INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................

3
Cost Of Capital..........................................................................................................4
Measurement of Cost of Capital................................................................................5
Cost Of Debt..............................................................................................................6
Cost Of Preference Share...........................................................................................8
Cost Of Equity...........................................................................................................10
Cost Of Depreciation.................................................................................................17
Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)..............................................................17
Marginal Cost of Capital............................................................................................20
Conclusion.................................................................................................................22
Bibliography..............................................................................................................23

INTRODUCTION
The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the rate that a company is expected to pay
on average to all its security holders to finance its assets. The WACC is commonly referred to
as the firms cost of capital. Importantly, it is dictated by the external market and not by
management. The WACC represents the minimum return that a company must earn on an
existing asset base to satisfy its creditors, owners, and other providers of capital, or they will
invest elsewhere.
Companies raise money from a number of sources: common stock, preferred stock,
straight debt, convertible
debt, exchangeable
debt, warrants, options, pension
liabilities, executive stock options, governmental subsidies, and so on. Different securities,
which represent different sources of finance, are expected to generate different returns. The
WACC is calculated taking into account the relative weights of each component of the capital
structure. The more complex the company's capital structure, the more laborious it is to
calculate the WACC.
Companies can use WACC to see if the investment projects available to them are worthwhile
to undertake.
The firms WACC is the cost of Capital for the firms mixture of debt and stock in their
capital structure.
WACC = wd (cost of debt) + ws (cost of stock/RE) + wp (cost of pf. stock)

So now we need to calculate these to find the WACC!

wd = weight of debt (i.e. fraction of debt in the firms capital structure)
ws = weight of stock
wp = weight of prefered stock

THE FIRMS
CAPITAL
STRUCTURE IS
THE MIX OF
DEBT AND
EQUITY USED
TO FINANCE
THE BUSINESS.

wd

ws
wp

Think of the firms

capital structure as a
pie, that you can slice
into different shaped
pieces. The firm
strives to pick the
weights of debt and
equity (i.e. slice the
pie) to minimize the
cost of capital.

Introduction

The financing decision relates to the composition of relative proportion of various sources of
finance. The sources could be:1. Shareholders Fund:- Equity Share Capital, Preference Share Capital, Accumulated
Profits
2. Borrowing From Outside Agencies:- Debentures, Loans from Financial Institutions
The financial management weighs the merits and demerits of different sources of finance
while taking the financing decision. Whether the companies choose shareholders funds or
borrowed funds or a combination of both (which is generally the case), each type of fund
carries a cost.
The cost of equity is the minimum return the shareholders would have received if they had
invested elsewhere. Borrowed funds cost involve interest payment.
Both types of funds incur cost and this is the cost of capital to the company. This means, cost
of capital is the minimum return expected by the company.
Whenever funds are to be raised to finance investments, capital structure decision is involved.
A demand for raising funds generates a new capital structure since a decision has to be made
as to the quantity and forms of financing. The process of financing or capital structure
decision is depicted in the figure below.

Financing Decision Process

Definition of Cost of Capital
In simple terms, Cost of Capital refers to the discount rate that is used in determining the
present value of the estimated future cash proceeds of the business/new project and
eventually deciding whether the business/new project is worth undertaking or now.
It is also the minimum rate of return that a firm must earn on its investment which will
maintain the market value of share at its current level.
It can also be stated as the opportunity cost of an investment, i.e. the rate of return that a
company would otherwise be able to earn at the same risk level as the investment that has
been selected. For example, when an investor purchases stock in a company, he/she expects
to see a return on that investment. Since the individual expects to get back more than his/her
initial investment, the cost of capital is equal to this minimum return that the investor expects
to receive (also termed as investor opportunity cost).
The cost of each source of capital (Equity Share or Debt) is called specific cost of capital.
When these specific costs are combined for all the sources of capital for a business, then we
arrive at overall cost of capital for a business.
We will first discuss the specific cost of capital for each source of capital before discussing
and defining the overall cost of capital.
Measurement of Cost of Capital
In order to calculate the specific cost of each type of capital, recognition should be given to
the explicit and the implicit cost. The cost of capital can be either explicit or implicit.
The explicit cost of any source of capital may be defined as the discount rate that equates
the present value of the funds received by the firm net of under writing costs, with the
present value of the expected cash out flows. These outflows maybe interest payment,
repayment of principal or dividend. It can also be stated as the internal rate of return a firm
pays for financing.
Example of Explicit Cost
Suppose a company XYZ raised a sum of ` 10 lakhs by way of debentures carrying an
interest of 9% and payable after 20 years. Now the cash inflow will be ` 10 lakhs. But, the
annual cash outflow will be ` 90,000 for 20 years. The explicit cost will be that internal rate
of return which equates ` 10 lakhs, i.e. the initial cash inflow with ` 90,000 payable every
year for 20 years and ` 10 lakhs at the end of 20 years.
Implicit cost is the rate of return associated with the best investment opportunity for the firm
and its shareholders that will be foregone if the project presently under consideration by the
firm was accepted. Opportunity costs are technically referred to as implicit cost of capital.
The distinction between explicit and implicit costs is important from the point of view of the

computation of the cost of capital.

The first step in the measurement of the cost of the capital of the firm is the calculation of the
cost of individual sources of raising funds. From the viewpoint of capital budgeting
decisions, the long term sources of funds are relevant as they constitute the major sources of
financing the fixed assets. In calculating the cost of capital, therefore the focus is on longterm funds which are:i.
Long term debt (including Debentures)
ii.
Preference Shares
iii.
Equity Capital
iv Retained Earnings