Chapter 1

1. Explain and give an example for each of the following types of variables:
a. Equal interval: a variable in which the numbers stand for approximately equal amounts of
what is being measured. Ex. Age
b. Rank-order: Also called ordinal variables, variables stand only for relative ranking.
Ex.Ranking a restaurant on how much you like it.
c.

Nominal: Values are names or catergories. Ex. Religion

d. Ratio scale: A scale that allows comparison of different values, has a fixed zero value
Ex. Number of silibings I have, which is four
e. Continuous: A variable where in theory, there are an infinite number of values between any two
values. Ex. A persons weight

f.

Discrete: A variable that has specific values and that cannot have values between these
specific values. Ex. Number of times I visited the doctor in the last 12 months

g. Quanitative: A variable in which something superficial is being measured.

h. Qualitative : A variable that represents something hard to measure or subjective data

15. Following are the speeds of 40 cars clocked by radar on a particular road in a 35-mph zone on a
particular afternoon:
30, 36, 42, 36, 30, 52, 36, 34, 36, 33, 30, 32, 35, 32, 37, 34, 36, 31, 35, 20
24, 46, 23, 31, 32, 45, 34, 37, 28, 40, 34, 38, 40, 52, 31, 33, 15, 27, 36, 40
Make a frequency table and a histogram, then describe the general shape of the distribution.

A)
For each number from 15 (the smallest number here) to 52 (the largest number here), count
how many times that number shows up in the given list to make the frequency table shown
below. Eg. 36 shows up 6 times. So you'll write "6" as the frequency of 36.

a. Usingthistableasanexample,explaintheideaofafrequencytabletoapersonwhohas
neverhadacourseinstatistics.
Inresearchstudies,afrequencytableiscreatedforthepurposeofaneasierunderstanding
oftheresultsfromthatstudy.Inthefrequencytablebelow,youcanseethat84adolescentswere
apartofthisstudy(N=84)andthatthestudywastodeterminehowmanyoftheseadolescents
wereavictimofdifferentformsofbullyingandhowmanyoftheseadolescentswerebulliesin
differentforms,inwhichthedifferentcategoriesarelistedundertheFormsofBullying
section,thenumberofadolescentsthatagreedtobeingapartofbeingbulliedorbeingabully
underN,andthenumbervalueinpercentageformunder%thatstateshowmany
adolescentswereinvolvedineachformofbullyingcomparedtothewholeamount(84).

b. Explainthegeneralmeaningofthepatternofresults.

Ingeneral,moreadolescentsadmittedtobeingvictimizedthantobullying.60
adolescents(71.4%)admittedtobeingvictimizedtraditionallywith50adolescents(59.5%)
beingvictimizedtraditionallythroughteasing.Thehighestadmittanceofelectronic
victimizationwasthroughtextmessagefrom27adolescents(32.1%).Thehighestadmittanceof
traditionalbullyingwasthroughteasingfrom38adolescents(45.2%)andelectronicallythrough
textmessagingfrom18adolescents(21.4%).Therefore,thehighestadmittancefrombothbeing
thevictimandthebullywereintheformoftraditionalteasingandelectronictextmessaging.

IncidenceofTraditionalandElectronicBullyingandVictimization

(N=84)

FormsofBullying

Electronicvictims

41

48.8

Textmessagevictim

27

32.1

Internetvictim(websites,chatrooms)

13

15.5

Picturephonevictim

9.5

TraditionalVictims

60

71.4

Physicalvictim

38

45.2

Teasingvictim

50

59.5

Rumorsvictim

32

38.6

Exclusionvictim

30

50

ElectronicBullies

18

21.4

Textmessagebully

18

21.4

Internetbully

11

13.1

TraditionalBullies

64.3

29

34.5

Physicalbully

Teasingbully

38

45.2

Rumorbully

22

26.2

Exclusionbully

35

41.7

22.Krnandcolleagues(2013)testedtheeffectsofanewantibullyingprogram,calledKiVa,
amongstudentsingrades13andgrades79in147schoolsinFinland.Theschoolswere
randomlyassignedtoreceivethenewantibullyingprogramornoprogram.Atthebeginning,
middle,andendoftheschoolyear,allofthestudentscompletedanumberofquestionnaires,
whichincludedthefollowingtwoquestions:Howoftenhaveyoubeenbulliedatschoolinthe
lastcoupleofmonths?andHowoftenhaveyoubulliedothersatschoolinthelastcoupleof
months?Thetablebelowisafrequencytablethatshowsstudentsresponsestothesetwo
questionsattheendoftheschoolyear(referredtoasWave3inthetitleofthetable).Notethat
thetableshowstheresultscombinedforallofthestudentsinthestudy.Inthetable,
victimizationreferstostudentsreportsofbeingbulliedandbullyingisstudentsreportsof
bullyingotherstudents.
a. Usingthistableasanexample,explaintheideaofafrequencytabletoapersonwhohas
neverhadacourseinstatistics.

Frequencytablesareusedinresearchtohelpeasilyunderstandtheresultsfromthat
particularstudy.Inthisstudy,youcanseethatstudentsingrades13andgrades79wereasked
howfrequentlytheywereavictimofbullyingandhowoftentheyweretheonesdoingthe
bullying.Inthisstudy,thevariablesrepresenthowofteneachvictimizationorbullying
occurred,brokendownintofivecategories.Thefrequencyamountingrades13and79show
howmanystudentsadmittedtovictimizationand/orbullyingcomparedtothetotalamountof
students,aswellaswhatthisamountconfigurestoinpercentageformat.Atthebottom,youcan
seehowmanystudentsparticipatedinthisstudy,howmanydidnot,andhowmanystudents
totalthereareineachgradelevelinterval.


b. Explainthegeneralmeaningofthepatternofresults.(Youmaybeinterestedtoknowthat
theKiVaprogramsuccessfullyreducedvictimizationandbullyingamongstudentsin
grades13buttheresultsweremixedwithregardstotheeffectivenessoftheprogram
amongthoseingrades79.).

Thisfrequencytableshowsthatapproximately6,000outof7,000studentsingrades13
andapproximately14,000outof15,500studentsingrades79participatedinthisstudyto
determinetheadmittedfrequencyvalueofbeingthevictimofbullyingandbeingthebullyby
answeringfivedifferentcategories.Sincethereisadifferentamountofstudentsingrades13
and79thatparticipatedinthisstudy,thepropermannerinwhichtolookatthesefigureswhen
comparingthetwointervalsisbylookingatthepercentages.Therefore,itcanbeconcludedthat
themajorityofthestudentsingrades13and79havenotbeenavictimorabully,andoutof
thestudentsthathavebeenavictimorabully,themajorityadmittedtoonlybeingavictimora
bullyonlyonceortwice.

FrequenciesofResponsesintheFiveCategoriesoftheSelfReportedBullyingand
VictimizationVariablesatWave3

Grades13

Victimizati
on

Variable

Freq.

Occurrence

Grades79

Bullying

Freq
.

Victimizatio
n

Freq.

Bullying

Freq.

 Notatall

3,20
3

53.
6

4,29
6

72

10,66
0

77.
4

10,88
0

79.
5

Onlyonceortwice

1,74
5

29.
2

1,33
3

22.
3

2,031

14.
7

1,987

14.
5

2or3timesamonth

446

7.5

197

3.3

402

2.9

344

2.5

Aboutonceaweek

297

90

1.5

312

2.3

196

1.4

Severaltimesaweek

281

4.7

49

0.8

375

2.7

279

Participants

Respondentsn

5,97
2

Missingn

955

962

2,723

2,817

TotalN

6,92
7

6,92
7

16,50
3

16,50
3

100

5,96
5

10
0

13,78
0

10
0

13,68
6

10
0