[INTRODUCTION]

[INTRODUCTION]

[INTRODUCTION]

CHAPTER#01

INTRODUCTION

1.1

INTRODUCTION:

Our project is located in

district Lahore (31.5497 N, 74.3436 E) .The

project site is located in Punjab, which is a vast plain of alluvial material,

deposited by the five main rivers crossing the Punjab Plain. The alluvial
deposits underlying thesite are deposited by the old course of one of these
rivers, the river Ravi. The thickness of alluvial deposits in Lahore is more
than 300 m as depicted by a deep borehole near Thokar Niaz Beg.
These alluvial deposits are underlain by the basement rocks of the
Indian shield. The alluvial deposits mainly consist of sands, with intercalation
of silt and clay layers of varying thickness. Topography of the project site is
flat in general. The index properties of soil are (moisture content, void ratio,
degree of saturation, porosity and permeability) so we decide to find the
permeability constant for the soil of Lahore.
Permeability is a very important engineering property of soils and finds utility
in a number of soil engineering problems such as yield of wells and seepage
through and below the earth structures. It controls the hydraulic stability of
soil masses. The permeability of soils is also required in the design of filters
required

to

prevent

piping

in

hydraulic

structures.

However,

the

determination of is a cumbersome and time consuming process, especially in

the case of fine grained soils. The permeability of soils depend upon the
particle size, structure of soil mass, shape of soil particles, void ratio and
properties of permeate. However, the major factors which determines the

[INTRODUCTION]
value of permeability are particle size and void ratio. Several models are
available in literature which relate permeability to particle size only.
In the present study, an attempt has been made to estimate permeability of
soils as a function of soil grain size. Soil samples were collected from
different locations of Lahore. The collected samples were subjected to
laboratory investigations for the determination of geotechnical parameters
namely specific gravity, grain size distribution and coefficient of permeability.
An empirical model was developed for the determination of soil permeability
as function of soil grain sizes .The model results were compared with the
actual permeability values, as determined by laboratory tests.
In the context, all recent past geological survey of this area has been carried
out from the geological and agricultural point of view, this thesis, based on
geotechnical point of view will be help full for geotechnical design.
As this project is totally based upon the geotechnical data of the soil
it helps the consultant and contractor for construction in the Lahore city .As
the Lahore is the big city of the Pakistan also the capital of the Punjab which
is the big province of the Pakistan. So Lahore is very important city with
different aspect such as defense, business, etc. so there is a need of big
construction in Lahore city such as some building plaza, roads and
bridges for the ease of traffic so our research thesis helps a lot
because we determine the permeability of this area. After this there will be
no need to waste the time to measure or find the permeability of that
specific site.
so the main objective of our project is to facilitate the consultant and
contractor in finding out the properties of the soil,(mostly permeability
and hydraulic conductivity.
Permeability is the measure of the soils ability to permit water to flow
through its pores or voids. It is also known as hydraulic conductivity.
3

[INTRODUCTION]
Hydraulic conductivity, symbolically represented as K, is a property of
soils and rocks that describes the ease with which a fluid (usually water) can
move through pore spaces or fractures. Permeability influences the rate of
settlement of a saturated soil under load. For the construction of structure
foundations and pavement the permeability test is obviously to determine
the permeability of the soil. Soil permeability is used to calculate drainage.
For example, perimeter drains around a building and infiltration through a
dam or landfill structure.
1.2

OBJECTIVES:

Permeability is a measure of the ease in which water can flow through a soil volume.
It is one of the most important geotechnical parameters. However, it is probably
the most difficult parameter to determine. In large part, it controls the strength and
deformation behavior of soils. So we decided to find the hydraulic coefficient which
is used in Allenhazen equation for the soil of Lahore.
The objective of our project are:
1) To classify the soil to find the permeability
2) Hydraulic conductivity from Allen hazen equation
3) To determine the hydraulic coefficient for soil of Lahore at available
conditions.
4) Compare the results from Allen hazen equations to the our
experimental values.

1.3

METHODALOGY:

The methodology is based on the experimental works that have to be

clearly identified to accomplish the objectives. Soil samples were collected
from Lahore Pakistan. The soils samples were classified experimentally by
carrying out some fundamental tests such as the grain size analysis test,
hydrometer test, specific gravity test, Atterberg limits tests. The permeability
tests were carried out for

undisturbed soil samples using the falling

4

[INTRODUCTION]
head permeability

apparatus.

The permeability tests were carried out

according to (ASTM D 2434)

The coefficients of permeability were determined for soil of Lahore.
To classify the soil type and then find permeability and then estimate the
Allen hazen permeability coefficient c.

K=C (D10)2

1.4

FLOW SHEET OF PROJECT:

Selection of topic of BSC project

Determination of Allen Hazen coefficient by using Allen Hazen equation
Identification of permeability properties of clay

Clay properties

Permeability
characteristics

Experimental work as clay

Objective of BSC
project
Literature review and study using
internet,libraries,research papers and
discussion with varios experts

Different method to find hydraulic coefficient

Determination of co efficient of permeability

by Allen Hazen equation
Camparison of permeability coefficient
from experiment and therotical

Selection of locations and sample

collection and test performing
1st step

2nd step

Performing initial test on soil

Performing permeability test on sample

as it taken from field

Determining M.C, sieve Analysis, grain

size distribution and atterberg limits

Determining the coefficient of

permeability C for Lahore

Collecting the results

Graphical representation of
data

Estimation of C in Allen Hazen for soil of Lahore at available

Conclusions and Results

1.5 SAMPLE LOCATIONS MAP:

Figure 1.1 proposed map of samples collected