Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Defect or Error
Stress in member exceeds limiting value permanently
Failure
Failure means the structure may collapse or totally
fails to perform the designed function
Decay:
Development of defect due to aging
1
Contd
Repair:
Technical aspect of rehabilitation
Rehabilitation:
Restoring structure to service level
Damage:
Sequence of defects
Distress:
Visible or Hidden signs of damage
2
Causes of Failure
Inadequate maintenance
Bad use of building
Poor workmanship in construction
Defective construction materials
Defective construction practices
Wear and tear
Weathering
3
Contd
Use of:
1. Specified materials
2. Good workmanship during construction
3. Protection against weathering agencies
4. Protection against aggressive environment
5. Avoid overloading
5
Classification of Failures
Failures can be broadly classified
Structural failures
Non structural failures
Structural Failures
Causes :These are due to
1. Incorrect design
2. Faulty construction
3. Over loading
Example : Extensive cracking of the RCC beam.
7
Non-structural failures
Causes : These are due to
Penetration of moisture
Weathering action
Contd
The non- structural cracks are not a threat to the safety
of building. But they
Look ugly
Creates impression faulty work
May give a feeling of instability
Example:
Vertical cracks in a long compound wall due to
Shrinkage
Thermal movement .
9
Failures in Concrete
Concrete being most widely used, we deal with failures
in concrete. They are
Cracking
Spalling
Disintegration
10
11
Contd
Contd
Contd
Contd
Photo.3
Photo.4
15
Contd
Photo.5
Photo.6
16
Flexure
Shear
Diagonal tension
Compression
17
Contd
Large deflection
Cracking in slabs
Settlement of foundation
18
Pure flexure
Pure tension
Shear
Torsion
Bond
Concentrated load
19
Corrosion of reinforcement
Excessive deformation
20
Effects of Failures
Plastic Deformation
Shrinkage Cracks
Contraction Cracks
21
Contd
Dampness
Condensation
Efflorescence
Structural cracks
23
24
Contd
25
Contd
Photo 8
26
Contd
Photo.9
Contd
Contd
Contd
Photo.12
Contd
Photo.4
Photo.13 Procedure For Applying FRP Sheets
31
Contd
32
Contd
33
34
Contd
Retrofitting
Technique
Carbon Fibre
Glass Fibre
Photo.17
Photo.18
35
Contd
Fig.3
Contd
Photo.19
Contd
Photos.20 and 21
Contd
40
41
42
Failures of Foundations
Main causes of failure of foundations
1.
2.
44
Non-structural Failures
Failure of Masonry Structures
45
Moisture changes,
b)
Thermal variations,
c)
Elastic deformation,
d)
Creep,
e)
Chemical reaction,
f)
g)
Vegetation.
46
Dampness
Condensation
Efflorescence
Structural cracks
47
Contd
Surface cracks
Stains
Defects in plastering
48
Shear cracks
49
Contd
Fig.1
50
Contd
Fig.2
Contd
Contd
Fig.4
Contd
Fig.5
Contd
Fig.6
Cracking in Top most storey of a Load Bearing Structure
55
Contd
Fig.7
Contd
Fig.8
Contd
Fig.9
58
Contd
59
Contd
61
Contd
62
Contd
63
Contd
Fig.12
Diagonal cracks in cross walls of multi-storied load bearing
structures
64
Contd
Contd
Contd
Fig.15
Cracking of a compound wall due to growing roots under the
foundation
67
Contd
Fig.16
Trees growing close to a building on shrinkable soil may cause
cracks in the walls
68
Fig.17
69
Fig.18
Trees Growing Close To A Building On Shrinkable Soil May
Cause Cracks In Walls
70
Fig.19
Horizontal cracks in top-most storey below slab due to
shrinkage and deflection of slab
71
Fig.20
Horizontal Cracks In Brick Panels Of Framed Structure
72
75
Fig.26
81
Fig.27
82
Fig.28
83
Fig.29
84
Fig.30
85
Fig.31
86
Fig.32
87
Photo 4
88
Fig.33
89
Fig.34
90
PHOTO 5
91
Fig.35
92
94
Contd
Plastering masonry after drying of curing
Drying for about 3 months
Providing shrinkage reinforcement
0.25% of cross sectional area of concrete
use small bars at closer intervals
Plastering of concrete structures immediately after
removal of shuttering
Provide strip joints between slab and supporting wall in
load bearing structures
97
Contd
Adequate insulation to roof slabs
Expansion joints in long walls @ 15 m intervals
Masonry construction over RCC slabs 15 days
after removal of form work
98
Contd
99
Contd
In masonry partitions having length to height ratio >
2: provide horizontal reinforcement
If soluble sulphates present in soil, ground water, or
clay bricks: use rich mix and sulphate resistant
cement
Do not use bricks containing more than 1% soluble
sulphates
100
Contd
Provide under reamed pile foundation in expansive
soils
Provide adequate cover to reinforcement
Horizontal extension of building separated from the
old by expansion joint right from bottom to top
No excavation below the foundations of old buildings
101
Contd
Fig.36
102
103
Cracks In Masonry
Causes:
Bad workmanship
Impact loads
Vibrations
105
Contd
Repair to wider cracks using expanding cement slurry
Clean cracked surface
Wash with water
Fill crack with expanding cement grout by cement gun
Cement expands after setting
106
Failure in plastering
1.
2.
Cracks
3.
Efflorescence
4.
Flaking
5.
Peeling
6.
Popping
7.
Rust-stains
8.
Softness
9.
Uneven surface
107
Remedies
1.
2.
3.
4.
Contd
5.
6.
7.
8.
Contd
Improper curing
Thermal expansion
Failure of expansion joints
Improper removal of farm work
111
113
Contd
Application of surface coat with mixture of ordinary
portland cement and any one of : Hydrated lime
Hygroscopic salts like calcium chloride, sodium
chloride
Titanium oxide
114
Spalling
Causes:1. Corrosion of reinforcements
2. Sudden changes in temperature
3. Thermal expansion
4. Improper cover
5. Segregation
116
Prevention of Spalling
1.
Sufficient cover
2.
3.
119
Repair of Spalling
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Curing
120
Failures in Flooring
121
Pitting
Pitting consists of small holes on the surface due to
Aggregate becoming loose
Dents caused by accidents
The remedial measure is applying
Epoxy resins with matching colours and cements
122
Cracking
This may occur in concrete and terrazzo flooring
Reasons are
Deflection due to load ( upper floors )
Due to settlement ( ground floor )
Remedial measures
In upper floors a cushion layer of lime concrete is
suggested
In case of ground floor
Break the flooring totally at the damaged part
Refill properly and relay the floor
Can also be repaired by expansive grout or by epoxy
123
Spalling
Generally it happens near joints due to weak mortar.
Remedial measures
Depth of spall is less than 25mm use epoxy resins.
The large chunks are found
Cut the spalling area in a regular way
Reconcrete with a binder like araldite , epoxy etc.,
124
COMPASS SURVEYING
Prepared by:
RAMINENI VENU,
M.TECH(STRUCTURES)
COMPASS SURVEYING
125
The principle
of
compass surveying is
Designation of compass
The size of the compass is expressed in terms of its
diameter
The compass 12 cms(120mm) means the diameter of box
is 12 cms(120mm)
COMPASS SURVEYING
126
Traversing:
It is a series of connected lines.
Types of traversing:(a) Open traverse : continuous lines, not returns
(b) Closed traverse : forms closed circuit
COMPASS SURVEYING
127
Contd
128
Contd
129
Methods of Traversing
Chain traversing (by chain angle)
Compass traversing (by free needle)
Theodolite traversing (by fast needle)
Plane table surveying (by plane needle)
COMPASS SURVEYING
130
COMPASS SURVEYING
131
COMPASS SURVEYING
132
Types of compass
There are two types of Compass
1. Prismatic Compass(0 to 360 Degrees)
2. Surveyors Compass(0 to 90 Degrees)
COMPASS SURVEYING
133
Prismatic Compass
134
Fig.4
COMPASS SURVEYING
135
COMPASS SURVEYING
136
137
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
138
Dark Glasses
Red glasses
Blue glasses
COMPASS SURVEYING
139
Contd
Adjustable Mirror
Provided with sight vane horizontally vertically and Inclined
manner.
Brake Pin
At the base of sight vane. If pressed, oscillation is stopped
Lifting Pin
Below the sight vane
Lifts magnetic needle
COMPASS SURVEYING
140
COMPASS SURVEYING
141
COMPASS SURVEYING
142
Fig.3
143
Fig.4
COMPASS SURVEYING
144
Fig.5
COMPASS SURVEYING
145
Fig.6
COMPASS SURVEYING
146
COMPASS SURVEYING
147
COMPASS SURVEYING
148
COMPASS SURVEYING
149
WCB of OA = 1
WCB of OB = 2
WCB of OC = 3
WCB of OD = 4
C
Fig.1
COMPASS SURVEYING
150
COMPASS SURVEYING
151
R.B of OB = S 20 E
R.B of OC = S 30 E
R.B of OD = N 40 E
COMPASS SURVEYING
152
Quadrant
I.
00 to 900
R.B. is same as
W.C.B.
N.E.
II.
900 to 1800
RB = 1800 WCB
S.E.
III.
1800 to 2700
RB = WCB 1800
S.W.
IV.
2700 to 3600
RB = 3600 WCB
N.W.
Table.1
COMPASS SURVEYING
153
W.C.B lying
between R.B.
Quadrant
W.C.B. lying
between
I.
N.E.
00 to 900
II.
S.E.
900 to 1800
III.
S.W.
1800 to 2700
IV.
N.W.
2700 to 3600
Fig.2
COMPASS SURVEYING
154
Declination East
Declination West
Fig.7
COMPASS SURVEYING
155
Contd
Fig.8
156
Contd
West Declination
East Declination
Fig.9
COMPASS SURVEYING
157
Contd
The relation between the true bearing and magnetic bearing of a
line can be written as
True Bearing = Magnetic Bearing Declination.
For East declination, +ve Sign is to be used where as ve sign
is used for West declination.
158
Local Attraction
A magnetic needle indicates the north direction when freely
suspended or pivoted.
COMPASS SURVEYING
159
Local Attraction
Then it is found to be deflected from its true direction and does
not show the actual magnetic north.
COMPASS SURVEYING
160
Contd
If all the lines of a traverse are found to be affected by local
attraction
161
Problems in W.C.B
1. Convert the following whole circle bearings into quadrantal
bearings.
a) 780201
b) 1300301
c) 2800301
d) 2320301
COMPASS SURVEYING
162
N
Contd
IV
B
78020l
A
III
II
S
163
N
Contd
IV
130030l E
III
II
164
N
Contd
IV
B
W
E
280030l
III
II
S
COMPASS SURVEYING
165
N
Contd
IV
E
232030l
III
B
II
S
COMPASS SURVEYING
166
420151
2230151
3220301
1420301
COMPASS SURVEYING
167
N
Contd
IV
I
42015l
A
III
II
S
168
N
Contd
IV
223015l E
A
III
II
S
169
B
Contd
I
IV
W
E
322030l
III
II
S
COMPASS SURVEYING
170
N
Contd
IV
A
III
E
142030l
II
B
S
142030l is in second quadrant
Q.B = 1800 W.C.B = 1800 142030l
Q.B = S 37030l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
171
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
2870
1070451
120451
1930151
COMPASS SURVEYING
172
N
Contd
I
IV
B
E
287000l
III
II
S
173
N
Contd
IV
I
107045l
B
III
II
S
174
N
B
Contd
IV
I
12045l
A
III
II
S
175
N
Contd
IV
193015l E
III
II
B S
193015l is in third quadrant
Q.B = W.C.B 1800
Q.B = 193015l - 1800
Q.B = S 130151 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
176
COMPASS SURVEYING
177
N
Contd
IV
500
W
A
III
II
S
178
N
Contd
IV
E
2300
III
B
II
S
179
N
Contd
IV
145030l E
II
III
B
S
145030l is in second quadrant
Q.B = 1800 W.C.B = SE
Q.B = 1800 - 145030l
Q.B = S 340301 E
COMPASS SURVEYING
180
B
Contd
N
I
IV
325030l
W
A
III
II
S
181
2890271
1090271
2190541
390451
COMPASS SURVEYING
182
N
Contd
IV
289027l
B
W
A
III
II
S
183
N
Contd
IV
109027l E
II
III
B
S
109027l is in second quadrant
Q.B = 1800 W.C.B = SE
Q.B = 1800 - 109027l
Q.B = S 700331 E
COMPASS SURVEYING
184
N
Contd
IV
A
III
E
2190541
II
S
2190541 is in third quadrant
Q.B = W.C.B 1800
Q.B = 2190541 1800
Q.B = S 390541 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
185
N
Contd
IV
390451
W
A
III
II
S
186
870531
2670531
780161
2580161
COMPASS SURVEYING
187
N
Contd
IV
870531
W
A
III
II
S
188
N
Contd
IV
E
2670531
III
II
S
189
N
Contd
IV
780161
W
A
III
II
S
190
N
Contd
IV
E
2580161
III
B
II
S
191
COMPASS SURVEYING
192
N
Contd
B
IV
E
A
III
II
S
193
W.C.B of BC = 1250451
Contd
N
IV
I
B
III
II
S
= 1800 W.C.B
= 1800 - 1250451
= 540151
194
W.C.B of CD = 2220151
Contd
N
I Quadrant
IV Quadrant
III Quadrant
II Quadrant
195
W.C.B of DE = 3200301
Contd
N
E
I Quadrant
IV Quadrant
III Quadrant
II Quadrant
QB = N 390301 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
196
W.C.B of 450301
W.C.B of 1220301
W.C.B of 2250001
W.C.B of 3050301
COMPASS SURVEYING
197
N
Contd
B
IV
E
A
III
II
S
COMPASS SURVEYING
198
W.C.B of 1220301
N
Contd
IV
I
B
III
II
S
QB
= 1800 W.C.B = S E
= 1800 - 1220301
= S770301E
QB = S770301E
COMPASS SURVEYING
199
W.C.B of 2250001
N
Contd
I Quadrant
IV Quadrant
III Quadrant
II Quadrant
S
3 = 2250001 is in third quadrant
QB = W.C.B 1800 = SW
= 2250001 1800 = S450001W
QB = S450001W
COMPASS SURVEYING
200
W.C.B of 3050301
Contd
N
E
I Quadrant
IV Quadrant
III Quadrant
II Quadrant
S
QB = 3600 W.C.B = NW
QB = 3600 - 3050301
= N550301W
W.C.B of 3050301 = QB of N 550301 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
201
COMPASS SURVEYING
202
N
Contd
IV
46010l
W
A
III
II
S
COMPASS SURVEYING
203
N
Contd
IV
A
226010l E
III
II
B
S
204
N
Contd
IV
119020l
W
A
III
II
S
119020l is in second quadrant
Q.B = 1800 W.C.B
Q.B = 1800 119020l
Q.B = S 600401 E
COMPASS SURVEYING
205
N
Contd
IV
B
W
E
298040l
III
II
S
206
1690301
3510101
2800201
990201
COMPASS SURVEYING
207
N
Contd
IV
I
169030l
A
III
II
S
208
Contd
IV
351010l E
A
W
III
II
S
351010l is in fourth quadrant
Q.B = 3600 W.C.B
Q.B = 3600 351010l
Q.B = N 80501 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
209
N
Contd
I
IV
B
W
E
280020l
III
II
S
210
N
Contd
IV
E
99020l
III
II
S
211
440301
1240301
181001
2890301
COMPASS SURVEYING
212
N
Contd
IV
I
44030l
A
III
II
S
213
N
Contd
IV
I
124030l
A
III
II
B
S
214
N
Contd
IV
18100l
III
S
II
B
18100l is in third quadrant
Q.B = W.C.B 1800
Q.B = 18100l - 1800
Q.B = S 1001 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
215
N
Contd
IV
B
289030l E
A
W
III
II
S
289030l is in fourth quadrant
Q.B = 3600 W.C.B
Q.B = 3600 289030l
Q.B = N700301 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
216
Problems
1.Convert the following Q.Bs into W.C.B.
a) N450301W
b) N600401W
c) N30201W
d) S56001E
COMPASS SURVEYING
217
Contd
IV
W
45030l
E
A
III
II
S
218
Contd
IV
60040l
W
A
III
II
S
COMPASS SURVEYING
219
Contd
N
I
3020l
IV
W
A
III
II
S
220
Contd
IV
A
III
5600l
II
B
S
The line is in second quadrant
W.C.B = 1800 Q.B
Q.B = 1800 5600l
Q.B = S 12400l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
221
COMPASS SURVEYING
222
Contd
IV
A
III
26014l
II
223
Contd
IV
W
78018l
E
A
III
II
S
224
Contd
IV
I
6909l
A
III
II
S
225
Contd
IV
A
W
III
32015l
II
B
S
226
COMPASS SURVEYING
227
Contd
IV
A
46024l
III
II
B
S
228
Contd
IV
A
III
22018l
II
B
S
The line is in second quadrant
W.C.B = 1800 Q.B
Q.B = 1800 22018l
Q.B = S 157042l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
229
Contd
IV
W
8209l
E
A
III
II
S
230
Contd
IV
I
32022l
A
III
II
S
231
S370301E
S430151W
N73001W
N120451E
COMPASS SURVEYING
232
Contd
IV
A
III
37030l
II
B
S
The line is in second quadrant
W.C.B = 1800 Q.B
W.C.B = 1800 37030l
W.C.B = S 142030l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
233
Contd
IV
A
43015l
III
II
B
S
234
Contd
IV
W
7300l
E
A
III
II
S
235
Contd
IV
I
12045l
A
III
II
S
236
N840301W
S38001E
S410301W
N15001W
COMPASS SURVEYING
237
Contd
IV
W
84030l
E
A
III
II
S
238
Contd
IV
A
III
3800l
II
239
Contd
IV
A
41030l
III
II
B
S
240
Contd
IV
W
1500l
E
A
III
II
S
241
S150451W
N430451E
N210301E
S630301W
COMPASS SURVEYING
242
Contd
IV
A
15045l
III
II
B
S
243
Contd
IV
I
43045l
A
III
II
S
244
Contd
IV
I
21030l
A
III
II
S
245
Contd
IV
A
63030l
III
II
B
S
246
N460101E
S460101W
S600401E
N610201W
COMPASS SURVEYING
247
Contd
IV
I
46010l
A
III
II
S
248
Contd
IV
A
46010l
III
II
B
S
249
Contd
N
IV
A
III
60040l
II
B
S
The line is in second quadrant
W.C.B = 1800 Q.B
W.C.B = 1800 60040l
W.C.B = S 119020l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
250
Contd
IV
W
61020l
E
A
III
II
S
251
N 470301 E
S 65001 E
S 410301 W
N 20001 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
252
Contd
IV
I
47030l
A
III
II
S
253
Contd
N
IV
A
III
6500l
II
B
S
The line is in second quadrant
W.C.B = 1800 Q.B
W.C.B = 1800 6500l
W.C.B = S 11500l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
254
Contd
IV
A
41030l
III
II
B
S
255
Contd
IV
W
2000l
E
A
III
II
S
256
Contd
9.Convert the following QB into W.C.B
a)
b)
c)
d)
QB of
QB of
QB of
QB of
AB =
BC =
CD =
DE =
S360301W
S430301E
N260451E
N400151W
COMPASS SURVEYING
257
Contd
N
I Quadrant
IV Quadrant
III Quadrant
II Quadrant
258
Contd
0
1
Q.B of BC = S43 30 E
N
IV
I
B
W
III
E
II
0
1
Second quadrant Q.B = S.E = W.C.B = 1800- 43 30
W.C.B = 1360301
COMPASS SURVEYING
259
Contd
Q.B of CD = N260451E
N
D
IV
E
C
III
II
S
W.C.B = NE = WCB = QB
W.C.B = 260451
COMPASS SURVEYING
260
Contd
Q.B of N400151W
N
D
I Quadrant
IV Quadrant
III Quadrant
II Quadrant
S
Angle is in Fourth quadrant
W.C.B = 3600-Q.B
= 3600 - 400151
W.C.B = 3190451
COMPASS SURVEYING
261
a)
b)
c)
d)
N400151E
S180141W
N240201W
S34031E
COMPASS SURVEYING
262
Contd
N
B
IV
E
A
III
II
S
COMPASS SURVEYING
263
Contd
N
I Quadrant
IV Quadrant
III Quadrant
II Quadrant
BC is in Third quadrant
W.C.B = QB + 1800
= 180141 + 1800
W.C.B = 1980141
COMPASS SURVEYING
264
Contd
N240201W
N
D
I Quadrant
IV Quadrant
III Quadrant
II Quadrant
S
The DC is in Fourth quadrant
W.C.B = 3600-Q.B
= 3600 - 240201
W.C.B = 3350401
COMPASS SURVEYING
265
S34031E
Contd
N
IV
I
D
W
III
E
II
W.C.B = 1450571
COMPASS
9C-105.40
SURVEYING
266
COMPASS SURVEYING
267
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
268
Contd
FIG.1
COMPASS SURVEYING
269
Contd
Referring to Fig 1
Let the fore bearing of a line AB =
Back bearing of BA= o
(Or)
= (1800 + SBA)
= BAN
= + 1800
(i)
270
Contd
Fig 2
COMPASS SURVEYING
271
Contd
Now , consider the bearing of BA as Fore bearing =
Then , = (1800 ~ SAB )
= (1800 ~ ABN)
= 1800 ~ (3600 ~ )
= ( ~ 1800)
(or )
Back bearing = Fore bearing ~ 1800 (ii)
COMPASS SURVEYING
272
Contd
Equations (i) and (ii) may be combined into one equation
i.e.
Back bearing = Fore bearing 1800
Use + ve sign if the Fore Bearing is less than 1800
Use ve sign if the Fore Bearing is more than 1800
COMPASS SURVEYING
273
Contd
The rule is applicable for W.C.B System only
If Q.Bs are given , convert them into W.C.Bs
And apply the above rule and reconvert into Q.Bs
(or)
In case of Q.Bs the numerical value of FBs and BBs are
same.
COMPASS SURVEYING
274
Contd
But the cardinal directions are reversed as follows
For North, substitute South and vice-versa
For East, substitute West and vice-versa
The following example illustrates all the above cases
COMPASS SURVEYING
275
Example 1:
The following are the observed Fore bearings of some lines in a
traverse. Find their Back bearings.
1) AB 420 30
2) BC 1350 15
3) CD 2120 30
4) DE 2850 45
COMPASS SURVEYING
276
Solution
1) F.B of AB = 420 30
B.B of AB = (420 30+1800)
= 2220 30
2) F.B of BC = 1350 15
B.B of AB = (1350 15+1800 )
= 3150 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
277
Contd
Fig.3A
Fig.3B
COMPASS SURVEYING
278
Contd
3) F.B of CD = 2120 30
279
Contd
Fig.4A
Fig.4B
COMPASS SURVEYING
280
Example :2
The F.B of AB is N 300 E .Find its B.B
Solution:
The F.B of AB is N 300 E
The B.B of AB is S 300 W.
COMPASS SURVEYING
281
COMPASS SURVEYING
282
station
A 1
Angle BAC
C
Fig.5
283
Contd
Case:2
When the bearings of two lines measured from different
stations
A
C
Fig.6
COMPASS SURVEYING
284
Contd
In this case express the bearings of two
Lines as if measured from single station
And apply the formula
Thus find B.B of AB
Then B = F.B of BC ~ B.B of AB
COMPASS SURVEYING
285
Contd
Note:1) When two lines meet at a point two angles
The interior and exterior angles are formed
The sum of these angles = 3600
... If the calculated interior angle is >1800 it is exterior
The interior angle then is = 3600 ~ exterior angle.
286
Contd
287
Example 3
Find the angle between the lines OA &OB given their bearings as
below
350 30 and 1500 45
Solution :
Draw the sketch.
From sketch AOB = Bearing of OB ~ bearing of OA
= 1500 45 ~ 350 30`
= 1150 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
288
Contd
Fig.7
COMPASS SURVEYING
289
Example 4
Find the angle between the lines OA &OB given their bearings as
below
200 15 and 3230 30
Solution :
Draw the sketch.
From sketch AOB = bearing of OB ~ bearing of OA
= 3230 30 ~ 200 15
= 3030 15>1800
= Indicates exterior angle
= 560 45
Therefore interior AOB = 3600 ~ 3030 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
290
Contd
Fig.8
COMPASS SURVEYING
291
Example 5
Find the angle between the lines OA &OB given their bearings as
below
1150 15 and 2500 45
Solution :
Draw the sketch.
From sketch AOB = Bearing of OB ~ bearing of OA
= 2500 45 ~ 1150 15
= 1350 30
COMPASS SURVEYING
292
Contd
Fig.9
COMPASS SURVEYING
293
Example 6
The bearings of AB and BC are given below. Find the angle
between the lines
1520 15 and 700 30
Solution :
In this problem the bearings of lines are not from point of
intersection
Therefore express the bearings as if measured from point of
intersection
Then apply the rule.
COMPASS SURVEYING
294
Contd
Fig.10
COMPASS SURVEYING
295
Contd
Bearing of AB = 1520 15`
Bearing of BA = 1520 15` + 1800
= 3320 15`
(Note that Bearing of BA is nothing but B.B of AB)
Bearing of BC = 700 30
Included B = 3320 15 ~ 700 30
= 2610 45 > 1800 Indicates exterior angle.
Therefore Included B = 3600 ~ 2610 45
= 980 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
296
Example 7
The bearings of AB and BC are given below. Find the angle
between the lines
650 30 and1150 15`
Solution :
Bearing of AB = 650 30
Bearing of BA = 650 30+1800
= 2450 30
(Note that Bearing of BA is nothing but B.B of AB)
Bearing of BC = 1150 15
Included B = 2450 30 ~ 1150 15
= 1300 15`
COMPASS SURVEYING
297
Contd
Fig.11
COMPASS SURVEYING
298
Example - 8
Find the include angle B given the following bearings
Bearing of AB, N 150 15` E and bearing of AC, N. 870 10` E
Solution
Step(1)
Convert the given Q. Bs into W. C. Bs
Step(2)
Apply the formula as usual
COMPASS SURVEYING
299
Contd
W.C.B of AB = 15015`
W.C.B of AC = 87010`
BAC
COMPASS SURVEYING
300
Contd
Example - 8
Find the include angle B given the following bearings:
Bearing of AB, N 120 24` E and bearing of AC, S. 520 30` E
Solution
Step(1):
Convert the given Q. Bs into W. C. Bs
Step(2):
Apply the formula as usual
COMPASS SURVEYING
301
Contd
W.C.B of AB = 12024`
W.C.B of AC = 1800 ~ 52030`
= 127030`
BAC
COMPASS SURVEYING
302
Example - 9
The bearing of line AB is N.620 45` E ;
CA is N.280 15`E Find angle BAC
Solution
Convert the above bearings into W.C.B's and apply the rule
W.C.B if AB = 620 45`
Bearing of CA = N.280 15`W
Bearing of AC = S 280 15`W
W.C.B of AC = 280 15` + 1800
= 2080 15`
angle BAC = Bearing of AB ~ Bearing of AC
= 620 45` ~ 2080 15`
= 1450 30`
COMPASS SURVEYING
303
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
304
COMPASS SURVEYING
305
Contd
= (2n-4) x 900
Where n is the no. of sides of the traverse
COMPASS SURVEYING
306
Example - 1
The following bearings were taken in a closed traverse
ABCD
Line
Fore bearing
Back bearing
AB
45015`
2250 15`
BC
1230 15`
3030 15`
CD
1810 00`
10 00`
DA
2890 30`
1090 30`
307
Solution :
Calculation of the interior angles of the closed traverse ABCD
Fig.1
COMPASS SURVEYING
308
Contd..
309
Contd
Check : A + B+ C+ D
= 640 15` + 1020 00`+ 1220 15`+ 71030`
= 3600 O.K
A= 640 15`
B= 1020 00`
C=1220 15`
D=710 30`
COMPASS SURVEYING
310
Contd
The arrow marks indicated below in the table may be followed
for calculation of included angles
Line
Fore bearing
AB
45015`
Back
bearing
2250 15`
BC
1230 15`
3030 15`
CD
1810 00`
10 00`
DA
2890 30`
1090 30`
COMPASS SURVEYING
311
Example - 2
The bearing of the sides of a closed transverse ABCDEA are as
follows
Side
F.B
B.B
AB
1070 15`
2870 15`
BC
220 00`
2020 00`
CD
2810 30`
1010 30`
DE
1810 15`
10 15`
EA
1240 45`
3040 45`
Contd
Fig.2
COMPASS SURVEYING
313
Solution
(i) The included A = (FB of AB ~ BB of EA )
= (1070 15` ~ 3040 45`)
= 197030` > 1800 (Exterior)
= 3600 ~ 197030` = 162030`
COMPASS SURVEYING
314
Contd..
(ii) Included angle at B:
= ( FB of BC ~ BB of AB)
= (220 00` ~ 2870 15`)
= (2650 15`>1800 ) (Exterior)
= (3600 ~ 265015`)
= 940 45`
(iii) Included angle at C:
= (FB of CD ~ BB of BC)
= (2810 30` ~ 2020 00`)
= 790 30`
COMPASS SURVEYING
315
Contd..
(iv) Included angle D
= (FB of DE ~ BB of CD)
= (1810 15` ~ 1010 30`)
= 790 45`
316
Check
Sum of the included angles of a pentagon
= (2x5-4) x 900
= 6 x 900
= 5400 00`
And , sum of the included angles (A+B+C+D+E)
= (1620 30` + 940 45`+ 790 30` + 790 45`+ 1230 30`)
= 5400 00`
Hence O.K
COMPASS SURVEYING
317
Contd
The arrow marks indicated below in the table may be followed
for calculation of included angles
Side
F.B
B.B
AB
1070 15`
2870 15`
BC
220 00`
2020 00`
CD
2810 30`
1010 30`
DE
1810 15`
10 15`
EA
1240 45`
3040 45`
COMPASS SURVEYING
318
Example- 3
The following are the bearings of the lines of a closed traverse
ABCD: Calculate the included angles of the traverse
Line
FB
AB
N.460 10`E
BC
S.600 40` E
CD
S.90 50` W
DA
N.800 40` W
COMPASS SURVEYING
319
Solution :
Convert the given F.Bs given in Q.B. system into W.C.Bs.
Find the B.Bs of given lines in W.C.Bs
The conversions are shown in the table
Then find included angles as usual
COMPASS SURVEYING
320
Contd..
Line
F.B in Q.Bs
B.Bs in
W.C.B
AB
N.450 10` E
460 10`
+1800
2260 10`
BC
S.600 40`E
1190 20`
+1800
2990 20`
CD
S.900 50`W
1890 50`
-1800
90 50`
DA
N. 800 40` W
2790 20`
-1800
990 20`
COMPASS SURVEYING
321
Contd..
A = (F.B of AB ~ B.B of DA)
= (460 10` ~ 990 20`)
= 530 10`
COMPASS SURVEYING
322
Contd
C = (F.B of CD ~ B.B of BC)
= (1890 50` ~ 2990 20`)
= 1090 50`
D = (F.B of D.A ~ B.B of CD)
= (2790 20` ~ 90 50`)
= (2690 30` > 1800) (Exterior)
= (3600 2690 30`)
= 900 30`(interior)
Check :
A+ B+ C+ D = 530 10` + 1060 50`+ 1090 30` + 900 30`
= 3600
COMPASS SURVEYING
323
Local attraction
Local attraction is the term used to denote any influence which
prevents the magnetic needle from pointing to the magnetic
North, in a given locality.
COMPASS SURVEYING
324
325
COMPASS SURVEYING
326
327
328
Example Problem
A closed compass traverse ABCD was conducted and the
following bearings were obtained. Determine which of the stations
are affected by Local attraction and give the values of the corrected
bearings.
COMPASS SURVEYING
329
Contd
Line
F.B.
B.B.
AB
74 20
256 00
BC
107 20
286 20
CD
224 50
44 50
DA
306 40
12600
COMPASS SURVEYING
330
Contd
107020/
B
C
740 20/
A
306040/
Fig.1
COMPASS SURVEYING
331
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
332
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
333
Contd
The observed
Fore Bearing of line CD = 224 50
Back Bearing of line BC = 286 20
Back Bearing of line CD =
44 50 and
334
Contd
335
Contd
61 30
COMPASS SURVEYING
336
Contd
= ( 2n 4 ) x 90
= ( 2x4 4 ) x 90
= 360 00
COMPASS SURVEYING
337
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
338
Contd
FB of line BC
COMPASS SURVEYING
339
Contd
286 20 - 61 30
224 50
224 50 - 180
44 50
COMPASS SURVEYING
340
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
341
Contd
Corrected Bearings
LINE
F.B
B.B
AB
75 00
255 00
BC
106 20
286 20
CD
224 50
44 50
DA
306 40
126 40
COMPASS SURVEYING
342
COMPASS SURVEYING
343
Example Problem
A closed compass traverse ABCD was conducted and the following
bearings were obtained. Determine which of the stations are
affected by Local attraction and give the values of the corrected
bearings.
COMPASS SURVEYING
344
Contd
line
AB
Fore Bearing
Back Bearing
74 20
256 00
BC
107 20
286 20
CD
224 50
44 50
DA
306 40
12600
COMPASS SURVEYING
345
Contd
107020/
B
C
740 20/
A
306040/
Fig.1
COMPASS SURVEYING
346
346
Solution:
We have already solved this problem by eliminating the local
attraction by included angles method
Now Let us solve this problem by applying corrections to
bearings.
On inspection of the bearings, we find that the Fore Bearing
and Back Bearing of line CD differ exactly by 180.
Hence, stations C and D are free from Local attraction .
COMPASS SURVEYING
347
Contd
There fore ,
The observed Fore Bearing of CD = 224 50 correct
The observed Bore Bearing of BC = 28620 correct
The observed of Bore Bearing CD = 4450 correct
The observed Fore Bearing of DA = 30640 correct
COMPASS SURVEYING
348
Contd
The other bearings are affected.
The observed Back Bearing of line BC = 286 20
The Correct Fore Bearing of line BC
= 286 20 - 18020
= 106 20
But, the observed Fore Bearing of BC = 107 20
COMPASS SURVEYING
349
Contd
Error due to Local Attraction at B
= Observe bearing Correct bearing
= 107 20 - 106 20
Error = +1 00
Therefore Correction to be applied at B = - 1 00
COMPASS SURVEYING
350
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
351
Contd
= 74 20
COMPASS SURVEYING
352
Contd
Error due to Local Attraction at A =
Observed bearing correct bearing.
= 74 20 -
75 00
= - 40
There fore Correction to be applied at A = + 40
COMPASS SURVEYING
353
Contd
354
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
355
Corrected Bearings
Line
F.B.
B.B.
AB
75
255 00
BC
10620
286 20
CD
224 50
44 50
DA
306 40
126 40
COMPASS SURVEYING
356
Problem. 1
Following are the bearings observed while traversing with a
Compass in area where local attraction was suspected. Find the
correct bearings of the lines and also the True bearings, if the
Magnetic declination is 10 W.
COMPASS SURVEYING
357
357
Contd
Line
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
F.B.
B.B.
59 00
239 00
139 30
31700
215 15
3630
208 00
29 00
318 30
13845
COMPASS SURVEYING
358
358
Contd
B
139 30
215 15
59 00
C
208 00
D
318 30
359
Solution
On verifying the observed bearings
We find that the Fore Bearing and Back Bearing of Line
AB differ by exactly 180 .
So stations A and B are free from local attraction
After carrying out necessary corrections for Local
Attraction correction
True Bearing = Magnetic Bear West Declination
COMPASS SURVEYING
360
Contd
= 13845 and
361
361
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
362
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
363
Contd
= 217 45 - 180 00
= 37 45 .
But, the observed Back Bearing is 36 30
COMPASS SURVEYING
364
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
365
Contd
366
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
367
Contd
Line
Observed
Correction Correct
Remarks
F.B.
B.B.
F.B.
B.B.
AB
5900
23900
BC
13930
31700
CD
21515
3630
DE
20800
2900
115at D
EA
31830
13845 015at E
0 at A
5900
0 at B
COMPASS SURVEYING
368
Observed
Declination Correct
F.B.
B.B.
AB
5900
23900
BC
13930
CD
10 W
Remarks
F.B.
B.B.
-10
4900
31930
-10
21745
3745
-10
20745 2745
From magnetic
DE
20915
2915
-10
19915 1915
Bearings.
EA
31845
13845
-10
30845 12845
COMPASS SURVEYING
As declination
is West
369
369
Problem
Find which stations are affected by local attraction and
work out correct bearings of the lines of the lines of a
closed traverse ABCDEA.
Line
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Line
191 30
69 30
32 15
262 45
230 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
Back bearing
13 00
246 30
210 30
80 45
53 00
370
Contd
N
N
N
19130
262 45
A
23015N
C
32 15
69 30
B
Fig.1
COMPASS SURVEYING
371
Solution:
On observation of the fore and back bearings of the lines of
the traverse, we find that
No line has a difference of 180 in its Fore and Back
bearings
This type of problem is generally solved by Included Angle
method
COMPASS SURVEYING
372
Contd
191 30 - 53 00
138 30
69 30 - 13 30
56 30
COMPASS SURVEYING
373
Contd
Angle C = 360 00+ Back Bearing of line BC + Fore Bearing
of line CD
=
=
360 00 - 246 30 - 32 15
145 45
262 45 - 210 30
52 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
374
Contd
230 15 - 80 45
149 30
COMPASS SURVEYING
375
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
376
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
377
Contd
Therefore, total error in five angles = 542 30 - 540 00
= + 2 30
Therefore correction to be applied for the five angles = - 2 30
Therefore, correction to be applied for each angle = - 2 30 / 5
= - 30
COMPASS SURVEYING
378
Contd
The Corrected Angles are,
Corrected angle A = 138 30 - 30 = 138 00
Corrected angle B = 56 30 - 30 = 56 00
Corrected angle C = 145 45 - 30 = 145 15
Corrected angle D = 52 15 - 30 = 51 45
Corrected angle E = 149 30 - 30 = 149 00
--------------------------Sum = 540 00
--------------------------COMPASS SURVEYING
379
Contd
After correction, The differences between the Fore and Back
bearings of the lines, are
Fore bearing of line AB Back bearing of line AB
= 191 30 - 13 00
= 178 30
Back bearing of line BC - Fore bearing of line BC
= 246 30 - 69 30
= 177 00
COMPASS SURVEYING
380
Contd
Back bearing of line CD - Fore bearing of line CD
= 210 30 - 32 15
= 178 15
Fore bearing of line DE Back bearing of line DE
= 262 45 - 80 45
= 182 00
COMPASS SURVEYING
381
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
382
Contd
It is seen that the fore and back bearings of the line AB differ
the least from 180.
Therefore, the difference in bearings
= 180 - 178 30
= 1 30
COMPASS SURVEYING
383
Contd
Therefore, the correct fore bearing of AB = 191 30 + 1 30 / 2
= 192 15
68 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
384
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
385
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
386
Contd
Correct Fore bearing of EA
= Back bearing of DE + corrected Angle E
= 265 15 - 180 + 149 00
= 234 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
387
Contd
Correct Fore bearing of AB
= Back bearing of EA + corrected Angle A
= 234 15 - 180 + 138
= 192 15
Checked.
COMPASS SURVEYING
388
Observed
bearings
FB
Included
Angles
BB
Correct
Observed Corrected FB
Rem
arks
BB
No
AB
191 30 13 00
138 30
138 00
BC
69 30 24630
56 30
56 00
CD
32 15 21030
145 15
DE
262 30 80 45
52 15
51 45
265 15 85 15 local
EA
230 15 5300
149 30
149 00
234 15 54 15 Attra
ction.
COMPASS SURVEYING
192 15 12 15 stn
68 15 24815 Is
free
389
Problem
The following Fore and Back
local
COMPASS SURVEYING
390
Contd
Line
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
F.B.
B.B.
191 00
10 00
70 30
24745
32 15
21215
260 45
81 45
230 15
5300
COMPASS SURVEYING
391
Contd
N
N
D
N
E
230 15
260 45
191 00
N 32 15
N
C
70 30
B
Fig.1
COMPASS SURVEYING
392
Solution :
On verifying the above bearings, we find that the
Fore Bearing and Back Bearing of Line CD differ
by exactly 180 . Hence stations C and D are free
from local attraction.
COMPASS SURVEYING
393
Contd
Therefore,
The observed bearings at station C and D are correct.
i.e.,
394
Contd
Starting from Fore Bearing of line DE = 260 45 .
Correct back bearing of line DE = 260 45 - 180 00
= 80 45 .
But, the observed Back Bearing of DE is = 81 45.
So, Apply a correction at station E = 80 45 - 8145
= - 1 00
COMPASS SURVEYING
395
Contd
Correct Fore Bearing of line EA =
Observed fore bearing of EA + Correction.
= 230 15 - 1 00
= 229 15 .
Correct Back Bearing of line EA = 229 15 - 180 00
.
= 49 15 .
COMPASS SURVEYING
396
Contd
But,
The observed Back Bearing of line EA is 53 00 .
So, apply
a correction at station A = 49 15 - 53 00
= - 3 45
COMPASS SURVEYING
397
Contd
Correct Fore Bearing of line AB= 191 00 - 3 45
= 187 15
The correct Back Bearing of AB = 187 15 - 18000
= 7 15
But, the observed Back Bearing of AB is 10 00
So, a correction at station A = 7 15 - 10 00
= - 2 45
COMPASS SURVEYING
398
Contd
Correct Fore Bearing of line BC = 7030 - 245
= 67 45
The actual Back Bearing of line BC
= 67 45 + 18000
= 247 45
which tallies with the observed Back Bearing of line BC.
COMPASS SURVEYING
399
Observed
bearing
Corrections
Corrected
bearing
AB
19100
- 3 45
187 15
BA
10 00
- 2 45
7 15
BC
70 30
- 2 45
67 45
CB
247 45
0 00
247 45
CD
32 15
0 00
32 15
DC
212 15
0 00
212 15
DE
260 45
0 00
260 45
ED
81 45
-1 00
80 45
EA
230 15
-1 00
229 15
AE
53 00
-3 45
49 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
400
Problem
Following are the bearings observed in running a traverse
with a Compass in an area where local attraction was
suspected. Find the correct bearings of the lines .
COMPASS SURVEYING
401
Contd
Line
AB
BC
CD
DA
F.B.
N 43 30 E
S 54 30 E
B.B.
S 45 30 W
N 55 45 W
S 5 00 W
N 5 00 E
N 61 30 W
S 62 15 E
COMPASS SURVEYING
402
Contd
N
B
430301
540301
C
50001
N
610301
Fig.1
COMPASS SURVEYING
403
Solution
This problem can be solved by converting the Quadrantal Bearings
into Whole Circle Bearings and adopting the same procedure as in
earlier solved examples
COMPASS SURVEYING
404
COMPASS SURVEYING
405
Contd
The stations C and D are free from local Attraction.
Hence, correction at C and D is 0.
The fore bearing of DA is correct
Because the bearing is observed at station D.
COMPASS SURVEYING
406
Contd
6215
6230
COMPASS SURVEYING
407
Contd
Correction at station A = S 62 15 E - S 61 30 E
= 45 ( clock wise )
Correct Fore Bearing of line AB
= Observed F.B. of AB + Correction
= N 43 30 E + 45 ( clock wise )
= N 44 15 E
COMPASS SURVEYING
408
Contd
Correct B.B. of AB = S 44 15 W
But,
observed B.B. of AB = S 45 30 W
N
44 15
45 30
COMPASS SURVEYING
409
Contd
Correction at station B = S 45 30 W - S 44 15 W
= 1 15 (Anti clockwise )
Correct F.B. of BC = observed F.B. of BC + correction
= S 54 30 E + 1 15 (Anti clockwise )
= S 55 45 E .
correct B.B. of BC = N 55 45 W = observed B.B. of BC.
COMPASS SURVEYING
410
Observed bearing
Corrected bearing
FB
BB
Correction
FB
BB
AB
N 43 30 E
S 45 30W
Correction at
A = 00 45
clockwise
N 44 15 E
S 44 15 W
BC
S 54 30 E
N 55 45 W Correction at
B = 10 15
anticlockwise
S 55 45E
N 55 45 W
CD
S 5 00 W
N 5 00 E
Correction
= 00 0
S 5 00 W
N 5 00 E
DA
N 61 30W
S 62 15 E
Correction
=00 0
N 61 30W
S 61 30 E
COMPASS SURVEYING
411
Problem
Following are the bearings observed while traversing with a
Compass in an area where local attraction was suspected. Find
the correct bearings of the lines and also the True bearings, if
the magnetic declination is 5 E.
COMPASS SURVEYING
412
Contd
Line
F.B.
AB
59 00
B.B.
239 00
BC
139 30
317 00
CD
215 15
36 30
DE
208 00
29 00
EA
318 30
138 45
COMPASS SURVEYING
413
Contd
B
1390301
C
590001
2150151
2080000
3180301
Fig.1
COMPASS SURVEYING
E
414
Solution
On verifying the observed bearings
We find that the Fore Bearing and Back Bearing of the
Line AB differ by exactly 180
COMPASS SURVEYING
415
Contd
Hence, The observed
Fore Bearing of line AB = 59 00
Back Bearing of line AB = 239 00
Back Bearing of line EA
= 13845 and
=139 30
are correct.
COMPASS SURVEYING
416
Contd
The actual Back Bearing of line BC should be
= 139 30 + 180 00
= 319 30 .
But, the observed Back Bearing of line BC = 31700.
So, apply a correction = 319 30 - 31700
= + 2 30 is to be applied to all the
bearings observed at station C.
COMPASS SURVEYING
417
Contd
Correct Fore Bearing of line CD = 215 15 + 2 30
= 217 45 .
Therefore, the Correct Back Bearing of line CD should be
= 217 45 - 180 00
.
= 37 45 .
COMPASS SURVEYING
418
Contd
419
Contd
Correct Fore Bearing of line DE
= 20800 + 115
= 20915
COMPASS SURVEYING
420
Contd
So, a correction =
Correct B.B. of line DE Observed B.B. of line DE
= 2915 - 2900
= 0 15 should be applied at station E.
COMPASS SURVEYING
421
Contd
Correct Fore Bearing of line EA = 20915 + 015
= 31845
The actual Back Bearing of line EA should be
= 31845 - 18000
= 13845 which tallies with
the observed Back Bearing of line EA.
So, station A is free from local attraction ,as stated at the
beginning.
COMPASS SURVEYING
422
Correct
Remarks
Correction
AB
F.B.
5900
B.B.
23900
0 at A
F.B.
5900
BC
13930
31700
0 at B
13930 31930
CD
21515
3630
---
DE
20800
2900
115at D
20915 2915
---
EA
31830
13845
015at E
31845 13845
---
COMPASS SURVEYING
B.B.
23900
A free
from local
attraction
B free
from local
attraction
423
Line
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Observed
F.B.
B.B.
5900
13930
21745
20915
31845
23900
31930
3745
2915
13845
Declination
5 E
+5
+5
+ 5
+5
+5
COMPASS SURVEYING
Correct
F.B.
B.B.
6400
14430
22245
21415
32345
23400
31430
4245
3415
14345
424
Problem 1:
The Bearing of one side of a plot in the shape of a regular
pentagon is 700. Find the Bearing of other sides of the plot when
0
70
N
traversed in a clock wise direction .
720
N 700 B
N
0
108
0
A
142
1080
C
720
E
720
2860
Fig.1
1080
720
COMPASS SURVEYING
D
2140
425
Solution :
The interior Angle of a Pentagon
= (2n - 4) x Right Angles
5
= (2 x 5) - 4 x 900
5
= 1080001
The Angle between a side produced and Adjacent side
= 1800 - 1080 = 720
COMPASS SURVEYING
426
Contd
From the sketch
Bearing of side of the pentagon
= 720 + Bearing of preceding side
From Figure.1
Bearing of AB
= 700
(given)
Bearing of DE
Bearing of EA
427
N
M
N
174030
1
O
Fig.2
COMPASS SURVEYING
428
Solution :
At noon the SUN is exactly on Geographical meridian.
(a)
= 1740301 + 1800
= 3540301
COMPASS SURVEYING
429
Contd
Magnetic meridian is = 3600 3540301
= 50301 to the east of True North
Declination of the place = 50301 E
(b) When the magnetic Bearing Sun at noon is = 70301
= Magnetic Bearing of North pole
Magnetic declination = 70301 west
COMPASS SURVEYING
430
Problem 3
The following bearings were taken in running a compass
traverse. At what stations do you suspect Local Attraction ?
Find the corrected Bearing.
Line
Observed Bearing
AB
N 460101E
BA
S 460101W
BC
S 600401E
CB
N 610201W
CD
S 100301E
DC
N 80501W
DA
N 790401W
AD
S 800401E
COMPASS SURVEYING
431
Contd
In this type of problem, the following procedure may be adopted
COMPASS SURVEYING
432
Contd
Line
Observed Bearing
QB
WCB
Corrected Bearing
Conversion
AB
N 460101E 460101
BA
S 460101W 2260101
BC
S 600401E
CB
N610201W 2980401
1190201
+401
WCB
460101
2260101
1190201
2990201
Remarks
QB
N 460101E
Station C
S 460101W
and D are
S 600401E
Affected
N 600401W
by Local
Attraction
CD
S100301E
1690301
DC
N 80501E
DA
N790401W 2800201
AD
S 800401E
3510101
990201
+401
1700101
S 90501E
-10
3500101
N 90501W
-10
2790201
N 800401W
990201
S 800401E
COMPASS SURVEYING
433
Prismatic Compass
SIGHTING
VANE
SIGHTING
GRADUATED
VANES
CIRCLE
PRISM
Fig 2
COMPASS SURVEYING
434
Fig 3
435
RANGING ROD
Fig 4
COMPASS SURVEYING
436
PEG
Fig 5
COMPASS SURVEYING
437
PLUMB BOB
Fig 6
COMPASS SURVEYING
438
COMPASS SURVEYING
439
Check
Whether the chain lines connecting the stations are as long
as possible
Whether chain lines are as near the detail points as possible
COMPASS SURVEYING
440
COMPASS SURVEYING
441
Index plan
Fig 7
442
Peg
3 cm
Fig 8
COMPASS SURVEYING
443
444
2. Temporary Adjustments
The adjustments which are required to be made at every set up
of the instrument, are known as Temporary or Station
adjustments.
COMPASS SURVEYING
445
COMPASS SURVEYING
446
Centering
The process of centering the instrument i.e. marking the pivot
exactly vertical over the ground station mark, is called
centering
COMPASS SURVEYING
447
COMPASS SURVEYING
448
Centering
Fig 10
COMPASS SURVEYING
449
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
450
Fig 11
COMPASS SURVEYING
451
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
452
Levelling
The process of holding the compass in such a way that its
graduated ring swings freely, is called levelling
COMPASS SURVEYING
453
COMPASS
9C105.53
SURVEYING
454
Fig 12
COMPASS SURVEYING
455
Fig 13
COMPASS SURVEYING
456
ADJUSTED ABOUT
THIS BALL
Fig 14
COMPASS SURVEYING
457
Contd
In case of Surveyors compass two plate levels at right angles to
each other, are sometimes provided.
The ball and socket arrangement is adjusted till the bubble remain
central in both the plate levels.
COMPASS SURVEYING
458
COMPASS SURVEYING
459
Fig 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
460
COMPASS SURVEYING
461
Contd
As each
COMPASS SURVEYING
462
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
463
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
464
Contd
The Fore and Back bearings should be corrected for the Local
attraction, if any, before these are used in plotting.
COMPASS SURVEYING
465
COMPASS SURVEYING
466
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
467
Known To Unknown
Do you know traverse ?
Traverse is a connected series of straight lines, each line
joining two points on the ground.
B
A
CLOSED
TRAVERSE
A
E
C
B
OPEN TRAVERSE
COMPASS SURVEYING
468
Contdl
What measurements do you take in compass traversing ?
Linear measurements
&
Angular measurements
COMPASS SURVEYING
469
Contdl
Identify
these
objects
SCALES
COMPASS SURVEYING
470
Contdl
Which instruments do you use for linear measurements on the
ground ?
Tape
Chain
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
471
where do
you use
this
object?
Identify
this
object
PROTRACTOR
Do you use this
object for measuring
the angle on the field
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
472
Contdl
Which instruments do you use for angular measurements in the
field ?
Prismatic
Compass
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
473
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
474
Contdl
The fore bearing of AB and back bearing of EA are taken by
sighting the ranging rods held at B and E respectively
The line is chained and the reading is entered in table.
These readings are entered in table as shown in the next slide
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
475
Table 1
Line
AB
Distance
(m)
78
Observed Bearings
B.B
F.B
Remarks
191 30'
53 30'
EA
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
476
Contdl
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
477
Contdl
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
478
Contdl
The fore bearing of BC and back bearing of AB are taken by
sighting the ranging rods held at C and A respectively
The line is chained and the reading is entered in table as shown
in the next slide.
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
479
Table 2
Line
Distance
(m)
Observed Bearings
B.B
F.B
AB
78
191 30'
BC
100
69 30'
Remarks
13 0'
53 30'
EA
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
480
Contdl
The fore bearing of CD and back bearing of BC are taken by
sighting the ranging rods held at D and B respectively
The line is chained and the reading is entered in table as shown
in the next slide.
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
481
Table 3
Line
Distance
(m)
Observed Bearings
B.B
F.B
AB
78
191 30'
BC
100
69 30'
CD
115
32 15'
Remarks
13 0'
246 30'
53 30'
EA
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
482
Contdl
The fore bearing of DE and back bearing of CD are taken by
sighting the ranging rods held at E and C respectively
The line is chained and the reading is entered in table as shown.
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
483
Table 4
Line
Distance
(m)
Observed Bearings
B.B
F.B
AB
78
191 30'
BC
100
69 30'
246 30'
CD
115
32 15'
210 30'
DE
120
262 45'
Remarks
13 0'
53 30'
EA
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
484
Contdl
The fore bearing of EA and back bearing of DE are taken by
sighting the ranging rods held at D and A respectively
The line is chained and the reading is entered in table as shown.
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
485
Table 5
Line
Distance
(m)
Observed Bearings
B.B
F.B
AB
78
191 30'
BC
100
69 30'
246 30'
CD
115
32 15'
210 30'
DE
120
262 45'
80 45'
EA
120
230 15'
53 00'
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
Remarks
13 0'
486
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
487
Table 6
Observed Bearings
Distance
Line
B.B
(m)
F.B
78
AB
191 30' 13 00'
BC
100
69 30'
246 30'
CD
115
32 15'
210 30'
DE
120
262 45'
80 45'
EA
120
230 15'
53 00'
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
Remarks
488
= 360-21415' =145 45
489
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
490
Contdl
The fore and back bearing of the side AB differ the least from
180
The difference in bearings = 180- 17830 = 1 30
of line AB
Correc. Fore bearing of AB = 191 30' + 1 30'
------- =192 15'
2
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
491
Table 8
Corrected fore bearing of AB = 192 15'
Add angle B
=
56 00'
Sum
Subtract 180
Correct bearing of BC
Add angle C
= 248 15'
= - 180 00'
= 68 15'
= + 145 15'
Sum
Subtract 180
= 213 30'
= - 180 00'
Correct bearing of CD
33 30'
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
492
Table 9
Correct bearing of CD
Add angle D
=
=
33 30'
51 45'
Sum
Add 180
Correct bearing of DE
Add angle E
= 85 15'
= + 180 00'
= 265 15'
= + 149 00'
Sum
Subtract 180
= 414 15'
= - 180 00'
Correct bearing of EA
234 15'
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
493
Table 10
Corrected Bearings
Distance
Line
B.B
(m)
F.B
78
AB
192 15' 12 15'
BC
100
68 15'
248 15'
CD
115
33 30'
213 30'
DE
120
265 15'
85 15'
EA
120
234 15'
54 15'
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
Remarks
494
What is magnetic
meridian ?
COMPASS SURVEYING
495
N
A
192 15
B
Fig.1 Representing a bearing AB w.r.t magnetic meridian
COMPASS SURVEYING
496
COMPASS SURVEYING
497
Table 1
Remarks
AB
78
192 15'
12 15'
BC
100
68 15'
248 15'
CD
115
33 30'
213 30'
DE
120
265 15'
85 15'
EA
120
234 15'
54 15'
COMPASS SURVEYING
498
By Parallel Meridians
COMPASS SURVEYING
499
Contd
N
A
Fig.2
COMPASS SURVEYING
500
Contd
501
Contd
N
A
192 15
B
Fig.3
COMPASS SURVEYING
502
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
503
Contd
D
N
A
192 15
33030'
C
68 15
Fig.4
B
COMPASS SURVEYING
504
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
505
Contd
E
D
265015'
N
A
192 15
33 30
C
56 30
Fig.5
B
COMPASS SURVEYING
506
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
507
Contd
E
D
265 15'
N
A
192 15
33 30
56 30
C
Fig.6
B
COMPASS SURVEYING
508
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
509
Contd
E
D
265 15'
234 15'
N
A
192 15
33 30
56 30
C
Fig.7
B
COMPASS SURVEYING
510
Contd
The process is continued till last station is plotted
Please note that right plotting care should be taken to see that
the sketch does not go beyond the drawing sheet
511
Contd
E
D
265 15'
234 15'
N
A
192 15
33 30
CLOSING
ERROR
C
56 30
B
Fig .8
COMPASS SURVEYING
512
Contd
In case of a closed traverse, last line should end on the starting
station A
A A = CLOSING ERROR
COMPASS SURVEYING
513
COMPASS SURVEYING
514
30
A
O
Fig .1
COMPASS SURVEYING
515
Contd
How do you draw it using
protractor?
30
A
O
Fig .2
COMPASS SURVEYING
516
BC
100
68 15'
248 15'
CD
115
33 30'
213 30'
DE
120
265 15'
85 15'
EA
120
234 15'
54 15'
COMPASS SURVEYING
Remarks
517
= 360-21415' =145 45
518
By Included Angles
After deciding the location of the starting station A on the
paper draw a line to represent the magnetic meridian passing
through A
COMPASS SURVEYING
519
Contd
N
A
Fig .3
COMPASS SURVEYING
520
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
521
Contd
N
A
192 15
Fig .4
COMPASS SURVEYING
522
Contd
Now, Plot the included angle ABC by a protractor and plot the
location of Station C
For this, plot BC to the duly Reduced scale
COMPASS SURVEYING
523
Contd
N
A
192 15
56 30
B
Fig .5
COMPASS SURVEYING
524
Contd
Now, Plot the included angle BCD by a protractor and plot the
location of Station D
For this plot CD to the duly Reduced scale
COMPASS SURVEYING
525
Contd
D
N
A
192 15
145 45
56 30
Fig .6
COMPASS SURVEYING
526
Contd
Now, Plot the included angle CDE by a protractor and plot the
location of Station E
For this plot DE to the duly Reduced scale
COMPASS SURVEYING
527
Contd
E
D
52 15'
N
A
192 15
145 45
56 30
Fig .7
COMPASS SURVEYING
528
Contd
Now, Plot the included angle DEA by a protractor and plot the
location of Station A
For this plot EA to the duly Reduced scale
COMPASS SURVEYING
529
Contd
E
D
52 15'
149 30'
N
A
192 15
145 45
56 30
Fig .8
COMPASS SURVEYING
530
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
531
Contd
A A = Closing Error
Both in direction and magnitude
COMPASS SURVEYING
532
Contd
E
D
52 15'
149 30'
N
A
192 15
145 45
CLOSING
ERROR
56 30
Fig .9
COMPASS SURVEYING
533
COMPASS SURVEYING
534
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
535
Contd
E
D
Closing Error
A
N
A
B
Fig .1
COMPASS SURVEYING
536
Contd
When the angular and linear measurements are of equal
precision,
COMPASS SURVEYING
537
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
538
COMPASS SURVEYING
539
Contd
E
D
Closing Error
A
N
A
B
Fig .2
COMPASS SURVEYING
540
541
Contd
AA = AB +BC+CD+DE+EA
COMPASS SURVEYING
542
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
543
Contd
AA = AB +BC+CD+DE+EA
B
A
C
B
Fig .3
COMPASS SURVEYING
544
Contd
Draw parallel lines through the plotted stations B,C.D,E and
545
Contd
E
D
E
A
N
A
C
C
B
B
Fig .4
COMPASS SURVEYING
546
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
547
COMPASS
9C105.58
SURVEYING
548
I. Instrumental errors
Instrumental errors are caused by defective parts of
the instrument
COMPASS
9C105.58
SURVEYING
549
Contd
COMPASS
9C105.58
SURVEYING
550
Contd
COMPASS
9C105.58
SURVEYING
551
Contd
COMPASS
9C105.58
SURVEYING
552
Contd
COMPASS SURVEYING
553
Contd
COMPASS
9C105.58
SURVEYING
554
COMPASS SURVEYING
555
Contd
COMPASS
9C105.58
SURVEYING
556
Contd
2.
3.
COMPASS
9C105.58
SURVEYING
557
Contd
COMPASS
9C105.58
SURVEYING
558
559
COMPASS
9C105.59
SURVEYING
560
Contd
Set up and level the compass carefully.
Stop the vibrations of the needle by gently pressing the brakepin so that it will come to rest soon.
Always look along the needle and not across it to avoid
parallax.
COMPASS
9C105.59
SURVEYING
561
Contd
When the instrument is not in use, its magnetic needle should
be kept off the pivot.
COMPASS
9C105.59
SURVEYING
562
Contd
Before taking a reading the compass box should be gently
tapped to ensure that the magnetic needle is freely swinging
and has not come to rest due to friction of the pivot.
COMPASS
9C105.59
SURVEYING
563
Contd
Stations should be selected such that these are away from the
sources of Local attraction.
COMPASS
9C105.59
SURVEYING
564
Contd
If the compass cannot be set at the end of a line, the bearings
may be taken from any intermediate point along that line
COMPASS
9C105.59
SURVEYING
565
Contd
Object vane and eye vane must be straightened before making
observations.
If the glass cover has been dusted with a handkerchief, the
glass gets charged with electrostatic current and the needle
adheres to the glass cover.
566
Contd
COMPASS
9C105.59
SURVEYING
567
What is accuracy ?
Accuracy is defined as, "The ability of a measurement to
match the actual value of the quantity being measured".
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
568
What is Precision?
Precision is defined as,
and
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
569
Contd
If on several measurements the value matches the actual value
(34.0 m), then the measurement is precise.
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
570
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
571
Contd
An example of a measurement with GOOD accuracy and
GOOD precision: Suppose the actual value of AB is 38.0
meters.
The readings taken by a group of 4 students gives following
values : 38.0 m, 38.0 m , 37.8 m, 38.1 m.
This distribution does show a tendency toward a particular
value (high precision) and is very near the actual value each
time (high accuracy).
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
572
Contd
An example of a measurement with BAD accuracy and BAD
precision: Suppose the actual value of AB is 38.0 meter.
The readings taken by a group of 4 students gives following
values : 39.4m, 38.9m, 39.3m, 37.5m.
This distribution shows no tendency toward a particular value
(lack of precision) and does not acceptably match the actual
value (lack of accuracy).
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
573
Contd
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
574
Contd
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
575
Limits of Precision
In the case of the prismatic compass, the least value that can
be estimated is 15
Therefore, the permissible error per bearing should never
exceed this amount.
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
576
Contd
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
577
Contd
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
578