GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS AN INTRODUCTION TO TECHNICAL DRAWING IN PRIMARY EDUCATIONGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS AN INTRODUCTION TO TECHNICAL DRAWING IN PRIMARY EDUCATION ) ——| ——| | — |"A PICTURE 1S WORTH MORE THAN A THOUSAND WORDS" (Old Chinese proverb) Preface THE SCOPE OF GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION IS MUCH WIDER THAN THE CONTENTS OF THE TRADITIONAL "TECHNICAL DRAWING" WHICH WAS MAINLY CONCERNED WITH THE APPLICATION IN INDUSTRY. GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION PROVIDES USEFUL SKILLS FOR EVERY OWE LIvine IN A MODERN SOCTETY AND ESSENTIAL SKILLS FOR THE GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION COURSE WILL HELP YOU IN LEARNING TO MAKE, READ AND WNDERSTAND TECHNICAL ORAWINGS, DIAGRAMS, SYMBOLS ETC, THE COURSE 1S ARRANGED IN A SYSTEMATIC ORDER AND BASED ON MODERN EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS. THE WORKBOOK-APPROACH APPLIES "LEARNING BY DOING", AN EFFECTIVE METHOD IN THIS FIELD. PRESENTED 1h OBJECTIVES, INFORMATION, EXERCISES AND TESTS AND LABELLED WITH GRAPHIC SYMBOLS FOR BETTER ORIENTATION, STATE WHAT YOU WILL BE ABLE TO DO OR WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT AFTER YOU HAVE STUDIED THIS UNIT AND COMPLETED THE EXERCISES, PAGES MARKED WITH THIS SYMBOL PROVIDE INFORMATION HICH YOU SHOULD STUDY CAREFULLY. THIS SYMBOL INDICATES THAT THE PAGE CONTAINS EXERCISES, DRAWING-PRODLENS ETC. PRACTICE TS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT IN THE LEARNING- PROCESS. oO TESTS ARE MARKED WITH THIS SYMBOL. WE HOPE THAT YOU ENJOY THE COURSE AND INCREASE YOUR INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS. UNESCO GISHes 10 THANK ALL WHO MADE USEFUL CONTRINUTIONS,= GRAPHIC UE communications WHY TO STUDY THIS COURSE? THIS COURSE IS ABOUT COMMUNICATION. COMMUNICATION MEANS TRANSMITTING IDEAS, EXPERIENCES OR MESSAGES, OFTEN BETWEEN PEOPLE. THEREFORE, YOU ARE COMMUNICATING WHEN YOU SIMPLY TALK TO SOMEONE. PEOPLE COMMUNICATE IN MANY DIFFERENT WAYS: BY TALKING, BY WRITING AND OFTEN ALSO BY ORAWING. COMMUNICATION BY DRAWING, OR PICTURES, IS CALLED GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION. PEOPLE LIKE ENGINEERS OR TECHNICIANS OFTEN EXPLAIN HOW A MACHINE WORKS BY MEANS OF DRAWING, WHICH IS A SPECIAL TYPE OF GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION CALLED TECHNICAL DRAWING. TECHNICAL DRAWING IS OFTEN CALLED THE UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE OF TECHNOLOGY SINCE PEOPLE ALL OVER THE WORLD USE TECHNICAL DRAWING TO EXPLAIN HOW THINGS WORK, IF YOU WANT TO UNDERSTAND THIS TECHNICAL LANGUAGE THEN YOU MUST LEARN VERY WELL HOW IT IS WRITTEN. THE GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS ARE: Oo e 9 9 5) oe TO DEVELOP THE ABILITY TO EXPRESS IDEAS AND DESCRIBE OBJECTS BY MEANS OF DRAWING; TO INTERPRET NORMS AND SYMBOLS USED IN TECHNICAL DRAWING AND IN DAILY LIFES TO DEVELOP SKILLS IN LETTERING AND FREEHAND SKETCHING; TO READ AND UNDERSTAND SIMPLE SKETCHES, DRAWINGS AND DIAGRAMS; TO APPRECIATE QUALITY IN WORKMANSHIP AND NEATNESS IN PRODUCTION; TO DEVELOP ACCURACY AND THE ABILITY TO THINK VISUALLY,GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THIS COURSE: AFTER YOU HAVE STUDIED THIS COURSE AND COMPLETED ALL THE EXERCISES YOU WILL BE ABLE TO: IDENTIFY LINES, TYPES OF DRAWING AND BASIC DRAWING TOOLS, DRAW FREEHAND HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL AND INCLINED LINES. WRITE LETTERS AND NUMBERS FOR DRAWINGS, CORRECTLY MEASURE DIFFERENT LENGHTS. IN MM AND INCHES, SKETCH FREEWAND SIMPLE FLAT OBJECTS, GIVEN A PICTORIAL DRAWING, DRAW THE MULYI-VIEW DRAWING OF A SIMPLE OBJECT. GIVEN AN INCOMPLETE MULTI~VIEW ORAWING, DRAW THE MISSING VIEW. MAKE PICTORIAL DRAWINGS OF SIMPLE OBJECTS. MATCH A PICTORIAL DRAWING WITH THE MULTI-VIEW DRAWING OF THE SAME OBJECT. CORRECTLY PLACE DIMENSIONS, ON ORAWINGS OF SIMPLE OBJECTS. DRAW A SIMPLE FLOOR PLAN OF A ROOM, MATCH SYMBOLS WITH THEIR DESCRIPTIONS, o 8 9 9 9 oe QO ° 9 ® @ @GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS HY P-03 WHAT IS TECHNICAL DRAWING? TECHNICAL DRAWING IS A GRAPHIC MEANS OF COMMUNICATING WHICH IS INTERNATIONALLY UNDERSTOOD. IT IS, THEREFORE, OFTEN CALLED THE UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE OF TECII- NOLOGY. TECHNICAL DRAWING COMMUNICATES IDEAS BY HEANS OF PICTURES, DRAWINGS, GRAPHS AND SYMBOLS. WHEN A DRAWING IS MADE WITH THE HELP OF DRAWING TOOLS, IT IS CALLED MECHANICAL DRAWING. WHEN A DRAWING IS MADE FREEHAND TT TS USUALLY CALLED A SKETCH. THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF TECHNICAL DRAWING = | ARE: ~ 1, LINES = | 2. syMBOLs 3. NUMBERS THE TYPES OF LINES USED ARE: 1, VISIBLE LINE 2, HIDDEN LINE 3, CENTER LINE 4, DIMENSION LINE THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF TECHNICAL DRAWING: 1, MULTIVIEH (ORTHOGRAPHIC) ONE OR MORE VIEW (PROJECTION) SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED, 2, PICTORIAL ONE VIEW DRAWN AT A SPECIFIC ANGLE, AS IN A PHOTOGRAPH. 3, SCHEMATIC SIMPLIFIED FUNCTIONAL DRAWING.IC ww COMMUNICATIONS P “ 04. | DRAWING TOOLS THE SIMPLEST DRAWING TOOLS NEEDED FOR THIS WORKBOOK ARE: 1. DRAWING-BOARD 2. TRIANGLE 30° 60° 90° 3. TRIANGLE 45° 90° VERTICAL LINES ARE DRAWN ALONG THE VERTICAL EDGE OF A TRIANGLE WHICH HAS BEEN PLACED AGAINST A PARALLEL EDGE. A RULER WITH A METRIC SCALE IS ESSENTIAL FOR EXACT MEASUREMENT. BASIC DRAWING SUPPLIES ARE: J. PENCIL 2. PAPER 3, ERASERGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS BASIC SKETCHING TECHNIQUE FOR SKETCHING HOLD THE PENCIL IN THIS POSITION, FOR SHORT STROKES USE A FINGER AND WRIST MOVEMENT, FOR LONGER STROKES USE A FREE ARM MOVEMENT, BRE TCH ING [GR IZONTAL LINES MARK (0 POINTS AND KEEP EYE ‘on END” POINT. SKETCHING VERTICAL LINES, SKETCHING SLANTING LINES, TURNING THE PAPER MAY MAKE EASTER * SKETCHING VERTICAL AND SLANTING LINES,ini GRAPHIC LI COMMUNICATIONS P =O LINE SKETCHING INSTRUCTIONS: TRACE FREE-HAND OVER THE HORIZONTAL LINES. SCHOOLGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS INSTRUCTIONS: INSTRUCTIONS: CU p-o7 TRACE FREE-HAND OVER THE VENTICAL LINES, SKETCH VERTICAL LINES BETWEEN THE POINTS. | SCHOOLi comaticons [CJ P-o8 TRACE FREE-HAND THE INCLINED LINES. Mf SKETCH THE INCLINED LINES BETWEEN THE POENTS. ‘SCHOOL DATEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS STANDARD LETTERING 1, ALWAYS DRAW THIN GUIDELINES 2, REST YOUR HAND ON THE PAPER 3, DIRECTION OF LETTERING STROKE 4, ROTATE YOUR PENCIL STANDARD HEIGHT . USE 7mm FOR LARGE LETTERS USE 3.5mm FOR SMALL LETTERS face CEO L_ a) + THE WIDTH OF LARGE LETTERS IS as rab ) oO APPROXIMATELY 4, 5mm arr OE + THE WIDTH OF SMALL LETTERS 15 APPROXIMATELY 2, 5mm t “epfamannaruaus e r 25 SPACING © Teh aL « EQUAL SPACE BETWEEN LETTERS + PREFERRED VISUAL SPACING SPAGING © SPACING BETHEEN WORDSTt GRAPHIC Tt COMMUNICATIONS COPY THE LETTERS (7mm HEIGHT) IN THE SQUARES AND BETWEEN THE CUIDELINES ABCDEFGHIJKE MNOPORS TUVWXYZ INIA I IN) ABCDEFGHI_JKLMNOPORSTUVWXYZ ( GRAPHIC_COMMUNICATIONS SERIES P STAPLE SCREWEYE HOOK HINGE file WRITE BELOW: GENERAL TECIINICAL EDUCATIONWat COMMUNICATIONS Ci P ™ 1 1 COPY THE LETTERS AND WORDS IN THE “SQUARE AND BETWEEN THE GUIDELINES, SECOEEGHTIRKCMNUPRS TUVWKYZO { CTU CCC) ABCUEEGHIITREMNUPOR STUY WXYZ ‘SCHOOL DATEGRAPHIC of P- 12| a NS COMMUNICATIONS REPEAT THE NUMBERS BETWEEN THE GUIDELINES. INSTRUCTIONS: COPY THE NUMBERS BETWEEN THE LINES BELOW EACH ROW. 25 30 35 40 45 50 ¢ 5 10 15 20 i 4 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 96 100 26 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 33 34 67 WANE SCHOOL DATEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT TNE METRIC SYSTEM THE BASIC UNIT 1S THE METRE (m) THE METRIC SYSTEM WAS INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED IN 1795. METRIC SYSTE ieee ee eee METRIC SYSTEM OECIMETRE © vecimetne e © centimetre | ; ee CENTIMEIRE © miceimerre AI scien BASIC UNIT = DIVISTONS DERIVED UNITS 1 METRE (m) = 10 DECIMETRES (dm) : ARE TRE) (m)RIOORCENTINETRESE( ci) |, ot meceecaunes nat beet tee T METRE (m) = 1000 MILLIMETRES (mm)] 1 CENTIMETRE = 10 MILLIMETRES IMPERIAL SYSTEM, LENGTH IS MEASURED IN YARDS, FEET AND INCHES, 1 YARD= 3 FEET 1 FOOT =12 INCHES (") DRAFTSMEN USE THE 12" SCALE WITH Ys" DIVISION, LLINCH IS EQUAL 25,4 MM,ZT GRapiic UUs COMMUNICATIONS P-14 INSTRUCTIONS: -]..HEASURE THE LENGHTS BETWEEN THE ARROWHEADS WITH YOUR RULER, 2. WRITE THE CORRECT NUMBER iN THE FREE SPACE AS SHOWN. a ye —_—H - > Kk ——+} a —1 | t ee ay 7 7 INSTRUCTIQNS: 1. MEASURE THE MISSING DIMENSIONS, 2, COMPLETE THE DRAWING WITH MISSING ARROWS AND NUMBERS IN SAME SIZE AS SHOWN, NAME SCHOOL. DATECOMMUNICATIONS P-15 1, MEASURE THE MISSING DIMENSIONS, 2, COMPLETE THE DRAWING WITH MISSING ARROWS AND NUMBERS. ANSTRUCTIONS:im GRAPHIC MO COMMUNICATIONS INSTRUCTIONS: MEASURE THE LENGHTS OF THE LINES AND NOTE THE RESULT IN THE BOXES ON THE RIGHT AS SHOWN IN THE FIRST THO SAMPLES, MEASURE IN HM 1) 35 2112 3 4 5 4 Cy p-16| MEASURE IN INCH —_1L 3/4 241 1/2 4} 1 4 | 3 4 5 6. 7 af 9 0 2 4 a ee 1 — u 1 13 ] —— 15 16 V7 18 DATEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS 1, TEST, MARK YOUR STARTING TIME. CK) P-i7| TIME STARTED 1 2. ANSWER Tilt QUESTIONS. 3. WRITE THE NUMBERS, UtGs LTE T) 4. CHECK YOUR WORK. 5. MARK YOUR FINISHING TIME. 6. NAND THIS TEST TO YOUR TEACHER. [7] {9 WRITE THE NUMBER OF THE — °o @| CORRESPONDING FiouRE =a \ AFTER ITS DESCRIPTION. A. SYRBOLS = e » BASIC LINES a t_____t + 30°-60° TRIANGLE . MULTIVIEH DRAWING °o 45°-45° TRIANGLE + DIMENSIONS PICTORIAL DRAWING. se vo O ScALe US) Je + SCHEMATIC DRAWING 159-759 TRIANGLE LL I 0 COPY THE NUMBERS, { 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 26 27 28 29 33 34 67GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS « MARK YOUR STARTING TINE, DO THE EXERCISES, CHECK YOUR WORK MARK YOUR FINISHING TIME. 1 ai a 4, STARTING TIME: FINISHING TIME: PRINT ON THE LEFT: 2. 3 4. oF ANGLE AND TRIANGLE Wood AND PLASTIC STONE AND METAL MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY MEASURE THE LENGHTS OF THE LINES AND NOTE THE RESULT IN THE BOXES ON THE RIGHT. To MEASURE IN MI SCHOOLGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS aeeeeneeeee) TYPES OF SKETCHES SKETCHING IS MADE IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION OR IN PICTORIAL PROJECTION, G@ ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION MAY USE ONLY ‘ONE VIEW OR MORE VIEWS DEPENDING ON THE OBJECT. QTE HOUSE SHOWN WERE IS SKETCHED IN TWO VIEWS? FRONT VIEW AND SIDE VIEW. PICTORIAL PROJECTIONS ARE EITHER TSONETRIC OBLIQUE OR PERSPECTIVE. © an tsomeraie sketcw 1s coNstRUCTED BY USING THREE AXES: ONE VERTICAL AND TWO AT30° OF THE HORIZONTAL. QoL IQUE PROJECTION USE THE FRONT FACE 4) my SHAPE AND ONE SIDE AT 45° OR PERSPECTIVE SKETCHES ARE USUALLY DRAWN BY ARCHITECTS. THE LINES TO THE VARNISHING POINT ARE WOT PARALLEL.GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS KEEPING THE CORRECT PROPORTION IS A VERY IMPORTANT FEATURE IN FREEHAND SKETCHING, SKETCHES ARE NOT MADE IN SCALE AND PROPER PROPORTIONING IS ACHIEVED BY ESTIMATING ACTUAL DIMENSIONS, COPY FREEHAND THE SKETCHES ON THE LEFT IN THE SPACE PROVIDED, SCHOOL.GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS COPY FREE-HAND THE SKETCHES ON THE LEFT IN THE SPACE PROVIDED. I= [J = — \GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS COPY FREE-HAND THE SKETCHES ON THE LEFT IN THE SPACE PROVIDED. | SCHOOLGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS O iiss THE THE | © hey TOP. ORAWING A MULTIVIEW PROJECTION @ 4 dice 1s sHowN PICTORIALLY LIKE A PHOTOGRAPH, IT SHOWS THE OBJECT AS IT APPEARS TO THE EYE, A VIEW OF AN OBJECT IS KNOWN TECHNICALLY AS A PROJECTION. PROJECTION MEANS "THROWN FORWARD", THE PROJECTED VIEW DESCRIBES THE EXACT SHAPE, THE VIEW PROJECTED ON THE FROTAL PLANE IS CALLED "FRONT VIEW", WW P-23 THREE PLANES FOR AN ORTHOGRAPHIC ECTION ARE: 1. FRONTAL PLANE 2. HORIZONTAL PLANE 3, PROFIL PLANE DICE IS PLACED AT THE CENTER OF THREE PLANES, TOP VIEW SHOWS THE EXACT SHAPE E DICE 1S VIEWED FROM THE—S Tit GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS eo {\ iY THE SIDE VIEW IS SHOWN ON THE PROFIL PLANE WHEN THE DICE 1S VIEWED FROM THE LEFT. A SINGLE ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION OF ONE FACE OF A DICE COULD NOT DESCRIBE THE SHAPE OF THAT OBJECT COMPLETELY. THEREFORE, MORE THAN ONE PROJECTION AND MORE THAN ONE PLANE OF PROJECTION MUST BE SHOWN ON A DRAWING TO INDICATE THAT IT IS A DICE, THE PROJECTION OF VIEWS IS SHOWN PICTORIALLY AND THE PLANES CAN BE UNFOLDED TO A FLAT SURFACE. THIS METHOD OF DEVELOPING VIEWS IS CALLED ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION AND PERMITS A THREE-DIMENSIONAL OBJECT 10 BE DRAWN ON A FLAT SHEET OF PAPER HAVING ONLY THO DIMENSIONS. THE MENTAL PROCESS OF READING A MULTIVIEW DRAWING IS KHOWN AS "VISUALIZING THE VIEWS". THIS IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF DRAWING TECHNIQUE THAT YOU CAN LEARN,THE MULTIVIEW DRAWING IS THE MAJOR TYPE OF DRAWING USED IN INDUSTRY, USUALLY, THREE VIEWS ARE DRAWN, 3. LOOK STRAIGHT AT THE TOP AND DRAW THE TOP VIEW. LOOK STRAIGHT AT THE SIDE AND DRA 1, LOOK STRAIGHT AT THE SIDE VIEW. THE FRONT AND DRAW THE FRONT VIEW, 9°) FRONT-VIEH © SIDE-VIEW ———} PICTORIAL PROJECTION (OBLIQUE) [o| ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS ARE MULTI-VIEW DRAWINGS,GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS HOW TO MAKE A MULTI-VIEW DRAWING? WOLD UP A MATGH-BOX AND LOOK AT IT- @ in tue virection oF Arrow. PLACE A PIECE OF PAPER UNDER THE MATCII-BOX AND DRAW THE OUTLINE OF THE MATCH-BOX. °e LOOK AT THE FRONT, THE TOP AND THE SIDE OF THE MATCH-BOX TO SEE THE EXACT SHAPE. DRAW WHAT YOU SEE WHEN YOU-LOOK FROM THE FRONT, THE TOP AND THE SIDE. THE THREE DRAWINGS: THE FRONT VIEW, THE TOP VIEW AND THE SIDE VIEW, SHOW THE EXACT SHAPE OF THE MATCH-BOX.aa GRAPHIC At COMMUNICATIONS ol P-27 A MULTI-VIEW PROJECTION HAS ‘BEEN SKETCHED FREEHAND ON ACM GRID FROM AN OBJECT WHICH WAS PRESENTED ISOMETRIC. TRACE THE MULTI-VIEW DRAWING. i I i ' SIDE-VIEW FRONT-VIEW TOP-VIEW {4 | SST NS VVAA/ADABDIAAANININS ISOMETRIC PROJECTION SCHOOL eaII COMMUNICATIONS jal P =28 DRAW FREEHAND A MULTI-VIEW PROJECTION OF THE OBJECT WHICH IS SHOWN IN AN ISOMETRIC PROJECTION. q | y >| > SJ | S a SJ 7 yd A SCHOOL jorGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS i WHICH IS SHOWN IN AN ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF THE OBJECT PROJECTION, DRAW FREEHAND A MULTI-VIEW DATE [se#ooimi GRAPHIC Mu COMMUNICATIONS QRAW FREEHAND A MULTI-VIEW PROJECTION OF THE OBJECT WHICH IS SHOWN IN AN ISOMETRIC PROJECTION. AVAVAVAVAVAVAVA yGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS COMPLETING VIEW EXERCISES INSTRUCTIONS: AY THE PICTORIAL DRAWING ON THE EFT. STUDY THE VIEWS DRAWN. COMPLETE THE DRAWING BY DRAWING THE REQUIRED VIEWS. a HERE DRAW THE FRONT VIEW FRONT VIEW SCHOOL DATEGRAPHIC | COMMUNICATIONS START HERE DRAW THE TOP AND SIDE VIEWa= Ttt GRAPHIC J COMMUNICATIONS INSTRUCTIONS: 1.STUDY THE PICTORIAL DRAWING 2,SUPPLY THE MISSING VIEWS,ina GRAPHIC Mu COMMUNICATIONS INSTRUCTIONS: 1,STUDY THE PICTORIAL DRAWING 2. SUPPLY THE MISSING VIEWS,GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS INSTRUCTION: 1,STUDY THE MULTIVIEW DRAWING 2,SELECT THE CORESPONDING PICTORIAL VIEW AND HARK THE BOX BELOW WITH X. ct] fol Be a8 O NAME SCHOOLGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS MATCHING PROBLEM INSTRUCTIONS: 2. STUDY THE OBJECTS DRAWN PICTORIALLY COMPARE THE MULTIVIEW DRAWINGS BELOW AND WHEN YOU MATCH THEM, WRITE THE APPROPRIATE NUMBERS IN THE BOXES BELOW THE PICTORIALS.GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS MATCHING PROBLEM. INSTRUCTIONS: y stypy THE OBJECTS ON THE LEFT, DRAWN PICTORTALLY AND NUMBERED 1-4, 2. COMPARE THE VIEWS ON THE RIGHT AND WHEN YOU MATCH THEM WRITE THE APPROPRIATE NUMBERS IN THE BOXES BELOW THE VIEWS. FRONT VIEWS, ° dP Oe C) O SIDE VIEWS Fea O ™ SU C0 0 oO -O SCHOOLGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS INSTRUCTIONS: 1.STUDY THE MULTIVIEW DRAWINGS 2,SUPPLY THE MISSING LINES. P4O) C0’ | [ ae PLT] [F1]——= Tie GRAPHIC J COMMUNICATIONS 3. TEST MARK YOUR SIARTING TIME. TIME STARTED: STUDY THE PICTORIAL DRAWING. DRAW THE THREE VIEWS. TIME FINISHED: CHECK YOUR DRAWINGS. MARK YOUR FINISHING TIME. HAND THIS TEST TO YOUR TEACHER. COT NAME SCHOOL DATEar GRAPHIC HM = communications Ww P~40 BASIC TECHNIQUE @ piace tHe opvect IN sucn A position WHERE THE FRONT VIEW SHOWS MOST OF THE DETAILS, @ oeaw starting Lines © ona oursio€ FRAME IN THIN LINES FRONT VIEW @ oraw parts To BE cUT OUT IN THIN LINES © onan FIntsHine LinksIC COMMUNICATIONS wa P ™ 41 POSITIONING AN OBJECT. @ tHe oBvect 1s REPRESENTED IN AN ISOMETRIC PROJECTION. ALL HIDDEN EDGES ARE DRAWN BY SHORT DASH LINES, i tey © tts position The MuLTIVIEW DRAWING IS SHOWN HERE, PLEASE NOTE THAT THE HIDDEN EDGE OF THE OBJECT IN THE SIDE VIEW IS REPRESENTED BY A SHORT DASH LINE. TURNING THE OBJECT UPSIDE DOWN HIDDEN LINES WILL APPEAR ON BOTA SIDE VIEW AND TOP VIEW, oa @ ine: oBsecT sHouLD BE PosITIONED IN SUCH A MANNER THAT HIDDEN LINES APPEAR TO A MINIMUM AT MULTIVIEW PROJECTIONS. © THE OBJECT OW THE LEFT, HOWEVER, SHOWS THAT HIDDEN LINES CANNOT ALWAYS BE AVOIDED, & Bon aDVYDLAQAYF LLY VY LY VDALLY VY VV ALLDLALASA VY DAYAL ROJECTION. CH BELOW. TRACE FREEHAND THE SKETI no 2 9 & g 2 5 = 5 6 5 A CUBE HAS BEEN DRAWN ON A GRID_IN ISOMETRIC PISTART HERE GRAPHIC gD Zz Q & Ss 2 S = 2 S 3 LADALLLAALDARALYZ OOOO PROJECTION OF THE OBJECT ON DRAW FREEHAND THE ISOMETRIC THE LARGER GRID BELOW. jinDWADLLLLAALAZ SR OO0OOOOL * OOOO IVAVAVAY AVAVAVAVAVAVAVA AK} WV OO AWWW TLV AN VAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAV WAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAWAN DDDLDDLALL ADA? ZL NAVA AVA AVA AVAV START HERE Qn Zz 5 Ok zs zS 2s ec SS = oO oO pi46 GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS oe ECT 0 OMETRI: We IIIT VII THE LARGER GRID BELO! DRAW FREEHAND THE ISI PROJECTION OF THE OB: It, START HEREsaa aaa tena DEES EAS OARS HOWN IN THE 3, TRACE THE ISOMETRIC SKETCH GRAPHIC 2g z Q & g Z S 2 = Q ° TAKE THO MATCH-BOXES (60.40.20) | |_| 2, BUILD THE MODEL AS SI MULTI-VIEW DRAWING, INSTRUCTIONS: I,WY DAALA Y DIY LDALLBALLY. -48 Ty ep $s (60.40.20) |_| fj jj pte} pepe | yy} 1 I J 1 ileal 1 jit 1 1 Cheer Fo T wo at g re Qe eee £5 aa g 5 gz 22 es 2? .= Sz 322" 3 2228 5 eSe2 a =e Si sess 3 BFR. 8) Shh 3) 2538 € 2) S228- 49| typ MATCH-BOXES (60.40.20) |—| GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS i E MODEL AS SHOWN IN THE |_| INSTRUCTIONS: NAHEaa aaae DLADBABALSELESA OA GRAPHIC MATCH~BOXES (60.40.20) |_| E MODEL AS SHOWN IN THE! | EW DRAWING, Q Z 9g & g 2 = = 5 5 oO HE MODEL IN ISOMETRIC WAVAVAVAVAN DIVVNININVWVIVWVIPF E TW to T {1-V TCH INSTRUCTIONS: imGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS DRAWING A CIRCLE FREEHAND BASIC STEPS: « SKETCH HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CENTRELINES SET OUT THE RADIUS OF THE CIRCLE USING A RULER OR A PIECE OF PAPER . SET OUT POINTS OF THE CIRCUMFERENCE USING THE RULER OR PIECE OF PAPER AS A GUIDE . CONNECT THE CIRCUMFERENCE POINTS WITH A CURVED DARK LINE ROTATING PAPER TECHNIQUES 1, SKETCH HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CENTRE- LINES AND SET OUT THE RADIUS 2. HOLD YOUR LITTLE FINGER IN THE CENTRE, PRESS THE PENCIL LIGHTLY AND ROTATE THE PAPER 1, SKETCH HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CENTRE- LINES AND SET OUT THE RADIUS 2, USING THO PENCILS, HOLD ONE PENCII. POINT IN THE CENTRE, PRESS THE SECOND PENCIL POINT LIGHTLY AND ROTATE THEtiti GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS DRAWING A CIRCLE WITH ASOMPASS PARTS OF THE CIRCLE: 1, CENTRELINES 2, CENTRE 3, RADIUS 4. DIAMETER STEPS! 1. DRAW CENTRELINES 2. MEASURE RADIUS PLACE THE NEEDLE POINT OF THE COMPASS AT THE EXACT INTER- SECTION OF THE CENTRE- LINES. ADJUST LEG OF COMPASS TO THE RADIUS 3. 4. LEAN THE COMPASS FOR- WARD AND DRAW THE CIRCLE CLOCKWISE WHILE ROTATING THE HANDLE BETWEEN THE THUMB. AND FOREFINGERGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS COMPARISON oF MULTIVIEW, TSONETRIC AND OBLIQUE NGS MULTIVIEH DRAWING 1. CENTRELINES ARE MORT~ ZONTAL AND VERTICAL «THE WIOTH (DIAMETER IS DRAWN AS A CIRCL LENGTH IS DRAWN REAL OR TO SCALE ISOMETRIC DRAWING 1, CENTRELINES ARE DRAWN AT A 300 ANGLE + THE WIDTH IS DRAWN AS AN ELLIPSE « LENGTH 1S DRAWN REAL OR TO SCALE OBLIQUE DRAWING 1, CENTRELINES ARE DRAWN AT A 45° ANGLE + THE WIOTH IS DRAWN AS A CIRCLE + LENGTH IS DRAWN AT HALF THE REAL LENGTHGRAPHIC A COMMUNICATIONS DRAWING THREE VIEWS OF A CYLINOER 1. A CYLINDER DRAWN IN ISOMETRIC 2, THE FRONT-VIEW, SIDE-VIEW AND TOP- VIEW OF THE SAME CYLINDER LOOK AT THE FRONT AND DRAW THE FRONT- view (1) LOOK AT THE TOP AND DRAW THE TOP-VIEW (2) LOOK AT THE SIDE AND DRAW THE SIDE-VIEW (3) THE THREE VIEWS 1, FRONT-VIEW 2. TOP-VIEW 3, STDE-VIEW SHOW THE EXACT SHAPE OF THE CYLINDER HIDDEN DETAILS: THE HOLE CANNOT BE SEEN IN THE FRONT VIEH (1) AND IS DRAWN IN DOTTED LINES THE HOLE CAN BE SEEN IN THE TOP-VIEH (2) AND IS DRAWN AS A CIRCLE THE HOLE CANNOT BE SEEN IN THE SIDE-VIEW (3) AND 1S DRAHN IN DOTTED LINES THE THREE VIEWS 1, FRONT-VIEW 2, TOP-VIEW 3, SIDE-VIEW SHOW THE EXACT SHAPE OF THE CYLINOER WITH A HOLECOMMUNICATIONS wa P La 55 HOW TO SKETCH AN OBLIQUE PROJECTION POSITION THE OBJECT IN SUCH A WAY THAT CIRCLES ARE IN FRONT VIEW @ RAW THE FRONT ‘VIEW WITH THE OVERALL DIMENSIONS MAKE THE CENTERLINES, THE SEMICIRCLE IS DRAWN TRUE SIZE. DRAW THE DEPTH OF THE OBJECT IN HALF SIZE AND UNDER 45°. © Finatoy THE LINES ARE STRENGTHENED.GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS COPY FREEHAND THE CYLINDERS BELOW IN OBLIQUE.GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS NAME SCHOOL DATEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS DRAW IN OBLIQUE AND IN FULL SIZE THE CYLINDER BELOW. i ‘SCHOOLGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS NAME SCHOOLGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS SCHOOLGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONSGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS 1, MARK YOUR STARTING TIME 2. TAKE THO MATCH-BOXES (60.40.20) 3, BUILD THE MODEL AS SHOWN IN THE 4 5 MULTI-VIEW DRAWING. + SKETCH THE MODEL IN ISOMETRIC MARK YOUR FINISHING TIME STARTING TINE! FINISHING TIME?GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS + MARK YOUR STARTING TIME, A pare OBLIQUE DRAWING OF THE OBJECT OW. | CHECK’ YoUR_WoRK. + MARK YOUR FINISHING TIME, STARTING TIME: FINISHING TIME:@ isonernic sHowine THE siiAPE OF A NATCH-BOX. MULTIVIEW SHOWING THE SHAPE OF A MATCH-BOX. © easuaine THE HATCH-BOx. G@ [sOMETRIC SHOWING THE omen AND THE.SIZE OF A MATCH-8OX 6" WULTIVIEH sHlowiNe THE SHAPE AND THE SIZE OF A MATCH-BOX.GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS ELEMENTS OF DIMENSIONING 1- EXTENSION LINES (THIN) 2- DIMENSIONING LINES (THIN) 3- DIMENSIONING ARROWS 4- DIMENSIONSGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS DIMENSIONING RULES THE NUMBERS MUST BE GOOD READABLE AND APPROXIMATELY 4 MM HIGH. THE DISTANCE BETWEEN DIMENSION | LINE AND OBJECT SHOULD BE 7 - 10 HM THE ARROWHEADS SHOULD BE 4 - 5 HM LONG AND IN PROPER SHAPE. WITH THE UNIDIRECTIONAL METHOD, ALL FIGURES READ FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE DRAWING. THIS METHOD IS APPLIED IN THIS COURSE. E ALLIGNED METHOD, THE NUMBERS ARE Math UP WITH THE DIMENSION LINES SO THEY READ FROM THE BOTTOM OR THE RIGHT HAND EDGE.GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS INSTRUCTIONS: 1, STUDY THE DRAWINGS. 2, MEASURE THE OBJECTS. 3. PLACE THE COMPLETE DIMENSIONS. | IY ¢ 4 SCHOOL DATEa GRAPHIC UIST COMMUNICATIONS a P-68 NSTRUCTIONS: INS: 1, STUDY THE DRAWINGS BELOW. 2, MEASURE THE OBJECTS. 3. PLACE THE DIMENSIONS. NSGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS P | SCHOOLit GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS 6 \ o~ 9 e ‘0 1 AND 2 WALLS 3 AND 4 DOORS SINK 1 2 3, SHOWER TOILET SYMBOLS FOR STAIRCASES 1, STRAIGHT STAIRCASE 2, BEND STAIRCASE SANITARY SYMBOLS ° 1. Doors TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL SYMBOLS 7 2, WASHBASIN/SINK 3, SHOWER 4, TOILET 5, WINDOW . an 5 AND 6 WINDOWS WINDOWS, SYMBOLS FOR WALLS, DOORSGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS a SCAL MOR 1:100 We sp-72 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS SITF, PLAW USUALLY DRAHN IN SCALE 1:1000, INCLUDES THE SIZE OF THE PLOT, THE PLACE OF THE HOUSE, THE NORTH DIRECTION SYMBOL, WATER AND DRAINAGE LINES, FLOOR PLAN SMALLER BUILDINGS ARE DRAWN BY A SCALE 1:100 WILICH MEANS: THAT 1CM_ON PAPER REPRESENTS 1M IN REALITY, GRIDS WITH 1CM SQUARES HELP IN PLANNING THE ROOMS. SYMBOLS ARE USED FOR DOORS AND WINDOMS, FOR CONSTRUCTION WORK DIMENSIONS ARE PREFERED, DIMENSIONS ARE GIVEN TN_METERS OUTSIDE WALLS ARE 0,30M THICK, INSIDE WALLS ARE USUALLY 0,15 M THICKGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS FOR PLANNING PURPOSES SOMETIMES THE AREA IS ONLY INDICATED. SCALED CUT-OUTS OF EQUIPMENT MAY BE USED FOR FINDING THE HOST SUITABLE PLACE, FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATIONINSTRUCTIONS: STUDY THE HOUSE PLAN AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS BELOW, WHAT IS THE SIZE OF THE LIVING ROOM? LENGTH WIDTH, WHAT IS THE SIZE OF THE DINNING TABLE? ———— LENGTH ____ WIDTH + WHAT IS THE SIZE OF THE BED? ---— LENGTH. WIOTH + WHAT IS THE WIDTH OF THE DOOR? NAME sciioot DATEINSTRUCTION: 1. STUDY THE FLOOR-PLAN OF THE HOTEL~ROOK 2. DRAW THE FLOOR-PLAN IN THE SAME SCALE AND ADD THE DIMENSIONS,a Wi GRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS ) @® INTERNATIONAL SYMBOLS 1, UNITED NATIONS (UN) 2, UNITED NATIONS EDU- CATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGA- NIZATION (UNESCO) 3. INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION (1Lo) 4, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 5. UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND 6. FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSAL SYMBOLS FOR 1, TREATMENT OF TEXTILS 2. CARE OF GOODS DURING TRANSPORT 3. DRIVING A CAR UNIVERSAL SYMBOLS FOR 1, ROAD-TRAFFIC 2. DAILY USE 3, FIRST AIDti GRAPHIC @ MU COMMUNICATIONS 6. TEST eae STARTING TIME: MARK THE STARTING TIME STUDY THE ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS ON THE LEFT. FINISHING TIME: STUDY THE MULTIVIEW DRAWINGS ON THE RIGHT. {MATCH THE ISOMETRIC DRAWING HITH THE MULTIVIEW ORAWING OF THE SAME OBJECT. | WRITE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT ISOMETRIC DRAWING IN THE BOX NEXT TO THE MULTIVIEW DRAWING, . MARK YOUR FINISHING TIME & % pGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS 7._TEST STARTING TIME: MARK YOUR STARTING TIME. FINISHING TIME: + MEASURE THE OBJECTS AND PLACE _——_ ALL DIMENSIONS. + CHECK YOUR WORK. WARK YOUR FINISIIING TIME. HAND THIS TEST TO YOUR TEACHER. ‘SCHOOLGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS 8. TEST - MARK YOUR STARTING TIME. MATCH THE SYMBOLS STARTING TIME: CHECK YOUR WORK. MARK YOUR FINISHING TIME. FINISHING TIME: TELEPHONE FACILITY MAIN ROAD CROSSING ANEAD SLEEPING FACILITIES CHILDREN CROSSING UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND (UNICEF) SMOKING FORBIDDEN WRITE THE NUMBER OF THE CORRECT FIGURE AFTER ITS DESCRIPTION. WINDOW SHOWER TOILET voors os WASHBASIN/SINK____ SCHOOL