Quadratic Equation, Binomial Theorem, Logarithm 49 QUADRATIC EQUATION The general quadratic equation is expressed as: Ad¢+Bx+ C=0, where a, b and c are real numbers and with a * 0. A quadratic equation in x is also known as a second-degree polynomial equation. Quadratic formula: Nature of roots: The discriminant, B°~ 4AC determines the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation. > When B? — 4AC = 0, roots are real and equal (one root only) When B?~ 4AC > 0, rools are real and unequal When B?- 4AC < 0, roots are imaginary and unequal Properties of roots: Let r: and ra be the roots of a quadratic equation. ‘When the two roots are added: ‘When the two roots are multiplied: Pure quadratic equation — is when B = 0. In such case, r= -12 Binomial is a polynomial or expression of two terms. When a binomial is raised to a certain power, the expansions are as follows:50 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas ee 2 sy x+y wry anay wry? 2s ery =x Bay PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL EXPANSION: In the expansion of (x + y)" , and as observed in the given expansions above, the following are the properties of a binomial expansion: ‘The number of terms in a resulting expansion = n + 1 The powers of x decrease by 1 in successive terms, while the power of y increase by 1 in successive terms. The sum of the powers of each term =n. ‘The first term is x" and the last term is y" and each of the terms hes a coefficient of 1. @ The coefficients increase and then decrease in a symmetrical pattem. To express everything in general terms, the so-called Binomial Theorem was established and expressed as follows: Also, the coefficients of a binomial expansion can be conveniently obtained by arranging them in a triangular array of pattern. This is known as Pascal's Triangle, named after the famous French Mathematician Blaise Pascal (1623 -1662). Binomial Pascal's Triangle «x+y? —— > ry) tole: «ty —> 1 &+y 1 «+yt —> 14) tye —> 1.5 10 105 1 &+y’ — > 1 6 1520 156 1 Note: Any number in the Pasca''s triangle is obtained by adding the two adjacent numbers above it. For example, the number 6 is obtained by adding 3 and 3. ‘Another way of determining the coefficient of any term in a binomial expansion is to use the following formulaQuadratic Equation, Binomial Theorem, Logarithm 51 where: P.T. = preceding term The rterm of the binomial expansion of (x + y)" may be calculated using the following formulas: 5 A term involving a variable with a specific exponent is obtained by using the following formula: ‘Sum of the coefficients of the ‘Sum of exponents of the expansion ‘expaneion of (x + y)": ary. LOGARITHMS The term logarithm was derived from Greek words, “logus” meaning “ratio” and “anit mus” meaning ‘number’. John Napier (1550 ~ 1617) of Scotland invented logarithm 1614. Napier used e = 2.716... for its base. In 1616, it was improved by a professor of geometry at Gresham College in London, Henry Briggs (1561 — 1630) using 10 as base. Common logarithm (logio or simply log) is a logarithm using the decimal base 10. This is also known as Brigg’s or Briggsian logarithm. Natural logarithm (In) is a logarithm using the base e. This is also known as Napier’s or Napierian logarithm in honor of Napier. The number, e is known as Euler’s Number,named after the Swiss mathematician, Leonhard Euler (1707 — 1783) and is defined as, ‘ e= lim (1-2) quel n Binary logarithm (denoted as Ib) is a logarithm with a base value of 2 Since logarithm is an exponent, this illustrates that loge x is the exponent to which b must be raised to obtain x. Therefore,52 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas ; ofa at Log 216 =4 maybewrittenas 24= 16 tose PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS: © 10g (xy) =logx+ logy log = = log x—log y @ ® logx =nlogx Qe @ logx k = ax 09 WX = oop tes Oh Se ® og,a =1 ‘The natural logarithm can be converted into a common logarithm and vice versa. To obtain this, a factor known as the modulus of logarithms is necessary, such as log x = 0.4343 In x also, In x= 2.3026 logx modulus Degree of a polynomial or equation — refers to the maximum sum of the exponents of the variables in any term of the polynomial. What is the degree 3x‘y - 2x°2* + 7yz°2 Ans. 7, which is the sum of 3 and 4 of the second term. BiB you finow tft... Newton whilea student at age 22, invented differential and integral calculus, discovered the law of universal gravitation, formulated the three laws of motion, developed the new theory of light in just 18 months and set a record of the most productive periods of achievement by an individual in the history of science. Proceed to the next page for your third test. GOODLUCK |Quadratic Equation, Binomial Theorem, Logarithm 53 Time element: 3.0 hours Problem 101: ECE Board March 1996 The equation of whose roots are the reciprocal of the roots of 2x* - 3x6 = Ois, 5x. + 3x-2=0 2x +3x-5=0 3X -3x+2=0 2x + 5x-3=0 com> Problem 102: EE Board October 1993, In the equation x’ + x = 0, one root is x equal to A. Bie 5: c. 14 D. none of these Problem 103: ECE Board April 1990 Solve for the value of “a” in the equation a° - 17a‘ + 16 = 0. +2 +3 +4 +5 com> Problem 104: ME Board October 1996 Solve for x that satisfies the equation 6x - 7x - 5 = 0. A Sort B. gore c. fort D. ord54 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 105: EE Board October 1: Find the values of x in the equation 24x" + 5x - 1 = 0. A i ad c. D. Problem 106: EE Board October 1990 Determine k so that the equation 4x" + kx + 1 = 0 will have just one real solution. 3 4 a 6 gop> Problem 107: ME Board April 1996 Solve for x: 10x* + 10x+1=0 — 0.113, - 0.887 0.331, - 0.788 0.113, - 0.788 -0.311, -0.887 gop> Problem 108: If 1/3 and -3/2 are the roots of a quadratic equation, then the equation is 0 6x 7x+1=0 Problem 109: Which of the following is a root of this quadratic equation, 30x* + 49x + 20 = 0?Quadratic Equation, Binomial Theorem, Logarithm $$ Problem 110: What is the discriminant of the equation 4x* = 8x - 5? 8 -16 16 38 pop> Problem 111: Given the equation 3x + Bx + 12 = 0. What's the value of B so that the roots of the equation are equal? A 4 B 8 Cc. 10 D. -12 Prahlem 127 Find the term involving y° in the expansion of (2x" + y)"® com> 8 g & Problem 113: Find the 5" term of the expansion of (x + Aye x 260 x 5040 x° 210% 420x° com> Problem 114: ECE Board April 1998 In the expression of (x + 4y)'7, the numerical coefficient of the 5" term is, 63,360 128,720 506,880 253,440 com> Problem 115: ‘What is the fourth term of the expansion of (x + x7)? 1650 x'* 161700 x 167100 x'° 167100 x"? pomp>56 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 116: ‘What is the numerical coefficient of the term next to 495x° ‘2 660 792 990 1100 gom> Problem 117: CE Board November 1996 16 Find the 6” term of the expansion of (4 = 3] a og 128a' pss 256a p. . 39396 128a"" Problem 118: ‘What is the coefficient of the term free of x of the expansion of (2x — 5y)*? A. 256 B. 526 Cc. 265 D. 625 Problem 119: Find the 6" term of (3x~4y) A. -148,288 x°y° B. -548 xy? C. 154,288 x'y® D. - 1,548,288 x'y° Problem 120: ECE Board November 1995 What is the sum of the coefficients of the expansion of (2x -1)°? ensoQuadratic Equation, Binomial Theorem, Logarithm 57 Problem 121: ECE Board April 1995 What is the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of (x + y — z)°? com> uric Problem 122: CE Board November 1993, ECE Board Nov. 1993 Find the value of logs 48. Evaluate the logs 845 = x A. 3.76 B. 5.84 Cc. 4.48 D. 2.98 Problem 124: ME Board April 1997 What is the value of log to base 10 of 1000 °°? i0.9 99.9 99 9.5 gom> Problem 125: ECE Board April 1998 What is the value of (log 5.to the base 2) + (log 5 to the base 3)? A. 739 B. 3.79 Cc. 3.97 D. 9.37 Problem 126: Find the value of logs (logs 5). A. 1.460 B. 0.275 21.278: D. 0.16558 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 127: 4 Given: logs 7 =n. Find loge =. A. 4in Bon Cc. =n D. =n Problem 128: CE Board November 1992, CE Board May 1994 flog « 10 = 0.25, what is the value of log 19a? @OaN Problem 129: ECE Board November 1995 Given: log » y = 2x + log » x. Which of the following is true? A. y=b™ B. y=2xb ony. ele D. y=xb* Problem 130: ME Board October 1996 Which value is equal to log to the base e of e to the -7x power? A -7% B. 10 to the -7x power Cuz? E. -7|og to the base 10 Problem 131: ME Board April 1996 Log of the n” root of x equals log of x to 1/n power and also equal to dogs: n n log x log (x to the 1/n power) n (n=1) log x pam >Quadratic Equation, Binomial Theorem, Logarithm 59 Problem 132: ECE Board November 1990 Log (MN) is equal to: Log M-N Log M+N NlogM Log M+ Log N Problem 133: ME Board April 1997 What expression is equivalent to log (x)—log (y +z)? com> A. logx+ logy + logz B. log[x/(y+z)] C. log x—log y — log z D. logy +log(x+z) Problem 134: ECE Board November 1991 Given: log, 1024 5 Find b. 2560 16 4 2 pom> Problem 135: Given: logs (x - 8x) = 2. Find x. At B. 9 Cc. -1and9 D. tand-9 Problem 136: ECE Board April 1993 ‘Solve for the value of x in the following equation: x°"9* = 100x 12 8 30 10 pom> Problem 137: EE Board October 1992 Given: log 6 + x log 4 = log 4 + log (32 + 4°). Find x. pom> onsen60 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 138: ECE November 1998 Iflog of 2 to the base 2 plus log of x to the base 2 is equal to 2, then the value of xis, A 4 B. -2 Ce. Do = Problem 139: ME Board October 1997 Find the value of x if logy2 x = 2. A. 144 B. 414 C. 524 D. 425 Problem 140: ‘Solve for the value of x: log2x? +logo =6.278 379.65 365.97 397.56 356.79 pop> ANSWER KEY RATING 111.0 121.B 112. 122.A = fe ear [J ay-s0 Topnotcher 114. 124.C 2b-33 Passer 115.B 125.8 Ld 116.B 126.8 [_} 20-25 conditional 117. 127.D 118. 128.8 0-19 Failed 119.D 129.D O 120.A 130.A If FAILED, repeat the test.Quadratic Equation, Binomial Theorem, Logarithm 61 SOLUTIONS TO TEST 3 x =25 xen tf Roots ofthe given equation ‘Thus, the roots of the second equation are: 1 set eles i TE 0.4 and x2 («-0.4)(x+1)=0 x? +x-0.4x-0.4=0 a°-17a* +16-0 Let: x= a‘ and x = a® x -17x+16=0 Using the quadratic formula; 6x? 7x-5=0 Using the quadratic formula; 72 VP 2(6) 7413 Thus, 5 1 =2 and x, =~ xya 5 and x2=-562 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas 24x? +5x-1=0 Using the quadratic formula; a Note: There is only one solution to the equation (4x + kx + 1 = 0), if the the discriminant (B- 4AC) is equal to zero. where: A=4;B=k&C=14 MY 10x" + 10x+1=0 Using the quadratic formula: 40. 2(10) = 7 1027.746 20 ‘Thus, x; = - 0.887 and x2 = - 0.113 © 3 nani g=- 1 elie 3-(-3)-4 +(-3)-$ 32a 32) A Zz 1 BasA C=SA Substitute to the general quadratic equation: +Bx+C=0 wel At +lax-tas Bes SloQuadratic Equation, Binomial Theorem, Logarithm 63 Ea 30x? + 49x + 20=0 Using the quadratic formula; 49+ (49)? ~ 4(30)(20) 4941 60 Thus, x)= A221. 08 and x= “3=1- 0893 4x7 8x+5=0 where: A = 4; B&C=5 Discriminant = B*~ 44C By - 4(4)(5) =16 i Note: The roots of the equation (3x° + Bx + 12 = 0) are equal, if the discriminant (B’ - 4AC) is equal to zero. where: A=4;B=-8&C=5 ‘Substitute; B’- 4Ac = B?- 4(3)(12) B Bai12 Note: The term involving y° is the 6" term of the expansion (2x"+ yy"? 6" term = 4Cp-4 2x" where: n= 10; r=6 ema 5 ys, 101 10),5 8 term = 49Cg (2x’)° y Ta y 6 term = 8064 x"*y> 8 term Cy O"* @y where: n = 10; r=5 sno 08F(2) 5" term = 210 x" 464 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas REE (x+4y)'? SM term = ACr-s O)™* "(ay)" where: n = 12; r=5 So Spereeene| 4 BP term = 20x Y= ggg O°) 256") 5™ term = 126,720 x*y* BRE (x+x2)'0° 4M term = Cry OA)" 102) where: n= 100; r=4 4 term = y09Cs ()"(x9)° = 4" term = 161,700 x"? BEEN Coefficient of next term = (Coefficient of PT\Exponent of x Exponent of y)+1 495 (8 = 792 441 (00: Coefficient of next term = where: n= 16;r=6 1 ee ge) ap 5 Wee et 6 term = 19C5 (2) oleae faaasr 6 a) = 4368(-243) 16 "2048.8" * 16 6" term = £6339 128 a!" Note: The term in the expansion (2x — 5y)* which is free of x is the last term or the 5" term. BM term = gpg (2) C59)" where: n= 4;r=5ey ra re 124 8 ek ora) 1 H G Quadratic Equation, Binomial Theorem, Logarithm 65 4 BM term = «Cg (2x)° Sy)" = (1)(625 y‘) 5” term = 625 y* (3x-4y)? 6" term = yCe1 (3x) " "4y)"™ where: n= 8; r=6 8" term = gCs (3x)"-4y)° = 6" term = - 1,548,288 xy° (27x*)(-1024y*) Note: To solve the sum of the coefficients of (2x~1), substitute one (1) tox, calculate, then subtract a value of (-1)™ from the result. im af coefficients = [(2)¢(t) - 17° -(-1)0 = Note: To solve the sum of the coefficients of (x + y -2)°, substitute one(1) to all the variables and calculate. ‘Sum of coefficients = (1+1-1)°=4 logo 48 logs 48 = —— 86 92 To10 8 log 845, ogg 845 = 10910 845, loge 845 109456 Jog,o 1000°* = 3.3 1og;91000 = 9.9 toga , 109105 _ 4 79 log, 5 +logs 5= oer e88 Togo? | loai0 3 logio log, (ues logro(logs6) __ "Logo 3 ee at Togo 4 0.275 log, 3 = log, 1-log4 7 Note: Logarithm of 4 to any base is equal to zero. log, $= 0-1og47=-766 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas BEE log, 10=0.25 1091019 _ 9 25 logioa logy y = 2x-+ logy x logy y - logy x = 2x logio¥ _ !odoX _ >, logigb- logiob logio ¥—logio x = 2x logigb logo % =1og40 6% y= xb log, e-7* = (-7x)log, e = (-7x)(1)= - 7x 4 log Vx = og(x)" = tHog(x) log MN =og M + log N 1990) 9 9-2) =o -*-) ytz 5 log, 1024 => loge 2 logro 1024 _5 logiob login 1024 _ Big = 1.204 25 b=antilog(1.204) =16 logo b= logs (7-8) = 2 logo (x? — 8x) _ 2 logio3 logyo (x? ~8x) = 2109493 = logy (3)? Jogyg (x? ~ 8x) =logio9 x -8x-9=0 (+ 1)x-9)=0Quadratic Equation, Binomial Theorem, Logarithm 67 x e-1 x=9 x109% = 100x Take logarithm on both sides: Jog x3!9* — jog 00x 3(logx)(logx) = 10g 100 + logx S(logx)? -logx-2=0 (B(logx) + 2Xtogx-1)=0 logx, xy =antilog (1) =10 logx, --2 oe 3 X= antlog(-2) = uz10 ensure TA 109 6 + x log 4 = log 4 + log (32 + 4") log 6 + log 4* = log 4 + log (32 + 4”) log (6)(4*) = log 4(32 + 4") 6(4) = 4(82) + 4(4°) 2(49) = 128 4°=64- Take logarithm on both sid log (4)" = log 64 xlog 4 = log 64 x=3 loge 2 + loge x = 2 109.02, 109.0% _ > logi2 loa 4+ dx log:0 lo940% lo G40 2 logso FED 2-2 x= (12)? = 14468 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas acu Jog 2x° + log § 26278 x 278 .278 - log 6 log 2x° + (log 6 - log x) log 2x° - log x 3 log - = 5.49984 2x2 = antilog (6.49984) = 316111.2849 x = 158055.6425 x 397.56