Cheat Sheet for Quiz 1 (Lab 1 & Lab 2) Figures

455.2 cm 4 All nonzero digits

Lab 1: “Measurement and Significant Figures” are significant
0.80 m 2 A following zero
 The metric system is a decimal systems in which in a decimal
measurement of each type are related by factors of number is
10. significant
 The metric system has one standard unit for each 50.2 L 3 A zero b/t

type of measurement. nonzero digits is

significant
 Table 1.1 “Metric Units”
0.0005 lb 1 Leading zeros
are not significant
Measurement Metric Unit Symbol
25,000 ft 2 Placeholder
Length Meter M
Mass Gram G zeros are not
Volume Liter L
significant
Temperature Degrees Celsius; °C; K
 Table 1.4 “Some Metric Units Used to Measure Length”
Kelvins
Time Second s
Length Symbol Meaning
 A unit must always be included when reporting a
1 kilometer Km 1000 meters (m)
measurement. 1 decimeter Dm 0.1 m (1/10 m)
1 centimeter Cm 0.01 m (1/100 m)
 For larger and smaller measurements, prefixes are
1 millimeter Mm 0.001 m (1/1000
attached in front of the standard unit.
m)
 Table 1.2 “Some Prefixes in the Metric System”  The standard unit of length in the metric system is the
meter (m).
Prefix Symbol Meaning
 The volume of a substance measures the space it
Kilo K 1000
Deci D 0.1 (1/10 occupies.
Centi C 0.01 (1/100)
 Table 1.5 “Some Metric Units Used to Measure Volume”
Milli M 0.001 (1/1000)

Unit of Volume Symbol Meaning

 Measured numbers – when we measure the length,
1 kiloliter kL 1000 liters (L)
volume, or mass of an object. Example would be 1 deciliter dL 0.1 L (1/10 L)
1 milliliter mL 0.001 L (1/1000
weight which is a measured number.
L)
 Exact numbers – obtained when we count objects.
 Why does a meniscus exist?
 In measured numbers, all the reported figures are
o A meniscus is the curved surface at the top of a
called significant figures.
column of liquid.
o The first sign. Figures is the first nonzero digit
o It has to do with the nature of the water
o The last sign. Figures is always the estimated
molecules and glass molecules themselves.
digit
Water is made up of polar molecules, which have
o Zeros b/t other digits or at the end of a decimal
positively and negatively charged ends. Since
number are counted as sign. Figures. opposites attract, the positive sides attract the
o Leading zeros are not significant; they are negative sides, and all of the molecules stick to
placeholders. one another.
o Zeros are not sign. In large numbers with no o Must read at its lowest point (center) to obtain the
decimal points; they are placeholders needed to correct volume measurement for the liquid.
express the magnitude of the number.  The mass of an object indicates the amount of matter
 Table 1.3 “Examples of Counting Significant Figures” present in that object.
 Mass:
Measurement Number of Reason
o Kilogram (kg) 1000 g
Significant
o Gram (g) 1000 mg
 o Milligram (mg) 1/1000 g (0.0001 g) o Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at 32°F
 Information:  Formulas for Volume:
o 1 m = 100 cm o Cube = Length
o 1 m = 1000 mm  V = L3
o 1 cm = 10 mm o Rectangular Solid = Length, Width, Height
 V=L*W*H
Lab 2: “Conversion Factors in Calculations” o Cylinder = Diameter, Height
 V = 3.14D2H / 4
 Rounding off:
 Taring a container on an electronic balance:
o If the first number to be dropped is less than
o The mass of a container on an electronic
5, it and all following numbers are dropped.
balance can be set to 0 by pressing the tare
o If the first number to be dropped is 5 or
bar. As a substance is added to the
greater, the numbers are dropped and the
container, the mass shown on the readout is
value of the last retained digit is increased by
for the substance only.
1.
 Length:
o When you round a large number, the correct
o 1 ft = 12 in.
magnitude is retained by replacing the
dropped digits with placeholder zeros. o 1 yard = 3 ft.

 Addition/Subtraction: o 1 mile = 5280 ft.

o When you add or subtract numbers, the o 1 km = 1000 m

reported answer has the same number of o 1 m = 1000 mm

decimal places as the measured number o 1 cm = 10 mm
with the fewest decimal places. o 2.54 cm = 1 in.
 Measurement: o 1 m = 39.4 in.
o 1 in. = 2.54 cm o 1 km = 0.624 mi
o 1 L = 1000 mL  Volume:
o 1 qt = 946 mL o 1 qt = 4 cups
o 1 kg = 1000 g o 1 qt = 2 pt
o 1 lb = 454 g o 1 gallon = 4 qt
o 1 lb = 16 oz o 1 L = 1000 mL
o 1 qt = 2 pt o 1 dL = 100 mL
o 1 kg = 2.20 lb o 1 mL = 1 cm3
o 1 m = 39.4 in. o 946 mL = 1 qt
o 1 L = 1.06 qt o 1 L = 1.06 qt
 Percent by Mass:  Mass:
o Mass (g) of component 1 / Mass (g) of the o 1 lb = 16 oz
mixture * 100 = % of component 1 o 1 kg = 1000 g
 Converting Temperature: o 1 g = 1000 mg
o TF = 1.8 (TC) = 32 o 1 kg = 2.20 lb
o TC = (TF – 32) / 1.8 o 454 g = 1 lb
o TK = TC + 273  Time:
 Information on Temperature: o 1 h = 60 min
o Temperature – measures the intensity of o 1 min = 60 s
heat in a substance
o Celsius scale, water freezes at 0°C