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TERM PAPER
Group Members
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Submission Date
Lecturer
: AP Dr Suzana Bt Yusup
QUESTION 1
QUESTION 2:
QUESTION 3:
2. METHODOLOGY
Iodine value (IV) in fats/oils
According to [3], the analyses have been conducted according to ISO 3961 standard. Samples
are dissolved in solvent and added with Wijs reagent. After a defined time potassium iodide
and water are added and the liberated iodine are titrated with a sodium thiosulfate solution
(starch as indicator). Results are then expressed in grams of iodine absorbed by 100 g of
sample.
To prepare the titration reagent (1 L), mix 500 cm3 deionized water, 500 cm3 2-PrOH and 7
cm3 triethanolamine. Place about 100 cm3 of the reagent into a conical flask on a magnetic
mixer, add 0.5 cm3 of phenolphthalein solution2 to obtain pink colour of the reagent. Add an
oil test portion of the mass, accuracy 0.2 %, to the reagent. Mix the reagent on the stirrer
until colourless for about 1 min, and then, keeping on stirring, begin titration with 0.1
MNaOH or KOH aqueous solution. The titration is finished at the appearance of the first
permanent pink colour of the same intensity as before adding the sample. The colour is
supposed to persist for 10 s.
Acid number is: Strength of KOH x vol. of KOH x eq. wt of KOH in (mg).
3. DISCUSSION
Use the slurry reactor analysis to evaluate the effects of mass transfer and determine if
there are any mass transfer limitations.
Slurry reactor is multiphase flow reactor in which solid catalyst particles is suspended
in the liquid and the reactant gas is bubbled through the liquid. Hydrogenation of oils or fatty
acids in nickel catalyst is the typical reaction occur in slurry reactor. It is a process which
hydrogen is chemically reacted with unsaturated double bonds present in fatty acids [6].
Multiphase reactions is constrained by the mass transfer limitations which lead to low
conversion rates and undesirable product distribution [7]. Reaction rates in slurry reactor can
be affected by liquid reactants concentration, temperature, partial pressure of the gaseous
reactant, the stirring rate and the catalyst hold-up [8].
leading to hydrogen starvation of the catalyst. Increased hydrogen pressures can be used to
increase the solubility of hydrogen in oil and reduce the formation of TFA.
Another case study is hydrogenation of Palm mid fraction (PMF) over nickel catalyst
have discussed the effect of temperature on mass transfer resistance. Temperature is affecting the
fatty acid composition and formation of trans fatty acids (TFA) in PMF [6]. The reaction
conversion and selectivity has increased with increase in temperature. Besides that, increasing
hydrogenation temperature is reducing the resistance to hydrogen diffusion from hydrogen bubble
to the PMF, The mass transfer coefficient also increase with increasing temperature [6].
Meanwhile, in other research by [2], the hydrogenation of palm stearin fatty acid occur at
high temperature (>423 K) cause the increase of diffusivity in gas phase. In a slurry reactor,
catalyst is keep in suspension and the impeller speed controlled the intensity of turbulence. It was
observed that the intense speed of agitation gives better mass transfer and enhance the reaction.
The effect of mass transfer inside the catalyst pore was negligible. In addition, catalyst particle
size had no effect on the rate of reaction. Hence pore diffusion was deemed to be absent.
REFERENCE
[1]
[2]
[3]
G. Toscano, G. Riva, E. Foppa Pedretti, and D. Duca, Vegetable oil and fat viscosity
forecast models based on iodine number and saponification number, Biomass and
Bioenergy, vol. 46, pp. 511516, 2012.
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]