Hydraulic Design Calculations-Head Loss in Plants

October 2005
KAHAMA-SHINYANGA
WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS
OF
INTAKE, PUMPING STATIONS, RISING MAINS,
TREATMENT STRUCTURES AT THE IHELELE WTP
AND
MABALE RESERVOIR
SHANGHAI MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING

DESIGN INSTITUTE
OCTOBER 2005
October 2005
TABLE OF CONTENT
Design Basis
1.
Intake, Raw Water Pump Station and Rising Main.
Design Basis
Intake Structure and suction Well
Intake Grid arrangement
Intake Channel
Head loss from IntakeGrid head loss
Intake Grid head loss
Intake Channel head loss
Suction Well Screens
Total head loss from Intake to Suction Well
Total pump heads

Head loss in Suction Pipes
October 2005
Head loss in Raw Water Pump Station
Head loss in Raw Water Rising Main
Static Head
Total pump head
NPSH
Required NPSH (NPSHr)
Available NPSH(NPSHr)
Bottom level of Suction Well
Installation level of Pumps
Pump Choice
Height of Pump Station
2.0
Hydraulic Mixing Tank, Mechanical Flocculation Tanks and
2.1 Hydraulic Mixing Tank
2.1.1
Design Criteria
2.1.2
Design Layout
2.1.3
Hydraulic detention time
2.1.4
G-Value
2.2.0
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
Flocculation Tanks
Design Criteria
Design Layout
Hydraulic detention times
Flocculation Mixer
2.3.0
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
Sedimentation Tanks
Design Criteria
Calculations
Design layout
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Rapid Sand Filters and Clear Water Tank

Design Criteria
Design layout
Inlet channels and Inlet valves
Clear Water Tank
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
4.2.7
4.2.8
4.2.9
Back wash Pumps and Browsers

Design Basis
Backwash Pumps
Backwash flow
Static pump lifts
Head loss in Filters Laterals
Head Loss of Supporting Layers and Filters media
Head Loss in Water Gullet
Head Loss in Backwash Main
Head loss in Fittings
Total head Headlosses
Choice of Pumps
Sedimentation Tanks.
October 2005
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
Air Blowers
Air-scour flow
Air pressure requirements
Head loss in Air pipe fittings
Required Air Pressure of Air Blowers
Choice of Air Blower
Head Loss between Structures
Head Loss in Flocculation Tanks
Head Loss in Sedimentation Tanks
Perforated wall
Outlet troughs
Head loss through Sand Filters
Head loss from Sedimentation Tanks to Filters
Head loss from Sand Filters to Clear Water Tank
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
Balancing Tank
Design Basis
Balancing Tank design
Balancing Tank Volume
Supernatant Pumps
Sludge & Storage
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
Chemical Dosing & Storage

Design Basis
Alum and Polyelectrolyte Storage
Design Basis
Required Alum metering pumps and solution Tanks
Required Alum and Polyelectrolyte storage
Lime storage requirements
Design basis
Required Lime storage areas
Required Screw Pumps for Lime Dosage
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.2.4
8.2.5
Chlorine Dosing & Storage

Design Basis
Storage requirements
Chlorine Cylinders in operation
Choice of Chlorinators
Chlorine Cylinders
Ventilation of Chlorine Cylinder room and Chlorinator room
Chlorine neutralization apparatus
9.0
9.1
9.2
Clear Water Pump station and Rising Main

Design basis
Review the parameter of the pumps
October 2005
DESIGN BASIS
The project was constructed in two phases. The phase I design demand for 2016 was 80,000m3/d,
excluding 5% losses. The second phase design demand for year 2024 is 107,700m3/d, excluding
5%losses.
Most structures were designed for phase II, except the Mechanical Flocculation Tanks,
Sedimentation Tanks and Rapid Sand Filters which were designed for phase I only.
The installation of pumps was phased with extra set of pump to be installed in Phase II, both in the
raw Water Pump Station and Clear Water Pump Station.
1
Intake, Raw Water Pump Station and Rising Main.
Design Basis
The design flows are:Phase I:
80,000m3 x 1.05
Phase II
107,700x1.05
= 84,000m3/d =3,500m3/h
=113,085m3/d
=0.972m3/s
=1.309m3/s
Intake Structure and Suction Well.

The intake structure was designed for phase II. There are steel grids on the intake mouth to
keep the debris from entering the Intake. On the upstream, it is possible to close the Intake
by inserting stop-logs designed in U-Shaped steel profiles embedded in the concrete
sidewalls and middle column at the Intake mouth.
The lowest water depth in the Intake Channel (without any clogging of the Intake grid) was
1.15m =1132.70-1131.55 where the former level was the estimated Lowest Water Level
(LWL) in the Lake (by assuming a safety margin of 48cm below the historic low level in the
lake of +1133.18 as per 29th August 2005) and the latter is the bottom slab level in the Intake
Channel.
The chosen length of the weir was 2x2.7=5.4m
Flow sections A =5.4x1.45=7.83m2 ( the water depth at the weir mouth is 30cm higher
than in the Intake Channel as bottom is sloping in the opposite direction of the flow
direction.)
The highest flow rate for phase II is therefore 1.309/7.29=0.17m/s at the Intake mouth.
As stated above, the bottom of the Intake mouth slopes are in the opposite direction with a
slope of 2% with abrupt change of the bottom slab level of 20cm where the Intake Channel
starts. This creates a sludge-pocket to avoid entering the Intake Channel. This part should
occasionally be flushed clean by applying high pressure hose water.
October 2005
Intake Grid Arrangement

The grid is made of 20mm steel bars at 100mm center, say the free openings between the
bars is 80mm.
Intake Channel
The width of the Intake Channel is 1.8m and the length is 90m. The Channel slopes towards
the suction well by a slope of 0.2%.
There are four (4) flat screens at the inlet to Suction Well. The flow rate passing the screen
shall not exceed 0.4m/s.
The formula of area of screen:
F1= Q/( x x K1 x K2)
Where:
Q=1.309 (m3/s)
:
flow rate passing the screen
K1:
Coefficient of reduced area due to grids

K1=b2/(b2 + d2)
Where: b
b: size of sceen opening
d: diameter of screen grids
K1 = 102/(102 +22)=0.6
K2: Possible clogging coefficient
: contraction coefficient
10mm in diameter
2mm
0.5
0.7
F1=1.309/(0.4x 0.7 x 0.96x 0.5)=9.74m2

1.4
Head loss from Intake to suction Well

The following is calculated with the flow in phase II
1.4.1
Intake Grid Head Loss

The grids head loss in is taken as 0.1m assuming debris can be clogged on the grids.
1.4.2
Intake Channel head loss
October 2005
From the LWL of 1+1132.70 in the lake the level may drop 10cm to 1132.60 if the grids are
partly clogged. The bottom slab level at the intake mouth is +1131.25 and 0.02x5m= 0.10m
higher at the start of the Channel, where a 20cm increment in the slab level occurs. The
bottom level at the Channel inlet is therefore +1131.25 +0.30=+1131.55 and the water depth
at this point minimum +1132.60-1131.55=1.05m if the grids are partly clogged and a head
loss of 10cm is created.
The following formula applies for the gradient i (or water surface level in an open channel):
I 0.5 =Vn/R0.67 where;
flow velocity
v= Q/A= 1.309/1.8x 1.05=0.69m/s
friction factor
n=0.02 from Mannings Number M=1/n=k0.1666/25,8, where
k=roughness.With a k =0.3mm, n=0.02
hydraulic radius
R= A/L 1.05x 1.8/1.8 x1.05x2=0.5
i= 0.027312=0.0000439
The drop in water level is therefore h= 0.0000439 x 90m=0.00395m or approximately 0.4cm.
When the water flows into the Suction Well the velocity goes from approximately 0.69 m/s to
nil and a velocity head of approximately 2cm is lost.
The total loss is therefore estimated to be 2.4cm, say 3cm.
1.4.3
Suction Well Screens

The head loss caused by screen is taken as 0.10m
1.4.3.1 Total head loss from Intake to Suction Well

H1 = 0.10 +0.03+0.10=0.23m
1.5
Total Pumps Heads
1.5.1
Head loss in suction Pipes.

DN700 is adopted as suction pipe for each pump, with three (3) pumps in operation in
Phase II, therefore the flow velocity is 1.309/3/(3.14/4x0.72)=1.13m/s
The length of each suction pipe is 3m.
There are fittings of one (1) bell-mounted pipe DN 1000x DN700, one (1) butterfly, one(1)
flexible joint and one (1) taper DN 700x DN 400.
Local head loss efficiency
Bell-mounted pipe
Butterfly valve
Flexible joint
Taper
0.2
0.3
0.21
0.18
1.13m/s
1.13m/s
1.13m/s
1.13m/s
2/2g
0.065
0.065
0.065
0.72
October 2005
Local head loss hL
=(0.2 +0.3 +0.21)x 0.065+0.18 x 0.72=0.18m
Friction head loss hf is about 0.01m

Total head loss in the suction pipes: H2:=0.18 + 0.01 0.2m
In Phase I, the head loss in the suction pipe is almost the same.
1.5.2
Head loss in Raw Water Pump Station

The head loss within the Raw Water Pump Station, H3 is taken as 1.0m (Phase II).
1.5.3
Head loss in Raw Water Rising Main.

The total length of Raw Water Rising Main from the Raw Water Pump Station to the Inlet
mixing tanks is about 3150m. The first 350m is laid with DN 1200mm pipes (originally from
first proposed intake location ) and remaining 2800m with DN 900 mm pipes.
In phase I, friction head loss is 0.41m/km in the DN1200 mm and 1.7m/km in the DN900mm
at Q=0.972m3/s (84,000m3/d). And local head loss is taken as 5% of friction head loss.
Total head loss in the Rising Main: Hf =((0.41x 0.35) + ( 1.7 x 2.8)) x 1.05 =5.3m
In phase II, friction head loss is 0.75m/km in the DN 1200mm and 3.4m/km in the DN90mm
at Q= 1.309m3/s (113,085m3/d). The local head losses are taken as5% of the friction head
loss
Total head loss in rising main: Hf = ((0.75x0.35) +( 3.4x 2.8)) x 1.05=10.3m
1.5.4
Static Head
The lowest measured lake level at Mwanza South Port was in August 2005 at +1132.15.
This was 47cm lower than the lowest recorded level from February 1994 of +1132.62.
In August 2004, the level on site was recorded at +1133.18. It can be assumed that this level
would also be the lowest recorded at the site as it will follow the relative recordings at
Mwanza South Port. Further more, we would like to add a safety depth of 0.48m below this
recorded low. We therefore assume the Lowest Water Level of +1133.18-0.48 =
+1132.70m.
In phase II, the lowest water level in the raw water suction well:
+1132.70-H1=1132.70-0.23 =1132.47m
The Water Level in the Mixing Tanks is 1149.73m
Static Head is;
Hstatic=+1149.73-1132.47=17.26m or approximately 17.3m (Phase II)
October 2005
1.5.5. Total Pump Head
Head loss in pump house:
Phase II, Hp = H2 +H3 =0.2 +1.0 1.2m
In Phase II, the pump Head:

Ht =Hstatic + Hp +Hf = 17.3 +1.2 +10.3 = 28.8m
With high water level in the lake (approximately +1135.0) the static lift Hstatic =+1149.731153.0=14.7m pr 2.3m lower. The total pump head would then be 26.5m
In phase I the friction losses is 5m less when 2 pumps are running (compared with
maximum 3 pumps running in Phase II) Also the internal losses in the ppumps station is
less, say 60cm instead of 1.2m losses in the Intake Channel can be assumed to almost the
same as most of the losses are taken as clogging on the Intake grid and on the screens
(20cm out of a total of 30cm) The pump head for 2 pumps running in phase I can then be
calculated as follows.
H= 17.3 + 0.6 + 5.0 =22.9M at LWL in the lake, and 20.6m at HWL in the lake.
1.6
NPSH
1.6.1
Required NPSH (NPSHr)

NPSHr is depending on type of pump and the duty point. It shall always be lower than the
available NPSH, indexed NPSHa.
1.6.2
Available NPSH (NPSHr)

It is chosen to locate the suction line always to be submerged in water , i.e the suction
height Hsu is negative.It is chosen to have the suction pipe centerline 0.80m below the
lowest level in suction well,
i.e Hsu. =-(0.80m-losses in the DN1000 mm suction pipe and the DN700 mm 90o bend ) =(0.80-3.0v1 2/2g-0.5v22/2g)=-(0.80-3.0 0.562/2g-0.5 1.132/2g)=-0.72m.
NPSHa
=Hg-Hz-v12/2g-Hsu
Where:
Hg:
approximately 9.0m Atmosphere pressure on located pump elevation of about
+1140m
Hz:=
Saturated vapor pressure at 30Oc
Hsu:
suction height of pump
0.43m
v1: velocity in suction opening of pump, suction opening diameter of 400mm

v1 =1.309/(3.14 x 0.42/4)/3
NPSHa
=3.47m/s
So:
= 9.0 -0.43-(3.472/2g)- (-0.72) =8.68m or approximately 8.7m
October 2005
1.7
Bottom Level of Suction Well

The Lowest Lake Level is 1132.70m (LWL). Total Head Loss from the suction Well is
calculated as maximum 0.23m.
Therefore Lowest Suction Level (LSL) in the suction well is;
LSL= +1132.70-0.23=+1132.47m
(The highest water level is approximately +1135.0m)
The centerline of the suction inlet to the pump is chosen to be 80cm below the LSL. The
suction pipe has an eccentric DN1000 x 700mm 90o bend with a 1000mm suction inlet
and a DN 700x 500mm eccentric taper. The level of the suction inlet is therefore: +1132.470.80-0.15-0.75=+1130.77. To avoid creation of a vortex, the suction inlet shall be located
dmin.= 1.7D0 lower than the LSL, where D0 is the diameter of the suction inlet.
With D0 = 1.0m, dmin=1.7m or +1132.47-1130.77=1.70 meter, therefore OK.
The space between the suction inlet and the well bottom shall be Hmin. =0.8 D0.
The bottom level of the suction well should therefore be at;
+1130.77-0.80=
1.8
+1129.97 say +1129.90m
Installation Level of Pumps

The level difference between the bell-mounted inlet and the centerline of the suction pipe to
the pump is 750mm.
Therefore the centerline of the suction pipe is +1130.77 +0.75=+1131.52m
The level difference between the suction nozzle and suction pipe is 150mm. Therefore the
level of suction nozzle is +1131.52 +0.15=+1131.67
Height difference between pump shaft and pump suction nozzle is 350mm.
Pump shaft level is +1131.67 +0.35m
1.9
Pump Choice
Chosen pumps: Omega 350-360A from KSB
Three (3) pumps are chosen to meet the requirements for phase I, with two (2) duty and one
(1) standby. In Phase II, four (4) pumps are chosen, with three (3) duty one (1) standby.
1.10
Height of Pump Station

The bigger part of pump and mortar is less than two (2) tones. Therefore the Model Lx
electrical single girder overhead crane is adopted and its loading capacity is 2 tones.
The height of mortar is 1315mm, and the width is 1290mm.
October 2005
The required height between the bottom of crane and the bottom of beam is 1014mm The
minimum distance from hoist hook to the bottom of crane is 837mm.
Assuming pumps and motors will be carried into pump house by a car, which is 1.30m
above the platform in height. The length of hoist rope is about 1.2times of pump width.
Therefore:
The length of hoist rope: = 1.2 x 1290 = 1548mm. The pump house height from indoor floor
is:1315+1548+1014+837+1300+500 (spare height)
6.6m.
2.0
=6514mm. The height is adopted as
Hydraulic Mixing Tank, Mechanical Flocculation Tanks and Sedimentation Tanks.

As shown in the drawings, the mechanical flocculation tanks and the sedimentation tanks
are combined in one structure. There is only one mixing tank, where also the water is split in
to four (4) equal flows, one for each of sedimentation tanks, two (2) lines with two (2) units
each. There are three (3) compartments for flocculation, where the first two (2) have
mechanical mixers.
2.1
2.1.1
Hydraulic Mixing Tank.

Design Criteria
The adopted mixing method is waterfall. The main parameters are as follows.
G:
T:
2.1.2
400s-1
Hydraulic detention time:
60s
Design Layout
As shown in the drawings, the raw water enters into a mixing tank by a DN900 pipeline. The
single mixing tank has three (3) compartments. The middle one is for distribution. The water
causes turbulence, with two weirs on each side. Water falls in to the side compartments. The
height of the waterfall is controlled by the elevation of weirs and slide gates can shut the
weirs individually. The dimension of the middle compartment is 1.20x 4.60m, with water
depth of 5.23m. The dimension of the side compartment is 0.65 x 4.60m, with water depth of
4.28m.
There are two dosing points on the inlet pipe DN900 for lime, chlorine respectively. The
aluminum sulphate and polyelectrolyte dosing point is set before waterfall, just being parallel
with weirs.
2.1.3
Hydraulic detention time.

Volume:
Middle compartment:
Each side compartment:
1.20x4.60x5.23= 28.87m3
0.65x4.60x4.28=12.79m3
10
October 2005
2.1.4
Total volume:
28.87+12.79x2=54.45m3
Hydraulic detention time:
T=54.45/0.972=56.0S
G-values
Calculation of the value of G:
G=p/V= gQh/V=gh/Vt
The difference of water level between the middle compartment and the first flocculation tank
is 1.00m.
P:
h:
:
Diffused energy
total head loss
Kinetic viscosity
P=gQh
1.0m
=v
[kW]
[m]
[Pa s]
When temperature is 20 0C, v = 1.0105 x 10-6
[m2/s]
V:
g:
T:
:
[m3]
[m/s2]
[s]
[kg/m3]
volume
V=QT
gravitation acceleration
9.81
Hydraulic detention time 56.0
density of water
1,000
So:
G= (9.81 *1.0)/(1.0105*56.0*10-6)=416s-1
There are four (4) waterfalls weirs, each of which is 1.5m in width.
q = 1.84x H1.5 (for rectangular, sharp edged overflow), where:
q:
H:
quantity of water per meter width

water depth above weir
[m3/m/s]
[m]
Trying 0.20m
q = 1.84 x0.20 1.5 =0.1646m3/m/s
when the width is 1.5m,
The quantity of water: Q= 1.5 x 0.165= 0.247m3/s
Each weir: Q= 0.972/4 =0.243m3/s
So the water depth above weir is 0.20m.
The sum of waterfall and the friction caused by water flow opening between mixing tank and
flocculation tank is taken as 0.80m.
The total head consumed in mixing tank is 0.20 +0.80=1.00m
2.2
Flocculation Tanks.
2.2.1
Design criteria
There are 2 lines of flocculation tanks, each of which comprises 3 tanks.
11
October 2005
The main parameters:
The first tank: mechanical flocculation, the value og G of 40s-1, with a detention time of 180s
The second tank: mechanical flocculation, the value of G of 40s-1, with a detention time of
360s
The third tank: no mixer, with detention time 360s
2.2.2
Design layout
The main parameters:
The first tank:
the dimension: 4.60m x 4.60m, 4.23m deep;
The second tank:
the dimension: 6.50m x 6.50m, 4.22m deep;
The third tank:

two parts, the dimension of each of 6.75m x 3.10m, 4.21m deep
Water flows upwards and downwards in sequence through the three tanks.
2.2.3
Hydraulic detention times.

Hydraulic detention is calculated as follows:Water flow of each line 0.972/2 =0.486m3/s
Detention time in the first tank:= T1=V/Q=4.60x 4.60x4.23/0.486=184s
Detention time in the second tank=T2=V/Q=6.50x6.50x4.22/0.486=367s
Detention time in the third tank: = T3=V/Q=6.75x3.10x 4.21x2/0.486=363s
2.2.4
Flocculation Mixer
The mixing equipment is vertical axial mixer. The first two tanks are furnished with mixers
but the last one. Water flows upwards and downwards in sequence through the three tanks.
Design Criteria for Mixer
The material of the paddle is 8mm steel board. The paddle should be 0.4m below the water
surface and 0.3~0.5m above the bottom of the tank. The distance between the edge of the
paddle and the wall of the tank should be no more than 0.25m.
The total area of paddles in any one tank should be 10%~20% (at most 25%) of the section
area of flow. The width of the paddle is 0.1~0.3m and the ratio of the width to the length of
the paddle should be 1/15~1/10.
To avoid short circuit, fixed baffles should be installed on the tank wall.
Employed Formula
12
October 2005
(1)
Rotation Speed of mixer:

n0=60/D0(r/min.)
Where:
(2)
:
D0:
Linear velocity of the centre point of the paddle (m/s)

Rotary diameter of the centre point of the paddle (m)
Consumed power by each paddle

N'0 = yklw3/408(r24-r14)(kW)
w =0.1n0(rad/s)
k=/2g
Where
y
l
r2
r1
w
k
number of paddle in a mixer (piece)

length of paddle (m)
outer radius of paddle (m)
inner radius of paddle (m)
angular velocity (rad/s)
factor
Density of water (1000kg/m3)

Resistance coefficient (1.10)
(3)
Mixer Power
N0=N0'
N=No/(kW)
N0
(4)
Impeller Power
efficiency coefficient
G-value
G=(102N0/W)
102x10-6 Kg.s/m2
single tank volume (m3)
The first Flocculation Tank

(1)
Paddle Size
The distance between the edge of the outer paddle and the tank wall is adopted as 0.25m.
Therefore, the diameter of the mixer is 4.6-2x0.25=4.10m.
The length of the paddle is 2m and the width is 0.14m. The paddle is classified by three
grades, totally 12 paddles.
13
October 2005
The ratio of the total area of paddles to the sectional flow area:
12x0.14x2.0/ 4.6x 4.23= 17.3%
(2)
Motor Power for Mixer.

The rotary diameter of the centre point of the paddle D0 is 2.64m.
Linear velocity of the centre point of the impeller is 0.62m/s.
Rotational Speed:
n1=601/Do=4.49r/min.
w1=0.449rad/s
(b/l=0.14/2.0=0.07<1), so =1.10
k=/2g=1.10 x1000/2x9.81=56
Paddle Power N'1 :
N'1-1 = yklw3/408(r24-r14)(kW)=4x56x2.0x0.4493/408x (2.054-1.914)=0.432Kw
Total effective Power:
N01= N'1-1+ N'1-2+ N'1-3=0.58Kw
Motor Power:
N1 =N01/=0.58/0.5=1.16Kw
(3)
G-Value
G1=102N01/W1=((102x 0.58)/(102x10-6 x 89.50))=80.23s-1 (ok)
(20oC water temperature, =102x10-6kg.s/m2)
The Second Flocculation Tank
The distance between the edge of the outer paddle and the Tank wall is adopted as 0.25m.
Therefore, the diameter of the impeller is 6.5-2x0.25 =6.00m.
The length of the paddle is 2m and the width is 0.14m. The paddle is classified by four
grades, totally 16 paddles.
The ratio of the total area of paddles to the sectional flow area:
16 x 0.14x2.0/6.5 x 4.22=16.3%
(2)
Motor Power for Mixer.

The rotary diameter of the centre point of the paddle D0 is 2.92m.
14
October 2005
Linear velocity of the centre point of the impeller is 0.345m/s.
Rotational Speed:
n2=601/Do=2.26r/min.
w2=0.226rad/s
(b/l=0.14/2.0=0.07<1), so =1.10
k=/2g=1.10 x1000/2x9.81=56
Paddle Power N'2 :
Total effective Power:
N02= N'2-1+ N'2-2+ N'2-3+ N'2-4=0.283Kw
Motor Power:
N2 =N01/=0.283/0.5=0.566Kw
(3)
G-Value
(20oC water temperature, =102x10-6kg.s/m2)
G2=102N01/W1=((102x 0.283)/(102x10-6 x 178.30))=39.89s-1 (ok)
2.3
Sedimentation Tanks.
2.3.1
Design Criteria
There are two lines of sedimentation tanks, each of which has two sedimentation tanks, 4 in
total. The water flow in each tank is 3,500/4 = 875m3/h =0.243m3/s
2.3.2
Calculations
Flow in each tank:
Q=875.0m3/h
Surface loading criteria:
s=1.2m3/m2/hr (Client req.)
Area required for each tank: A=875.0/1.2=729.2m2
Chosen width:
B=13.5m
Required length:
L=729.213.50=54.0m
The length adopted in design:
La=58.0m
The area adopted in design: Aa=58.0x13.5=783.0m2
So;
The surface loading adopted: sa=875.0/13.5/58.0=1.12m3/m2/hr<1.2m3/m2/hr, ok
15
October 2005
Required detention time T:
3<T<4hours
Required water depth based on T=3hours

T=V/Q=Axd/Q
So,
d=TxQ/A=3x875.0/783.0=3.35m
Chosen effective water depth:

d=3.4m
Chosen total depth:
dt=4.2m
Sludge depth:
ds=dt-d=4.2-3.4=0.8m
Horizontal flow rate h:
=875.0/13.5/3.4=19.06m/h=5.3mm/s
Wetted perimeter :
Effective flow-through area :
Hydraulic radius R:
Froude number
2.3.3
=13.5 +3.4x2=20.3m
=13.5x3.4=45.9m2
R=/=2.26m
Fr=2/(Rxg)= (5.3 x 10-3)2/2.26/9.81=1.27x10-6
Design Layout
The effective depth of settling tank is 3.4m. The sludge depth above the main sludge trench
is 0.80m. The total depth of the tank is 4.20m. A perforated wall is in the forepart of each
tank for distribution of water. The distance between the tank wall and the perforated wall is
2.00m. After the suspended solids goes down, water overflows into the outlet trough to the
downstream treatment structures.
3.0
Rapid Sand Filters and Clear Water Tank.
3.1
Design Criteria
Design flow: Q= 84,000m3/d, equivalent to 3,500m3/h =0.972m3/s
There are two lines of filters, 6 compartments of each line, and 12 in total. The flow capacity
of each Filter is 291.7m3/h.
Flow rate during backwash of one filter:
6.0m3/m2/h
=6.0m/h
Backwash flow:
35m3/m2/h
=35m/h
Air-scour flow:
60m3/m2/h
=60m/h
3.2
Design Layout
Filter area during backwash of one filter At
At
=Q/V =3500/6.0
Chosen 12 in total;
Each filter Af = 583/(12-1)
=583m2
=53m2
So:
16
October 2005
Chosen 8600mm(length) x 3100mm (width), which gives an effective filter area of each filter
of 53.32m2. There are two cells in filter box.
Flow rate during backwash of one filter b:
b
=3500/53.32/(12-1)
= 5.47m3/m2/h 5.5m/h
Other miscellaneous items: thickness of filter media of 0.90m, grain size 0.90mm (effective
diameter), supporting layer of 0.80m, high-resistance distribution system for air scour and
water backwash. The central gullet acts as distribution for air-scour and backwash water
inlet as well as for backwash out. Interior width is 1.0m.
3.3.
Inlet Channels and Inlet Valves.

For each line of filters.
Flow capacity of each channel:
0.972/2=0.486m3/s
Design width of channel:

Design water depth of channel:
Flow rate:
Free board:
The total height of channel:
Inlet valves of filter:
Velocity through valves:
1.2m
0.85m
0.486/1.20/0.85=0.48m/s
400mm
0.80+0.40=1.2m
DN400 butterfly
0.972/12/3.14/0.42x4=0.64m/s
The head loss through inlet valve:

The headloss coefficient
The head loss:
0.05m
3.3
1.31
h=1.31 x 2/2g=1.31 x 0.642/2/9.81=0.03 as
Clear Water Tank

In the inlet to the Clear Water Tank, a concrete weir is built to control the outlet pressure for
the filters and to maintain a minimum water level in the filter itself. Down stream the weir,
water is stored, and the storage volume should be enough for supplying backwash water for
one (1) filter wash for 15 minutes. The Clear Water Tank should have another contact tank
after a second weir where chlorine is added, a contact time of 20 minutes is required by
Client. This gives a required volume of:
V
= (80000/24/60) x 20 =1111m3
The backwash storage tank volume v:
Water backwash flow:
qw =35m/hr (two pumps in operation, together with air flow)
qw=48m/hr(three pumps, without air flow)
V=35x15x53.32/60=467m3
V=48x15x53.32/60=640m3
So all the required volume of tank: 1111+640=1751m3
17
October 2005
The design dimension of Clear Water Tank is chosen as 40m (length) x 20m (width) x 4.0m
(depth). Where design backwash volume is about 650m3, and design contact tank is about
2200m3. The design effective volume of the Clear Water Tank is about 2850m3>1750m3 Ok
Height of weirs;
The weir for controlling the outlet level of filters has a width of 11.3m
q
=1.84 x h1.5 (for rectangular, sharp edged overflow) Where:
q: quantity of water per meter width 1.309/11.3
h: water depth above weir
=0.116 [m3/m/s]
[m]
Trying h= 0.15m
q
=1.84 x 0.151.5
=0.12m3/m/s
So the water depth above weir is taken as 0.15m
The weir for controlling the backwash supply volume
The width of which is 7.70m
q =1.84 x h1.5 (for rectangular, sharp edged overflow)
Where:
q: quantity of water per meter width 1.309/7.70
=0.17[m3/m/s]
h: water depth above weir
[m]
Trying h= 0.21m
q
= 1.84 x 0.211.5
=0.177m3/m/s
When the width is 7.70m,
The quantity of water: Q
=7.70 x 0.177= 1.363m3/s>1.309m3/s
So the water depth above weir is approximately 0.17m
The third weir for overflow has a width of 5.4m.
OK
Where:
q:
quantity of water per meter width
1.309/5.40= 0.242[m3/m/s]
Trying h= 0.26m
q
=1.84 x 0.261.5
0.244m3/m/s
When the width is 5.40m,
The quantity of water: Q
=5.40x0.244=1.317m3/s>1.309m3/s, OK
So the water depth above weir is approximately 0.26m.
4.
Backwash Pumps and Blowers
4.1
Design Basis
The effective filtration area:
Af= 8.6 x 6.2= 53.32m2

qw=35m/hr=9.72L/s/m2
(Two pumps in operation, together with air flow)
18
October 2005
Air-scour rate:
4.2
Backwash Pumps
4.2.1
Backwash Flow
qw
qa
Backwash pump flow:

Two duty one standby
Capacity of one pump:
4.2.2
=48m/hr (three pumps, without air flow)

=60m/hr
35x 53.32=1866.2m3/hr
=0.518m3/s
1866.2/2
=933.1m3/hr
Static Pump Lifts

Elevation of backwash troughs:
Highest water level of Clear Water Tank
Lowest water level of Clear Water Tank:
+1146.90m
+1145.00m
+1141.80m
hmin.=elevation of backwash troughs lowest water level of Clear Water Tank.

=+1146.90-1145.00=1.90m
hmax=elevation of backwash troughs- highest level of Clear Water Tank
=+1146.90-1141.80=5.10m
4.2.3
Head loss in Filter Laterals.

Flow of backwash main:
qm=Af x q = 53.32 x 35 = 1,866.2m3/hr= 0.518m3/s
One main for backwash choosing a pipe diameter: DN 600 to get a velocity of less than
2m/s.
Flow velocity :
= qm/ = 0.518/(3.14 x 0.62/4) =1.83m/s<2m/s, ok.
The length of backwash gullet is 8.6m, and the height is 0.83m
Pipe lateral, space of laterals: 250mm, 34x2 68 in totals.
Backwash flow of each pipe lateral: q1 =1866.2/68= 27.44m3/hr
DN80 pipes are adopted as pipe laterals.
Velocity in the start end :=
=q1/=27.44/(3.14 x 0.082/4)/3600=1.52m/s
Space of orifices: 140mm (length of pipe laterals of 3.02m) , there are 44 orifices in a pipe
lateral, in parallel on each side.
Number of orifices in one filter:
68 x 44=2992
Diameter of orifices:
8mm
The total area of orifices
o=(3.14 x 0.0082/4) x 2992=0.15m2
Ratio of area of orifice to area of bed served K:
K=0.15/53.32=0.28%
Flow rate of orifice:
o=0.518/0.15=3.45m/s
The pipe thickness of DN80 =6.5mm
Ratio of orifice diameter to pipe thickness: d/=8/6.5=1.23
The coefficient of flow: =0.76
So the headloss of water distribution:
19
October 2005
Horifice=1/2g(qw/10K)2=1/2x 9.81 x (9.72/10 x 0.76 x 0.28)2=1.06m
Area of waterbuck gullet/area of pipe laterals= 0.83 x 1/68 x (/4 x0.082)=2.43
(satisfying the requirement of 1.5~3)
h1 = Horifice =1.06m
4.2.4
Head Loss of Supporting Layers and Filter Media

h2 = 0.022Hs
qw= 0.022 x 0.8 x 9.72 = 0.17m
Where:
Hs
thickness of supporting layers
Head loss of filter media:
0.8m
h3= (s/-1) (1-mo) H2= (2.65/1-1)(1-0.41) x 0.9 = 0.876m

Where:
s:
:
mo:
H2
4.2.5
the specific gravity of Sand

the specific gravity of water
porosity of filter media
0.41
thickness of filter media before expansion
2.65
1.0
0.9m
Head Loss in Water Gullet

Flow rate of gullet g=qg/=0.518/0.83 x 1 = 0.62m/s
Where:
qg
water gullet flow of each filter 0.518 (m3/s)

cross-sectional area of gullet
0.83(m2)
Hydraulic radius: R= 0.83 x 1/ 2x1 +2x 0.83=0.83/3.66=0.23m

According to Manning formula, hf = L.v2/C2.R
Where:
C= 1/n. R1/6 (Chezy formula) Roughness n: 0.014
C= 1/0.014x 0.231/6 = 55.91
Gullet friction head loss:
hf
= 1/3 x Lxgulletx 2/C2xR
=1/3 x 8.6x 0.622/55.912 x 0.23=0.0015m
Local head loss:

hl
=xDN802/2g=0.5x 1.522/2x 9.81=0.059m
Total head loss in gullet
20
October 2005
H4= hf +hl= 0.0015+0.059
4.2.6
=0.061m
Head loss in Backwash Main

The DN700 pipe is adopted as backwash suction main, and the DN600 pipe is adopted as
backwash pump outlet main.
Flow of backwash main:
qm=0.518m3/s
2
700=(0.518/3.14/0.7 )x4=1.35m/s Ok
600=(0.518/3.14/0.62)x 4=1.83m/s Ok
The total length of the DN 700 pipe: L=30m
The total length of the DN 600 pipe: L-=65m
Friction head loss
According to Hazen-Williams formula:
H700=10.67q1.852 L/C1.852D4.87=10.67 x 0.5181.852x 30/1201.852 x 0.74.87
H600=10.67q1.852 L/C1.852D4.87=10.67 x 0.5181.852x 30/1201.852 x 0.74.87
Where C is 120 h5= Hf=H700 +H600 = 0.08+0.34=0.42m
4.2.7
Head loss in Fittings
(The detail calculation can be seen in the following table)

Items (from clear water tank Flow velocity v12/2g (m3/s)
Coefficient
to the last filter
v1(m/s)
DN800 pipe inlet
1.347
0.092
1.00
22.5o DN700 bend
1.347
0.092
0.10
DN700 tee (dividing)
1.347
0.092
0.90
DN700 x 500 eccentric
1.320
0.089
0.19
reducer
DN500 butterfly valve
1.320
0.089
0.30
DN500 flexible junction
1.320
0.089
0.21
DN500x 350eccentric
2.694
0.370
0.19
reducer
DN300x400 increaser
3.667
0.685
0.13
DN400 non-return valve
2.063
0.217
1.00
DN400 expansion junction
2.063
0.217
0.21
2.063
0.217
0.30
DN400x 600 bend
2.063
0.217
1.10
DN 600 tee (combining
1.833
0.171
3.00
flow)
90o DN600bend
1.833
0.171
1.01
DN600 cross joint (in line)
1.833
0.171
0.10
DN 600 tee(turning flow)
1.833
0.171
1.50
DN600 butterfly
1.833
0.171
0.30
DN600 x 400 tee (in line)
1.833
0.171
0.32
DN 600 expansion junction
1.833
0.171
0.21
Quantity
1
2
1
1
Local Head
loss (m)
0.092
0.018
0.083
0.017
1
1
1
0.027
0.019
0.070
1
1
1
2
1
1
0.089
0.217
0.046
0.130
0.239
0.514
4
5
1
1
1
1
0.692
0.086
0.257
0.051
0.055
0.036
21
October 2005
DN 600 x 700 reducer
DN 700 outlet end
Total local head loss h6
4.2.8
1.833
1.347
0.171
0.092
0.10
1.00
1
1
0.017
0.092
2.85
Total Head losses

Assuming a safety head loss h7=1.5m
Total head loss of backwash main;
Hmax=hmax +h1 +h2 + h3+ h4 +h5 +h6
+h7=5.10+1.06+0.17+0.876+0.061+0.42+2.85+1.5=12.04m
4.2.9
Choice of Pumps
Omega 300-300A from KSB Shangai Pump Co., Ltd
Q= 933m3/hr, H= 13m, N = 75kW , =81%, 2duty, 1 standby
4.3.0
Air Blowers
4.3.1
Air-Scour flow
Air scour rate; qa =60m3/m2/hr= 60m/hr
60x53.32=3199m3/hr=0.89m3/s
Air pipe laterals: DN50, spacing of 250mm, 34 x 2=68 pipes in total, cross-sectional area of
pipe laterals of 0.133m2
Flow rate :
= 0.89/0.133=6.69m/s
Orifice diameter of 5mm, staggered spacing of 140mm, 22x 68= 1496 orifices in total, total
cross-section area:= 0.0294m2
Orifice flow rate:
4.3.2
o= 0.89/0.0294m/s
Air pressure requirements

Friction head loss of air main pipe. DN 300 air main pipe is adopted.
300=0.89/3.14/0.32x4 =12.60m/s<20m/s
OK
The length of air main is 70m

Friction head loss: Hf = i x Lp
i
head loss in per unit length pipe, i = 67 x 1.924/d1.281= 6.402Pa/m
:
p:
air temperature coefficient

Air pressure coefficient
1.00, at 20oC
1.00, at 0.1 MPa
Hf= ix LxXTxp = 6.402x 70 x 1.00 x 1.00
=448.14 Pa
22
October 2005
4.3.3
Head loss in the Air pipe fittings

The calculation formula:
HL
HL:
:
:
:
= (2/2g)x 10
Local head loss
(Pa)
Coefficient of local head loss
velocity in air pipe
(m/s)
density of air
(kg/m3)
=1.293 x 273 x p x 10 / (273 +T)
( formula for calculation of )
=1.293 x 273 x 0.14 x 10 /(273 + 20)

=1.687kg/m3
Where:
P:
air absolute pressure (MPa) (assumed blower pressure of 0.04(MPa)
T:
air temperature
20 (oC)
The detail calculation can be seen in the following table.
Items
Flow
2 x x 10/2g Coefficient
velocity(m/s)
(m3/s)
DN 250 x 300m
18.103
281.773
0.05
increaser
DN 300 butterfly
12.571
135.886
0.30
valve
DN 300 Expansion
12.571
135.886
0.21
junction
DN 300 butterfly
12.571
135.886
0.30
valve
90o DN 300 bend
12.571
135.886
0.78
DN 300 tee (in line)
12.571
135.886
0.10
90o DN 300 bend
12.571
135.886
0.78
DN300 tee (dividing)
12.571
135.886
0.90
DN 300 butterfly
12.571
135.886
0.30
valve
DN300 expansion
12.571
135.886
0.21
junction
DN300 outlet end
12.571
135.886
1.00
Total head loss
Quantity
1
Local head
loss(Pa)
14.089
40.766
57.072
40.766
1
5
7
1
1
105.991
67.943
741.938
122.297
40.766
28.536
135.886
1396.049
Water depth above air pipe

h2
4.3.4
=1146.90-1144.72=2.18m
Required Air Pressure of Air Blowers

Leave some spare pressure, 5000 Pa=0.5m H2O
23
October 2005
HT
= HF +HL+h1 +9810+1.10 x h2 +5000

=448.14+1396.05+1374+9810x1.10x2.18+5000
=31,742.57 Pa
=317mbar
4.3.5
Choice of Air Blowers

Choose air blowers from Manufacturer: Dresser (UK) Ltd. Huddersfied, West Yorkshire.
United Kingdom.
Model: XLP210
Rotation velocity: 3000rpm, air flow: 3626m3/hr, air pressure: 400mbar, satisfying the
requirements.
One duty, one standby
So, Air- scour rate in operation: =3626/53.32=68m3/m2/hr
5.0
Head Loss Between Structures.
5.1
Head Loss in Flocculation Tanks.

The head loss through the opening between tanks is taken as 0.01m
5.2
Head Loss in Sedimentation Tanks
5.2.1
Perforated Walls.
The number of openings in the perforated wall is 6 (in height) x ( in width). The dimension of
an openings is 100mm x 150mm.
So, Total openings area on the perforated wall:
Ratio of perforation area to the area of the wall:
Velocity of flow through the perforations:
According to orifice outlet formula:
Where:
=2gh
Flow capacity coefficient;

Gravity acceleration;
Head loss through the perforation;
=2gh
So
h= fx 2/2/g
A= 6x27x0.10x0.15=2.43m2
2.43/13.5/3.6
=0.05
=Q/=0.243/2.43=0.10M/S
=0.62
g=9.81(m/s)
h
(m)
f=(1/)2
=(/)2/2/g
=(0.10/0.62)2/2/9.81
=0.005m
24
October 2005
5.2.2
Out let troughs

There are six(6) outlet weirs for each tank. The length of each trough is 10.50m, so the total
length of outlet troughs in one tank is 63m. Openings are both sides of trough, with diameter
of 25mm. The number of openings on one(1) outlet trough is 138.
The flow capacity through each openings: q = 0.243/138/6 = 2.93 x 10-4 m3/s
Velocity of flow through the openings:
=q/=q/(3.14 x 0.0252/4)= 0.60m/s
According to orifice outlet formula:
=2gh
The meanings of symbols are the same as before.
So, headloss through the openings ho
ho
=fx2/2/g
=(/)2/2g
=(0.60/0.62)2/(2x9.81)
=0.05m
The waterfall hf is taken as 0.07m after water flow through the openings.
Weir loading rate:
0.243/63/2x3600x24=166.6m3/m/d<245m3/m/d,
The overflow trough is 300mm in width.
Flow capacity per meter width:
0.243/6/0.3
Critical depth
OK (design manual)
=0.135m3/s/m
=((Flow capacity per meter width)29.81)1/3

=(0.1352/9.81)1/e
=0.123m
The gradient of the interior bottom of the overflow trough is 0.

The critical depth is taken as the end of the trough he, 0.123m
The water depth in the beginning of the trough hb
hb=(2x (critical depth)3/end depth + (end depth-gradient x gradient x trough length /3)2)0.5
= (2 x 0.1233/0.123 + (0.123-0x 10.5/3)2)0.5=0.21m
So The total head loss in outlet troughs ht
ht
5.3
=ho+hf+hb-he
=0.05+0.07+0.21-0.123
=0.207m
=0.21m
Head loss through the Sand Filters

Head loss through filter is taken as 2.0m.
25
October 2005
5.4
Head loss from Sedimentation Tanks to Filters.

The flow capacity of one Sedimentation Tank is 0.972/4=0.243m3/s
Outlet Pipe: DN600, settling one(1) butterfly valve, one(1) reducer of DN800xDN600,
length of pipe of 22m, value of C of 120.
Flow velocity:
=Q/=0.243/3.14/0.62x 4
=0.87m3/s 2/2/9.8=0.038m
There are one (1) butterfly valve, one (1) increaser, two (2) bends of DN600 x 90o
Head loss coefficient of Inlet end of pipe:
0.5
Butterfly Valve:
0.3
Increaser of DN600x DN 800:
0.25
Bend of DN600 x 90o
1.0
Local head loss:
h1=(0.5+0.30+0.25+2x1.0)x 0.038m=0.12m
Head loss of friction: h2=10.67x q1.852Xd4.87)
=0.03m
Where:
q: flow capacity;
D:pipe diameter;
L:length of pipe;
C: coefficient;
0.243(m3/s)
DN600(m)
22 (m)
taken as 120
Two pipelines DN600 is joined by one (1) tee DN800 followed by DN800 pipe, one (1) tee for
combining. The length of the DN800 is 20m, value of C 120.
Flow rate:
Q/=0.492/3.14/0.82 x 4= 0.98m3/s 2/2/9.8=0.049
Head loss coefficient of butterfly valve:

Of reducer of DN900x DN800:
Of tee of DN800 for combining:
Local head loss:
0.3
0.08
0.5
h3= (0.5 +0.30+0.08) x 0.049 =0.04m

Head loss of friction: h4
q:= flow capacity,
D: pipe diameter,
L:length of pipe
C:coefficient
=10.67 x q1.852x L/ (C1.852Xd4.87) =0.02m, where:
0.486 (m3/s)
DN800(m)
20(m)
taken as 120
In phase II, the outer pipes from the Sedimentation Tanks in Phase I will connect with outlet
pipes from the future Sedimentation Tanks. The pipelines of DN800 and DN 600 will be
joined in one (1) DN 900 tee followed by DN900, and then the two (2) DN 900 pipes from
two different lines are joined by one (1) DN1200 tee. The flow is combined for dosing lime
before divided for two lines filters.
Choose the longer pipeline for hydraulic calculation, there is one (1) butterfly, one (1) DN900
tee for combining, one (1) DN1200 tee for combining, one (1) DN1200 x 900 tee for dividing,
26
October 2005
one (1) DN1200 x 900 increaser, one (1) DN1200 x 900 reducer, three (3) bends
DN900x90o. The length of pipe DN900 is 140m, value of C of 120. The DN900 pipelines are
taken as common pipes of the two phases.
107,700 x 1.05= 113,085m3/d = 4,712m3/h = 1.309m3/s
Flow of each side of sedimentations:
Flow rate in DN900 pipeline:
Flow rate in DN1200 tee
2/2/9.8
1.309/2
=0.655m3/s
=Q/=0.655/3.14/0.92x 4 =1.03m/s
= Q/=0.655/3.14/1.22x 4 =1.16m/s
=0.054m
Head loss coefficient of outer end of pipe:

Butterfly valve:
Tee of DN900 for combining:
Tee of DN1200 for combining
Tee of DN1200 for dividing in line:
Reducer DN1200x 900
Increase DN900 x 1200
Bend of 90o: DN900
1.0
0.3
0.6
0.7
0
0.25
0.1
1.07
Local head loss:

H5
=(1.0 +0.30 +0.6+2x1.07+0.7+0.25)x 0.054 + 0.1x 0.06=0.27m
Head loss of friction: H6= 10.67x q1.852x L/(C1.852x D4.87) =0.67, where:
q: flow capacity,
0.655(m3/s)
D: Pipe Diameter, DN900 (m)
L: length of pipe,
140(m)
C: Coefficient,
taken as 120, so:
Phase II
The total head; loss: ht
= h1+h2+h3+h4+h7+h8
0.12+0.03+0.04+0.02+0.27+0.16=0.64
The Design Head loss is taken as 0.75m

5.50
Head loss from Sand Filters to Clear Water Tank.

Water in each line filters flows through DN700, then the two pipes are combined with each
other by one(1) tee DN1000, followed by pipe DN1000 into clear water rank.
Take the longer (north) pipe into consideration; there are two (2) DN700 bends of 90o, one
(1) tee of DN1000, one (1) DN1000 bend of 90o.
The length of DN700 pipe:
The length of DN1000pipe:
Flow capacity of DN700:
12m
30m
80,000/2x 1.05m3/d
=42,000m3/d=0.486m3/s
27
October 2005
=Q/=0.486/3.14/0.72x4=1.26m/s
Flow rate:
2/2/9.8=0.081m
Flow capacity of DN1000:
80,000x 1.05m3/d
=84,000m3/d=0.972m3/s
2
Flow rate:
= Q/=0.972/3.14/1.0 x4=1.24m/s 2/2/9.8=0.078
Head loss coefficient of outlet end of pipe:
Tee of DN1000 for combining:
Bend of 90o: DN700
Bend of 90o DN1000
Local head loss:
1.0
0.5
1.07
1.07
h1=1.07x2x0.081 + (1.0+1.07+0.5) x 0.078=0.37m
The friction head loss of DN700: h2=10.67 x q1.852x L/(C1.852 x D1.852) =0.03m, where:
q: flow capacity,
0.486(m3/s)
L: length of pipe,
12(m)
C: Coefficient,
taken as 120
The friction head loss of DN1000:
h3 =10.67x q1.852Xl/(C1.852x D4.87)=0.04m, where:
q: flow capacity,
0.972(m3/s)
L: length of pipe,
30 (m)
C: Coefficient,
taken as 120
The total head; loss: ht
= 0.37+0.03+0.04=0.44m.
6.0
Balancing Tank
6.1
Design basis
The effective filtration area:
Af= 53.32m2

Backwash pump flow:
qw=35m/hr
35x53.32=1866.2m3/h
Water backwash duration:
7min.(Conservative)
Even through the backwash suction tank is designed for 15minutes, a filter wash usually will
take only 5-7minutes when air scour is used.
6.2
Balancing Tank design.
6.2.1
Balancing Tank Volume

Balancing Tank Volume shall be enough to contain two backwash batches.
28
October 2005
Tank Volume V:
(1866.2x 7x 2 ) =435m3
Chosen water depth of the tank D:
2.5m
Required Area A:
A=435/2.5=174m2
Chosen width:
B=10.0m
Required length:
L=174/10.0=17.4
The balancing Tank is divided into two compartments.

Each compartment is 17.4m (length) x 5.0m(width) x 2.5m (depth).
6.2.2
Supernatant Pumps.
The backwash waste shall settle for a period. The supernatant water will be pumped to a
pond. The bottom sludge will be pumped to the Sludge Drying Beds.
When Phase I is completed, a total of 12 filters are constructed. Each filter shall be
backwashed once a day, i.e. the time available between backwashes is
24hr/12=2hr=120minutes.
When Phase II is completed, a total of 18 filters are constructed. Each filter shall be
backwashed once a day, i.e the time available between backwashes is:
24hr/18=1.33hr=80min.
Each compartment of the Balancing Tank is filled and then later emptied. The waste in one
compartment must be pumped out before the third backwash water is started.
In phase II, the waste in one compartment can stay for 80x2=160 min.
Assumed 100minutes for settling gives one (1) hour for pumping out.
Assumed 5% can be pumped out as sludge waste, the rest 95% is pumped to the pond as
supernatant water.
Waste volume in one compartment
V1=435/2=218m3
The flow of supernatant pump is 218 x95%/1hr=207m3/h
The flow of sludge pump is 218x5%/1hr
=10.9m3/h
For phase II, three(3) supernatant pumps are installed, two(2) pumps in parallel, each with a
capacity of 110m3/h, two (2) duty, one (1) standby.
6.2.3
Sludge Pumps
One (1) sludge pump for each compartment with a capacity of 12m3/hr shall be installed; a
third spare pump can be kept in store, for both tanks.
29
October 2005
For Phase I, only two (2) supernatant pumps are required, one(1) duty, one(1) standby. It
can be assumed that one (1) pump alone gives a flow of 20% higher than in parallel
operation, i.e q= 110x1.2 = 132m3/h.
Therefore the design can meet the requirement of both phases.
Assuming both the supernatant pump and sludge pump is started at the same time, the
compartment is emptied in:
te=218/(132+12)=1.5hours
The available time for settlings is therefore ts=4-1.5=2.5hours
Therefore;
Supernatant pumps: 110m3/h in parallel operation in phase II
Sludge pumps: 12m3/h
7.0
Chemical Dosing and Storage
7.1
Design Basis
The design flow for Phase I works, year 2016 is:
Q
=80,000 x1.05=84,000m3/d= 3,500m3/h
Checking of future space and solution tanks required for Phase II works.
Q= 107,700 x 1.05=113,085m3/d=4712m3/h
In the Chemical Dosing Building, there are equipment for dosing of alum, polyelectrolyte and
lime.
The dosing rates are chosen conservatively. Jar Tests and Commissioning Tests will be later
confirmed these.
Alum
Purity (as Al2O3)
17%
Average dose rate at 17% purity
30mg/l
Maximum dose rate
50mg/l
Dosed solution strength at 17% purity 10%
Polyelectrolyte (alternative to alum)
Average dose rate at 100% strength
Maximum dose rate
Dosed solution strength at
0.5mg/l
1.2mg/l
0.1%
Lime (based on preliminary estimation)

Purity
Maximum dose rate
90%
25mg/l
35mg/l
30
October 2005
Dose solution strength at 100% purity
7.2
Alum and Polyelectrolyte Storage
7.2.1
Design basis
3%
Maximum dosage of alum in Phase I

3500m3/hx 50mg/l
= 175kg/h=4200kg/d
Average dosage of alum in Phase I
3500m3/hx 30mg/l
=105kg/h=2520kg/d
Maximum dosage of polyelectrolyte in Phase I
3500m3/hx 1.2 mg/l =4.2kg/h=100.8kg/d
Average dosage of polyelectrolyte in Phase I
3500m3/hx 0.5 mg/l =1.75kg/h=42kg/d
7.2.2
Required Alum metering pumps and Solutions Tanks.

The alum solution strength is 10%
Based on the maximum dosage of alum:
The maximum alum solution volume (solution specific gravity 1
Phase I:
Va=175/10%=1,750kg/h=4,200kg/d=42m3/d
Phase II:
Va=Vax(4,712/3,500)=42x1.35=56.7m3/d
To make polyelectrolyte be dosed uniformly, the polyelectrolyte is diluted in to 0.10%

The maximum polyelectrolyte solution volume of polyelectrolyte (solution specific gravity
1):
Phase I:
Phase II:
Vp=4.2kg/h/0.1%=4200kg/h=100.8ton/d=100.8m3/d
Vp=Vpx(4,712/3,500)=100.8x1.35=136.08m3/d
As polyelectrolyte is an alternative to alum, it can be made up in two of the alum make-up

tanks. The solution tank for the polyelectrolyte requires bigger volume than for alum.
Therefore the following calculation for the solution tanks is done.
In phase I, four(4) tanks are adopted for making up polyelectrolyte solution. Making up
solution is finished once every day in each tank. Two(2) and two(2) tanks are in operation at
the same time.
Each solution tank volume:
V1=100.8m3/4=25.20m3
In Phase II, the four(4) tanks are still adopted for making up solution. Making up solution can
be finished three times every two days in each tank.
So the number of tanks used every day is:
4x3/2=6
31
October 2005
V1=136.08m3/6=22.68m3
The dimension of each tank is chosen 2.8m (in width) x 2.8m(in length)
Considering dregs in the bottom, 3.5m is chosen as the depth of the alum solution tanks.
Four metering pumps are adopted with three(3) duty one(1) standby for Phase I. Therefore
each metering pump has a capacity of 4200kg/h/3=1400L/h
In Phase II, another metering pump can be added for operation.
7.2.3
Required Alum and Polyelectrolyte storage areas.

Storage of chemicals is for 50 days under average water quality conditions and 10days
under poor water quality conditions.
Alum storage:
Phase I:
4200kg/dx10+2,500kg/dx50=168tons.
Phase II:
168tonsx (4712/3500) =227tons
The dimension of alum bag (1ton) is 1.2 x 0.9 x (H) m
The One (1) ton bags are stacked in two layers. So the total area needed for storage is:
(227x1.2x0.9)/2=122.58
Design storage area: 12.07m (in width) x11.77m (in length) 133.6m2
Polyelectrolyte storage
Phase I:
100.8kg/dx10+42kg/dx50=3108kg.
The solution strength is 3%.The capacity of the screw pumps for dosing is therefore:
Maximum output in Phase I: 3500me/hx20mg/l/3%=2333L/h
Maximum output in Phase II:
2333L/hx 1.35=3150L/h
Two (2) pumps are adopted for Phase I:
Three (3) screw pumps are adopted with two (2) duty, one (1) standby, each with a capacity
of 2333L/h. Each pump is dedicated for one dosing point, sharing the standby pump.
In Phase II, another screw pump can be added.
32
October 2005
8
Chlorine Dosing & Storage
8.1
The design for Phase I works, year 2016 is:

Q=80,000x1.05=84,000m3/d=3500m3/h=0.972m3/s
According to the feasibility study, there are algae and natural organic matter in the raw
water. To enhance coagulation, pre-chlorination will be adopted. To keep water safe, it is
necessary to ensure a residual chlorine content in the water pumped to Mabale Reservoir.
Post-chlorination will therefore be at the Clear Water Tank. The delivery main after Mabale
Reservoir is very long. It is therefore required to re-chlorinate the water before being used.
In the water treatment plant, the maximum chlorine dosages are:Pre-chlorination dosage is 5mg/l
Post-chlorination dosage is 2.5mg/l
8.2
Storage Requirements
The maximum dosage of pre-chlorination
Phase I:
3500m3/hx5mg/l=17.50kg/h
The maximum dosage of post-chlorination
3500m3/hx2.5mg/l=8.75kg/h
The Maximum total dosage of chlorination 17.50+8.75=26.25kg/h=630kg/d

8.2.1
Chlorine Cylinders in operation

Chlorine gas is adopted. One Cylinder can give a maximum of 10kg/h gas. Therefore, three
(3) chlorine cylinders should be in operation at the same time.
8.2.2
Choice of Chlorinators
Three(3) cabinet type of chlorinators re chosen, each with a capacity of 20kg/h. Two duty
and one standby of 20kg/h, where the standby units is for both chlorinators.
Model: ALLDOS from Germany
Other miscellaneous items are vacuum regulators, strainers, automatic switch, pressure
meters, leakage alarm and gas masks. All these items together with the Chlorine cylinders
and chlorinators make up of a complete system.
8.2.3
Chlorine cylinders
The chlorine storage id designed for sixty (60) days at year 2016 water demand. The
maximum dosage is for 10 days and average dosage for 50days.
Take the average dosage as 1/3 of the maximum dosage.
The average dosage: 630x1/3=210kg/d
33
October 2005
So the total storage of chlorine: 630x10+210x50=1680017tons
One Cylinder capacity is 1000kg.
A number of eighteen (18) is chosen to make up a set of nine (9) cylinders in two (2) lines.
8.2.4
Ventilation of Chlorine cylinder room and Chlorinator room

The chlorine cylinder room and chlorinator room need good ventilation. Required ventilation
should be between (12) air changes in an hour.
The dimension of chlorine cylinder room is 8.77m (in width) x15.37m (in length) x 6.70m (in
height).
The volume is 8.77x15.37x6.70903m3
So, the air quantity for ventilation in an hour qa
qa=903x12=10836m3/h
Three (3) axial flows fans will be adopted. Each capacity is about 5500m3/h. Two (2) fans
are for chlorine cylinder room and one(1) fan is for chlorinator rooms, which volume is less
than half of chlorine cylinder room.
8.2.5
Chlorine neutralization apparatus

A set of apparatus is adopted for absorbing leakage of chlorine. The neutralization
apparatus can absorb one (1) ton chlorine leakage.
9.0
Clear Water Pump Station and Rising Main
9.1
Design Basis
The design flow is:
Phase I:
80,000m3/day=3333.3m3/h=0.926m3/s
Phase II:
107700m3/day=4487.5m3/h=1.247m3/s
The lowest water level of the Clear Water Tanks is 1141.80m, the highest is 1145.00m
The lowest water level of Mabale Reservoir is 1467.80m, the highest is 1473.00m
9.2
Review the parameters of the Pumps
9.2.1
Static heads
The maximum static head=+1473.00-1141.8=331.20m
The minimum static head =+1467.80-1145.00=322.80m
34
October 2005
9.2.2
Total headloss of the system (from the Clear Water Tank to Mabale Reservoir)
The distance from the Clear Water Tank to Mabale Reservoir is approximately 6300m.
The friction head loss:
Adopt Colebrook White formula and k=0.1mm
In Phase I, the friction head loss is 2.6m/km at Q = 0.926m3/s(80,000m3/d). The local head
loss is taken as12% of friction head loss.
The head loss in the rising main: Hf= 2.6x6.3x (1+12%) =18.35m
In Phase II, friction head loss is 4.7m/km at Q=1.247m3/s (107700m3/d). The local head
losses are taken as 12% of the friction head loss.
Total head loss in the rising main: Hf=4.7x6.3x (1+12%) =33.16m
9.2.3
Parameter of the Pumps

In Phase I, three (3) WL350/3 pumps (stage pumps) are chosen to meet the flow
requirements, with two (2) duty and one (1) standby. The dynamic pump head ranges from
342.6m to 351m, i.e the head range for each pump is about 117~114.2m. In this working
range, the required NPSH is about 8m. According to the performance diagram of WL350/3
pump and each pump stage power is about 700kw, so the total pump requirement is
2100Kw.
In Phase II, four(4) WL350/3 pumps are chosen to meet the requirement, with three(3) duty
and one(1) standby. The dynamic pump head ranges from 358.6m to 367m, i.e. the head
range for each pump stage is about 120m~122m. In this working range, the required NPSH
is about 7m.According to the performance diagram of WL350/3 each pump stage requires
about 660kW, so the total pump power is 1980Kw.
As to one (1) pump running, the head loss is as follows:
The friction head loss is 1.0m/km at Q=2000m3/h
(only 1 pump running)
And local head loss is taken as 12% of friction head loss.

Total head loss in rising main:
Hf= 1x6.3x1.12=7.06m
The range of the dynamic pump head is 330.4m~338.8m.(The range of the pump per stage
head is 110.1~112.9m).According to the performance diagram of the WL350/3 pump, the
range of the pump flow is 1930m3/h~2000m3/h. The NPSH required is 9m; each stage pump
requirement is 740kW, so the total pump is 2220Kw.
Therefore the WL350/3 KSB pumps are suitable for the project.
9.3
Installation level of Pumps
35
October 2005
The total head loss from the clear water tank to the Clear Water Pump Station:
The design flow: 107,700m3/d= 4487.5m3/h=1.247m3/s
The friction head loss is 1.0m/km at Q=1.247m3/s
The length of the DN1200 pipe from the CWT to the CWPS is 24m.
The maximum of one (1) pump flow is 2000m3/h (0.556m3/s).
Adopt Colebrook White formula
Where:
k=0.1mm
Friction head loss is 3.6m/km at Q=0.556m3/s. The length of the DN700 pipe from the total
inlet pipe to the pump inlet is 4.5m
No.
Flow(m3/s)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1.247
1.247
0.556
0.556
0.556
0.556
0.556
Pipe
Size(mm)
DN1200
DN1200
DN700
DN700
DN700
DN700
DN700
Velocity(m/s)
Item
Quantity
1.10
1.10
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
4.43
Outlet
DN1200Xdn1200 T-Joint
Reducing Elbow
Elbow 22.5 degree
Butterfly
Flexible Joint
DN700xDN400 eccentricity
Reduce pipe
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Local head loss

efficiency
1.0
1.5
1.31
0.26
0.3
0.21
0.21
Total head loss= (0.21+0.3+0.26+1.31) *1.442/2*9.81+ (1.0+1.5) * 1.102/2*9.81

+0.21*4.432/2*9.81+24*1/1000+4.5*3.6/1000=0.6m
The bottom elevation of the CWT is 1141.30m
Assuming the lowest water level of the CWT is 1141.80m, to make pump full of water for
starting and meeting NPSHr.
The installation level of the pump crown is 1141.80-0.6=1141.20
The height difference between the pump crown and axis is 0.70m
Therefore the installation level of the pumps axis is 1140.50m
36
October 2005
Available NPSH (pumps installed 1140 above sea level)
NPSHa=9.0-v2/2g-P-hs-hf
Where:
P=vapor pressure at 35oC
hs=Suction height (static)
hf=dynamic friction loss at inlet
In this installation, the suction height is negative( i.e the pump has positive suction).
Therefore,
P35oC=0.2m
NPSHa=9.0-v2/2g-0.2+(0.60+0.70)-0.60=9.30m
NPSHa>NPSHr(for all cases) OK.
10.0
Sludge Drying Beds
10.1
Design Basis
The design flow for Phase I works, year 2016 is:
Q=80,000m3x 1.05=84,000m3/d=3500m3/h
There are no long-term data for raw water quality. The water quality parameters are chosen
consecutively.
Water quality tests and Commissioning tests will later confirm these.
The design parameters of raw and chemical dosage are listed as follows:Maximum turbidity:
135NTU
Average turbidity:
30NTU
Alum
Purity (as Al2O3)
Maximum dose rate at 17% purity
175
30mg/l
50mg/l
Lime
25mg/l
Maximum dose rate
35mg/l
The required turbidity value of the treated water is less than 1NTU
Assumed average drying time of sludge:
minimum 10days at average load
37
October 2005
Maximum dry solids loading rate:
Maximum volumetric loading rate:
10.2
6.0kg/m2/day
0.3m3/m2/day
Quantity of Sludge
10.2.1 Formula for Total Dry Solids

TDS=Q(T*E+1.53A+B)*10-6
Where:
TDS: Total Dry Solids (ton/day)
Q:
T:
E:
A:
B
Design Water Quantity

Removal turbidity from raw water
Conversion factor of turbidity units into mg/L
Alum dosage(as Al2O3)
Lime dosage in this project
84,000(m3/day)
(NTU)
2.0
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
10.2.2 Maximum quantity of sludge in the Sedimentation Tanks

TDS=Q(T*E+1.53A+B)*10-6
When the raw water turbidity is very high, usually polyelectrolyte can be used. In the
formula, A (Alum dosage) can be zero.
The turbidity in produced water from the Sedimentation Tank is about 5NTU.
At maximum raw water turbidity, the total dry solids (TDS) are;
TDS=84000*((135-5)*2+35)*10-6
=84000 *((130*2+35)*10-6
=24.78tons/day
Assumed the sludge concentration is 2.5% and its density is 1ton/m3
The quantity of sludge is 24.78/2.5%=9912ton/day1000m3/day
10.2.3 Retention time for maximum sludge quantity in the Sedimentation Tanks.
Sludge depth in each Sedimentation Tank is 0.8m
Settling area in each Sedimentation Tank is 58m (in length) * 13.5m (in width)= 783m2
The volume of each tank for sludge is 0.80*783=626.4m3
There are four (4) Sedimentation Tanks
The sum of volume for sludge is 626.4*4=2497.6m32500m3
38
October 2005
The retention time of sludge in the Sedimentation Tanks is therefore 2500/1000=2.5 days
A set of two tanks will be discharged everyday.
10.2.4 Maximum Quantity of Sludge from the Balancing Tanks.
From the Sedimentation Tanks, a 1000m3/day is discharged to the Drying Beds. In the Sand
Filters, the turbidity is reduced from about 3~5NTU to less than 1NTU. The quantity of
sludge is therefore (5-1)/(135-5)0.03 or approximately 3%, say a maximum of 5%. The
quantity of sludge from sludge pumps in the Balancing Tank is therefore
Vf=0.05*1000=50m3/day.
The total sludge quantity to the Drying Beds every day is: 1000+50=1050m3/day
Assuming a sludge depth in the drying beds is 0.6m, the required area is 1050/0.6=1750m2
A total area of each bed is chosen as 1800m2
The area is enough for one maximum day discharge.
10.2.5 Average quantity of sludge
TDS=Q(T*E+1.53A+B)10-6
=84,000*((30-1) * 2+(1.53*17%*30) +25)10-6
=84,000*(29 * 2+(1.53*17%*30) +25)10-6
=7.62tonnes/day
At a concentration of 2.5%, the volume is 7.62/0.025=305m3/day
10.2.6 Total area of Sludge Drying Beds
Assuming a retention period of 30days at average load, the number of beds shall be
N=30*305/(1800*0.6)=8.47
Chosen N=8, the retention time T= (1800*0.6*8)/30528days
Total area 8*1800=14400m2
Dry solids loading rate: 7620/1800=4.2kg/m2 <6.0kgm2/day,
Volumetric loading rate:
305/1800=0.17m3/m2 <0.3m3/m2/day
OK
OK
Average drying period at maximum load

(14400*0.6)/1000+50) =8.2days
This is acceptable.
39
October 2005
Chosen the dimension of 20m (in width) * 90m (in length)= 1800m2
For Phase II, another four(4) Sludge Drying Beds are needed.
There are overflow sliding-gates for supernatant water in drying beds. Usually solids from
the Sedimentation Tanks are easily settled. The retention time in the Drying Beds is much
longer and the sludge is static. The supernatant water therefore can be discharged in to the
lake. However the flow is first directed to an open pond having an overflow towards the lake.
We have chosen paved drying beds that can offer two advantages
Firstly a small wheel loader can get into the drying beds
Secondly, the loader can get into beds when the sludge is wet. By a tractor-mounted
horizontal auger or other device, the loader can break up the sludge to avoid hard crust
forming on the sludge surface, thereby increasing evaporation.
Therefore it takes shorter time to dry the sludge compared to sludge beds with sand
bottoms.
11.0
Mabale Reservoir
11.1
Design Basis
The effective volume of a single tank is: 2920*6.0=17520m3
The difference between the highest water level in the tank and middle elevation of discharge
pipe is: +1473-1164.65=8.35m
11.2
Calculation of emptying Time

The line head loss is omitted for this so short distance
11.2.1 Calculation of Coefficient()

Items
Quantity
Coefficient 1 (for
original diameter)
DN800 pipe inlet

Tee(turning flow),
DN800xDN500
Reducer, DN700x 500
Tee(in line),DN700
Tee(turning flow),
DN700
DN800 outlet end
Total coefficient 2
1
1
0.5
1.76
Coefficient 2
(Transformed to
DN800)
0.5
1.76
1
1
1
1
0.2
0.1
1.5
0.3
1.31072
0.170596
2.558934
1.96608
1.705956
9.972285
11.2.2 Local head loss formula
40
October 2005
Local head loss formula:
H=2v2/2g=9.972285v2/2*9.8
Where:
v= velocity in DN 800 pipe
v= Q/A=4*Q/3.14*0.82=1.99Q
So H= 9.972285*v2/2*9.8=9.972285*(1.99Q)2/2*9.8=2.015762Q2
That is
Q2=H/2.015762=0.49609H
Q=(0.49609H)
Differential Equation:
Qdt=0.704337H*1/2
And
V=-Adh=Qdt
So
0.704337H*1/2dt=-Adh
0.704337H*1/2dt=-2920dh
4145.744H*1/2dh=-dt
Integral Equation:
dt=-4145.744H*1/2dh
t=4145.7442*(H1*1/2-H2*1/2)
Where:
H1, the water level in the tank when start to drainage (relative to the middle elevation of
discharge pipe) and H2, the bottom level of the tank (2.35m, relative to the middle elevation
of discharge pipe)
11.2.3 Emptying time based on different conditions
Based on Full Tank, boundary conditions:
H1, (8.35m, relative to the middle elevation of discharge pipe)
41
October 2005
Emptying time:
T1=4145.7442 * (8.35*1/2-2.35*1/2)=11248.78s=3.12H
Based on a Half Tank, boundary conditions:
Emptying time:
T2=4145.7442 * (5.35*1/2-2.35*1/2)=6467.658s1.80h
42

Hydraulic Design Calculations-Head Loss in Plants

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Hydraulic Design Calculations-Head Loss in Plants

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October 2005

SHANGHAI MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING

Total pump heads

Rapid Sand Filters and Clear Water Tank

Back wash Pumps and Browsers

Chemical Dosing & Storage

Chlorine Dosing & Storage

Clear Water Pump station and Rising Main

Intake, Raw Water Pump Station and Rising Main.

Intake Structure and Suction Well.

Intake Grid Arrangement

flow rate passing the screen

Coefficient of reduced area due to grids

F1=1.309/(0.4x 0.7 x 0.96x 0.5)=9.74m2

Head loss from Intake to suction Well

Intake Grid Head Loss

Intake Channel head loss

R= A/L 1.05x 1.8/1.8 x1.05x2=0.5

Suction Well Screens

1.4.3.1 Total head loss from Intake to Suction Well

Total Pumps Heads

Head loss in suction Pipes.

=(0.2 +0.3 +0.21)x 0.065+0.18 x 0.72=0.18m

Friction head loss hf is about 0.01m

Head loss in Raw Water Pump Station

Head loss in Raw Water Rising Main.

Phase II, Hp = H2 +H3 =0.2 +1.0 1.2m

In Phase II, the pump Head:

Required NPSH (NPSHr)

Available NPSH (NPSHr)

Saturated vapor pressure at 30Oc

suction height of pump

v1: velocity in suction opening of pump, suction opening diameter of 400mm

= 9.0 -0.43-(3.472/2g)- (-0.72) =8.68m or approximately 8.7m

Bottom Level of Suction Well

+1129.97 say +1129.90m

Installation Level of Pumps

Height of Pump Station

=6514mm. The height is adopted as

Hydraulic Mixing Tank, Mechanical Flocculation Tanks and Sedimentation Tanks.

Hydraulic Mixing Tank.

Hydraulic detention time.

Hydraulic detention time:

When temperature is 20 0C, v = 1.0105 x 10-6

quantity of water per meter width

the dimension: 4.60m x 4.60m, 4.23m deep;

The second tank:

the dimension: 6.50m x 6.50m, 4.22m deep;

The third tank:

Hydraulic detention times.

Rotation Speed of mixer:

Linear velocity of the centre point of the paddle (m/s)

Consumed power by each paddle

number of paddle in a mixer (piece)

Density of water (1000kg/m3)

The first Flocculation Tank

Motor Power for Mixer.

Motor Power for Mixer.

Required water depth based on T=3hours

Chosen effective water depth:

Rapid Sand Filters and Clear Water Tank.

Inlet Channels and Inlet Valves.

Design width of channel:

The head loss through inlet valve: