH«¨tbIdk. PikŬenaHKg'enA¨sukcin 16
q~S. q~Sbnæab'mk, 507, ¨BHecA¨kugcin (vU) fÃaygarCa \emT&B| bågûabTisTk§iN, es¶cnKrP~M, dl'
¨BHVTC&yvrµ&n. enAq~S 1076 edaycinbbYleFÃIsågðamCamYynwgtugkwg, es¶chrs§avrµ&nTI3 bJØèn
ebsk:eyaFBlmYykg eTAlukluy¨suk ej"-Gan (¨sukhUCémij!). enAq~S 1285 C&yvrµ&nTI8
elIksYysaGakr eTA[BYkmu"gehðal. k~¬g Kùsù 1296 es¶cmu"gehðal TImYxan' bJØènebskkmµ
mYymkkmõ¬Ca e¨kamrCØkales¶c²ånæavrµ&nTI3 ehIyEdlenAk~¬genaHmanG~k¨bvt‘isa¨s¶ ecv takÃan'.
ecv takÃan' VnsresresovePAcas'CageKTSgGs' EdlGFibºayGMBIyesaFr: (Ggðr)
esovePAEdlCa¨bPB ebIk[G~k¨bvti‘saås¶VrSgsðal'ehIysresrVn GMBIGariyFmáExµrd÷bUg
(esovePA ecv takÃan' Vn¨tèvbkE¨beday Bù eb"lIÂyU k~¬g¨Bwti‘b&¨t«nsalaVrSgenAcugbUJá¨beTs,
enAq~S 1902). k~¬g Kùsù 1327 es¶c²ånæavrµ&n epærblÂ&gû[eTAkUnEdlesayraC´e¨kameQµaHfa
C&yvrµ&nTI9 brm²sUr. KWenAk~¬grCØkales¶cenH Edl \kardUcCabd^vt‘n_| TImYy (pseudo-révolution) Vn
pæ¬HeLIg edaybJÎb'y"agTan'hn'nUv²TìiBl¨BhµJïsasna ehIyykBuTìsasna mkdak'elI¨beTs
v^j (cMGk«n¨Bhµlixit, eQµaH«nC&yvrµ&nTI9 muneBlesayraC´KW sIhnu!). \karbd^vt‘n_EkÂg| enH
dMNalK~anwgkarN_ Edlraås¶samJïeLIgesayraC´Caes¶c Ð ta¨tsk'Epím, niBÃanVT, lMBg'
.l. [sJïa«nkarcab'ep¶émcuH{nfy«nkmõ¬Ca Edlnwgmanry:¨VMstvt§r_. k~¬gkML¬g 500 q~SenaH
GaNac¨kExµrVnrebHricril rhUtmke¨kamkarruj¨can «nBYk«f nig BYkevot, GaNikCnBIrsasn_
EdlmanedémkMeNItenA¨sukcin.
bnæab'BIkarb¶èrK~axÂHk~¬gstvt§r_TI15, ¨bPB¨bvti‘saås‘k*Vns©at'Qwg GMBIkicÍTak'TgExµr-cin.
luHmkdl'stvt§r_TI17, eTIbeKVnd÷NwgxÂHeLIgv^j bu"En¶GMBIkarGen¶a¨bevsn_«nCnCaticin mkk~¬g
¨sukExµr (GanTMB&r 32, elxeyag 3). enAstvt§r_TI19, dUcCa¨beTskmõ¬CaEdr, ¨beTscin
VnFÂak'e¨kamGaNaniKmrbs'BYkEsºks. karcºSgK~ae¨JHerOgGaePon (Gg'eKÂsVj'¨Kab'EbkelI
kg'tug enAq~S 1841) Vncb'edaysnìisJïa¨kugNnkSg enAExsIha 1842 Edl[hugkug nig
ekaHxÂHeToteTAGg'eKÂs. tamsnìisJïa¨kugetonTi§n «nq~S 1885, cin[eTAVrSg¨tçtnUvnKrGNöam
nig tugkwg EdlCa¨sukcMNuHxÂçn. ¨beTscineTIbnwgegébeLIgv^jelIqakneyaVy²Nëècin enAq~S
1954 k~¬geBleFÃIsn~isIT¨kugh§WENv.
 128
esæIrEtmYystvt§r_«nkar¨tçt¨tarbs'VrSg VneFÃI[ExµrmanTMlab'rs'enAeday \maneKkar
Jr|. e¨kayBIVnedjecjTSgminGs'Gal&ynUv \G~kkarJr| VrSg, raCaNac¨kExµr, enAmuxkar
bu"nb"gB¨gékTwkdéCaGlÂCØé«nG~kC^txagyYn, xMrk \G~kkarJr| m~ak'eTot. snæ¬HTImYyrbs'Exµr KW
t¨mg'eTAshrd½Gaemrik. enA«f© 17 tula 1953 VrSgepærGMNacswkmkkmõ¬Cav^j. enAmuxTahan
10 000 nak' «nkgT&BEmnETnrbs'evotmij (bgûb'k~¬gext‘ «¨BEvg, sÃayerog, taEkv, kMBt nig
Vt'd÷bg) nigmuxcMnYnEdleKmind·g «nTahanrbs'kgT&B¨bCaCnExµrrMedaHrbs' sWg gu"kmij (APKL)
kmõ¬CamanEt 12 kgvresnatUcefµéreCég. «f© 2 emsa 1954, kMBugEteBj¨byuTìenA edon ebonPU,
evotmijcUllukluykmõ¬CaBIxagTisøsan. «f© 20 ÓsPa raCrd½aPiVl¨bkassuMC÷nYyswkBI
shrd½Gaemrik. enAh§WENv, eq¿t{kask~¬gkicÍBiPak§aCaeTÃPaKI, rd½aPiVlExµrxMsæg'emIlnUv¨btikmµ
GaemrikSg k~¬geBlNakmõ¬Ca¨tèvlukluyedayevotmij. shrd½Gaemrik, edaycg'eKarBJk´
sn´arbs' Gg'tUnI eGEdn eTA CU eGnLay (EdlfanwgminnSkmõ¬CacUlk~¬gsmõnìPaBeyaFa CamYy
mhaGMNacxaglicNamYy), eqÂIyedaymin¨Bmsn´aGÃIeLIy.
ebIeKeCOtamG~kniBnì rUeh§sµif (\neyaVye¨kA¨beTs«nkmõ¬Ca|) EdlnSJk´sMdé «nG~k
TTYlxus¨tèvExµrk~¬gsm&yenaH, ¨beTskmõ¬Ca VnsuMcUlsmõnìPaB esGatU Edr EdleKkMBugEterob
cMk~¬geBlenaH. tamG~kniBnìdEdl, rd½elxaFikar ebEdl sµif min¨BmTTYlebkÅPaBExµreday
sMGagfa mincg'bMJrbMJnelIkicͨBme¨Bogh§WENv, bu"En‘ suM[kmõ¬CaTukcit‘faxÂçnnwgenAe¨kammÂb'
\karJr| rbs' esGatU enH. «f© 8 kJïa 1954 enA¨kugm"anil, shrd½Gaemrik, Gg'eKÂs, VrSg,
GU¨s¶alI, nUEvleh§Lg', hÃßélIBIn, V"KIs‘g' nig «f cuHhtÄelxabegûétGgðkar«nsnìisJïa«nGasuI
PaKGeK~y_ (esGatU). dUcEdlVnsn´a, smõnìPaBswkenH dak'kmõ¬Cak~¬g \«pækarJr| rbs'xÂçnEdr.
bu"En‘¨beTskmõ¬Ca edayBuMsUvTukcit‘elIkicÍ \karJr| enH, k*rkt¨mg'neyaVye¨kA¨beTsxÂçn eTA
TisfµéeTot.
CaelIkTImYy, enAExv^cÏika 1954, ¨BHecAsIhnubJØa[eXasnaGMBIEx§neyaVy \GB´a-
¨kwty"aghµt'ct'| mYy, e¨kayeBl¨tLb'mkBITs§nkicÍenA¨beTsPUma«nelak GUß nU. e¨kaybn‘ic
mk elak enru mkeFÃITs§nkicÍäP~MeBj. KWk~¬geBlenaHehIy Edl¨BHVTsIhnuTTYlemeronTImYy
xagneyaVy \mincUlbk§xagNa| BIbNëit enru, ehIyecaTsmõnìPaB esGatU fanSmkEtbriya-
kasGsn‘isuxEdlpæ¬ynwgcMNg'sn‘iPaB EdlmhaGMNacVnkMNt'ehIy enAh§·ENv. «f© 2 mIna
1955, sem¶csIhnu dak'raC´[ÒBuk, sem¶cnerat¶m sura¨mwt. 3-4 GaTit´e¨kaymk sIhnusg
Ts§nkicÍdl' enru ä¨beTs²Nëa. CamYyrd½mån‘ITImYy²Nëa sem¶cÓbyuvraCsem¸aFcMNgeCég
neyaVy \bJÍsIla| eKalKMnitTSg¨VM«n \karrs'enACamYyK~aedaysn‘iPaB|!
enAExemsa 1955 sn~isITenAVn'Dug cab'eFÃIeLIg. CU eGnLay eq¿t{kasBIkicÍsnænaCa
äkCnCamYysIhnu edémºIvaysMrukxagpÂèvTUt. k~¬gkarCECkK~aenaH rd½mån‘ITImYycin es~IGMBIerOgkmõ¬Ca
suMC÷nYyswkBIshrd½Gaemrik. k~¬gerOgenH sIhnubJØak'eTA CU eGnLay fanwgminmanmUld½anT&B
GaemrikSgenAkmõ¬CaeLIy, ehIykmõ¬CanwgminsuM[ esGatU karJreT. eCOEmnETn, CU eGnLay
¨Vb'sem¶csIhnu[uTukcit‘fa cinnwgmine¨C¿tE¨Ckk~¬gerOg«pæk~¬g«nkmõ¬CaeLIy. «f© 16 ÓsPa
1955, kmõ¬Canigshrd½Gaemrik cuHhtÄelxaGMBIC÷nYyxagpÂèvT&B. bnæab'mk ebskkmµeyaFaGaemri-
 129
kSgmYy (MAAG) k*mktSgTIäP~MeBj. «f© 11 kJïa kareVHeq~at[C&yC÷nHeTA KNbk§sgðm
raås¶niym. Gs'kgÃl'BITMnas'xagk~¬g, eCOCak'fa GMNacnwgenAEtk~¬g«dxÂçnm~ak', sem¶csIhnu
dUry"agrh&snUvneyaVye¨kA¨beTs karN_EdlnwgeFÃI[GaemrikSgmineBjcit‘y"agxÂSg. enAEx
kum¸: 1956, tbnwgesck¶IGeJØIjrbs' ¨bFanaFibtIhÃßélIBIn m"ak' saysay, sIhnueFÃITs§nkicÍ
CapÂèvkarenA¨kugm"anil. enATIenaH, ehtuEdleFÃI[eKPÆak'epíél¨Kb'K~a, naykrd½mån‘IExµr (kalenaHmin
Tan'tSgxÂçnCa¨bmuxrd½enAeLIy) EfÂgkarN_fa kmõ¬Ca²t¨tèvkarkicÍkarJr«n esGatU eT. «f© 13 Ex
dEdl sem¶ceFÃITs§nkicÍCapÂèvkarTImYyenA¨beTscin EdlenATIenaH¨bFanem"AVnTTYl. enA
eb"kSg, Cafµém¶geTot, sIhnu Tat'ecalkicÍkarJr esGatU. edayq©l'nwg¨btikmµsem¶csIhnu, rd½
elxaFikar hÃsEsær dlÂws epÆélixitmYymkrd½månI‘karbreTsExµr tamry:elak ng KimnI, raCTUt
elIkd÷bUgenA¨bcS sùrùGaù, lixitcuH«f© 19 emsa ehIyEdlkardk¨sg'mandUcteTA Ð
\elakrd½mån‘I, xƬMmanesck¶IVrm¸edayd·gfa esck¶IEfÂgkarN_k~¬geBlfµé@ enH EdlecjBI
mCÎd½anep§g@ VneFÃI[¾kan'EtxÂSgfa shrd½Gaemrikbu"nb"gbgÅ÷¨beTskmõ¬Ca [cUlk~¬gsmõnìPaB
esGatU ebImin¨Bm nwgQb'VnC÷nYyesd½kicÍ, ehIyfa shrd½GaemrikVnbgÅ÷¨beTs evotNam
nig «f Camit‘nig¨bkbedayäkraC´ [cat'v^FankarCasågðamesd½kicÍTl'nwgkmõ¬Ca k~¬geKalbMNg
dUcVn¾mkehIyenH.
\enA«f© 2 emsa rd½TUtGaemrikSg VnfÃayd÷NwgCapÂèvkardl'¨BHmhak§¨tiy_ TSgBIrGgð«n
kmõ¬Cafa shrd½GaemrikBuMEdlVnEfÂgCapÂèvkar nigCasaFarN:k~¬geBlNam¶geLIy nUvkaryl'
eXIjrbs'xÂçnelIneyaVye¨kA¨beTs«nkmõ¬Ca. neyaVyshrd½Gaemrikk~¬gkmõ¬Ca ykmUld½an
elIbTbJØamYyy"agxÂI Ð shrd½Gaemrik, tamry:kmµv^FIC÷nYy eyaFanigesd½kicÍ rbs'xÂçnrkCYydl'
rd½aPiVlExµr k~¬gkar¨bwgE¨bgCaGlCéØ edémºIrk§aTukäkraC´ GFibtI «nraCaNac¨k. C÷nYyenHVn
¨tèvp¶l' EttamcMNg'«nraCrd½aPiVlExµreT EdlVnsuMCapÂèvkarnUvC÷nYyeyaFa k~¬g«f© 20 ÓsPa
1954 nig C÷nYyeyaFapg C÷nYyesd½kicÍpg enA«f© 1 kJïa 1954.
\eTaHbI shrd½GaemrikeC¯fa ¨bCaCatiesrITSgLayGacTb'Tl'Vny"ag¨bt´k§Cag nig
e¨KaHf~ak'«nkarQÂanJnkumµ¬ynis‘ tamry:kicÍkarJrrYmK~a, k*neyaVyGaemrikSgTTYlsðal'fa
¨beTsxÂHcUlcit‘mincUlrYmk~¬gkicÍerobcMsn¶isuxtamPUmiPaK fÃétºitEt¨beTsTSgenaHVnse¨mccit‘
karJrxÂçn Tl'nwgkarQÂanJn Év^Tìg§na elIäkraC´xÂçn. kare¨CéserIsenH eyIgeKarB. shrd½Ga-
emrik minrkcMNg«nkarkarJrK~aeTAv^jeTAmk CamYy¨beTsNaeLIy ebI¨beTsenHmineC¯fa äk
raC´xÂçnnwg¨sYlrk§aTukCag edayGnuvt‘n_eKalKMnit«nsn‘isuxrYmenH|. (k~¬g \¨Bwti‘b&¨t«n¨ksYgkar
breTsGaemrikSg|, 30 emsa 1956, TMB&r 727)
enAExmifuna 1956 kmõ¬Canigcin cuHkicͨBme¨BogTImYyxagJNiCØkmµ nigelIC÷nYymYyman
t«m 22 lan 4 EsndulÂar. «f© 27 v^ciÏka q~SdEdl CU eGnLay mkeFÃITs§nkicÍenAkmõ¬Ca, EdlCa
Ts§nkicÍTImYy«n G~kmuxG~kkarcinkumµ¬ynIs‘. k~¬g{kasenaH CU eGnLay Vn¨bkasdl'GaNik
CncinEdlrs'enAk~¬gkmõ¬Ca [bJÍèlxÂçnk~¬gsgðmExµr ehIyeKarBcºab'«n¨beTsExµr.
Exmifuna 1958 kgvresnatUcyYnxagtºègBIrkg rbs' ega" Dineyom cUlrMelaPk~¬gext‘sæwg
E¨tg ehIybgÅ^tbegðal¨BMEdn. sem¶csIhnu ehAshrd½Gaemrik[eFÃIGn‘raKmn_. mYyExbnæab'BI
 130
Óbºti‘ehtuenH ¨beTskmõ¬CaTTYlsðal'tampÂèvcºab'dl' saFarNrd½cin¨bCamanit ehIyb¶èrrd½TUt
K~a. kicÍTak'TgCapÂèvTUtCamYycinenH VneFÃI[GaemrikSgPÆak'CaxÂSg eday²tVnd·gmuneLIy. va"
sIugetan ehArd½TUtxÂçn (xlås‘¬m) eTAsYrBie¨KaH. edaysMKal'kayv^karsem¶csIhnu Cakarrk
erOg, shrd½GaemrikerobcMKMeragkarN_edémºITmÂak'sIhnu (VnCamankarkºt'rbs' dab QYn mYyq~S
bnæab'mk). 2 Exe¨kaykarTTYlsðal'enH enAk~¬gmhasn~iVtTI 13 «nGgðkarsh¨bCaCati, kmõ¬Ca
KS¨Tkarrt'kicÍkar edémºI[cincUlk~¬g Gùsùbù. b"uEn‘ kicÍTak'TgCaelIkd÷bUgrvagExµrnigcinenH BuMEmn
VneFÃIeTAedaylí²texÍaHeT. dUec~HEmn, bnæab'BIkarb¶èrrd½TUtrvag¨beTsTSgBIrmk, ebskkmµesd½-
kicÍcinmYymktSgTIenAP~MeBj. KN:ebskkmµenH CYyCa¨Vk'kasdl'sarBtámanxageqÃgxÂH
ehIykan'kab'salacinenA¨sukExµr. BIrq~Se¨kaymk, 1960, CnCaticinCae¨cInnak' Vn¨tèvcab'
edayGaCÆaFrExµr e¨JHskmµPaBv^Tìg§na. enAExÓsPa, k~¬g{kasTs§nkicÍTIBIrrbs' CU eGnLay,
cin¨bmaN 60 nak'Vn¨tèvcab'bJØèneTA¨beTscinv^j. bnæab'BIÓbºti‘ehtuTSgenH ¨beTscinBinit´
eLIgCafµé nUvneyaVyxÂçncMeJHkmõ¬Ca.
enAExF~è 1960 lIv cavCé eFÃITs§nkicÍenAkmõ¬Ca EdlenATIenaH ¨bFanaFibtIcincuHsnìisJïa
mYyelImit‘PaBnigelIkarminQÂanJn CamYyraCrd½aPiVl. smaKmmYyeQµaH \smaKmmit‘PaB
cin - Exµr| Vn¨tèvbegûéteLIg ehIyEdltSgTIs~ak'karenA¨kugeb"kSg (KWk~¬gq~S 1960 enaHehIy
Edl, tamsMdé bu"l-Bt enAeb"kSgk~¬geBlfµé@ enH, KNbk§kumµ¬ynis‘ExµrVnekIteLIg). tbKuN
nwgneyaVycinEdl \KS¨Teday²tlkÅx&Në | nigEdl \mine¨CotE¨Ck|, kmõ¬Ca tMrg'xÂçntamEx§
neyaVye¨kA¨beTsrbs'cin (k~¬geBlEdlevotNamxageCég, fÃétºitEtxÂçns~iTìNas'CamYycin
kalsm&yenaH, VnmanneyaVy¨by&t~Cag!). enAExkJïa 1962 raCrd½aPiVlExµrTTYlsðal'
¨beTs Gal'VnI (mYyq~Se¨kaymk, enAExtula 1963, kmõ¬CanigGal'VnI dak'karse¨mccit‘mYy
enA Gùsùbù edémºIedj«tva"n'ecj ehIyTTYlcin¨bCamanitv^j k~¬gmhasn~iVt). enAExF~è 1962,
k~¬gsn~isITenAkUL¬MbU EdlenruVnekaHehA edémºIedaH¨sayTMnas'¨BMEdncin-²Nëa, sIhnu erIsyk
karccarpæal'rvagKUv^vaTTSgBIr ehIyTat'ecalesck¶Ies~I«neGh§Ib Edlcg'[begûétmNël²tT&B
mYy —karedaH¨sayEdlcinnwgminTTYleLIy. enAExtula 1964, eBlEdlcinBiesaF¨Kab'Ebk
brmaNUTImYyrbs'xÂçn, sem¶csIhnu Ca¨bmuxrd½Etm~ak'ägKt' EdlVnepÆésMbu¨tKS¨TeTAcin, k~¬g
eBlEdl¨beTs«nb¬ksgðmniym —yYnxageCégk*Edr— Vn¨bkan'karenAs©at'es©¿m CasJïa«n
karminyl'Tas'rbs'xÂçnùùùù
sIhnu e¨bIkarC^ts~iTìCamYycinenH edémºIkMcat'BYkxageqÃgEdr EdlenAEtxÂSg. enAedémq~S
1962, smaC^k 15 nak'«nKNbk§¨bCaCn (enAk~¬genaHman ng-sYn GKðelxaFikar) Vn¨tèvcab'
XuMXSg. CakarN_Fmµta neyaVysIhnuenH begûItkMhwgGaemrikSgEdlBn´¬HedaycM ÉmincM dl'
rNbxÂçnTSgBIr (esom nig yYn) [bgûÓbºti‘ehtutam¨BMEdn (enHebIminniyayBIkarrksmÂab'
sIhnueTot). tSgBIeBlEdlsn~isITenAh§WENvGMBI¨beTslavk~¬gq~S 1962 Vncab'eFÃIeLIg,
sem¶csIhnusMu[mhaGMNacnigrNbrbs'xÂçn B¨gékkarCECkdl'kmõ¬Ca edémºIedaH¨say[Gs'Et
m¶g nUvcMeNaT¨BMEdnrvagkmõ¬CanigG~kC^txag. ¨bFanaFibtI ekNWöDI ¨bEkkedayKYrsmtamsMbu¨t
mYycuH«f© 31 sIha 1962. cMENkä ega" Dineyom Tat'ecalsMeNIenHy"agdac'Ghgûar ehIy
 131
TamTar[mankar¨tçt¨ta¨BMEdnCaeTÃPaKI (eyom ecaTkmõ¬Cafa[C÷rkdl'eyokkug). ¨beTs«f,
kMBugEteBjCemÂaHerOg¨BHv^har, xæb'¨tecokeFÃIfÂg' CakarN_Fmµta. rIä¨beTscinv^j KS¨TTSg¨sug
nUvsMeNIrExµr!
(R)
enAExÓsPa 1963 lIv cavCé mkTs§nakmõ¬Cam¶geTotCaelIkTI2. muneBlKat'mkdl'

bn‘ic, evotNamxageCég EdlVnTamTarykekaHExµrdUcyYnxagtºègEdr kalBIq~S 1962, dkkar

TamTarxÂçneTAv^j. Exv^cÏika 1963, GaemrikSg[sÄanIyv^T´¬p§aysemÂgmYy eTABYkExµresrI. tbnwg
GMeBIenH, sIhnuedjKN:ebskkmµC÷nYyGaemrikSgecj. mYyExe¨kaymk, enAExF~è, kmõ¬Canigcin
cuHkicͨBme¨BogelIkTImYy xagC÷nYyeyaFa. enAelI«pæk~¬g sem¶csIhnukan'EtrujeTAmuxxÂSg
nUvEpnkar \sgðmkmµ| edayykC÷nYjnScUl-d·kecj mk[CatieFÃI (GahrN_-nIhrN_).
ExsIha 1964, Óbºti‘ehtu«nQUgsmu¨Ttugkwg [sJïa«nkarcab'ep¶émsågðamTI2«n²Nëècin
(karVj'navaBiXad \ma"d'duk§| [elseTAGaemrikSg edémºITMlak'¨Kab'EbkelIhaNUy). karekIn
kMritsågðam«nGaemrikSg eFÃI[yYnxagtºègkan'EtekagkaceLIg. mYyGenÂIeTot kmõ¬CaVnp¶ac'cMNg
TUtCamYy¨beTsenH tSgBIExsIha 1963 mkehIy (ega" Dineyom Vn¨tèveKrMlMenA«f© 1 v^cÏika).
cab'tSgBIExkum¸: 1964, bnæab'BIVnecaTkmõ¬Cafa d·kGavuF[eyokkug, GaCÆaFryYnxagtºèg bJØa[
kgTahanxÂçnedjtamevotkugk~¬gTwkdéExµr. karrMelaPelI¨BMEdnenH eFÃI[sÂab'nigrbYsdl'Exµr²t
eTas Cae¨cInnak'. kmõ¬Ca ecaTshrd½Gaemrikfa TajEx§jak'karvaycUlTSgenH. bN¶wgmYyVn
¨tèvdak'enA ¨kum¨bwk§asn‘isux«nGgðkarsh¨bCaCati EdlbJØènKN:kmµkaresIubGegûtmYymk bu"En‘
²tVnkarGÃIeLIy. cMENkxagKN:kmµkarGn‘rCatixagkicͨtçt¨tav^j (esùGIuùesù) ¨bEkkmin¨Bm
eFÃIGaCÆakN¶al tamsemÂgmin¨Bmdak'Ghgûa (véto) «n¨btiPUkaNada EdlsMGagfa erOgenHecj
BIsmtÄkicÍKN:kmµakar (esùGIuùesù Vn¨tèvbJÎb'eday²tmankMNt'«f©-Ex sine die edaysem¶c
sIhnu enAd÷Nac'q~S 1969). karminsUv¨tèvK~arvagExµrnigGaemrikSg mankan'EtxÂSgeLIg ¨sbK~a
nwgkarrMelaP¨BMEdnedayyYnxagtºèg. rd½aPiVlTSgBIr¨Bmcab'eFÃIkarccaredémºIrkkaredaH¨say«n
cMeNaTenH. «f© 8 F~è 1964 enA¨kugjèvEdlI, elak sWn-san CYb¨V¨s&ynwgrd½TUtGaemrikSg
bunsal. GaemrikSgxMjat' \¨tecok| G~kTTYlxus¨tèvExµrfa shrd½Gaemrik²tmanmeF´aVyGÃI
edémºIbgÅ^tbgÅ÷GaCÆaFryYnVneT cMeJHGaCÆaFresomk*Edr!
mYycMENkeTot TMnas'cin-sUevot Edlkan'EtxÂSgeLIgerogral'q~S k*C¨muH²TìiBlmkelI
²NìècinEdr. TMnas'eTÃPaKIrvag shrd½Gaemrik nigb¬kcin-sUevot VnkÂaybn‘icm¶g@ Cakar¨bECg
¨tIPaKI. edayrkkar¨tèvr"UvK~aBuMVnCamYy smõnìPaBGaemrik-yYnxagtºèg-esom, sem¶csIhnu,
eday \cak'| elIbraC&yGaemrikSg, rkccarCamYysmõnìPaBmÅageTot (rNsir§eyokkug, yYnxag
eCég, V"eftLav nigrNsir§es~haCati«f) elI \karTTYlsðal'¨BMEdnkmõ¬Ca| (!). elIbJúaenH
sem¶csIhnuVneFÃIkMhusmYyFMNas' GMBIneyaVye¨kA¨beTs e¨JHfa KW ¨bmuxrd½ExµrEtm¶gEdl
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
(R)- ebIeKeCOtamd÷NwgEdlbegúébeday bu"l-Bt enAeb"kSgk~¬geBlfµé@enH, KWk~¬gq~S 1963 Edl sIhnu, k~¬glºicmYy edémºI

bgíab'BYkxageqÃg, ehABYkeqÃg 34 nak'EdlnKrVlsðal' [mkcUlrYmk~¬graCrd½aPiVl. bkE¨b \karGeJØIj| enH mkCa

sJïa«nkarcab'ep¶émbågûabmYyfµéeTot, bu"l-Bt (saL¬t-sr) e¨CéserIsykpÂèvEdlnSeTA«¨B.
 132
VnbegûétbJúa \¨BMEdnEdleKTTYlsðal'| enH ehIyesIybgúajeTAG~kC^txag nUvcMNucex§ay«n
¨beTs Ð karKµansmtÄPaB nig karKµancMNg'karJr[xagEtVnnUv¨BMEdnxÂçn! eyIgnwgeXIj
k~¬geBlbn‘iceTotenH nUvrebobyYne¨bI¨Vs'PaBex§ayrbs'Exµr.
enAExkJïa 1964 k~¬geBleFÃITs§nkicÍenAeb"kSg, sem¶csIhnu, CamYykarCYyxÃayxÃl'«n
rd½aPiVlcin, CYbd÷Nag«nevotNamxageCég, «nrNsir§eyokkug(R) nig«nV"eftLav. esck¶IEfÂg
karN_bJÍb'Edl lIv cavCé GanenA«f© 5 tula eFÃI[eLIgTwkcit‘Nas' Ð \eBlNamankarQÂanJn
tamkgT&B ¨beTskmõ¬CaGacrg'cSTTYlkarKS¨Ty"ageBjkmÂSg«n¨bCaCncin|. bu"En‘ lTìpl«nkicÍ
snænaCamYytMNagkumµ¬ynIs‘TSgLay«n²Nëècin minsUvCa«fÂfÂaeT. BYkTSgenHyl'¨Bm¨Kb'K~a
TTYlsðal'nigeKarBtammat' nUv¨BMEdnExµr, bu"En¶TSgGs'K~a ¨bEkkmin¨BmcuHhtÄelxaCalayl&kÅ
Gk§reLIy! (karCECkK~a«nG~kTTYlxus¨tèvVnbn‘eTAeTot enAExv^cÏika nigenAExmkra 1965 e¨kam
EP~kd*Tn'«n ecn-yI rd½mån‘IkarbreTscin). CaelIkd÷bUgbgís' sem¶csIhnud·gxÂçnfa Vn[t«mÂ
hYseBk dl'²TìiBlcinelIBYkkumµ¬ynis‘yYn ²TìiBlEdlrhUtmkdl'eBlenH, BitehIy, Vn
bgúaj¨bsiTìPaBBIrdg Ð enAq~S 1954 k~¬gsn~isITenAh§WENv nigenAExÓsPa 1963 eBlEdl
evotNamxageCégTamTarykekaHExµr.
eBl¨tLb'mkP~MeBjv^j sem¶csIhnu, edaycg'd·g¨btikmµcin, EfÂgsunærkfamYyenA«f© 8
tulafa karxitxMeFÃI[G~kd·knScin¨BmcuHsnìisJïakarJrK~aeTAv^jeTAmk minVnsMerceLIy cin
sMGagfa¨beTskmõ¬Ca minenAk~¬gb¬ksgðmniymdUc¨beTsyYnxageCég. bu"En‘¨beTscin, sIhnubn‘
eTAeTot, sn´atammat' fanwgeFÃIdUcxÂçnVneFÃIenAkUer" (KWbJØènT&Bcinmk) eBlNakmõ¬Ca¨tèvQÂanJn
edayshrd½Gaemriknigbrivar. 3-4 «f©e¨kaymk sem¶csIhnuBenÂIsTMhM«nC÷nYycinmkkmõ¬Ca
edayEfÂgkarN_fa cinVnsn´a[mkExµrnUvGakasyanFun mic-19! ¨TSElgVn eb"kSgbJØèn
esna¨bmux ecn-yI mkkmõ¬Ca enAExv^cÏika edémºIEkt¨mèveLIgv^j. k~¬g{kasenaH Ót¶mesnIy_ ln'-
nl', edaycg'd·gEdrfa rhUtdl'kMrwtNa kmõ¬CaGacsgôwmelIC÷nYycin, niyayeTA ecn-yI fa Ð
\¨beTscin nig¨bCaCncin enAeBlfµé@enH (edogeTA esck¶IEfÂgkarN_bJÍb'«n lIv cavCé enA«f© 5
tula) VnbJØak'¨Vb'eyIgm¶geTotfa ebIBYkc¨kBt‘iniymeFÃIkicÍyayIxÂSgdl'TwkdéeyIg ¨beTscin
nig¨bCaCncinnwgKS¨TeyIgeday²tlkÅx&Në|. ecn-yI bJØak'sarCafµédl'Ót¶mesnIy_ ln'-nl'
nUv \karKS¨Ty"ageBjkmÂSg«n¨bCaCncin| bu"En‘bEnÄmfa \k~¬gkartyuTìd*¨twm¨tèv «nrd½aPiVlnig«n
¨bCaCnExµr edémºIkarJrGFibtIPaB nigbUrNPaBTwkdéùùùù ¨beTscineCOfa ¨beTskmõ¬Ca, CamYy¨b-
muxrd½d*kÂahanrbs'xÂçn, KMnitCatiniymrbs'xÂçn nig äkPaBrbs'xÂçn GacQ~Hs¨tèvTSgGs'edaye¨bI
kmÂSgxÂçnpæal'\. (k~¬g \TIP~ak'garBtámancinfµé| v^cÏika 1964).
sem¶csIhnu nig Ót¶mesnIy_ ln'-nl' yl'cºas'fa ecn-yI cg'niyayy"agem¶c. eTaH
y"agenHk*eday sIhnuk*enAEtEpíkxÂçnelIcin ehIyenAEtcecsTar karFanaCalayl&kÅGk§rBIBYk
mhaGMNac elIkarTTYlsðal'¨BMEdn«nkmõ¬Ca. enAExkum¸: 1965, e¨kamkarcat'Ecg«nkmõ¬Ca,
sn~isITmYy «n¨bCaCn²Nëècin eFÃIeLIgenATI¨kugP~MeBj.
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
(R)- rNsir§CatirMedaHevotNamxagtºèg (FNL) Vn¨tèvbegûétenA«f© 20 F~è 1960 edayman egÿg hUßfU Ca¨bFan.
 133

TMB&rPØab' 2

viPaKcuge¨kay
CamYykarEccUv
Exµrfµé¨tèvmanTSgBut manTSgkºçn.

rhUtmkdl'Exmkra 1978 —eBlEdlBiPBelakd·gfa Exµr¨khmnigyYn¨khm cºSgK~a

y"agxÂSg— kmõ¬Ca¨bCaFibety´ VnsMg÷lak'xÂçny"ages©¿m. ExµrG~kePosxÂçnrab'mWunnak' niyay¨tèv
K~aTSgGs'fa ¨bCaCnkmõ¬Cakan'EtesµIK~aehIy bu"En‘cMnYnk*kan'EtcuHfyeTAEdr. rIäkareXasnaCapÂèv
karv^j ¨bkaseCaKC&y¨Kb'C÷BUk «nmhabd^vt‘n_d*mhaelatepÂaH mhaGsÍar´.
BiPBelakVneXIjkarN_Bit cab'BIExmkra 1979 mk.
teTAenH eyIgnSK~aBinit´erOgehtuTSgLay EdlVnekIteLIge¨kayExkJïa 1977 mk KW
eBlEdl bu"l-Bt eTATs§na¨beTscin¨bCamanit ehIyVneFÃI[eKd·gfa \Ggðkar| enA¨sukExµr
KW KNbk§kumµ¬ynis‘Exµr EdleKbegûéteLIg \tSgBIq~S 1960| mk.

1977

tula : munnwgecjBIeb"kSgenA«f©TI 4, bu"l Bt ¨Vb'G~keFÃIsm¸asn_fa \¨kumcarkmµxµSg Edl

lak'xÂçnk~¬g¨beTseyIg mansPaBsíit ehIyBiVkrMelIgNas'|. bu"l-Bt Vn
niyay bJÏwtbeJÏ¿gBI \Óbºti‘ehtuCae¨cIntam¨BMEdn|.
eK¾fa sem¶csIhnu rs'enACamYyG~km~agC^t¨kugP~MeBj bu"En‘minGacG~kNaeTACYbVn
eLIy.
¨beTskmõ¬Ca VnsgbMNulrbs'xÂçn eTAGgðkarsh¨bCaCati (37 Jn'dulÂar É 180 Jn'
¨hÃg') ehIyk*GaceVHeq~atk~¬gmhasn~iVtTSgLay.
k~¬gsarBtáman LWmu"g (Le Monde) «f© 6 Ð haNUyVn¨bkasBIrdgeTAP~MeBjnUvesck¶ImYy
EdleKGacfaCa kar¨Bmank*Vn faCakarehA[ccark*Vn. mankarbgúèrQamxÂHtam¨BMEdn kal
BIExsIha.
«f© 7 Ð ¨ksYgBiessGaemrikSg niyayGMBIkar¨byuTìK~atam¨BMEdnExµr-yYn k~¬gd÷Nac'Ex
kJïa. yYnVne¨bIäkPaB EdlmkBIkgBlFMCae¨cIn nig e¨bIyn‘ehaH¨bedj-TMlak'¨Kab'Ebk
edémºIvayExµr¨khm EdlcUleTAk~¬gext‘ taynij (eragd÷rI).
 134
karmkdl'y"age¨cIn «nG~kePosxÂçntamsmu¨T eFÃI[¨beTs«fVrm¸. k~¬gsmu¨TmankV"l'
C÷nYjCae¨cén Edlmin¨BmCYy¨sg'G~kePosxÂçn.
sarBtáman LWmu"g «f© 14 Ð eXIjdUcCamankarFUr¨san‘ rvag ²Nëècin nig ¨beTsmin
kumµ¬ynis‘TSgLay «nGasIuPaKGeK~y_.
kaEst LWmu"g «f©18 Ð tam¨bPBTUtenAhaNUy ExµrePosxÂçnenAevotNamman 60 000nak'
ehIye¨cInenACu÷v^j«¨BnKr nig tamext‘Cab'¨BMEdn.
«f© 20 Ð kgT&B«feLIgkan'GMNac ehIyTMlak'rd½aPiVl fanin«¨kv^Can. eQµaHBIrelc
ecjmk Ð Ót¶mesnIy_ e¨KOgsak' cmannæ nig Ót¶mesnIy_ saga"t celayU.
kaEst LWmu"g «f© 22 Ð yYnrab'rynak' Vn¨tèvsmÂab'edayExµr¨khm enAedémq~SenH. Exµr
¨khmVnvayPUmi¨bmaN 40 C^t taynij (eragd÷rI) nig cUduk (mat'¨Cèk).

v^cÏika : v^Fankar«f edémºI¨tçtBinit´karcUlmk«nCnePosxÂçn eFÃI[Vrm¸dl'GKðs~gkard½an

cMeJHCnePosxÂçn«n Gùsùbù.
«f© 11 Ð kmõ¬Ca dak'kMhuselI«f GMBIÓbºti‘ehtutam¨BMEdn (Exµr-«f) ehIyes~IkarCECkK~aeTÃ
PaKI. k~¬gq~SenH Óbºti‘ehtu¨bmaN 400 VnekItmaneLIg. Ót¶mesnIy_ e¨KOgsak' cmannæ Vn
¨tèvEtgtSgCard½mån‘ITImYy.
sÄanTUtGUås¶alIenA¨kugV"rIs ¨Vb'[d·gfa CnePosxÂçnmkBI²Nëècin mancMnYn 4 320 nak'
enAGUås‘alI. ¨beTsVrSg VnTTYl 40 000 nak' k~¬gGML¬g 2 q~SknÂH. shrd½Gaemrik VnTTYl
200 000 nak'.
elak env^n ¨bFanaFibtIPUma Ts§nakmõ¬Ca BI«f© 27 eTA 29. KWCa¨bmuxrd½breTsTI1 Edl
mkemIl¨sukExµr¨khm. ¨beTscin Vn[eyabl'eTAExµr¨khmfa ¨tèvecjBIPaBäekaGnafarbs'
xÂçn.
k~¬gkML¬gExv^cÏikaenH G~kePosxÂçntamsmu¨T 2 000 nak' Vnmkdl'¨beTsesom fÃédºitEt
manv^FankarxaXSg.

F~è : «f© 2 Ð Vgkk nig haNUy sMercfanwgb¶èrrd½TUtK~a. eKrkkarFUr¨san‘ kareFÃI[

TMnak'TMng manPaBFmµtaeLIgv^j.
«f© 31 Ð kardac'cMNgTUtrvag kmõ¬Ca nig evotNam. evotNam Cab'ecaTCaG~k
QÂanJn. P~MeBj E¨skefûaldl'karvaylukkmõ¬Ca edaykgBlFMyYnCae¨cIn.

1978

mkra : sMnYrmYypæ¬HeLIgC÷uv^jBiPBelak Ð \sågðamTI 3 «n²Nëècin Vnpæ¬HehIyÉ?| \BYk

kumµ¬ynIs‘cºSgK~aäg!| eK¾enAkEnÂgxÂHeTot. eb"kSgVneFÃIkare¨CéserIsehIy KWkan'
eCégxagExµr.
 135
P~MeBjmin¨Bmccar drabNamaneyaFayYnk~¬g¨sukExµr. kar¨byuTìdUcCaenAEtk~¬gPUmiPaK
\cMBuHTa| sÃayerog. v^T´¬P~MeBjp§ayesck¶IsMbu¨tsem¶csIhnu eTA bu"l-Bt. Exµr¨khmGeJØIj
TUtmYycMnYn ¨bcS¨kugeb"kSg [eTATs§nakmõ¬Ca. P~MeBjefûal \PaBkMhUcKYr[hYscit‘| «n \BYk
lukluy|.
«f© 6 Ð P~MeBj¨bkas \C&yC÷nHeBjTI| EdleKBuMsUveCO enAbsÍwm¨beTs.
sarBtáman LWmug «f© 10 Ð evotNam rkbgÅ^txÂçnmkC^t¨beTs«nsmaKmGasßan. egÿg
Duy¨Tij rd½mån‘IkarbreTs nig y" dugy"ag Óbrd½mån‘I Ts§na¨beTsGasßan ehIyniyayfa cg'
ccar. ¨beh§h§wnsðI TI¨bwk§arbs'¨bFanaFibtI karETr xagerOgGn‘rCatifa cMVMgExµr-yYn Ca
\ÓTahrN_TImYy «nsågðammincMeJHrvagcin nig shPaBsUevot|.
kaEstdEdl «f© 12 Ð kar¨byuTìK~a dUcCaVnQb'ehIy.
«f© 15 Ð eGog-sarI ¨bkasfa kmõ¬Cacg' \rk§a nig karJr bUrNPaB siTìi nigpl¨beyaCn_
«nsmu¨TEdndérbs'xÂçn cm©ay 12 «m"l_ «nmNëlesd½kicÍp¶ac'muxrbs'xÂçn 200 «m"l_ nig«nVt
smu¨Trbs'xÂçn.
haNUy nig P~MeBj dUcCaVnbJØènBlfµébEnÄm eTA¨BMEdneTotehIy. sunærkfa bu"l-Bt
«f© 17 Ð kgT&BVnTTYl \C&yC÷nHfµéeTot| edayVnkMcat'kgBlFMyYn 5. ¨beTslav¨bEkkfa
kgTahanyYn²tVnqÂgkat'TwkdélaveT edémºIcUlvayExµr ehIybJØak'm¶geTot nUvGB´a¨kwtPaB
rbs'xÂçn k~¬gkarv^vaTenH. elak¨sI etg cav Priya CU eGnLay Ts§nakmõ¬Ca BIEf© 18.
kaEst LWmu"g «f© 26 Ð C÷hrrbs'haNUy nig P~MeBj enAEt²tp§Hp§aVn. G~ksarBtáman
Cae¨cIn TTYlsðal' edaymincM faTahanevotNamcUleTAk~¬g¨sukExµrEmn.

kum¸: : ral'Ex cMnYnG~kePosxÂçnBI²Nëècin EdlecjeTA¨beTsVrSg mancMnYn 1 000nak'.

«f© 2 Ð bnæab'BITs§nkicÍcMnYn 4 «f©enAkmõ¬Ca ÓbDwt bcÍarygðl rd½mån‘IkarbreTs«f
EfÂgfa Vgkk nig P~MeBj Vn¨Bme¨BogeFÃIkarb¶èrrd½TUtK~a.
sarBtáman LWmu"g «f© 4 Ð kar¨byuTì dUcCaVn¨tèvpíakmYyeBl bu"En‘mankareCrGae¨kas
K~aeTAv^jeTAmk. haNUyGMJvnavrkExµrC÷Tas'. k~¬gsm¸asn_CamYyTIP~ak'garevotNamp¶l'Btáman
(GaùevùGIuù) enA«f© 26 mkra eQÂIysågðamm~ak'eQµaH jn sar"an' nayTahanrg niyayfa \xƬM¨Vf~a
y"agek¿vkÂa [¨bCaCnExµrGacrs'enAk~¬gesrIPaBedayeBjelj e¨kamkard·knS«nGgðkarbd^vt‘n_
mYyd*PÂWsÃag nig yutu‘iFmá Edlrk§aTMnak'TMngd*C^ts~iTì CamYy¨beTsevotNam|!.
«f© 5 Ð haNUyes~IeTAP~MeBj nUvEpnkarmYyedémºI \edaH¨saycMeNaTerOg¨BMEdn|. G~k
sarBtáman V"¨TIs d·ebo Ð eKKYrsMKal'fa CaelIkTImYyEdlevotNames~I \karFana nigkar¨tYt
Binit´Gn‘rCati|. rhUtmkdl'eBlenH evotNam EtgEtmin¨Bm[man Gn‘raKmn_ ÉkareFÃIGaCÆa
kN¶al BIbreTseLIy. ¨beTscineFÃIkarvaysMrukpÂèvTUt. G~kd·knScin ecjeTAeFÃITs§nkicÍenA
¨beTsGasIuTSgLay.
y" yauMgsußg rd½TUtyYnenAV"rIs efûal \kareVssMGat«pæk~¬gya"gsahav| enAkmõ¬Ca.
ehIybgúajsMeNIevotNam GMBIEpnkareFÃI[mansn‘iPaB nig edaH¨saybJúa¨BMEdn.
 136
«f© 8 Ð P~MeBj Tat'ecalsMeNIedaH¨sayerOg¨BMEdn EdlxÂçn[eQµaHfaCa \kay
v^kareXasna edémºIbMP&n‘mtiGn‘rCati| k~¬geBlEdlevotNam eFÃIkarvaysMrukfµéeTot edaye¨bIrf
e¨kaH nig yn‘ehaH cUlrhUtdl'cm©ayBI 4 eTA 7 Kùmù k~¬gTwkdéExµr.
«f© 9 Ð TIP~ak'garBtámancinfµé ecaTmU"sðèfaCa \edémehtu«nsÄanPaBtantwg| enA¨BMEdnkmõ¬Ca-
evotNam. v^man¨kwmLSg p¶næaeTasdl'neyaVyrbs'P~MeBj.
«f© 12 Ð v^T´¬Exµr¨khmsuM[ \bN¶aCnenAP~MeBj| karJrrd½FanI. G~ksegûtkarN_sYrfa enH
Cav^Fankarcit‘saås¶ ÉmYy Cad÷NwgfaTahanyYnC^tmkdl'P~MeBjehIy? enA«f© 13 v^T´¬dEdl
ecaTkarvaylukm¶geTotrbs'yYn k~¬gext‘sÃayerog nig rtnKIrI ehIyp§aycemÂIyrbs'eQÂIy
sågðamm~ak' vresnIy_¨tI ¨twg yuSgehOg embJØakarrgvresnaFMelx 18 «nkgBlFMelx 9 Edl
faxÂçnVnd·gtSgBIq~S 1972 nUvEpnkareFÃIshB&nì²Nëècin.
kaEst j"agdag GgÃrP~MeBj[eqÂIytbnwgsMeNIsn‘iPaBrbs'yYn ÉmYy \cat'karGÃI
ep§geTot EdlGacksag|.
«f© 21 Ð evotNam¨Vb'cin[¨by&t~ edayecaTy"agcºas' fÃédº^tEtmincMeJH faTaj«dTaj
eCégP~MeBj.

mina : sarBtáman LWm"ug «f© 20 Ð tamG~kmuxkar¨ksYgkarbreTsExµr EdlVnTTYlG~k

eqÂIyqÂg TIP~ak'garBtámanyUehðasÂav tanyUK P~MeBj¨Vf~acab'ep¶émeFÃICamYy
haNUy nUvkarccaredémºIbJÍb'karv^vaT.
Exµr¨khmsmÂab'yYnrgðalenA haeTog (Jm). haNUy cab'erobcMkarvaysMruky"agFM Ð
kSePÂégFM rfe¨kaH nig kgp¶l'Ps¶¬PareLIgeTAkan'¨BMEdn.
«f© 22 Ð G~kebIkyn¶ehaHBIrnak' «nT&BGakasyYn cuHkV"l'ehaH edes-3 mYyenAswgúburI
ehIysuMsMctTMrSVnTTYl[cUlrs'enA BI¨beTsTI 3.
v^T´¬haNUyp§ayd÷Nwgfa sh¨KasäkCnTSgGs' ¨tèvVnrMlayecal k~¬gmYycMehog
xage¨kam «n¨beTsevotNam.
G~ksarBtámanbsÍwm¨beTsCae¨cIn VnTs§natMbn'¨BMEdn xag¨sukyYn. bu"En‘P~MeBj ebIk
TÃar¨beTs [eTAEtG~ksarBtáman yUehðasÂav.
«f© 30 Ð Ggðkar \Gn‘rCatielIkElgeTas| (Amnesty International) GMJvnavm¶geTot dl'rd½a
PiVlExµr GMBIkar¨bharCév^tminVc'kat'eTas EdlmanmktSgBIExemsa 1975.
bnæab'BIkarvaysMrukrbs'yYnenA ExF~è nig mkra CnePosxÂçnExµrenAevotNammancMnYn 2
Esn nak'. TSgs~gkard½an Gùsùbù cMeJHCnePosxÂçn TSg¨kumkakVT¨khm TSgmUlniFi Gùsùbù
seågðaHkumar ²tVn¨tèvevotNamehA[cUleTACYyG~kePosxÂçnExµrTSgenaHeT.
Ót¶mesnIy_ e¨KOgsak' eFÃITs§nkicÍenAeb"kSg.
v^T´¬P~MeBj ¨Vb'GMBIkarebIkeLIgv^jnUvpÂèvGysµ&yyanP~MeBj-kMBg'esam EdlVn¨tèvxUc
xate¨JHyYn k¬~gext‘taEkv nigkMBt. KN:¨btiPU kmµkrpÂèvreTHePÂIgcinmYy¨kum Vnmkkmõ¬CatSgBI
edémExmIna.
 137

emsa : P~MeBj eFÃIkareVssMGat kMcat'BYkExµrlMeGogxagyYn. haNUy Gb'rMbgû¨kbx&Në

Exµrfµé@eTot Ð BYkeQÂIysågðam Vn¨tèveKEfTSB´aVl ehIyGb'rMeLIgv^j. G~k
kaEsteQµaH rU"Lg'-EB´r V"ra"gehða k~¬gsarBtáman LWmu"g «f© 1 Ð haNUy
minkMBugEtbegûét¨kbx&NëExµr edémºIC÷nYsBYkP~MeBjeTÉ?
v^T´¬P~MeBj ecaTfa kgTahanyYneFÃI¨btibti‘karpÂèveKak nigpÂèvTwk k~¬gext‘taEkv nigkMBt.
«f© 3 Ð v^T´¬haNUy CaPasaExµrcab'enAVgkk Ð \eyaFaExµrCaTI¨sLaj' enAk~¬gCYrrbs'G~k
mit‘G~kCae¨cInVnbEgÃrkSePÂIgmkVj'emrbs'xÂçnv^j. enHCasJïa«nkarPÆak'rlwkehIy|. \mit‘G~kCa
e¨cInVnsÂab'y"agGasar²tkar k~¬gTMnas'erOg¨BMEdnrvag eyIgTSgBIr|.
haNUy p§ayCasaFarN:nUväksarBIr mYyelITMnas'erOg¨BMEdn mYyeTotGHGagfa
\shB&nì²Nëècin CaerOgcas' EdleKePÂcVt'eTAehIy|.
v^T´¬P~MeBj ecaThaNUyfa VnmkyayICafµéeTot.
enAV"rIs G~kkarTUtyYnm~ak'eFÃIsni~sITBtáman Ð evotNam mancMNg'rkedaH¨saytamkicÍ
ccar ehIyecaTCafµéeTotdl' GMeBIyg'X~g«nG~kd·knSenAP~MeBj.
«f© 13 Ð tamry: v^T´¬P~MeBj bu"l-Bt eFÃIkar \GMJvnavdl' rd½aPiVl nig ¨bCaCnevot
Nam [TTYlmit‘PaBd*rak'Tak'«n¨bCaCnkmõ¬Ca nwgedémºI[TMnak'TMng rvagrd½aPiVlTSgBIr Vnlí
eLIgv^j|.
«f© 14 Ð saFarNCnenAyUehðasÂavé eXIj¨sukExµrelIpæSgTUrTs§n_ Ð TI¨kugEdls©at'Qwg
KµanCév^t nig bN¶aCn-G~keTas-KUlI k~¬gkard½an.
G~kkaEstsußyEGd niyayBIÓbºti‘ehturvagTahanyYn nigTahancin enA¨BMEdn yYn-cin.
semÂg¨beTskmõ¬Ca Ð ¨ksYgsm©at'yYn CYlBYk¨sIeBs´a[mkesIubkarN_enA¨sukExµr.
¨bFanaFibtI karETr GMJvnavdl' \¨bCaCatiTSgGs'| [p¶næaeTasdl'karrMelaPsiTìimnus§
enAkmõ¬Ca.
«f© 23 Ð enA¨kug GUsÂè ¨beTsn&rEv"s_ maneFÃIeLIgnUv kars¶ab'skÅIPaBGMBI¨beTskmõ¬Ca.
Ggð¨bCu÷VnTTYlsðal'fa Exµr¨khmVneFÃI[sÂab'CnanuCnExµrknÂHlannak'.
CnCatiGaemrikSg 4 nak' Edlkan'lTìikumµ¬ynis¶em"Aniym Ts§nakmõ¬Ca.
G~kkaEstyUehðasÂavm~ak' EdleTIbnwgmkBIkmõ¬Ca kt'sMKal'fa k~¬gäksarCapÂèvkarTSg
Lay Exµr¨khmniyayEtBIBYk \ksikr| \kmµkr| nig \G~keFÃIkaräeTot| bu"En‘²tmanniyayBIBYk
\bJïav&n‘ eCOnelOn| eT (Intelligentsia progressiste) .
eb"kSg eFÃIkar¨BmanmYyeTAhaNUy GMBIkarmkdl'y"age¨cIn«nCnCaticin EdlFÂab'rs'enA
䫨BnKr e¨JHkarlb'bMVt'sh¨KasäkCn.
ÓsPa : kmõ¬Ca rkTajxÂçnecjBIPaBäekaGnafapÂèvTUt. eGog-sarI ¨Vb'BYkem"AniymGaemri-
kSg Ð \¨bCaCnkmõ¬Ca¨Vf~a cgsõanmanem¨tICamYy¨bCaCnGaemrikSg|.
eb"kSg cg'Vnsm¸ar:swkBI VrSg nig Gg'eKÂs.
 138
k~¬gsarBtáman LWmu"g «f© 18 Ð Jk´bJØamYytamv^T´¬P~MeBj Ð \Exµrm~ak'@ ¨tèvsmÂab'yYn 30
nak'ùùùùù|.
karrt'ecjBI¨sukyYn «nCnedémkMeNItcineFÃI[xÂSgeLIg dl'sÄanPaBtantwgrvageb"kSg nig
haNUy.
tUk´è enAEtmin¨BmTTYl CnePosxÂçnBI²Nëècin [s~ak'enA¨beTsCbu"n.

mifuna : «f© 2 Ð \kmõ¬Cae¨tomxÂçncSCECkCamYyevotNamk~¬g 7 ExeTot ebIk~¬gkML¬geBlenaH

haNUybJÎb'kar¨bTus¶ra"yTSgGs' Tl'nwgP~MeBj| eKeXIjk~¬g kMNt'ehturbs'
rd½aPiVlExµr cuH«f© 15 ÓsPa EdlVn¨tèvbJØèneTAevotNam edaysÄanTUtlavenA
P~MeBj. eKd·gd÷NwgenHtam¨bPBTUt.
GKðs~gkard½an Gùsùbù cMeJHCnePosxÂçn nigeFÃIsh¨btibti‘karCamYy rd½aPiVlevotNam
edémºIrkTIsMNak'Ga¨s&y[Exµr 150 Jn'nak' EdlVnePosxÂçneTAevotNamxagtºèg.
eGog-sarI eFÃITs§nkicÍenA¨kugtUk´èBI«f© 11 eTA 13.
sÄankarN_kan'EttantwgeLIgrvag eb"kSg nig haNUy.
sarBtáman LWmu"g «f© 17 Ð GasIuPaKGeK~y_ ¨kBulmuxQWe¨JHCnePosxÂçnrbs'xÂçn.
eb"kSg VnbJØènkV"l'smu¨TBIr edémºId·kCnCaticin ecjBI¨sukyYn.
«f© 25 Ð v^T´¬P~MeBj ¨Vb'[d·gGMBIkarbu"nb"grMlMrd½aPiVlkmõ¬Ca EdleKkMcat'VnkalBIEx
ÓsPamun. v^T´¬fa karbu"nb"genHVn¨tèverobcMeLIgeday \bk§kumµ¬ynis¶ nig rd½aPiVlyYn eday
man¨kum esùGIuùGaù cUlrYmpg.
¨beTs²NëèensIu VnGeJØIj eGog-sarI [eFÃITs§nkicÍCapÂèvkar enA d´akarta.
kaEst LWmu"g «f© 29 Ð tam¨ksYgsm©at'GaemrikSgnig«f TahanyYn 50 Jn'nak' kMBug
vaylukcUlk~¬gTwkdéExµr. KWCakarvaylukFMmYy EdlskmµkicÍxÂHmanrhUtdl'k~¬gC÷erArab'sibKùmù
k~¬gTwkdéExµr. TSghaNUy TSgP~MeBj ²tVnbJØak'fa BtámanenH¨twm¨tèveT. bu"En‘ KWCab'rab'Exmk
ehIy EdlExµrnigyYn ecaTK~aeTAv^jeTAmkfaVn \QÂanJn| nig \bJØènP~ak'gar| k~¬gTwkdéeK.
«f© 29 Ð haNUy ¨bkascUlrYmk~¬gGgðkar \kUemkun| (COMECON) p§arrYmrbs'b¬ksUevot.
kkûda : «f© 3 Ð eb"kSg ¨bkasbJÎb'C÷nYyTSgGs'dl'evotNam.
haNUy ¨Vb'GasIuPaKGeK~y_[¨by&t~xÂçnTl'nwg \rIkxÂçnniym| cin. tamry:
kaEst¨b¨ktITin¨bCaCn ¨beTscin¨Vb'smaKmGasßan[¨bugxÂçnTl'nwg \¨tçt¨ta
niym| yYn ehIyecaTevotNamfa cg'k¶ab'ykkmõ¬Cak~¬gshB&nì²Nëècin.
«f© 15 Ð e¨KOgsak' snænaCamYy eGog-sarI EdleFÃITs§nkicÍenAVgkk. TSgBIrnak'
sMerccat'v^Fankar edémºIsMrYlkarTak'Tgrvag¨beTsTSgBIr Ð karbu"nb"gebIkEx§TUrelxpæal' nigkar
b¶èrKN:¨btiPUJNiCØkmµ. eGog-sarI ecaTevotNamfacg' \¨tVk'elbkmõ¬Ca|.
«f© 25 Ð sn~isITBYkrd½mån¶IkarbreTs «n¨beTsmincUlbk§xagNa ebIkeLIgenA¨kug
Ebl¨hðad. kmõ¬Ca CasmaC^keBjsmtÄPaB. eGog-sarI cUlrYmk~¬gsn~isIT ehIysuM[eKedj
evotNam ecjBIclna¨beTsmincUlbk§xagNa.
 139

sIha : kaEstVgkkbu"s¶i «f© 1 Ð kgT&B«fnwgTije¨KOgsBÃavuFfµé Gs't«m 1 000 lan

duLar mund÷Nac'q~SenH Ð rfe¨kaH 350 eFÃIenAGaemriknigGg'eKÂs yn‘ehaH¨bedj
nigyn‘ehaHBinit´karN_ nig kaNUtVj'kS¨CçcehaH 3.
kaEst LWmu"g «f© 3 Ð tam¨ksYgsm©at'GaemrikSg yn‘ehaHyYnTMlak'¨Kab'Ebky"age¨cIn
sMebIm edémºIbMVk'karTb'Tl' \y"agmanH| rbs'Exµr¨khm. karTMlak'enH xÂSgelIsBIeBlmun@
TSgGs'. yn‘ehaH KWrbs'GaemrikSgecalBIq~S 1975 Ð FuneGhÃ-5 ¨btikmµ nig FunGa-37. kar
TMlak'eFÃIeLIgrhUtdl'cm©ay 60 Kùmù k~¬gTwkdéExµr Ð kMBg'cam. manmnus§sÂab'Cae¨cIn. P~MeBj
dkT&BBITisxaglicbJØèneTAsmrPUmi CaehtuebIk[cMnYnG~kePosxÂçn mankan'Ete¨cIneLIg. ha
NUy Eknmnus§GayuBI 16 eTA 35q~S bJÍèlk~¬gkgT&B ehIyekaHehAmkv^jnUvTahanEdlQb'BI
q~S 1975.
ecjBIEblåhðad eGog-sarI eTAeb"kSg. sun esn Óbrd½mån‘ITImYyTTYlbnæ¬kxagkarJr
¨beTs mkdl'eb"kSgEdrCamYynwgKN:¨btiPUmYy¨kum. \Tg'C&y¨khm| kaEstp§aylTìi¨khm
rbs'bk§cin [eQµaHevotNamCakUnGuk (cheval de Troie) rbs'v^man¨kwmLSg nig ¨beTsKuyV
rbs'GasuI.
evogcnæn_ dUcCakan'eCégxagevotNam.
tamTs§navd¶éesd½kicÍcugbUJá¨beTs emtsUßTl'nwgbu"l-Bt dUcCa sU-Pwm GtItGnu¨bFa-
naFibtI.
kmõ¬Ca nig ²NëèensIu sMercdak'cMNgTUtf~ak'rd½TUt cab'BIEf© 7 sIha eTA.
tammnæIrGaemrikSgxagCnePosxÂçn nigxagGen‘a¨bevsn_enAva"sIugetan k~¬gmYyEx@ yYnBI 5
eTA 6Jn'nak'ePosxÂçntamTUk BI 2 eTA 3Jn'nak'eTottam¨BMEdnpÂèveKak.
¨kugEbßn ¨bkasfa sÃßésnigkmõ¬Ca VnsMercdak'cMNgTUtrvag¨beTsTSgBIr.
«f© 12 Ð cinnwgCbu"n cuHhtÄelxaelIsnìisJïasn‘iPaBnigmit‘PaB.
ExµrEdlePosxÂçnmkdl'¨beTs«f mancMnYnkan'Ete¨cIneLIg. tamGKðs~gkard½ancMeJHCn
ePosxÂçn \sÄankarN_kMBugEtE¨b¨bçlEmnETnehIy| ebIe¨bobeFobeTAnwgsÄanPaBkalBI 6 Exmun.
sarBtáman LWmu"g «f© 26 Ð tam¨bPByYn ExµrEdl¨bqSgnwgbu"l-Bt kan'kab'tMbn'¨BMEdn
EdlCYnkalCaTIC÷rkevotkugBIedém. BYkExµrTSgenH ¨bEhlCamanrd½karmYy kgT&BmYy nigTIbJØa
karmYy. P~MeBj TTYlsðal'edaymincMeJH edayecaTevotNamfa VntMeLIg \rd½karGay"g| mYy
ehIyb"unb"grMlMrbbP~MeBjtamv^Tìg§na nigkarXubXwtkºt'.

kJïa : «f© 2 Ð KN:¨btiPUy"agFMrbs'Exµr —KN:TIBIrk~¬gry:eBlticCagmYyEx— mkdl'

eb"kSg d·knSeday nYn-Ca ¨bFanrd½sPa. cMENkä pS ySugdug v^j k*erobecjeTA
Ts§na rd½FanIep§g@ «nGasIuPaKGeK~y_Edr.
«f© 2 dEdl Ð v^T´¬haNUyGMJvnav [ExµrTSgGs'bHeVreLIg k~¬gnam«n \kgkMlSges~ha
Cati nigbd^vt‘n_Bit¨Vkd«nrNsir§ 203|.
 140
kaEst LWmu"g «f© 23 Ð sIhnu ²tcg'CYbKN:¨btiPUCbu"n EdleBlenaHeFÃITs§nkicÍenA
P~MeBj.

tula : sarBtáman LWmu"g «f© 2 Ð evotNamqÂgkat'sÄanPaBmYyEdlBiVkNas'. GaCÆaFr

bJØak'fa tSgBIedémExkJïa TwkC÷nn'eFÃI[rge¨KaHdl'mnus§Cag2lannak'. ¨sèv nig
stÃJhn: VnxUcbg'e¨cInNas'. mYycMENkeTot ¨beTsyYnEdlminTan'TSgegéb
putBImhn‘raysågðam 46-75 pg kMBugerobcMeFÃIsågðamCafµéeTot edayehtumanTMnas'BIr
CamYynwgcin nigCamYykmõ¬Ca. enAEp~kxagtºèg bN¶aCn²t \tam| eT. karGMJvnav[es~haCati
eFÃIeLIgeday²tQb'Qr.
enAtam¨BMEdnyYn-cin TahanyYn¨bdab'GavuFnigesº¿g CékreN¶A¨tg'es.
enA¨beTslav eK¾fa kgT&Be¨bIÓsµ&nBul Tl'nwgG~k¨sukP~MCatimu"g.
«f© 25 Ð enAVgkk etg s´avBIg niyayenAmuxG~kp§ayBtáman Ð karykVnP~MeBjeday
BYkyYn nwgbgúajbMNgBit¨Vkdrbs'haNUy.

v^cÏika : CnePosxÂçntamsmu¨T kan'EteTACaerOgbcͬbºn~PaB erOgGn‘rCati.

F~è : «f© 2 Ð tammNëlTUtenAVgkk evotNam ¨tçt¨taVnTWkdéExµrCae¨cInkEnÂgeTot

k~¬gkML¬gBIrGaTit´munenH. enAva"sIugetan ¨ksYgsm©at'GHGagfa T&BExµrVnTTYlkar
bg'xatd*F©n'bMput k~¬gry:eBl 18 ExenH.
«f© 3 Ð v^T´¬haNUyp§ayfa enATIkEnÂgmYyk~¬gtMbn'rMedaHenAkmõ¬Ca rNsir§rYbrYme¨sac¨sg'
Cati VnekIteLIg. ehg-sMrin Ca¨bFan EtgtSgeLIgedaysmaCbegûétrNsir§.
kaEst LWm"ug «f© 11 Ð v^T´¬haNUy EdledértYCa¨bPB[d÷NwgBIkarbHeVrExµr p§ayBIkar
bHeVrfµéeTot k~¬gext‘kMBg'camEdlelIkK~atMrg'mkTenÂemKgð. k~¬geBlCamYyK~a ¨bPBep§g@enA
Vgkk niyayGMBIkarvayruj¨canrbs'yYn tMrg'mkTenÂemKgð edémºIbN¶ac'ecjBI P~MeBj nUvext‘
TSgLay«nTisøsan‘ ehIy[TIC÷rkmYyeTArNsir§ ehg-sMrin. tamG~keqÂIyqÂgm~ak'enAVgkk
rbs'kaEst jèvy"kEfm BYkyYnenA¨twmEt 40 Kùmù BI¨kecHeT. kalBI«f© 9 v^T´¬P~MeBjecaTrN
sir§ ehg-sMrin CaGgðkaryYnEdlmaneQµaHExµr bu"En‘d·knSedayyYn ehIymanTIs~ak'karenA«¨B
nKr.
sarBtáman LWmu"g «f© 22 Ð e¨kABIkarecaTep§g@ dl'evotNam rd½aPiVlP~MeBjenAEt
p§ayBtámansuTid½^niym GMBIsÄanPaBk~¬g¨beTs. ebIeKeCOBtámanTSgenH kmõ¬Ca ksagVny"ag
rh&snUv sgðm¨bCaFibety´mYy ehIyesd½kicÍxÂçnkMBugrIkcMerIn.
edaysMucUl¨sukExµrminVn G~keqÂIyqÂgenAVgkkrbs'kaEst LWmu"g enH EsÃgrkBtáman
BIkmõ¬Cak~¬gùùùù C÷rMG~kePosxÂçn.
«f© 23 eTA 25 Ð sÄankarN_kan'EttantwgeLIgenAtam¨BMEdncin-yYn.
 141
«f© 27 Ð Exµr¨khmebIk¨VsaTGgðrvt‘[G~ksarBtámanbreTsemIl bnæab'BIsågðamnig
bd^vt‘n_Gs'eBl 9 q~S.

0
0 0

«f© 7 mkra 1979 ¨beTskmõ¬CaVnrbUtecjBIcgûèm Exµr¨khm ehIyFÂak'eTAk~¬gkN¶ab'«d

¨beTsevotNam. Par:eFÃI[¨sukExµr nig¨bCaCnExµrmanesrIPaBeLIgv^j enAelIsµaeyIg
ral'K~aehIy.

Ex emsa 1982

ƶÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆ
 142

TMB&rPØab' 3

EpnTI

BIrPaKbI«n«pædIevotNam mansuTìEt«¨BP~M¨kMfµEdleKBuMGacdSGÃIduH. yYnrs'y"agcegí¿tcgíl'enAelI

dévalrab EdlxÂçnGaceFÃIE¨scMkarVn. mYyPaKbI«n«pædéEdlGacdS¨sèvVn KWval¨tIekaNBIrEdl
TenÂemKgð nig Ten¨khmhUrkat'. «pædéEdldSduHenHmanTMhMtUcCagkmõ¬CaeTAeTot ehIy¨tèvciJÍwm
bN¶aCn 50 lannak' (enAq~S 2000 bN¶aCnenHnwgekIneLIgdl' 75 lan!).
 143

ebIeKemIl¨beTsenA²NëècinmYym¶g@ dac'BIK~a ¨beTsTSgenaHBuMsUvmaneT. bu"En¶ebIeKdak'bUkcUl

K~anUvFnFanxagEr" xagksikmµ nig xagTwk ¨beTsTSgbImansPaBCa \¨beTs| mYyEdlman ehIy
cºas'CasÄitenAk~¬gcMeNam¨beTsEdlsMbUrCageKenAGasuIPaKGeK~y_.
 144

KMeragkarelITenÂemKgðEp~kxage¨kam PasaenA²Nëècin
 145

snìisJïaq~S 1863 rvag ¨BHVTnerat¶m nig Ót¶mnavI d·La¨kg'ED´r, \KUEvn&r, ecAhÃay|

TImYy«n kUsSgsuIn, snìisJïaEdl ¨BHVTnerat¶m TTYlkarKSJr, \¨btiktUr"a| BIVrSg.
snìisJïaq~S 1867 VneFÃIeLIgedaylYclak'rvagVrSgnigesom. tamsnìisJïaenH
esomQb'TarsYyGakrBIExµr bu"En¶¨tèvdUrCamYynwgext‘Vt'd÷bg esomrab (Ggðrk*¨tèvVneTAesom
Edr) sIusupun TenÂreBA nigmÂ諨B ¨tèv[eTAesom. dl'eBlhÂçgnerat¶md·g, d·La¨kg'ED´r ccarVn
mkBIesomv^jEtma¨tabEnÄmmYybu"eNöaH Ð ExµrGaccab'¨tIk~¬gbwgTenÂsabVndUcesom!

kicÍsn´aq~S 1904 Ð kMBg'Ep¨tat ehIynigTwkdéenATisxagtºèg ¨BmTSgekaHTSgLay EdlenA

C^teq~rcab'BIe¨CayLSsuwgeTA Vn¨tèv¨bKl'mk[²Nëècinv^j. ext¶mÂ諨B nig TenÂreBA eTIbnwg
Vnmk²Nëècinv^jtamry:kicÍsn´aq~S 1902.
 146

kicÍsn´aq~S 1907 Ð tamkicÍsn´aenH ext‘esomrab Vt'd÷bg nig suIsupun Vn¨tLb'mkExµrv^j

edaydUrK~aCamYynwgTwkdéesom KWdan«s, ¨tat nigekaHTSgLayenAxagtºège¨CayLSswug.

kicͨBme¨Bogsn‘iPaBq~S 1941 rvagVrSg nig «f (esomVndUreQµaHeTACa«fcab'tSgBIq~S 1939

mk) VneFÃI[ExµrVt'bg'CaelIkTIBIr nUvext‘suIsupun Vt'd÷bg sæwgE¨tg kMBg'FM nig esomrab (elIk
ElgEtbrievNGgðr).
 147

mhaNac¨kExµr enAd÷Nac'stvt§r_TI 12
raCFanIcas'@ «nGtIt:mhaNac¨kExµr
 148

²NëècinenAk~¬gkML¬g Kùsù 960

 149

D'après Foursereau, Le Siam ancien.

Carte de la péninsule indochinoise, par lés frères Van Langren, 1595.

EpnTIenAk~¬gTMB&renH nigk~¬gTMB&rxage¨kay KWlTìpl«nkar¨sav¨Cav nigrukrk«nCnCatiGWr"ub rhUtmk

dl'stvt§r_TI 17. EpnTITSgenHe¨cInEtXÂatq©ayBIPaB¨twm¨tèvxagx~atPUmisa¨s¶. k*bu"En¶tamry:
äksarTSgenH eyIgGacTajykBtámanCae¨cIn dUcCakarv^vt¶n_«nTwkdéExµr ¨bPB«neQµaH \kUsSg
suIn| Caedém.
 150

Les Indes Orientales de Mercartor (Edition de 1607).

enArvagKùsù 1280 G~krukrkCatiGIutalI m"arkU b"ULè Qb'sMctenAtugkwg ehIy[eQµaHval¨tI

ekaNEdlTen¨khmhUrkat'cak'cUleTAk~¬gsmu¨TenaHfa \ekACéhðè| (Caugigu). BYkedérsMeBACaticam
CÃae¨bIkÂayCa \KutCé| rYcmkBYkCbu"nCa \kUQI|. e¨kaymkVrSge¨bICa \kUsSg| (Cochin) edaybEnÄm
Jk´ \sIun| (Chine) enAxagcug edémºIbJØak'fa kUsSg EdlenAxagcin (minEmnkMBg'EpenA²NëaeT)
eyIgGaceXIjcºas'enAelIEpnTIenHfa kUsSgsuIn enAxagelI¨beTscMV". VrSg¨cLMmYyCan'eTot
edaycgí¬lval¨tIekaNe¨kambgís' KWval¨tIekaN«nTenÂemKgðfaCa \kUsSgsIun|.
 151

Carte du Tonkin et de l'Annam, par le Père de Rhodes, 1633.

 152

Carte de la péninsule indochinois, par P. du Val, 1686.

Librairie Classique d'Eugène BELIN à Paris.

 153

L'Inde transgangétique de l'Atlas de Leide (chez Pierre vander Aa.... 1695)

 154

EpnTIbgúajeQµaHTI¨kug ext‘ PUmi ¨suk EdlyYnVnpÂas'

eTACayYntSgBIq~S 1838 (KWq~S 1838!) em"ÂH ÉmunenHpg.
 155

EpnTI²NëècinEdleroberogeLIgedayG~ktMNagra¨s¶VrSg ¨hÃg'sÃ&r d·L¬gkÂi_ k~¬gq~S 1889 ehIy

EdlyklMnStamEpnTInana«nEp~k¨ksYgPUmisa¨s¶«nkgT&BVrSgenA²Nëècin tamäksarCapÂèvkar
nana«n¨beTsGNöam PUma «f (eBlenaHeQµaHesomenAeLIy) nigcin ¨BmTSgtamkarrukrktam
d÷eNIr nigtamebskkmµnana EdlVneFÃIeLIgk~¬geBlcuge¨kaybMputenAC÷nan'enaH.
 156

TMB&rPØab' 4

lMdab'eBl«nkarB¨gIkTwkdéyYn

CatiyYncab'ep¶ém¨bvti‘sa¨s¶xÂçnenAtugkwg ehIymaneQµaHfa Ð ya"v-Cé. CatiyYnCalTìpl

«nkarbgûat'sasn_²NëèeNsIuEyn nig mu"gehðal enAsm&ybuBèbvti‘sa¨s¶. karlaycUlK~aCa
mYycin maneLIgenAeBle¨kaymkehIyeT.
enAq~S 232 mun¨Kis¶skraC GFiraC tan' «n¨beTscin VnbJØènT&BcMnYn 5Esnnak' Edl
bJØaedayemT&BeQµaH j"am-ga" nig e¨Tov-Ca mkcºSgdeNI¶myk¨suk y"av-Cé. eq¿t{kask~¬g
eBlEdlmanclaclenA¨sukcin e¨Tov-Ca k*¨bkasxÂçnCaes¶c«nraCaNac¨k Nam-eyH (Nam
- evot k~¬gPasayYn) enAq~S 208 mun Kùsù. karkan'kab'Twkdé nig cinUbnIykmµ «nBYk y"av-Cé Edl
BImuncincat'TukCaCatisasn_«¨B«p§ k*VneLIgzan:esµInwgcinEdr ehIyGaceFÃIkar ¨BmTSgGacTTYl
 157

EpnTITMB&renH bgúajBIkar
v^vt‘n_«nPUmisa¨s¶¨beTs
²NëècinBIstvt§r_TI 2 dl'
TI 19.
 158
zann‘rsk¶iesµInwgcin cab'tSgBIedémstvt§r_TI 3 EdlenAe¨kamrCØkales¶ccin suIv-vYg mk. bu"En¶
suIv-vYg bJØa[BYk y"av-Cé eron ¨BmTSge¨bIGk§rnigPasacin. KWtamrebobenHehIy EdlBYk
y"av-Cé TTYl²TìiBl«nvbºFám nig rebobKit ¨BmTSgreboberobcMsgðmeTAtam kug-hìys´¬s
(Confucius) nig tavGIu (Taoïsme) ehIyEdl«f©e¨kaymk nwge¨bIGavuFenHsMrab'rMedaHxÂçnecjBIcinv^j.
enAq~S 263 (e¨kay Kùsù) eQµaH \Gan-Ng'| Vn¨tèveKe¨bICaelIkTI1 edémºIsMKal'Twkdé
enAxagtºèg (¨sukcin) EdlVnTTYlsn¶iPaB.
enAq~S 353 BYk y"av-Cé (ÉyYn) tbeTAnwgkarvaylukelITwkdéxÂçnBI cam k*vaynKrcMV"Ca
elIkTI1.
Casasn_²NëèeNsIuEyn, CaticamVnmkrs'enAtSgBIyUrmkehIy enAelITwkdéEdlCa evot
Nam kN¶alsBëf© cab'tSgBI \TÃarGNöam| rhUtdl'e¨Cay va"ErlLa. enAq~S 137 cineQµaH CU
elon sMLab'mÍas'¨suk lin Cé (EdlenAe¨kamGMNaccinEdr) ehIy¨bkasxÂçnCaes¶c«n¨suk lin
Cé (Lam-Gab k~¬gPasayYn). KWdUec~HägEdlnKrcMV"ekIteLIg ehIysÃahab'Nas'.
enAstvt§r_TI2 nig TI3 k~¬geBlEdlxÂçnlatsnìwgTwkdé nKrcMV"kMBugTTYl²TìiBly"agxÂSg
BI²Nëa. KW¨bEhlCatamQUgsmu¨T j"a ¨tag EdlBYk²NëabJÍèlxÂçneTAk~¬gnKrcMV" ehIynScUl
eTA[camnUv¨BhµJïsasna nigGk§r. xÂçnTTYl²TìiBlBI²NëaEmn bu"En‘edaymkBIbuBÃehtuxagyuTì-
sa¨s¶ cMV"cgsmõnìK~aCamYycin edémºIvayGNöam. eKBuMd·gfamkBIehtuGÃIBit¨Vkd EdlbN¶al
[camvay¨sukGNöameT. k*bu"En‘eKBuM¨tèvePÂceTfa cinVnPØab'¨sukrbs'BYk y"av-Cé eTAnwg¨suk
cin. ¨bEhlk~¬geBleFÃId÷eNIreqõaHmkTisxagtºègenHehIy EdlcinCan'b"HelITwkdérbs'CatiEdl
manedémkMeNItCasasn_²NëèeNsIuEyn.
edaysarsågðamminQb'QrrvagraCvg§cinTSgLay GaNac¨kcink*¨tèvbgÅ÷xÂçnbnÄy²Tìi
BlmkelI¨sukGNöam. enAstvt§r_TI10 GFiraCcinQb'manGMNacGÃIBit¨Vkd eTAelIGNöam
ehIy. enAq~S 939 karbHeVrmYyVneFÃI[GNöamVnTTYläkraC´ecjBIcin.
bnæab'BIVnsðal'GnaFibety´ Gs'ry:mYystvt§r_ raCvg§ lI VnB¨g·gC÷hrnKrGNöam
EdllatsnìwgxÂçnmkTisxagtºèg edayelbykTwkdénKrcMV". es¶ccMV" k*elIkraCFanI ²ånæbUr:
(dugdYg sBëf©) eTAenAä v^C&y (bß^jDij sBëf©).
sågðamex§aHQamCamYyyYn BIxageCég VnbgÅ÷camEdlxMrkTwkdéfµésMrab'enA nigciJÍwmCév^t
C÷rujd÷eNIrmkTisxagtºèg ehIyk*b"HnwgExµr. sågðamrvagExµrnigcammanry:eBlrab'ryq~S. eq¿t
{kasEdlExµrnigExµreQÂaHEbkVk'K~a camTSg¨kum@ saklºgmktSgTIenAelIvalrab«ndgTenÂem
Kgð. camvayykeq~rsmu¨T cUlbÂn'¨sukPUmiExµr ¨BmTSgcab'ykExµreFÃICaTaskrpg. luHmkq~S
1123 k~¬grCØkal¨BHVTsuriyavrµ&nTI2 eTIbExµrGacedjkMcat'cameTAv^j rhUtdl'¨BMEdnnKr
GNöam. Etes¶cyYn lI j¬"g tug (1072-1128) CYyKSJrcamEdlVk'T&Brt'cUleTAk~¬gnKr
GNöam. suriyavrµ&nTI2 k*¨bkassågðamCamYyyYn. es¶cExµrnST&BBIrmWunnak' nigkgnavacrEdlman
TUk 700 eTAvayyYn. CaelIkTI1 EdlsmõnìPaBExµr-cin-cam ekIteLIgedémºIvayyYn. bu"En‘²tVn
Q~HeT. enAq~S 1136 es¶ccamC&y²ånævrµ&nTI3 k*dkxÂçnecjBIsmõnìPaBenH ehIyyknKrxÂçneTAdak'
e¨kamTasPaBes¶cGNöam lI fan' tug (1128-1139). suriyavrµ&nTI2 sºffanwgsgswkcam
 159
v^j. q~S 1145 ExµrvaycMV" deN¶ImykraCFanI v^C&y Vn ehIykan'kab'nKrcamTSgmUlGs'ry:
eBl 5 q~S. eBl¨BHVTsuriyavrµ&nTI2 suKt camk*erIbMrHxÂçnrYcv^j. Frniånævrµ&nTI2 (1150-1160)
bíènCédUnmYy«n¨BHVTsuriyavrµ&nTI2 EdlesayraC´bn‘ k*ecHEtcºSgreb"HreV"HteTAeTotCamYynwg
cam.
GnaKt¨BHVTC&yvrµ&nTI7 kUnrbs'¨BHVTFrniånævr&µnTI2 nST&BeTAvaycamenAcMV" Ep~k
kN¶alGs'ry:eBldb'q~S. kMBugEtvayraCFanIv^C&y (q~S1160) C&yvrµ&nTI7 TTYld÷NwgfabitaxÂçn
cUlTIvgðt ehIy yesavrµ&nTI2 (1160-1165) eLIgesayraC´bn‘. xkcit‘ C&yvrµ&nTI7 k*¨tLb'
mk¨sukv^j ehIyQb'eFÃIskmµPaBGÃITSgGs'. esayraC´Vn 5 q~S yesavrµ&nTI2 k*¨tèv buvN-
Tityvrµ&n eFÃIKtehIyeLIgesayraC´bn‘. KWk~¬graC´es¶cenHehIy EdlcamvayykGgðrm¶geTot
(q~S1177) ehIykan'kab'¨sukExµrGs'ry:eBl 5 q~S.
eBlcamkan'kab'¨suk C&yvrµ&nTI7 egébeLIgbegûétT&B ehIyrMedaHkmõ¬CaecjBInwmcamv^jVn
ehIyk*eLIgesayraC´ (1182-1201). edaycamenAEtrukKYnExµreTot ¨BHVTC&yvrµ&nTI7 k*vay
kMeTccam ehIyykcMV"CacMNuHm¶geTot. BIq~S 1203 dl'q~S 1220 cMV"kÂayeTACaext‘mYyrbs'
ExµreTAehIy. enAq~S 1201 C&yvrµ&nTI7 es¶cExµrd*BUEklºIlºajcuge¨kaybgís' cUlTIvgðt ehIy
²ånævrµ&nTI2 CakUn eLIgesayraC´bn‘ (1201- 1243).
CaG~kkan'¨BHBuTìsasnamhayan y"agxØab'xØçndUcbitaxÂçnEdr ²ånævrµ&nTI2 ¨bkan'Ghwg§aFám
edaycg'bgúajemt‘aFám k*¨sab'EtbJØaCaäketaPaKI [dkkgT&BecjBI¨sukcMV" (1226) kay
v^karEdleKBuMsUvEdlVneXIjeLIy enAk~¬g¨bvti‘saås‘«n¨bCaCatiNak*eday. mhn‘raynwgFÂak'
mkdl'¨bCaCatiExµredaykayv^karenH. BitdUcenHEmn edayeFÃI[Vt'rd½mYyCa¨Tnab' (Etat tampon)
kayv^karenHebIkpÂèv[yYnk~¬gd÷eNIrmkTisxagtºèg. k~¬geBlEdl Exµr nig cam cºSgK~arab'ryq~S
GNöamBuMGac É BMucg'cUlmklUklan'k~¬gsågðameLIy. e¨JHe¨kayraC´es¶c lI Gaj'tug (1139-
1176) mk GNöamqÂgkat'GnaFibety´eBjTI edaymkBIcMVMgdeN¶ImraC´K~a. eBleXIjGNöam
cuHTn'ex§ay nigeXIjCemÂaHminecHcb'minecHehIy rvages¶cTSgLay«nraCvg§ lI, cameq¿t{kas
suM[GNöam¨bKl'TwkdéEdlyYnVnPØab'eTAGNöammk[xÂçnv^j. kar¨bTUs¶r"ayrvagcamnigyYnk*
cab'ep¶émeLIgv^j. sågðambÂn'lukluyya"gyUr (Cag30q~S) «nBYkmu"gehðalmkelIGNöampg mk
elIcMV"pg ¨Kan'EtmkpíakmYyeBlbu"eNöaH nUvd÷eNIrrbs'yYnmkTisxagtºèg. karlatsnìwgTwkdé
rbs'yYnk*cab'bn‘eTAeTot enAeBlcb'sågðamCamYyBYkmu"gehðal. es¶cyYn ¨tan' Gaj'tug (1293
-1314) elIkbu¨tIxÂçn (ehon ¨tan') [erobkarCamYyes¶ccam ec m"an EdlelIkext‘ev" eTA[yYn!.
Dan' jèhay raCTUtyYn¨bcSnKrcMV" d·knSehIycak'ruk[ecAhÃayext‘camm~ak' eFÃIrd½¨bhar ehIy
cab'es¶ccam (Ec Cé)(R) eTA haNUy (kalenaHeQµaH Ek eCa). es¶ccam ec Nag xMsaklºg
rMedaHext‘ev"BIyYnmkv^jEdr EtBuMVnsMerc.
k~¬geBlEdlxÂçnlatsnìwgTwkdéeTATisxagtºèg GaNac¨kGNöamk*BMuePÂcvatTIeTATisxag
ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
(R) eKBMuVnd·g[VnBit¨VkdfaeBlNaeT EdlsasnaGuIsÂamVncUleTAnKrcMV" bu"En‘ebIeKBinit´emIltameQµaHes¶ccam
TSgLay eKGacnwgd·gfa¨bhak'¨bEhlBIeBlEdlmankarpÂas'b¶èrenH BIcMV"Edlkan'¨BhµJïsasna eTA cMV"Edlkan'
sasnaGIusÂam.
 160
licEdr. enAe¨kamraC´ ¨tan' ehontug (1330-1342) T&ByYnEdld·knSeday Dan' jèhay cab'
lukluy¨beTslav («G Lav k~¬gPasayYn) Et¨tèvlav vayruj¨canecjmkv^j ehIysmÂab'em
T&BenH EdlmanKMnitcg'vaydeN¶Imyklav[Vnsin ehIybnæab'mkcuHmktamdgTenÂemKgð edémºI
vaydeN¶ImykTwkdérbs'BYkm"Uy (k~¬gPasayYnJk´enHmann&yfa \BYk«¨B«p§|) nigTIbMputvay

deN¶Imyk kmõ¬Ca !.

enAcugstvt§r_TI14 es¶ccam ec b"UNahða (1360-1390) eq¿t{kasEdlmanTurPik§enA

tug kwg bJØènT&BeTAlukluyGNöam k~¬gq~S 1361 ehIydkxÂçnmkv^j edaynSTSgeQÂIysågðam
yYnCae¨cInmkCamYypg. CaG~kcMVMgm~ak'y"agBUEk vérburs«ncMV" es¶cb"UNahða das'cMV"[e¨kak
egébeLIg vayGNöamkan'EtxÂSg esæIrEtsågðb'ykGNöamVn. Cae¨cInelIkCae¨cInsa es¶cb"UNa
hða vayQ~HyYn rhUtdl'eBlmYyEdlmancamm~ak'kºt'es¶cxÂçn cgí¬lTUkEdles¶cxÂçnC^H¨Vb'yYn
k~¬geBlkMBug¨byuTìK~aCamYyyYnenAelITen «h e¨tov.
raCvg§ ¨tan' Vn¨tèvbJÍb'edaynamWunm~ak' EdlmanedémkMeNItCacineQµaH eL KI lI. eL KI
lI eLIgesayraC´ ehIyykeQµaHedémxÂçn hU KI lI v^j. dak'raC´enAq~S 1402 hU KI lI ¨bKl'
raC´eTA[kUncºgrbs'xÂçn hU han' FYg (1402-1407) Edl¨bkassågðamCamYycMV". es¶ccam
C&y suImhavrµ&n edayxÂacyYnvay k*bJØènmarbs'xÂçneQµaH bU edon eTAsuMesck¶IsuxBIyYn eday¨b
Kl'ext‘ GmvrTI (kÃagNam sBëf©) eTA[yYn. Etcamxkcit‘²t¨bmaN yYnenAEtlukluycMV"
eTot.
ä¨beTscin«nes¶c mij (raCvg§EdlVnkMcat'BYkmu"gehðal) k*eFÃIGn‘raKmn_CYyxagcMV").
q~S 1406 cinykGNöamVnCacMNuH. hU han'FYg ¨tèvcincab'CaeQÂIyehIyk*smÂab'xÂçnägeTA.
cindak'mån‘IBIrnak'[¨tçt¨taGNöam. e¨kayq~S 1412 cinbgÅ÷yYn[¨bkan'ykTMenomTMlab'rbs'xÂçn
Ð Tuksk'Evg hammin[yYnsak'xÂçn .l. EtyYnBMu¨BmcuHj"meLIy. d·knSeday eL Ly yYn
cab'cºSgrMedaH erIxÂçnBIq~S 1418. enAq~S 1422 lavcUl«dCamYycin ehIybJØènT&B 30 000 nak'
eTAcºSgTl'nwg eL Ly Et¨tèvyYnruj¨can[fymkv^j. q~S 1428 eL Ly rMedaHyYnecjputBI
nwmcin ehIy¨bkasxÂçneLIgesayraC´enA Ek eCa (haNUy) ehIyb¶èreQµaH GNöam eTACa day
evot. eL Ly EdlbegûétraCvg§mYyeTot KWraCvg§ eL k*edaHElgeQÂIysågðamcin[eTA¨sukv^j
ehIy¨bkassn‘iPaB Qb'¨bTUs‘r"ayK~aCamYycin.
enAe¨kamraC´ eL j¬"g tug (1443-1460) (ecArbs' eL Ly) GNöamvayykVnraCFanI
v^C&y cab'es¶ccam mhav^C&y nig raCvg§anuvg§TSgGs'eTAtugkwg ehIycUllukluynKrcMV". yYn
bn‘¬bcamm~ak'Edlkºt'elIraCblÂ&gûnKrcMV". eBlevlaVnxitmkdl'Twkbegúéy EdlyYn¨tèvelb
¨tVk'yknKrcMV"[Gs'. es¶cyYn eL faj' tug (bíènrbs' j¬"n tug) (1460-1498) edayyk
elsfacamvayrukKYnyYnenAext‘ havcav EknT&B 260 000nak' edémºIkMeTccMV". q~S 1471 eL
faj'tug vayykraCFanI v^C&y Vn. es¶ccam bnLa¨taTan' ¨tèvyYncab'Vn ehIycam 6 mWunnak'
¨tèvyYnsmÂab' 3 muWnnak'eTotcab'CaeQÂIy. KWCaGvsankalrbs'nKrcMV". GNöamkan'kab'nKr
cMV"TSgmUlrhUtdl'eKatr: (e¨Cayva"ErlLa) ehIydak'TwkdéxagtºègCaTwkdécMNuH edaybn‘¬bes¶c
camlíitelíacnana[d·knSrd½aPiVl. e¨kaymkes¶c¨taj'xagtºèg (Ex§egÿg) B¨gékGaNac¨kxÂçn
 161
rhUtdl'E¨Bk pan'ruSg k~¬gq~S 1653 ehIycUlkan'kab' pan'rI k~¬gq~S 1692. enAq~S 1822 GFiraC
yYn mij ma"g bJØa[bMVt'BUCes¶ccam pan'Durgða. KWrebobenHägehIy EdlnKrcMV"¨tèvyYnelb
ehIylubbMVt'ecjBIEpnTIBiPBelak.
bnæab'BIVnedjcinecj smÂab'bMputBUCcam nig kan'kab'TwkdémYyEp~krbs'lavmk (q~S
1480) nKr day evot TTYlsðal'ekalahld*yUr Ð cMVMgk~¬g¨sukdeN¶ImraC´K~a TurPik§ ¨BmTSg
sågðamsIuv^l EdlmYystvt§r_e¨kaymkbMEbkGNöamCaBIr s¨tèvnwgK~asuIsac' KW GNöamxageCég
nig GNöamxagtºèg. KWk~¬gsm&yenH«n¨bvti‘sa¨s¶yYn Edlem¨kumnanaekIteLIg ehIyesayraC´
dUces¶c (k~¬gPasayYnehAfa \CY (Chua)|). es¶c vY (Vua) mankiti‘ysFMbMputk~¬graCaNac¨k. edémºI
¨Kan'EtCanimit‘rUb kicÍkard½aPiVlTSgGs' suTìEteFÃIeLIgk~¬gnam«nes¶c eTaHbIxÂçnminVncUlrYm É
minVnd·gk*eday. bEnÄmBIelIenH es¶ck*CaG~kmansmºti‘s¶¬ks¶m¸eTot. äes¶c¨taj' (CY) v^j Ca
G~kkan'kab'T&B dkhUtBnìdarGakr EckcaybuN´sk¶i KWfaCaG~kcat'Ecg ¨Kb¨Kg kicÍkarrd½.
enAxageCég es¶c«nraCvg§ EL EdlesayraC´CamYynwges¶c¨taj'«n¨tkUl ¨Tij rvl'
Cab'«dEtnwgbågûabkarbHeVr. CagmYystvt§r_ raCvg§ EL edayman¨Kçsar¨TijCYypg enAEtBMu
GacbågûabkarbHeVrVn bu"En‘[Etman{kasTMenr«d k*xMeq¿tmkvayes¶c¨taj'¨tkUl egÿg enA
GNöamxagtºèg.
eq¿t{kasEdlmansågðamsuIv^lenAGNöamxageCég es¶c¨taj'¨tkUl egÿg enAGNöamxag
tºèg B¨gékraCaNac¨krbs'xÂçn mund÷bUgenAelITwkdéEdlykVnmkBIcam bnæab'mk VnmkBIExµr. KW
BUC \egÿg| dEdl EdlxS¨tVk'ykkmõ¬Cae¨kam TwkdédUntaeyIg EdlsBëf©kÂayeTACaevotNam
xagtºèg. KWBUC \egÿg| enHeTot EdlsmÂab'bMputBUCcam CnCatiPaKticenAelIxõg'rab«nevotNam
kN¶al ¨BmTSgExµrpg. BUCegÿgenHVntSgraCFanIenA \ev"|. KWes¶c y"a-L¬g (1779-1820)
EdlVnb¨gçbb¨gçmyYnTSgBIr[cUlK~a ehIy[eQµaHfµéfa evot-Nam EdlsresrkÂaymksBÃ

«f©Ca evotNam .

ÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆÄÆ

cb'
 162

mUlb&Nö

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 163
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vayGk§rsaeLIgv^j: Xun-BImU"c
EknigGnuJïatp§ay: Eb"n narvé
kaNada, shrd½Gaemrik, 2004