314 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas DAY 13 The term “Calculus” was derived from a Latin word “calx” which means “stone” and from a Greek word “chalis" which means “limestone”. In 1684, a German mathematician and philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz published his early work on calculus, while an English astronomer, physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton made an early study on the subject in 1665 but did not published hie work until 1704. These two mathematiciane are now concidered ac tho founders of today's calculus. ‘The subject Calculus is divided into four areas namely, differential calculus, integral calculus, differential equations and calculus of variation. Differential Calculus is a branch of mathematics which deals with derivatives and limits. A. Algebraic Functions: B. Exponential Functions: de anen, eu 4 (a4) = a4 nat 9 FG)=aina® di euy gu a: 10s, =eDifferential Calculus (Limits & Derivatives) 315 C. Logarithmic Functions: Jog, e 2 gd aT dx ed prembee re 1 (logy u) a du d 12. (0 tw) = a dx 13. —(Inu)= ax) fi D. Trigonometric Functions: Wie du d 2,, du 4 (sinuy = cosu tt 17. 4 cotu =-csc?u St 14. (Ginu) = cosu > oe (Cott) = eso? u 2 d du d du 16. = =-sinudt 18. < (secu) = secutanuS+ (cosu) =~ sinuc 8. (Secu) = secutanuct d 2, du d du . 2 anu) = eu 1p ae a 16. (anu) = sec? u 9. ,(escu) = oscucotu E. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: 1a doen 20. £ (situ) Vin? & 24. Lies" w= F. Hyperbolic Functions: i du d 2, du of enue ae = a dal 26. J (sinhu) = coshute 26. £ (cothw) = -esch*u 27. © (cosh) = sinh Se 2. Fp (eeshu) =~ sechutanhu Se 28. © (tanhu)=sech*u 4 28. (eschu) = -esehucothu SY dx dx dx dx316 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Tips:Critical and stationary points Critical point - a point a in the domain of f(x) if f(a) = 0 or if f(0 is not differentiable at x = a. Stationary points — critical points at which the derivative does not exist (and so equals zero). Did pou now that... the most proved theorem in Mathematics is the Pythagorean Theorem which has mote than 370 different proofs! All the 370 different proofs are found in the book entitled, “The Pythagorean Proposition” which was published in 1940. Proceed to the next page for your 13 test. GOODLUCK |Differential Calculus (Limits & Derivatives) 317 Time element: 4.0 hours cocS—_—_—_————— Problem 556: CE Board November 1997 2 Evaluate: Lim =" _ x31 © +3K-4 A 165 B. 2/5 c. 35 ; r v. ap Problem 557: ECE Board April 1998 Evaluate: Lim —%—4) _ pas Undefined 0 A 8. C. Infinity Beit Problem 558: ME Board April 1998 2 Evaluate the Lim *—16 K4 X# pomp we iS 6 Problem 559: ECE Board April 1993 2. Evaluate: M= Lim %=4 x2 X-2 pomp oano318 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 560: EE Board April 1995 Evaluate: Lim *-£08% x30 x’ A 0 B. 1/2 Cre D. -1/2 Problem S61: ME Board October 1997 Compute the following limit: Limit; 74 Xa xX-4 Ant Bo Gc B. Infinite Problem 562: EE Board October 1994 52) Evaluate: Lim S*=2" +7 hoe ORS Undefined a5 Infinity Zero pom> Problem 563: ECE Board November 1991 Evaluate: Lim (x* + 3x —4) x> 4 24 26 28 30 com> Problem 564: ECE Board November 1994 x Evaluate: Lim (2-x) 2 x1 2m elt pony °Differential Calculus (Limits & Derivatives) 319 Problem 565: EE Board October 1997 Differentiate y = e* cos x. —e* sin? e* (cos x° — 2x sin x’) e% cos x — 2x sin x” ~2xe* sin x com> Problem 566: EE Board October 1997 Differentiate y = sec (x" + 2). 2x cos (x? + 2) = 008 (x° + 2) cot (x7 +2) 2x sec (x° +2) tan (x? +2) cos (x’ + 2) 9om> Problem 567: CE Board November 1994 What is the derivative with respect to x of (x + 1)°-x°? 3x+6 3x-3 6x-3 6x+3 pop> Problem 568: EE Board October 1997 Differentiate y = log 10 (x + 1) 4x (XC +1) Axlogio e x41 log e000 + 1) A 8. ie D. x(x" + 1) Problem 569: EE Board October 1997 Differentiate (< + 2)". (2 +2"? 7 een keee (2 +2)? 2x, wan (+2) °520 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 570: EE Board October 1997 y= (+2) and t= x, determine 2 2+2) Sl? 4 ll? 9 Problem 571: ME Board April 1997 ‘What is the first derivative of the expression (xy)* = e? Problem 572: ME Board April 1998 Find the derivative with respect to x the function 23x?» -2x? Problem 573: EE Board April 1995 Find y’ ify = arc sin cos x -1 -2 1 2 com>Differential Calculus (Limits & Derivatives) 321 Problem 574: CE Board May 1997 Find the derivative of arc cos 4x. ee (1-16x2)°> 4 B. Toespe c. . Gaye Problem 575: CE Board November 1996 3 Find the derivative of ee 2 3 a HDF xe) x x 8. A(x 44)? 20x41)? 5 x x 3 3 geet beet) x x 2 3 p, Sex sees) x x Problem 576: ECE Board November 1991 Differentiate the equation: y = = +1 2 Ree (+P Ae x+1 C. 2 oe x+4 Problem 577: CE Board November 1995 The derivative with respect to x of 2 Cos * (x + 2) is A. 2sin (¢ + 2) cos (x7 +2) B. Ao sin G2 + 2) 608 (C+ 2)522 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas C. xin (¢ + 2) cos (x +2) D. -8x sin (x7 + 2) cos (x? + 2) Problem 578: CE Board November 1993 e Find the second derivative of y by implicit differentiation from the equation 4x? + by’ = 36. A B Cc. 32K D Problem 579: ME Board April 1998 Find the partial derivatives with respect to x of the function xy” — 5y + 6. = ad xy - 5y xy pom> Problem 580: ME Board October 1997 Find the second derivative of x° - 5x + x = 0. 10x-5 6x- 10 x+10 3x*- 5x gom> Problem $81: ME Board April 1998 Given the function f(x) = x to the 3 power — 6x + 2. Find the first derivative at x22. 3-5 8 geome Problem §82: CE Board May 1996 Find the slope of the ellipse x" + 4y* ~ 10x - 16y + 5 = Oat the point where y=2+8°° andx=7. A. -0.1483 B. -0.1538 Cc. -0.1654 D. -0.1768Differential Calculus (Limits & Derivatives) 323 Problem §83: EE Board October 1997 ify =4.cos x + sin 2x, what is the slope of the curve when x = 2 radians? 2.21 o:om> Problem 584: ECE Board November 1991 Find the slope of the line tangent to the curve y = x°-2x+1 atx=1. 114 14 1414 114 A. B. ic 0. Problem 586: ECE Board November 1998 Find the slope of x'y = 8 at the point (2,2). Ane Bt Cc. 12 D. -2 Problem 587: CE Board May 1998 Find the slope of the curve x° + y* — 6x + 10y + 5 = 0 at point (1,0). 5 25 4 2 com> Problem 588: CE Board May 1996 Find the slope of the tangent to the curve, y = 2x—x* + x at (0,2). oOm> Rone324 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 589: ECE Board April 1999 Find the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola y = x* — 4x + 1 by making use of the fact that at the vertex, the slope of the tangent is zero. Problem 590: ECE Board April 1999 Find the equation of the normal to x" + y” = 5 at the point (2,1). Problem £91: CE Board May 1905 ‘What is the equation of the normal to the curve x" + y* = 25 at (4,3)? A. &x+3y=0 B. 3x-4y=0 C. 3x+4y=0 D. 5x-3y=0 Problem 592: EE Board April 1997 Locate the points of inflection of the curve y = f(x) = x" e*. 22/3 242 2+ 12 2213 Problem 593: ECE Board November 1991 Inthe curve 2+12x— x°, find the critical points. gom> (2,18) & (-2,-14) (2.18) & (2-14) (2,18) & (2,-14) (2,18) & (-2,14) gop> Problem 594: CE Board November 1997 Find the radius of curvature of a parabola y’ — 4x = 0 at point (4,4). 22.36 units 25.78 units 20.33 units om>Differential Calculus (Limits & Derivatives) 325 D. 15.42 units Problem 595: ECE Board November 1996 Find the radius of curvature at any point in the curve y + In cos x = 0. cos x 1.5707 sec x 1 com> ANSWER KEY RATING 566.C 576. 567.D 577. 568.8 578. §69.B 579. 570.C 580. 571.C 581 572.B 582. 573.A 583. 574.A 584. 575.D 585, OQ 34-40 Topnotcher [_] 24-33 Passer [J 20-23 conditional (J 0-14 Faitea If FAILED, repeat the test. A D B B B A D B A D326 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas SOLUTIONS TO TEST 13 2 556. — 1 _ 2 indeterminate M'+3)-4 0 ‘Note: Using L'Hospital's rule, differentiate separately the numerator and denominator and substitute the value of limit to the variable ‘Substitute x = 1: : 2) _2 Limit= 20-2 mn F458 ESA timit=—*-4 5 4-4 __2 ingeterminate x-12 (4)?-4-12 0 Apply L'Hospital’s rule: e a pao aan Substitute x= 4: 1 a: Limits 4 it a1 7 ; 16 _ (47-16 0 * EES init oe pn indeterminate Apply L’Hospital’s rule: Limit ‘Substitute x Limit = 2(4) = x24 _ (2)? 1 Limie= 24: FE ns 240 pn Apply L'Hospital’s rute: Limit = 2% 2x Substitute x = 2: Limit = 2@) = 4 EEG init = 12008% 122080 0 indeterminate x @r 0 Apply L'Hospital’s rule: “Limit = 8X - $i00 _ 0 indeterminate 2x 2(0)Gu ee Differential Calculus (Limits & Derivatives) 327 Apply L'Hospital's rule again z cosx Li cost imit = ‘Substitute x = 0: - cos0° _ 1 li =1 i Limit = X+4..2+ = indeterminate Apply L'Hospital's rule: Limi 3x4 2x2 +7 _ 3c0)4 ~2(00)? +7 Limtt= Sk =e © indeterminate BxP4x—3 5@)+0-3 © Apply L'Hosprar’s rule: 2 3 Limit = 2X = 4% » 120) AS) © indeterminate 15x241 15(c0)? +1 Apply again L'Hospital’s rule: 36x? -4 _ 36(«0)?-4 Limit = indeterminate 30x 302) Apply again L’Hospital’s rule: 72x Limit =~ imit = Substitute x = 0: imi = 72) — A t Limit= 5 I= Answer. Substitute x = 4 to the given equation: Limit = 2 + 3x—4 )? + 3(4) 4 Limit = 24 tan tan 200. Limit = (2—x) "2 = (2-1)"" 2 = 1°, indeterminate Take In on both sides: In Limit = tan in (2-x) Note: din u= “4 and dtanu= -csc?u du328 Ea, 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Apply Hospital's rule: -1 JS eee = 2) cog? MO(R a2 () -ae A0(8 ‘Take exponential on both sides: Intimit _ 62/= einlimit - g Limit = e/* =e cos x Note: d(uv) = udv + vdu where: use; du =e"; v= cos x ; dv=-2x sin x* * (-2x sin x7) + cos x* e* = @* cos x — e"2x sin x* y = e"(c0s x"- zx sin x) ED y= scoot +2) EGA Note: d sec u = secu tan u du where: u=x' +2; du=2x y' = sec (x7 + 2) tan (x° + 2)(2x) = 2x sec (x7 + 2) tan (x + 2) y= «+P Note: du” = nu" du (x + 1)°(1) = 300°C) = 30x + 1)? - 3x7 QC" + 2x + 1)- 3x = 3x" + Ox+3 - 3x7 yeex+3 EE = coe + 0? Note: d logsou = logio € (2) where: U=OC + 1)? ; du = 202 + 1)(2x) = 4x0? + 1) ¥'= logo 9| 20 +4 4x100)9 € Gea | tat Ed y-w+2” Note: du’ = nu™ duDifferential Calculus (Limits & Derivatives) 329 where: n= 1/2; u=x +2; du=2x b2 2}? Hay = oh2ez) "= ey t=x'2 ur @ yes2% or @ ‘Substitute (1) in (2): ic the +2 = (+2) y= 2x + 2)(1) = 2x + 2) yy =e Take in on both sides In Oy)*= Ine xinxy=1 Note: d (uv) = udv + vdu Differentiating both sides , wt] = x| | +Inxy(1) =0 [ etna oy +y) +yinxy=0 xy y-yinxy y [t+Inxy] Bed 2-3x? = 2-30)” wu" du where: u=2~3x; du =- 6x; 12 Y= 12(2-3x2)"!21(-6x) = -3x(2-3x? 1?330 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas y= cos" 4x Note: d cos" u where: U= 4x, u? = 167; du=4 a Vi-t6e 675. +4 Note: d (:) eee v where: US(K+): du=3K+ Mivexv=xt dvet - x@\x+1P-& +1) _ 3c +4P (x +1) we x Pt where: u =x; du = 2x; vex+ 1; v?=(x+1)% dv=4 = XA D@W)= x2) _ 2x? + 2x— x? 22+ 2x (+? (a? ete y =2.cos*(x? +2) Note: cos?g = 1+00820 . 2 cos? (2 + 2) = 140082(x? +2) _ 1+ c0s(2x? + 4) 2 1+0082(2x? + 4) 2 y= 1+ cos (2x° +4) Note: d cos u=- sin udu where: u=2x' +4; du=4x y= = sin (2x + 4) (4x) = - 4x sin 207 + 2)578. Differential Caleulus (Limits & Derivatives) 331 Note: sin 20 = 2 cos 6 sin @ y= -4x[eoslx? + 2)sin(e? +2)| = - 8x cos (2 + 2)sin(x? +2) 4x? + By? = 36 +2y=9 or O Differentiate both sides: 2x + ayy =0 =x. =x y aoa we ‘Take second derivative: =_A[ yen yo-j[no| or ® ‘Subetitute (2) in (2): =x -6x+2 (Qadd-e f'(2) = 3(2)°-6=6 x? + dy? — 10x - 16y = Note: slope = y’ Differentiate: 2x + Byy - 10-16y' =0332 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas y (By -16) = 10 - 2x _10-2x Yey-18 Aty=2+8°°=4.828, x=7 ‘Substitut BEE y= 4cos x + sin 2x Differentiate: ¥ = 4(- sin x) + cos 2x (2) = 2 cos 2x—4 sin x Atx=2 rad. see y' = 2. cos 229,183" - 4 sin 114.591 Differentiate: y Substitute x = 1: y=3('-2=1 Note: Since the line is tangent to the curve at x = 1, then the slope of the line is the same as the slope of the curve at the given point. Thus, the slope of the line is equal to 1 ~2x+4 a} Note: slope = y’ Differentiate: ¥ ¥= 5 @x)-2 ‘Substitute x =1 ee y 4” 2 Note: slope = y’587. Differential Calculus (Limits & Derivatives) 333 x+y -6x+ 10y+5=0 Note: slope = y' Differentiate: ‘2x + 2yy'—6 + 10y' +0=0 yy + 10) =6-2x ee Y* 2y+10 Substitute x= 1 and y = 0: eet ore ¥Y*30)+10 10 5 yaax-xe+e Let: slope = y’ Differentiate: y =2-2x+ 3 Substitute x y = 2~290) + 3(0)*=2 Note: Since the line is tangent o the curve at (0,2), then the slope of the lime is the same as the slope of the curve at the given point. Thus, the slope of the line is equal to 2. yae—axet Let: slope = y’ Differentiate: y= 2x-4 Substitute y' = 0 as given: O=2x-4 xe2 Substitute x = 2 to the given equation: y=(2)'-4@)+1=-3 Thus, the vertex is at (2, -3) Let: m; = slope of the given curve334 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Substitute x = 2 and y = 1: m=-2=-2 Note: Since the line is normal to the curve at the given point, the slope (m2) of the line is equal the negative reciprocal of the slope of the given curve. 1 1 7 tee ee SO om 2 ae Using point slope form: y-yi=m (xx) y-1= Lex-2) 2y-2=x-2 EXE 2.225 lope of the given curve mz = slope of the normal line Differentiate: 2x + 2yy'=0 vee y Substitute x = 4 and y = 3: Using point slope form: y-y1=m (K=x) y-3= 20-4) Ay 12 = 3x- 12 3x-4y= ¥ =X (e) + e°(2x) y" = x/(e’) + e'(2x) + e* (2) + 2x(e%) y” =e" + 4xe* + 26" At point of inflection, y 0=xe" + 4xe* + 26" O=x + 4x42Differential Calculus (Limits & Derivatives) 335 By quadratic formula: 4+ V(aP 402) _ -42V8 20) 2 2225-22141 ie Substitute the values of x to the given equation to solve for y: Atx=-2+ 1.41 =-0.59; y= (-0.69)"(e°") =0.19 Atx=-2-141=-3.41; y=(3.41)(e%*) = 0.38 Note: From the choices, only values of the x-coordinates are given. Thus the suggested answer is choice ‘c’. EEA y=2+ 12x-x* Note: Critical points are points wherein the slope of the curve is zero. x=+2 Substitute the values of x to the general equation: y= 2+ 12(2) ~ (2)°= 18 2+ 12(-2)— (2)? =~ 14 A Thus, the points are (2, 18) and (-2, -14). 12 +? BELA Note: Radius of curvature (R) y¥-4x=0 2yy -4=0 ‘Substitute y = 4, yand y" to solve for R: pa teeryeP’? _ f+ ra? p'? -4/y9| 41(4))| R = 22.36 unit length336 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas 12 +(y' a y+ Incosx=0 y=-In.cosx wo Note: dinu= 24 u where: u= cos x; du = -sin x ~sinx _ y = tanx cosx y' = sec? x Substitute in (1): Re [+(tanx)? 8 = bec?x ee [sec? x sec? x sec? x =secx sec? x