6/3/2016

BioplasticsAsGreenAlternativetoPlastics
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BioplasticsAsGreenAlternativetoPlastics
BY:SandeepKumar|Category:EnvironmentalBiotechnology|Submitted:2015050205:11:54

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Article Summary: "The use of plastics has shown a negative impact on the environment
from the aspects of human health and there is need to overcome these effects. This can
be achieved with the help of bioplastics which are produced from renewable biomass
sources..."
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Theuseofplasticshasshownanegativeeffectontheenvironmentfromtheaspectsofhumanhealth,andnaturalresources.So,thereisapressing
needtoovercometheseeffectswiththehelpofdegradableplastic.Therefore,inthiscontextbioplasticsororganicplasticshaveattainedmuchmore
importancenowadaybecauseofenvironmentalfriendlynature.ThesecompoundscanbeusedforconservationoffossilresourcesandreductioninCO2
emissionswhichmakesthemanattractiveinnovationforsustainabledevelopment.Theseareproducedfromrenewablebiomasssourcesviz.,vegetable
oil,cornstarch,peastarch,cellulose,lignin(wood),andproteinsandalsoderivedfromlinkedmoleculesthatformlongpolymerchains(biopolymers).

ImageSource:http://makingbiodieselbooks.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/02/bioplastics.jpg

Whatarebiodegradablebioplastics?
Biodegradablebioplasticisaformofplasticderivedfromrenewablebiomassthatcanbebroken
downintheenvironmentbymicroorganisms(Mooney,2009).Thesearecategorizedintofourclasses.
1.Starchbasedbioplasticscanbemadefromeitherrawormodifiedstarch(e.g.thermoplasticstarchorTPS)orfromthefermentationofstarch
derivedsugars(e.g.polylacticacidorPLA).Maize,wheat,potatoesandcassavaaretheexamplesofcommonstarchsources.
2.Cellulosebasedbioplasticsarebasicallychemicallymodifiedplantcellulosematerialssuchascelluloseacetate(CA).Examplesofcellulosesources
arewoodpulp,hempandcotton.
3.Ligninbasedbioplasticsmainlycontainlignocellulosicplantmaterialproducedasabyproductofthepapermillingindustry.
4.Plantproteinssuchasmaize'zein'cancanalsobeusedforsynthesisofbioplastics.

Whatarenonbiodegradablebioplastics?
Theseareaformofplasticderivedfromrenewablebiomassthatcannotbeeasilybrokendownintheenvironmentbymicroorganisms.Thesearecategorizedintotw

Conventionalplasticresinscanbederivedfromplantoilsandaresynthesizedusingcompoundsextractedfromcastor,soyabeanoroilseedrapeoil.Examplespol
(PU)producedfromsoyabeanoilandnylon(polyamidesorPAs)madeusingcastorbeanoil.
Conventionalpolyethylene(PE)canbemanufacturedfrombioethanol.

PolyhydroxybutyrateAbiodegradableplasticsubstrate

Polyhydroxybutyrate(PHB)issynthesizedfromacetylCoAwhichusedasprecursor.Theseareusedforthesynthesisofbiodegradableplasticswiththermoplasticprop
present,theseareproducedbybacterialfermentationbutthecostofthisplasticissubstantiallyhigherthanthatofsyntheticplastics.Toovercomethisproblemattem
beingmadetoproducePHAsintransgenicplantstoreducethecost.Genesencodingthetwoenzymes,acetoacetylCoAreductase(phbB)andPHBsynthase(
genephbA,whichareinvolvedinthePHBsynthesis,havebeenidentifiedfromRalstoniaeutropha.ThesegeneshavebeentransferredandexpressedintoArabidopsis
(Mooney,2009).Thesearereceivingcommercialinterestasapromisingcandidatefortheproductionofbiodegradablethermopalsticsduetotheroleplayedbythem.

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ImageSource:http://2008.igem.org/wiki/images/thumb/6/6d/PHBpathway.jpg/300pxPHBpathway.jpg

ApplicationsofBioplastics:

Morethanhalfofbioplasticsarecurrentlyusedinvariousareasviz.,inpackagingapplicationssuchasbottles,film,andloosefill.Thesearealsousedinwastecollecti
carrierbags,mulchfilmandfoodserviceware.Alongwithpackagingapplications,bioplasticsarecurrentlyusedinautomotivepartsandelectronicshousings.

Starchbasedbioplastics(eg.TPS)havebeenusedtomanufacturefoodservicewareandalsoforcarrierbags.Polylacticacidwhichisastarchbasedsugarfermentatio
ismainlyusedincolddrinkscupsandbottles,foodpackagingfilmandcontainers,carpetsandclothing.PLAcanalsobeusedtomanufactureCDsandelectronicscasin
Celluloseacetatefilmsareusedinfoodandconsumergoodspackaging.
Ligninbasedbioplasticsarealsohavingapplicationsinelectronicshousingsandgolftees.

References:

1.http://en.europeanbioplastics.org/wpcontent/uploads/2011/04/fs/Bioplastics_eng.pdf
2.Mooney,B.P.2009.Thesecondgreenrevolution?Productionofplantbasedbiodegradableplastics.Biochem.J,418,219232.

AboutAuthor/AdditionalInfo:
IamcurrentlypursuingPh.DinEnvironmentalscience

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