QoS

(Graduate level)

Lecture 6: Quality of Service

Introduction
Ali Mohammad Zareh Bidoki

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 Next paper for review

v "Analysis and Simulation of a Fair Queueing

Algorithm, Internetworking: Research and
Experience"

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 QOS: What is it & Why would we
want it?

v Many applications are sensitive to the

effects of delay, jitter and packet loss.
v The existing Internet architecture
provides a best effort service.
v All traffic is treated equally (FIFO
queuing). Currently there is no mechanism
for distinguishing between delay sensitive
and best effort traffic.
v IPv4 TOS is not widely implemented.

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 Network QoS definition

v The capability to control traffic-handling

mechanisms in the network such that the
network meets the service needs of
certain applications and users subject to
network policies
v Network QoS provides mechanisms to
control the allocation of resources among
applications and users (final goal in
ARPANET)
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 Application Requirements

v Bandwidth : The rate that application’

traffic must be carried by the network
v Latency : the delay that an application can
tolerate in delivering a packet
v Jitter
v Loss

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Traffic Handling

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 Flows, Conversations and Traffic
Aggregates

v A Flow is a subset of all packets passing

through a network device that has uniform
QoS requirements
v Conversation: all traffic flowing in a single
direction from specific instance of a
specific application on one host to a
specific host (unicast) or multiple host
(multicast)
v A flow can include a single or multiple
conversation (called traffic aggregation).
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Packet classification

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 Traffic Handling Mechanisms

v 802 user priority

v Differentiated Services (DiffServ)
v Integrated Services (IntServ)
v ATM, ISSLOW

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 802 user priority

v Based on IEEE 802 technology used in

Ethernet, token ring and FDDI
v An eight bit priority values in Layer 2 header of 802
v Strict priority value

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Differentiated Services (DiffServ)

v It is a Layer 3 traffic handling (class of

service mechanisms)
v DiffServ defines a field called DiffServ
codepoint (DSCP) I Layer 3 header of IP
packets (type of service field)
v Routers uses DSCP to classify and apply a
specific scheduling (called per-hop
behaviors or PHP)

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 SLA in DiffServ

v Service parameters are characterized at

edges of the DiffServ network in form of
service level agreement (SLA).

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 Admission Control

v It is a process by which certain traffic is

admitted to a network or to a particular
service level within a network while other
traffic is refused admission or rejected

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Overall concept in DiffServ

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 Integrated Services (IntServ)

v It original focus was on services that

enable the integration of voice, video and
data on the Internet
v Due to focus on Multimedia traffic, it is
expected to provide very quantifiable and
measurable service characteristics
v RSVP protocol (per conversation signaling)
v This contrasts with the aggregate services
and the underlying aggregate traffic
handling (802 user-priority & DiffServ)
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 ATM (Asynchronous Transfer
Mode)

v ATM traffic is separated into flows which

are referred to as virtual circuits (VC)
v Each VS supports one of”
v Constant bit rate (CBR)
v Variable bit rate (VBR)
v Unknown bit rate (UBR)

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Push versus Signaled Mechanisms

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RSVP (end-to-end QoS in Layer 3)

v Two significant RSVP messages:

v PATH is sent by transmitting applications toward receivers
v RESV is sent by receivers
v RSVP messages carray the following information:
v How the network can identify traffic on a conversation
(classification information, IP & port of source nad destination)
v The service type required from the network for the
conversation’ traffic
v Quantitative parameters describing the traffic on the
conversation (data rate.., token-bucket model)

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Explicit Admission control using
RSVP

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 Quality/ Efficiency product

v Efficiency refers to the amount of

network capacity (in terms of bandwidth)
required to provide a certain quality of
service
v Q*E=C
v We are going to raise C

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Quality/ Efficiency product

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Different Signaling & Traffic
handling

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Improving QE by Combining push
provisioning & Aggregate Traffic
handling

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Improving QE by Admission Control

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 Signaling Issues

v Signaling costs
v Topology awareness

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