Solid Geometry 183 Polyhedron is a solid whose faces are plane polygons. A regular polyhedron is a solid with all its faces identical regular polygons. There are only five regular polyhedrons, namely tetrahedron, hexahedron (cube), octahedron, dodecahedron and icosahedron. These solids are also known as Platonic solids in honor of Plato (427 348 B.C), Polyhedron | No.of | Faces | No.of Faces Edges Tetrahedron 4 | Triangle | 6 Hexahedron 6 Square | 12 ‘Octahedron 8 | Triangle | 12 Dodecahedron | 12 | Pentagon | 30 lcosahedron | 20 | Triangle | 30 Cube is a polyhedron with all six faces a square. Rectangular parallelepiped is a polyhedron with all six faces a rectangle. a Volume of cube: Volume of rectangular parallelepiped vaste184 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Surface area of cube: Surface area of rectangular parallelepiped: oe Prism is a polyhedron with two faces (bases) parallel and congruent and whose remaining faces (lateral faces) are parallelograms. Right prism is one which has its lateral faces perpendicular to the base. Oblique prism is one which has it lateral faces not perpendicular to the base. Truncated prism is a portion of a prism contained between the base and a plane that is not parallel to the base. qi right prism oblique prism Volume of prism: where: h= altitude of prism K = area at right section Lateral area of prism: = lateral edge Py = perimeter of right section Cylinder is a solid bounded by a closed cylindrical surface and two parallel planes.Solid Geometry 185 Volume of cylinder: where Webheke B = area of the base a f h = alfitude of prism K = area at right section Lateral area of cylinder: = lateral edge erimeter of right section Pyramid is a polyhedron of which one face, called the base, is a polygon of any number of sides and the other faces are triangles which have a common vertex. Cone is a solid bounded by a conical surface (lateral surface) whose directrix is a closed curve, and a plane (base) which cuts all the elements. Gap Volume of pyramid / cone: where: B = area of the base h= altitude Frustum (of a pyramid/cone) is a portion of the pyramid / cone included between the base and a section parallel to the base. A> A, Ja! Volume of frustum of pyramid / cone: where: R = bigger radius = smaller radius186 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Prismatoid is a polyhedron having for bases two polygons in parallel planes and for lateral faces triangles or trapezoids with one side lying in one base, and the opposite vertex or side lying in the other base of the polyhedron. Volume of prismatoid: This formula is known as Prismoidal formula ‘Volume of truncated prism: Truncated prism ‘Sphere is a solid bounded by a closed surface every point of which is equidistant from a fixed point called center. Volume of sphere: Great circle Surface area of sphere: Area of zone: ‘A=2nRhSolid Geometry 187 ‘Spherical segment is a solid bounded by a zone and the plaries of the zone’s base. Volume of spherical segment: Spherical sector is a solid generated by rotating a sector of a circle about an axis which passes through the center of the circle but which contains no point inside the sector, Volume of spherical sector: where : A = area of zone Spherical pyramid is a pyramid formed by a portion of a surface of a sphere as base and whose elements are the edges from the vertices of the base to the center of the sphere. (> Volume of spherical pyramid: where : E = spherical excess of polygon ABCD in degrees Spherical wedge is a portion of a sphere bounded by two half great circles and an included arc. Volume of spherical wedge: aR°0 270188 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Torus is a solid formed by revolving a circle about a line not intersecting it. Volume of torus: — @/s Lateef ers tone where : R = distance from axis to center of generating circle = radius of generating circle Ellipsoid (Spheroid) is a solid formed by revolving an ellipse about its axis. Volume of general ellipsoid: ‘major axis Prolate spheroid is a solid formed by Oblate spheroid is a solid formed by revolving an ellipse about its major axis. Revolving an ellipse about its minor axis.Solid Geometry 189 Tips:1. Lateral area is the total area of the faces of the polyhedron excluding the bases. 2. Surface area refers to the total area of the faces of the Polyhedron including the bases. 3. Anchor ring or Doughnut is another term for a torus, 4. Rhomboid is another term of a parallelogram. 5. Geoid is the actual shape of the earth although earth most of the time is regarded as a spheroid or ellipsoid. 6. Cavalieri’s Theorem states that solids of equal height have equal volume if sections parallel to and ‘equidistant trom their bases have equal area. [his is named after Bonaventura Cavalieri (1598 - 1647) BIB pou finow that...the Pascal’s triangle which is used to determine the coefficient of a binomial expansion was named after the French mathematician, philosopher and physicist Blaise Pascal but did not claim recognition for the discovery because such triangle was first introduced by a Chinese mathematician, Chu Shih-chieh in 1303! Proceed to the next page for your fourth test. GOODLUCK !190 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Time element: 2 hours & 30 minutes se Problem 356: ME Board October 1991 A circular piece of cardboard with a diameter of 1 m will be made into a conical, hat 40 cm high by cutting a sector off and joining the edges to form a cone. Determine the angle subtended by the sector removed. A 144° B. 148° G. 1525, D. 154° Problem 357: CE Board November 1994 ‘What is the area in sq. m of the zone of a spherical segment having a volume of 1470.266 cu. m if the diameter of the sphere is 30 m? A. 465.5 m> B. 565.5 m? C. 665.5 m? D. 656.5 m* Problem 358: CE Board May 1995 A sphere having a diameter of 30 cm is cut into 2 segments. The altitude of the first segment is 6 cm. What is the ratio of the area of the second segment to that of the first? A 44 B. 3:1 Gea D232 Problem 359: CE Board November 1996 If the edge of a cube is increased by 30%, by how much is the surface area increased? 30% 33% 60% 69% oop>Solid Geometry 191 Problem 360: ECE Board April 1995, Each side of a cube is increased by 1%. By what percent is the volume of the cube increased? A 1.21% B. 28% C. 3.03% D. 35% Problem 361: ECE Board November 1992 Given a sphere of diameter, d. What is the percentage increase in its diameter when the surface area increases by 21%? A. 5% B. 10% C. 21% D. 33% Problem 362: ECE Board November 1992 Given a sphere of diameter, d. What is the percentage increase in its volume when the surface area increases by 21%? A. 5% B. 10% C. 21% D. 33% Problem 363: EE Board October 1991 How many times does the volume of a sphere increases if the radius is doubled? A. Atimes B. 2times C. 6times D. 8 times Problem 364: CE Board May 1997 A circular cone having an altitude of 9 m is divided into 2 segments having the same vertex. If the smaller altitude is 6 m. find the ratio of the volume of the small cone to the big cone. 0.186 0.296 0.386 0.486 9op>192 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 365: CE Board November 1997 Find the volume of a cone to be constructed from a sector having a diameter of 72cm and a central angle of 210°. A. 12367.2 cm? B. 13232.6 cm: C. 13503.4 cm, D. 14682.5 cm? Problem 366: CE Board May 1998 Find the volume of a cone to be constructed from a sector having a diameter of 72 cm and a central angle of 150°. 533.32 cm? 6622.44 cm? 7710.82 cm? 8866.44 cm* Som> Problem 367: CE Board November 1996 ‘A conical vessel has a height of 24 cm and a base diameter of 12 cm. It holds water to a depth of 18 cm above its vertex. Find the volume (in cm’) of its content. A. 188.40 B. 298.40 C. 381.70 D. 412.60 Problem 368: CE Board May 1995 ‘What is the height of a right circular cone having a slant height of /10x anda base diameter of 2x? A. 2x B. 3x C. 3.317x D. 3.162x Problem 369: CE Board November 1995 The ratio of the volume to the lateral area of a right circular cone is 2:1. If the altitude is 15 cm, what is the ratio of the slant height to the radius? 5:6 54 mG 5:2 pompSolid Geometry 193 Problem 370: CE Board November 1994 A regular triangular pyramid has an altitude of 9 m and a volume of 187.06 cu m. What is the base edge in meters? A 12 B. 13 Cc. 14 D. 15 Problem 371: CE Board November 1995, The volume of the frustum of a regular triangular pyramid is 136 cu. m. The lower base is an equilateral triangle with an edge of 9 m. The upper base is 8 m ‘above the lower base. What is the upper base edge in meters? gom> eee Problem 372: EE Board April 1992, What is the volume of a frustum of a cone whose upper base is 15 cm in diameter and lower base 10 cm. in diameter with an altitude of 25 cm? A. 3018.87 cm? B. 3180.87 cm? C. 3108.87 cm? D. 3081.87 cm* Problem 373: EE Board April 1993 In a portion of an electrical railway cutting, the areas of cross section taken every 50 m are 2556, 2619, 2700, 2610 and 2484 sq. m. Find its volume. A. 522,600 m? B. 520,500 m> C. 540,600 m? D. 534,200 m* Problem 374: ME Board April 1996 Determine the volume of a right truncated triangular prism with the following definitions: Let the corners of the triangular base be defined by A, B and C. The length of AB = 10 ft, BC = 9 ft. and CA =12 fl. The sides A, B and C are Perpendicular to the triangular base and have the height of 8.6 ft, 7.1 ft. and 5.6 ft. respectively. 413 fe 311 ft 313 ft 391 f° pom>194 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 375: CE Board November 1995 A circular cylinder with a volume of-6.54 cu. m is circumscribed about a right prism whose base is an equilateral triangle of side 1.25 m. What is the altitude of the cylinder in meters? A. 3.50 B. 3.75 c. 4.00 D. 4.25 Problem 376: CE Board May 1996 AA circular cylinder is circumscribed about a right prism having a square base ‘one meter on an edge. The volume of the cylinder is 6.283 cu.m. Find its altitude in meters. A. 4.00 B. 3.75 Cc. 3.50 D. 3.25 Problem 377: CE Board November 1997 The bases of a right prism is a hexagon with one’of each side equal to 6 cm, The bases are 12 cm apart. What is the volume of the right prism? A. 1211.6 cm? B. 2211.7 cm? C. 1212.5 cm> D. 1122.4 cm* Problem 378: EE Board April 1996 Two vertical conical tanks are joined at the vertices by a pipe. Initially the bigger tank is full of water. The pipe valve is open to allow the water to flow to the smaller tank until it is full. At this moment, how deep is the water in the bigger tank? The bigger tank has a diameter of 6 ft and a height of 10 ft, the smaller tank has a diameter of 6 ft and a height of 8 feet. Neglect the volume of water in the pipeline. {200 {50 26 {50 poOp> Problem 379: ‘The central angle of a spherical wedge is 1 radian. Find its volume if its radius is 1 unit. A 28 B. 12Solid Geometry 195 c. 3/4 D. 26 Problem 380: A regular octahedron has an edge 2m. Find its volume (in m’). 3.77 1.88 3.22 244 gom> Problem 381: CE Board May 1996 ‘A mixture compound of equal parts of two liquids, one white and the other black, was placed in a hemispherical bowl. The total depth of the two liquids is 6 inches. After standing for a short time, the mixture separated, the white liquid settling below the black. If the thickness of the segment of the black liquid is 2 inches, find the radius of the bow in inches. A. 7.33 B. 7.53 Cc. 7.73 D. 7.93 Problem 382: CE Board November 1996 The volume of water in a spherical tank having a diameter of 4 m is 5.236 m°. Determine the depth of the water in the tank. A pop e@aNO Problem 383: ‘An ice cream cone is filed with ice cream and a surmounted ice cream in the form of a hemisphere on top of the cone. if the hemispherical surface is equal to the lateral area of the cone, find the total volume (in cubic inches) of ice cream if the radius of the hemisphere is 1 inch and assuming the diameter of hemisphere is ‘equal to the diameter of the cone. A. 3.45 B. 3.91 Cc. 4.12 D. 4.25196 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 384: ME Board April 1997 A cubical container that measures 2 inches on a side is tightly packed with 8 marbles and is filled with water. All 8 marbles are in contact with the walls of the container and the adjacent marbles. All of the marbles are of the same size. What is the volume of water in the container? A. 0.38 in* B. 25in° C. 3.8in® D. 4.2 in® Problem 385: CE Board May 1997 The comers of a cubical block touched the closed spherical shell that encloses it. The volume of the box is 2744 cubic cm. What volume in cubic centimeter inside the shell is not occupied by the block? 2714.56 3714.65, gop> ANSWER KEY RATING 366.C 376.A 367. 377.D [_] 26-30 Topnotcher 368. 378.A 369.D 379.A [LJ 20-25 Passer 370.A 380. A ae 371.B 381.A LC) 15-19 Conditional 372. i 0-14 Failed 373. 374. a) 375. ODrQD>OEDO B A D c |B D D .B 1. C If FAILED, repeat the test.SOLUTIONS TO TEST 8 SS .- Fo ircumference of the circle ircumference of the base of the cone C = 2n(50) - 2n(30) = 40x c= 40x = (50)0 oe A0e, x 60 360° _ 144° 2 ve = @-n) 2 1470.265 = = bats) h] 1410.795 = nh?(45.- hy 1404 = 45h*— h® h=6 A= 2nth A = 2n(15)(6) = 565.5 m* he = 30-6 = 24 cm. . Ag _ 2nthy A, 2nth, oth hy = 4 6 Thus, Ao: Ay= 4:4 2 Ag _{X2 Sra ias we = x2 21.3% wr @ Substitute (2) in (1): Solid Geometry 197198 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Ay _(131m) Ay xy Ag = 1.69 Ay Thus, A2 is increased by 69%. 3 Nave Ae vs S eo 210m ar @ ‘Substitute (2) in (1): Ve = 1.0303 V1 Thus, V2 is increased by 3.03% ‘Substitute (2) in (1): dy 121A, 4 Ay dz = 1.14; Thus, d2is increased by 10% Note: In proportions, balance the resulting units on both sides 2 3 erate evs (¥ } (s pe Aa121A we @ ‘Substitute (2) in (1): Ne _ 1.22 Wen 20)Solid Geometry 199 Thus, Vz is increased by 33.1% BA (ey we My me2ry wz @ ‘Substitute (2) in (1): Vy (24) YM Uh Vo =8Vs 3 5 #-(%) het Ve (he) hyo 364. KEE Let: C; = circumference of the circle C2 circumference of the base of the cone C = length of are 229-3 /s00% 24] 2n 360° x=21om. have? -x? = h=y(36) - (21 = 29.24 cm. ve tm 4 Ve yn2nr(29. 24) = 13503.4 cm Let: C; = circumference of the circle Cr ircumference of the base of the cone © = length of arc200 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas G22C-C 20x = 2a 10 ee 2n 36| 2n = 36 -2[ 210% eo [210% 25] x x= 150m. her? - h= (36) — (18 = 32.726 cm. Jaeh 3 xt 5)? (32.726) = 7710.88 cm EEA 8y ratio & proportion: 24 18 = 4£014.5)%18) = 381.70 cm? EGEM By Pythagorean theorem: (Ax) =n? +x? 10x Pat eis idx 369.Solid Geometry 201 sir a | 0 nia (Base Area)h v abe sina] Et 3|2 Note: 0 = 60°, since equilateral triangle. 187.06 3} Fever" ©) x= 12m. Era) wz @ Note: 0 = 60", since equilateral triangle. AS tof sin60° A= 36.074 w@ Ae 400? sin60° A2=0433K ar © Substitute (2) & (8) in (1): 195 Sos 074 +.0.433x? + (36. 074) 0.43052) | 0.625 = 35.074 + 0.433 x" + 3.897 x x + 9x-36 =0 (x-3)(x+12)=0 x= 3m. = By tAa RAs] wr @ Avs ar? = (5)? = 250 Ag= miz’ = x(7.5)° = 56.250 ‘Substitute Ay and Ag in (1): Ve 2 bss 4+ 58.25n + (25n66.257)| V.= 3108.87 cm®202 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Note: Since the areas being cut is at the same distance, then the given solid is a prismatoid. And since there are 5 different areas being cut then, this is equivalent to 2 prismatoids. v 5A, + 44m +2) v= Ue lpsse +4(2619) +2700] "0° [2700 + 4(2610) + 2484] 6 V = 522,600 m? +b+o_9+12+10 2 2 A=/s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c) A= 15.5(15.5-9)(15.5 — 12)(15.5— 10) A= 44.039 ft 374. 15.5 375. = 120° By cosine law: EGR d= (1) +O" =1.4142m Re v= Zan 6.283 =7(1.4142)*h h=4m.Solid Geometry 203 Note: A= area of one base b= length of each side of the base nb? 4tane 360° _ 360° = Se + 30° = zn 26) Fat Substitute: 2 Az 6 _ 93.53 om? 4tan30° V=An b=6 em V = 93.53(12) = 1122.4 cm? Let: Vj = total volume of the bigger tank V2 = total volume of the smaller tank V = volume left in the bigger tank = att), * er eoye 2 Ms : A - 72 (9) (10) = 94.247 ft 1] nd,? X 2 e eee =75: 4 f hs 77 © (8) = 75.398 ft VEVi—V2 V = 94.247 — 75.398 = 18.849 ft By ratio and proportion: Mio (a) - vi\h 94.247 _(10)° 18.849 \h field h= 9200 ft. volume of the wedge jolume of the sphere By ratio and proportion: GI 2n 0 vs Me (a/ainto Qn On204 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas : v= 40% 2 conte he a?- Wa? = V2 Let: y volume of the octahedron = [3 ere] =3.77 m? Let: Ve = volume of the black mixture : Vw = volume of the white mixture vz ur @ Vr=Ve+Ww ir @ ‘Substitute (2) in (1): By inspection: het Let: Ac = surface area of the cone ‘Au = surface area of the hemisphere Vr = total volume Vc = volume of the coneSolid Geometry 205 Vu = volume of the hemisphere r Ay Renny Re eaeaeieseF ees Ms havi? — A L ed L n= er Re Vr= Ve + Va ¥ ot 1/4 = fren S oe] =(* 4n = (3) 732)+ =? Vr = 3.91 in® Let: r= radius of each marble ‘Vw = volume of water inside the cube Ve = volume of the cube ‘Vu = volume of each marble 4r=x=2 r=05in. w= Ve~ 8Vu = 00? a[ 440" ww=@y'-0[ 41097 ]=20 0° Let: V = volume inside the sphere but outside the box Vs = volume of the sphere solume of the box d= 3(14)? = 24.24 cm. r= 12.12em. V=Vs- Ve es = 4 3 = Grr? - 2744 = 5 a(12.12)° 2744 V = 4713.555 cm?