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Coordinates:473327N104500E

NeuschwansteinCastle
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

NeuschwansteinCastle(German:SchlossNeuschwanstein,
pronounced[nvantan],English:"NewSwanstone
Castle"[1])isanineteenthcenturyRomanesqueRevivalpalace
onaruggedhillabovethevillageofHohenschwangaunear
FsseninsouthwestBavaria,Germany.Thepalacewas
commissionedbyLudwigIIofBavariaasaretreatandasa
homagetoRichardWagner.Ludwigpaidforthepalaceoutof
hispersonalfortuneandbymeansofextensiveborrowing,
ratherthanBavarianpublicfunds.
Thepalacewasintendedasapersonalrefugeforthereclusive
king,butitwasopenedtothepayingpublicimmediatelyafter
hisdeathin1886.[2]Sincethenmorethan61millionpeople
havevisitedNeuschwansteinCastle.[3]Morethan1.3million
peoplevisitannually,withasmanyas6,000perdayinthe
summer.[4]Thepalacehasappearedprominentlyinseveral
moviessuchasChittyChittyBangBangandTheGreatEscape
andservesastheinspirationforDisneyland'sSleepingBeauty
Castle[5]andlater,similarstructures.

NeuschwansteinCastle

Generalinformation
Architecturalstyle

RomanesqueRevival

Location

Hohenschwangau,Germany

Constructionstarted 5September1869
Completed

c.1886(opened)

Owner

BavarianPalaceDepartment
Designandconstruction

Contents
1
2
3
4

Location
Designandconcept
Construction
Architecture
4.1 Exterior
4.2 Interior
5 Funding
6 AfterLudwig'sdeath
7 Panoramas
8 Notes
9 References
10 Sources
11 Externallinks

Architect

EduardRiedel

Civilengineer

EduardRiedel,Georgvon
Dollmann,JuliusHofmann

Otherdesigners

LudwigII,ChristianJank

Location
ThemunicipalityofSchwangauliesatanelevationof800m(2,620ft)atthesouthwestborderoftheGerman
stateofBavaria.ItssurroundingsarecharacterizedbythetransitionbetweentheAlpinefoothillsinthesouth
(towardthenearbyAustrianborder)andahillylandscapeinthenorththatappearsflatbycomparison.

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IntheMiddleAges,threecastlesoverlookedthevillages.Onewascalled
SchwansteinCastle.[nb1]In1832,Ludwig'sfatherKingMaximilianIIof
BavariaboughtitsruinstoreplacethemwiththecomfortableneoGothic
palaceknownasHohenschwangauCastle.Finishedin1837,thepalace
becamehisfamily'ssummerresidence,andhiseldersonLudwig(born
1845)spentalargepartofhischildhoodhere.

NorthwardviewfromMountSuling
(2,047mor6,716ft)ontheborder
betweenBavariaandTyrol:
SchwangaubetweenlargeForggensee
reservoir(1952)and
HohenschwangauandNeuschwanstein
palaces

VorderhohenschwangauCastleandHinterhohenschwangauCastle[nb2]sat
onaruggedhilloverlookingSchwansteinCastle,twonearbylakes(Alpsee
andSchwansee),andthevillage.Separatedonlybyamoat,theyjointly
consistedofahall,akeep,andafortifiedtowerhouse.[6]Inthenineteenth
centuryonlyruinsremainedofthetwinmedievalcastles,butthoseof
HinterhohenschwangauservedasalookoutplaceknownasSylphenturm.[7]

Theruinsabovethefamilypalacewereknowntothecrownprincefromhis
excursions.Hefirstsketchedoneoftheminhisdiaryin1859.[8]Whenthe
youngkingcametopowerin1864,theconstructionofanewpalacein
placeofthetworuinedcastlesbecamethefirstinhisseriesofpalacebuildingprojects.[9]Ludwigcalledthenew
palaceNewHohenschwangauCastleonlyafterhisdeathwasitrenamedNeuschwanstein.[10]Theconfusingresult
isthatHohenschwangauandSchwansteinhaveeffectivelyswappednames:HohenschwangauCastlereplacedthe
ruinsofSchwansteinCastle,andNeuschwansteinCastlereplacedtheruinsofthetwoHohenschwangauCastles.

Designandconcept
Neuschwansteinembodiesboththecontemporaneousarchitecturalfashion
knownascastleromanticism(German:Burgenromantik),andLudwigII's
immoderateenthusiasmfortheoperasofRichardWagner.
Inthenineteenthcentury,manycastleswereconstructedorreconstructed
oftenwithsignificantchangestomakethemmorepicturesque.Palace
buildingprojectssimilartoNeuschwansteinhadbeenundertakenearlierin
severaloftheGermanstatesandincludedHohenschwangauCastle,
LichtensteinCastle,HohenzollernCastle,andnumerousbuildingsonthe
RiverRhinesuchasStolzenfelsCastle.[11]Theinspirationforthe
constructionofNeuschwansteincamefromtwojourneysin1867onein
MaytothereconstructedWartburgnearEisenach,[12]anotherinJulytothe
ChteaudePierrefonds,whichEugneViolletleDucwastransforming
fromaruinedcastleintoahistoristicpalace.[13][nb3]

Neuschwansteinprojectdrawing
(ChristianJank1869)

Thekingsawbothbuildingsasrepresentativesofaromanticinterpretation
oftheMiddleAgesaswellasthemusicalmythologyofhisfriendRichard
Wagner.Wagner'soperasTannhuserandLohengrinhadmadealasting
impressiononhim.[14]
InFebruary1868,Ludwig'sgrandfatherLudwigIdied,freeingthe
considerablesumsthatwerepreviouslyspentontheabdicatedking's
appanage.[9][nb4]ThisallowedLudwigIItostartthearchitecturalprojectof
buildingaprivaterefugeinthefamiliarlandscapefarfromthecapital
Munich,sothathecouldliveouthisideaoftheMiddleAges.
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Itismyintentiontorebuildtheoldcastleruinof
HohenschwangaunearthePllatGorgeintheauthenticstyle
oftheoldGermanknights'castles,andImustconfesstoyou
thatIamlookingforwardverymuchtolivingthereoneday
[...]youknowthereveredguestIwouldliketoaccommodate
therethelocationisoneofthemostbeautifultobefound,
holyandunapproachable,aworthytempleforthedivinefriend
whohasbroughtsalvationandtrueblessingtotheworld.It
willalsoremindyouof"Tannhuser"(Singers'Hallwitha
viewofthecastleinthebackground),"Lohengrin'"(castle
courtyard,opencorridor,pathtothechapel)[...].

NeuschwansteinCastleatsunset

LudwigII,LettertoRichardWagner,May1868[15]
ThebuildingdesignwasdraftedbythestagedesignerChristianJankandrealizedbythearchitectEduard
Riedel.[16]Fortechnicalreasonstheruinedcastlescouldnotbeintegratedintotheplan.Initialideasforthepalace
drewstylisticallyonNurembergCastleandenvisagedasimplebuildinginplaceoftheoldVorderhohenschwangau
Castle,buttheywererejectedandreplacedbyincreasinglyextensivedrafts,culminatinginabiggerpalace
modelledontheWartburg.[17]Thekinginsistedonadetailedplanandonpersonalapprovalofeachandevery
draft.[18]Ludwig'scontrolwentsofarthatthepalacehasbeenregardedashisowncreation,ratherthanthatofthe
architectsinvolved.[19]
WhereascontemporaryarchitecturecriticsderidedNeuschwanstein,oneofthelastbigpalacebuildingprojectsof
thenineteenthcentury,askitsch,NeuschwansteinandLudwigII'sotherbuildingsarenowcountedamongthe
majorworksofEuropeanhistoricism.[20][21]ForfinancialreasonsaprojectsimilartoNeuschwanstein
FalkensteinCastleneverlefttheplanningstages.[22]
Thepalacecanberegardedastypicalfornineteenthcenturyarchitecture.TheshapesofRomanesque(simple
geometricfiguressuchascuboidsandsemicirculararches),Gothic(upwardpointinglines,slimtowers,delicate
embellishments)andByzantinearchitectureandart(theThroneHalldcor)weremingledinaneclecticfashion
andsupplementedwith19thcenturytechnicalachievements.ThePatronaBavariaeandSaintGeorgeonthecourt
faceofthePalas(mainbuilding)aredepictedinthelocalLftlmalereistyle,afrescotechniquetypicalforAllgu
farmers'houses,whiletheunimplementeddraftsfortheKnights'HousegalleryforeshadowelementsofArt
Nouveau.[23]CharacteristicofNeuschwanstein'sdesignaretheatrethemes:ChristianJankdrewoncoulissedrafts
fromhistimeasascenicpainter.[24]
ThebasicstylewasoriginallyplannedtobeneoGothicbutthepalacewasprimarilybuiltinRomanesquestylein
theend.TheoperaticthemesmovedgraduallyfromTannhuserandLohengrintoParsifal.[25]

Construction
In1868,theruinsofthemedievaltwincastleswerecompletelydemolishedtheremainsoftheoldkeepwere
blownup.[26]ThefoundationstoneforthepalacewaslaidonSeptember5,1869in1872itscellarwascompleted
andin1876,everythinguptothefirstfloor,thegatehousebeingfinishedfirst.Attheendof1882itwascompleted
andfullyfurnished,allowingLudwigtotakeprovisionallodgingsthereandobservetheongoingconstruction
work.[25]In1874,managementofthecivilworkspassedfromEduardRiedeltoGeorgvonDollmann.[27]The

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toppingoutceremonyforthePalas
wasin1880,andin1884,theking
wasabletomoveintothenew
building.Inthesameyearthe
directionoftheprojectpassedto
JuliusHofmann,afterDollmannhad
fallenfromtheKing'sfavor.
Thepalacewaserectedasa
conventionalbrickconstructionand
laterencasedinvarioustypesof
rock.Thewhitelimestoneusedforthefrontscamefromanearby
quarry.[28]Thesandstonebricksfortheportalsandbaywindowscamefrom
SchlaitdorfinWrttemberg.MarblefromUntersbergnearSalzburgwas
usedforthewindows,thearchribs,thecolumnsandthecapitals.The
ThroneHallwasalateradditiontotheplansandrequiredasteel
framework.
NeuschwansteinCastle,Schwangau

Neuschwansteinunderconstruction:
Bowerstillmissing,Rectangular
Towerunderconstruction
(photographc.188285)

Thetransportofbuildingmaterialswasfacilitatedbyscaffoldinganda
steamcranethatliftedthematerialtotheconstructionsite.Anothercrane
wasusedattheconstructionsite.TherecentlyfoundedDampfkessel
Revisionsverein(SteamBoilerInspectionAssociation)regularlyinspected
bothboilers.

LudwigII(1886)

Forabouttwodecadestheconstructionsitewasthe
Neuschwansteinunderconstruction:
principalemployerintheregion.[29]In1880,about
uppercourtyard(photographc.1886)
200craftsmenwereoccupiedatthesite,[30]not
countingsuppliersandotherpersonsindirectly
involvedintheconstruction.Attimeswhenthekinginsistedonparticularlyclosedeadlines
andurgentchanges,reportedlyupto300workersperdaywereactive,sometimesworkingat
nightbythelightofoillamps.Statisticsfromtheyears1879/1880supportanimmense
amountofbuildingmaterials:465tonnes(513shorttons)ofSalzburgmarble,1,550t(1,710
shorttons)ofsandstone,400,000bricksand2,050cubicmetres(2,680cuyd)ofwoodfor
thescaffolding.

In1870,asocietywasfoundedforinsuringtheworkers,foralowmonthlyfee,augmentedbytheking.Theheirs
ofconstructioncasualties(30casesarementionedinthestatistics)receivedasmallpension.
In1884,thekingwasabletomoveintothe(stillunfinished)Palas,[31]andin1885,heinvitedhismotherMarieto
Neuschwansteinontheoccasionofher60thbirthday.[nb5]By1886,theexternalstructureofthePalas(hall)was
mostlyfinished.[31]Inthesameyear,Ludwighadthefirst,woodenMarienbrckeoverthePllatGorgereplaced
byasteelconstruction.
Despiteitssize,Neuschwansteindidnothavespacefortheroyalcourt,butcontainedonlytheking'sprivate
lodgingandservants'rooms.Thecourtbuildingsserveddecorative,ratherthanresidentialpurposes:[10]Thepalace
wasintendedtoserveLudwigIIasakindofinhabitabletheatricalsetting.[31]Asatempleoffriendshipitwasalso
dedicatedtothelifeandworkofRichardWagner,whodiedin1883beforehehadsetfootinthebuilding.[32]In
theend,LudwigIIonlylivedinthepalaceforatotalof172days.[33]

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Architecture
TheeffectoftheNeuschwansteinensembleishighlystylistic,bothexternallyandinternally.Theking'sinfluence
isapparentthroughout,andhetookakeenpersonalinterestinthedesignanddecoration.Anexamplecanbeseen
inhiscomments,orcommands,regardingamuraldepictingLohengrininthePalas"HisMajestywishesthat...
theshipbeplacedfurtherfromtheshore,thatLohengrin'sneckbelesstilted,thatthechainfromtheshiptothe
swanbeofgoldandnotofroses,andfinallythatthestyleofthecastleshallbekeptmedieval."
ThesuiteofroomswithinthePalascontainstheThroneRoom,Ludwig'ssuite,theSingers'Hall,andtheGrotto.
TheinteriorandespeciallythethroneroomByzantineArabconstructionresumestothechapelsandchurchesof
theroyalSicilianNormanSwabianperiodinPalermorelatedtothekingsofGermanyHouseofHohenstaufen.
Throughout,thedesignpayshomagetotheGermanlegendsofLohengrin,theSwanKnight.Hohenschwangau,
whereLudwigspentmuchofhisyouth,haddecorationsofthesesagas.Thesethemesweretakenupintheoperas
ofRichardWagner.ManyroomsbearaborderdepictingthevariousoperaswrittenbyWagner,includingatheater
permanentlyfeaturingthesetofonesuchplay.Manyoftheinteriorroomsremainundecorated,withonly14
roomsfinishedbeforeLudwig'sdeath.[34]Withthepalaceunderconstructionattheking'sdeath,oneofthemajor
featuresofthepalaceremainedunbuilt.Amassivekeep,whichwouldhaveformedthehighestpointandcentral
focusoftheensemble,wasplannedforthemiddleoftheuppercourtyardbutwasneverbuilt,atthedecisionofthe
King'sfamily.Thefoundationforthekeepisvisibleintheuppercourtyard.
NeuschwansteinCastleconsistsofseveralindividualstructureswhichwere
erectedoveralengthof150metresonthetopofacliffridge.Theelongate
buildingisfurnishedwithnumeroustowers,ornamentalturrets,gables,
balconies,pinnaclesandsculptures.FollowingRomanesquestyle,most
windowopeningsarefashionedasbiandtriforia.Beforethebackdropof
theTegelbergandthePllatGorgeinthesouthandtheAlpinefoothills
withtheirlakesinthenorth,theensembleofindividualbuildingsprovides
varyingpicturesqueviewsofthepalacefromalldirections.Itwasdesigned
astheromanticidealofaknight'scastle.Unlike"real"castles,whose
buildingstockisinmostcasestheresultofcenturiesofbuildingactivity,
Neuschwansteinwasplannedfromtheinceptionasanintentionally
asymmetricbuilding,anderectedinconsecutivestages.[35]Typical
attributesofacastlewereincluded,butrealfortificationsthemost
importantfeatureofamedievalaristocraticestateweredispensedwith.

Viewfromsoutheast,palaceonthe
left

Exterior
ThepalacecomplexisenteredthroughthesymmetricalGatehouseflankedbytwostairtowers.Theeastward
pointinggatebuildingistheonlystructureofthepalacewhosewallareaisfashionedinhighcontrastcoloursthe
exteriorwallsarecasedwithredbricks,thecourtfrontswithyellowlimestone.Theroofcorniceissurroundedby
pinnacles.TheupperflooroftheGatehouseissurmountedbyacrowsteppedgableandheldLudwigII'sfirst
lodgingatNeuschwanstein,fromwhichheoccasionallyobservedthebuildingworkbeforethehallwascompleted.
ThegroundfloorsoftheGatehousewereintendedtoaccommodatethestables.
ThepassagethroughtheGatehouse,crownedwiththeroyalBavariancoatofarms,leadsdirectlyintothe
courtyard.Thecourtyardhastwolevels,theloweronebeingdefinedtotheeastbytheGatehouseandtothenorth
bythefoundationsofthesocalledRectangularTowerandbythegallerybuilding.Thesouthernendofthe
courtyardisopen,impartingaviewofthesurroundingmountainscenery.Atitswesternend,thecourtyardis
delimitedbyabrickedembankment,whosepolygonallyprotractingbulgemarksthechoiroftheoriginally
projectedchapelthisthreenavechurch,neverbuilt,wasintendedtoformthebaseofa90metre(295ft)keep,the
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plannedcentrepieceofthearchitectural
ensemble.Aflightofstepsatthesidegives
accesstotheupperlevel.

Palaceroof

Today,thefoundationplanofthechapel
keepismarkedoutintheuppercourtyard
pavement.Themoststrikingstructureofthe
uppercourtlevelisthesocalled
RectangularTower(45metresor148feet).
Likemostofthecourtbuildings,itmostly
servesadecorativepurposeaspartofthe
ensemble.Itsviewingplatformprovidesa
vastviewovertheAlpinefoothillstothe
north.Thenorthernendoftheupper
courtyardisdefinedbythesocalled
Knights'House.Thethreestoreybuildingis
connectedtotheRectangularTowerandthe
Gatehousebymeansofacontinuousgallery
fashionedwithablindarcade.Fromthe
pointofviewofcastleromanticismthe
Knights'Housewastheabodeofa
stronghold'smenfolkatNeuschwanstein,
estateandserviceroomswereenvisioned
here.TheBower,whichcomplementsthe
Knights'Houseasthe"ladies'house"but
wasneverusedassuch,definesthesouth
sideofthecourtyard.Bothstructures
togetherformthemotifoftheAntwerp
Castlefeaturinginthefirstactof
Lohengrin.Embeddedinthepavementis
thefloorplanoftheplannedpalacechapel.

Overviewofpalacecomplexposition
oftheplannedchapelmarkedin
yellow

Viewfromlocationofunrealized
chapelalonguppercourtyardlevel:
Bower(left),palacefront,and
Knights'House(right)

SaintGeorge

Thewesternendofthecourtyardis
Gatehouse
delimitedbythePalas(hall).Itconstitutes
therealmainandresidentialbuildingofthecastleandcontainstheking's
stateroomandtheservants'rooms.ThePalasisacolossalfivestorystructureintheshapeoftwohugecuboidsthat
areconnectedinaflatangleandcoveredbytwoadjacenthighgableroofs.Thebuilding'sshapefollowsthecourse
oftheridge.Initsanglestherearetwostairtowers,thenorthernonesurmountingthepalaceroofbyseveral
storeyswithitsheightof65metres(213ft).Withtheirpolymorphicroofs,bothtowersarereminiscentofthe
ChteaudePierrefonds.ThewesternPalasfrontsupportsatwostoreybalconywithviewontheAlpsee,while
northwardsalowchairtowerandtheconservatoryprotractfromthemainstructure.TheentirePalasisspangled
withnumerousdecorativechimneysandornamentalturrets,thecourtfrontwithcolourfulfrescos.Thecourtside
gableiscrownedwithacopperlion,thewestern(outward)gablewiththelikenessofaknight.

Interior
Haditbeencompleted,thepalacewouldhavehadmorethan200interiorrooms,includingpremisesforguestsand
servants,aswellasforserviceandlogistics.Ultimately,nomorethanabout15roomsandhallswerefinished.[36]
InitslowerstoriesthePalasaccommodatesadministrativeandservants'roomsandtheroomsoftoday'spalace
administration.Theking'sstateroomsaresituatedintheupperstories:Theanteriorstructureaccommodatesthe
lodgingsinthethirdfloor,abovethemtheHalloftheSingers.Theupperfloorsofthewestfacingposterior
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structurearefilledalmostcompletelybythe
ThroneHall.Thetotalfloorspaceofall
floorsamountstonearly6,000square
metres(65,000sqft).[36]

Corridor

Neuschwansteinhousesnumerous
significantinteriorroomsofGerman
historicism.Thepalacewasfittedwith
Floorplanofthirdfloor,positionof
severalofthelatesttechnicalinnovationsof
fourthfloorHalloftheSingers
thelate19thcentury.[23][37]Amongother
markedinred
thingsithadabatterypoweredbellsystem
fortheservantsandtelephonelines.The
kitchenequipmentincludedaRumfordoventhat
turnedtheskewerwithitsheatandsoautomatically
adjustedtheturningspeed.Thehotairwasusedfor
acalorifrecentralheatingsystem.[38]Further
noveltiesfortheerawererunningwarmwaterand
toiletswithautomaticflushing.

ThelargestroomofthepalacebyareaistheHalloftheSingers,followedbythe
ThroneHall.The27by10metre(89by33ft)[39]HalloftheSingersislocatedin
theeastern,courtsidewingofthePalas,inthefourthfloorabovetheking's
lodgings.ItisdesignedasanamalgamationoftworoomsoftheWartburg:The
HalloftheSingersandtheBallroom.Itwasoneoftheking'sfavoriteprojectsfor
ThroneHalldetail
hispalace.[40]TherectangularroomwasdecoratedwiththemesfromLohengrin
andParzival.Itslongersideisterminatedbyagallerythatiscrownedbyatribune,
modelledaftertheWartburg.Theeasternnarrowsideisterminatedbyastagethatisstructuredbyarcadesand
knownastheSngerlaube.TheHalloftheSingerswasneverdesignedforcourtfestivitiesofthereclusiveking.
Rather,liketheThroneHallitservedasawalkablemonumentinwhichthecultureofknightsandcourtlyloveof
theMiddleAgeswasrepresented.Thefirstperformanceinthishalltookplacein1933:Aconcertcommemorating
the50thanniversaryofRichardWagner'sdeath.[41]
TheThroneHall,20by12metres(66by39ft),[42]issituatedinthewestwingofthePalas.Withitsheightof13
metres(43ft)[42]itoccupiesthethirdandfourthfloors.JuliusHofmannmodelleditaftertheAllerheiligen
HofkircheintheMunichResidenz.Onthreesidesitissurroundedbycolorfularcades,endinginanapsethatwas
intendedtoholdLudwig'sthronewhichwasnevercompleted.Thethronedaisissurroundedbypaintingsof
Jesus,theTwelveApostlesandsixcanonizedkings.ThemuralpaintingswerecreatedbyWilhelmHauschild.The
floormosaicwascompletedaftertheking'sdeath.ThechandelierisfashionedafteraByzantinecrown.The
ThroneHallmakesasacralimpression.Followingtheking'swish,itamalgamatedtheGrailHallfromParzival
withasymbolofthedivinerightofkings,[20]anincorporationofunrestrictedsovereignpower,whichLudwigas
theheadofaconstitutionalmonarchynolongerheld.Theunionofthesacralandregalisemphasizedbythe
portraitsintheapseofsixcanonizedkings:SaintLouisofFrance,SaintStephenofHungary,SaintEdwardthe
ConfessorofEngland,SaintWenceslausofBohemia,SaintOlafofNorwayandSaintHenry,HolyRoman
Emperor.
Palacerooms(late19thcenturyPhotochromprints)

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HalloftheSingers

ThroneHall

Drawingroom

Bedroom
Studyroom

Diningroom

ApartfromthelargeceremonialroomsseveralsmallerroomswerecreatedforusebyLudwigII.[43]Theroyal
lodgingisonthethirdfloorofthepalaceintheeastwingofthePalas.Itconsistsofeightroomswithlivingspace
andseveralsmallerrooms.Inspiteofthegaudydcor,thelivingspacewithitsmoderateroomsizeanditssofas
andsuitesmakesarelativelymodernimpressionontoday'svisitors.LudwigIIdidnotattachimportanceto
representativerequirementsofformertimes,inwhichthelifeofamonarchwasmostlypublic.Theinterior
decorationwithmuralpaintings,tapestry,furnitureandotherhandicraftgenerallyreferstotheking'sfavorite
themes:thegraillegend,theworksofWolframvonEschenbach,andtheirinterpretationbyRichardWagner.

Grotto

TheeastwarddrawingroomisadornedwiththemesfromtheLohengrinlegend.
Thefurnituresofa,table,armchairsandseatsinanorthwardalcoveis
comfortableandhomelike.Nexttothedrawingroomisalittleartificialgrottothat
formsthepassagetothestudy.Theunusualroom,originallyequippedwithan
artificialwaterfallandasocalledrainbowmachine,isconnectedtoalittle
conservatory.DepictingtheHrselberggrotto,itrelatestoWagner'sTannhuser,as
doesthedcoroftheadjacentstudy.IntheparkofLinderhofPalacethekinghad
installedasimilargrottoofgreaterdimensions.Oppositethestudyfollowsthe
diningroom,adornedwiththemesofcourtlylove.Sincethekitchenin
Neuschwansteinissituatedthreestoriesbelowthediningroom,itwasimpossible
toinstallawishingtable(diningtabledisappearingbymeansofamechanism)asat
LinderhofPalaceandHerrenchiemsee.Instead,thediningroomwasconnected
withthekitchenbymeansofaservicelift.

Thebedroomadjacenttothediningroomandthesubsequenthousechapelaretheonlyroomsofthepalacethat
remaininneoGothicstyle.Theking'sbedroomisdominatedbyahugebedadornedwithcarvings.Fourteen
carversworkedmorethanfouryearsonthebedcanopywithitsnumerouspinnaclesandontheoaken
panelings.[44]ItwasinthisroomthatLudwigwasarrestedinthenightfrom11to12June1886.Theadjacentlittle
housechapelisconsecratedtoSaintLouis,afterwhomtheownerwasnamed.

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Theservants'roomsinthebasementofthePalasarequitescantily
equippedwithmassiveoakfurniture.Besidesonetableandonecabinet
therearetwobedsof1.80metres(5ft11in)lengtheach.Opaqueglass
windowsseparatedtheroomsfromthecorridorthatconnectstheexterior
stairswiththemainstairs,sothatthekingcouldenterandleaveunseen.
Theservantswerenotallowedtousethemainstairs,butwererestrictedto
themuchnarrowerandsteeperservants'stairs.

Funding
Kitchen

Theking'swishesanddemandsexpandedduringtheconstructionof
Neuschwanstein,andsodidtheexpenses.Draftsandestimatedcostswere
revisedrepeatedly.[35]Initiallyamodeststudywasplannedinsteadofthe
greatthronehall,andprojectedguestroomswerestruckfromthedraftsto
makeplaceforaMoorishHall,whichcouldnotberealizedduetolackof
resources.Completionwasoriginallyprojectedfor1872,butdeferred
repeatedly.[35]
Neuschwanstein,thesymbolicmedievalknight'scastle,wasnotLudwig
II'sonlyhugeconstructionproject.Itwasfollowedbytherococostyle
A1901postcardofBergCastle
LustschlossofLinderhofPalaceandthebaroquepalaceofHerrenchiemsee,
amonumenttotheeraofabsolutism.[9]Linderhof,thesmallestofthe
projects,wasfinishedin1886,andtheothertworemainincomplete.Allthreeprojectstogetherdrainedhis
resources.Thekingpaidforhisconstructionprojectsbyprivatemeansandfromhiscivillistincome.Contraryto
frequentclaims,theBavariantreasurywasnotdirectlyburdenedbyhisbuildings.[31][41]From1871,Ludwighad
anadditionalsecretincomeinreturnforapoliticalfavorgiventoOttovonBismarck.[nb6]
TheconstructioncostsofNeuschwansteinintheking'slifetimeamountedto6.2millionmarks,[45]almosttwice
theinitialcostestimateof3.2millionmarks.[41]Ashisprivatemeanswereinsufficientforhisincreasingly
escalatingconstructionprojects,thekingcontinuouslyopenednewlinesofcredit.[46]In1876,acourtcounselor
wasreplacedafterpointingoutthedangerofinsolvency.[47]By1883healreadyowed7millionmarks,[48]andin
spring1884andAugust1885debtconversionsof7.5millionmarksand6.5millionmarks,respectively,became
necessary.[46]
Evenafterhisdebtshadreached14millionmarks,Ludwiginsistedoncontinuationofhisarchitecturalprojectshe
threatenedsuicideifhiscreditorsseizedhispalaces.[47]Inearly1886,Ludwigaskedhiscabinetforacreditof6
millionmarks,whichwasdenied.InApril,hefollowedBismarck'sadvicetoapplyforthemoneytohis
parliament.InJunetheBavariangovernmentdecidedtodeposetheking,whowaslivingatNeuschwansteinatthe
time.OnJune9hewasincapacitated,andonJune10hehadthedepositioncommissionarrestedinthe
gatehouse.[49]Inexpectationofthecommission,healertedthegendarmerieandfirebrigadesofsurroundingplaces
forhisprotection.[46]AsecondcommissionheadedbyBernhardvonGuddenarrivedonthenextday,andtheking
wasforcedtoleavethepalacethatnight.LudwigwasputunderthesupervisionofvonGudden.OnJune13,both
diedundermysteriouscircumstancesintheshallowshorewaterofLakeStarnbergnearBergCastle.

AfterLudwig'sdeath

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AtthetimeofLudwig'sdeaththepalacewasfarfromcomplete.Heonlyslept11nightsinthecastle.Theexternal
structuresoftheGatehouseandthePalasweremostlyfinished,buttheRectangularTowerwasstillscaffolded.
WorkontheBowerhadnotstarted,butwascompletedinsimplifiedformby1892,withouttheplannedfemale
saintsfigures.TheKnights'Housewasalsosimplified.InLudwig'splansthecolumnsintheKnights'House
gallerywereheldastreetrunksandthecapitalsasthecorrespondingcrowns.Onlythefoundationsexistedforthe
corepieceofthepalacecomplex:akeepof90metres(300ft)heightplannedintheuppercourtyard,restingona
threenavechapel.Thiswasnotrealized,[18]andaconnectionwingbetweentheGatehouseandtheBowersawthe
samefate.[50]PlansforacastlegardenwithterracesandafountainwestofthePalaswerealsoabandonedafterthe
king'sdeath.
Theinterioroftheroyallivingspaceinthepalacewasmostlycompletedin
1886thelobbiesandcorridorswerepaintedinasimplerstyleby1888.[43]
TheMoorishHalldesiredbytheking(andplannedbelowtheThroneHall)
wasnotrealizedanymorethanthesocalledKnights'Bath,which,modeled
aftertheKnights'BathintheWartburg,wasintendedtorenderhomageto
theknights'cultasamedievalbaptismbath.ABrideChamberinthe
Bower(afteralocationinLohengrin),[24]guestroomsinthefirstand
secondfloorofthePalasandagreatbanquethallwerefurtherabandoned
projects.[35]Infact,acompletedevelopmentofNeuschwansteinhadnever
evenbeenplanned,andatthetimeoftheking'sdeaththerewasnota
utilizationconceptfornumerousrooms.[30]
NeuschwansteinwasstillincompletewhenLudwigIIdiedin1886.The
kingneverintendedtomakethepalaceaccessibletothepublic.[31]No
morethansixweeksaftertheking'sdeath,however,theregentLuitpold
orderedthepalaceopenedtopayingvisitors.Theadministratorsof
Ludwig'sestatemanagedtobalancetheconstructiondebtsby1899.[51]
FromthenuntilWorldWarI,Neuschwansteinwasastableandlucrative
sourceofrevenuefortheHouseofWittelsbach,indeedLudwig'scastles
wereprobablythesinglelargestincomesourceearnedbytheBavarian
royalfamilyinthelastyearspriorto1914.Toguaranteeasmoothcourseof
visits,someroomsandthecourtbuildingswerefinishedfirst.Initiallythe
visitorswereallowedtomovefreelyinthepalace,causingthefurnitureto
wearquickly.

Neuschwansteinin1886

Neuschwansteinfrontfaadeand
surroundings(photochromprint,c.
1900)

WhenBavariabecamearepublicin1918,thegovernmentsocializedthe
civillist.TheresultingdisputewiththeHouseofWittelsbachledtoasplitin1923:Ludwig'spalacesincluding
NeuschwansteinfelltothestateandarenowmanagedbytheBavarianPalaceDepartment,adivisionofthe
Bavarianfinanceministry.NearbyHohenschwangauCastlefelltotheWittelsbacherAusgleichsfonds,whose
revenuesgototheHouseofWittelsbach.[52]Thevisitornumberscontinuedtorise,reaching200,000in1939.[52]
Duetoitssecludedlocation,thepalacesurvivedthetwoWorldWarswithoutdestruction.UndertheReichsleiter
RosenbergInstitutefortheOccupiedTerritories(EinsatzstabReichsleiterRosenbergfrdieBesetzenGebiete),a
suborganizationoftheNaziParty,itserveduntil1944asadepotforNaziplunderfromFrance.[53]Theworksof
artwerecataloguedphotographically.(AfterWorldWarII39photoalbumswerefoundinthepalace,documenting
thedimensionoftherobbery.ThealbumsarenowstoredintheUnitedStatesNationalArchives.[54])
AttheendofthewartheGermanReichsbankdepositedgoldinthepalace,whichinthelastdaysofthewarwas
takentoanunknownplace.
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InApril1945,theSSconsideredblowingupthepalacetopreventthebuildingitselfandtheartworkitcontained
fromfallingtotheenemy.[55]TheplanwasnotrealizedbytheSSGruppenfhrerwhohadbeenassignedthetask,
however,andattheendofthewarthepalacewassurrenderedundamagedtorepresentativesoftheAllied
forces.[55]ThereaftertheBavarianarchivesusedsomeoftheroomsasaprovisionalstoreforsalvagedarchivalia,
asthepremisesinMunichhadbeenbombed.
NeuschwansteinisaglobalsymboloftheeraofRomanticism.ThepalaceservedasamodelfortheSleeping
BeautyCastleofDisneylandandbecamealocationforfilmssuchasHelmutKutner'sLudwigII(1955),Luchino
Visconti'sLudwig(1972)andChittyChittyBangBang(1968).ItisalsovisitedbythecharacterGraceNakimura
alongsideHerrenchiemseeinthegameTheBeastWithin:AGabrielKnightMystery(1996)
In1977,NeuschwansteinCastlebecamethemotifofaWestGermandefinitivestamp,anditappearedona2
commemorativecoinfortheGermanBundeslnderseriesin2012.In2007,itwasafinalistinthewidely
publicizedonlineselectionoftheNewSevenWondersoftheWorld.[56]ThepalaceisnotonthelistofUNESCO
WorldHeritageSites.In2009,aplanwasdiscussedtomakeitatransnationalcandidatejointlywithLudwig's
LinderhofandHerrenchiemseepalacesandtwosimilarpalacesinRomania:PeleCastleandPeliorCastle.[57]
Today,with1.3millionvisitorsperyearNeuschwansteinisoneofthemostpopulartouristdestinationsin
Europe.[4]Forsecurityreasonsthepalacecanonlybevisitedduringa35minuteguidedtour.Therearealso
specialguidedtoursthatfocusonspecifictopics.InthepeakseasonfromJuneuntilAugust,Neuschwansteinhas
asmanyas6000visitorsperday,andguestswithoutadvancereservationmayhavetowaitseveralhours.Ticket
salesareprocessedexclusivelyviatheticketcentreinHohenschwangau.[58]Asof2008,thetotalnumberof
visitorswasmorethan60million.[3]In2004,therevenueswerebookedas6.5million.[2]
AmeteoritethatreachedEarthspectacularlyonApril6,2002,attheAustrianbordernearHohenschwangauwas
namedNeuschwansteinafterthepalace.Threefragmentswerefound:NeuschwansteinI(1.75kg(3.9lb),found
July2002)andNeuschwansteinII(1.63kg(3.6lb),foundMay2003)ontheGermanside,andNeuschwansteinIII
(2.84kg(6.3lb),foundJune2003)ontheAustriansidenearReutte.[59]Themeteoriteisclassifiedasanenstatite
chondritewithunusuallylargeproportionsofpureiron(29%),enstatiteandtheextremelyraremineralsinoite
(Si2N2O).[60]
In2014,BzierGamespublishedaboardgamedesignedbyTedAlspachtitledCastlesofMadKingLudwig.Inthe
tilelayinggame,playersaretaskedwithbuildinganamazing,extravagantcastleforKingLudwigIIof
Bavaria.[61]

Panoramas

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ModernpanoramafromNeuschwanstein(1,008mor3,307ft[33])showing(lefttoright):palaceaccessroadAlpseewith
localityofHohenschwangauinfrontnineteenthcenturyHohenschwangauCastleonahillwithSchwanseebehinditonthe
right(west)localityofAlterschrofenwithtownofFssenbehinditcoreofSchwangauinfrontoflargeForggenseereservoir
(1952)Bannwaldsee(north)

NeuschwansteinCastleasseenfromMarienbrcke(Marie'sBridge,orPllatbrcke).MarienbrckeisacrossthePllatdirectly
behindanddirectlyvisiblefromNeuschwansteinCastle.ThebridgewasnamedbyLudwigIIofBavariaafterhismother,
MarieFriederikeofPrussia(http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%
2Fwiki%2FMarie_Friederike_von_Preu%25C3%259Fen).

Notes
1.German:BurgSchwansteinliterallytranslatesasSwanstoneCastle.
2.VorderhohenschwangauCastle(German:BurgVorderhohenschwangau)andHinterhohenschwangauCastle(German:
BurgHinterhohenschwangau)werecollectivelyreferredtoasHohenschwangauCastle(German:Burg
Hohenschwangau).Confusingly,theneoGothicpalacebuiltbyLudwig'sfatherisknowninEnglishunderthesame
nameinGermanitiscalledHohenschwangauPalace(German:SchloHohenschwangau).Anapproximateliteral
translationofHohenschwangauisHighSwanDistrict,butGaureferstoalargeunforestedarea.TheprefixesVorder
andHinteridentify"front"and"back"oftheensemble.
3.Thejourneysfellintotheperiodofthehomosexualking'sengagementwithhiscousinSophieinBavaria,whichwas
announcedinJanuaryanddissolvedbyLudwiginOctober.
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4.Intherevolutionof1848andafterascandalousaffairwithLolaMontez,KingLudwigIofBavariahadtoabdicatein
favourofhissonMaximilian.
5.TheformerqueenresidedinHohenschwangauCastle.Thetwohadastrainedrelationship,atleastinpartbecauseMarie
disapprovedofWagner.
6.InNovember1870LudwigsignedtheKaiserbrief,aletterdraftedbyBismarcktotheothersovereignsoftheGerman
states,askingthemtocrownthePrussianKingWilhelmIasKaiser.Inreturn,Ludwigreceivedsecretpaymentsoutof
Bismarck'ssecretaccount,theWelfenfonds.

References
1.BayerischeVerwaltungderstaatlichenSchlsser,Grten
undSeen,ThomasAniol."Bayerische
SchlsserverwaltungNeuschwansteinCastleTourist
info".neuschwanstein.de.
2.BayerischesStaatsministeriumderFinanzen2005
3.BayerischesStaatsministeriumderFinanzen2009
4.BayerischesStaatsministeriumderFinanzen2008
5.Smith2008,pp.79,83
6.Buchali2009
7.Petzet&Hojer1991,p.4
8.Rauch1991,p.8
9.Blunt1970,p.110
10.Petzet&Hojer1995,p.46
11.Pevsner,Honour&Fleming1992,p.168
12.Petzet&Bunz1995,p.50
13.Petzet&Bunz1995,p.51
14.Blunt1970,p.197
15."NeuschwansteinCastle:IdeaandHistory".Bavarian
PalaceDepartment.Retrieved20100311.
16.Petzet&Bunz1995,p.53
17.Petzet&Hojer1991,p.10
18.Petzet&Hojer1991,p.12
19.Rauch1991,p.12
20.Petzet&Hojer1991,p.16
21.Petzet&Bunz1995,p.7
22.Petzet&Bunz1995,p.82
23.Blunt1970,p.212
24.Petzet&Hojer1991,p.9
25.Ammon2007,p.107
26.Blunt1970,p.114
27.Petzet&Hojer1991,p.11
28.Petzet&Hojer1991,p.21
29.Petzet&Bunz1995,p.64
30.Rauch1991,p.14
31.Petzet&Hojer1991,p.19

32.Petzet&Bunz1995,p.67
33.Merkle2001,p.68
34.Desing1992
35.Rauch1991,p.13
36.Parkyn2002,p.117
37."NeuschwansteinCastle:Interiorandmodern
technology".BavarianPalaceDepartment.Retrieved
20100311.
38.Linnenkamp1986,pp.64,84
39.KochvonBerneck1887,p.47(measurementsdonot
takeintoaccountgalleryandSngerlaube)
40.Petzet&Hojer1991,p.48
41.Linnenkamp1986,p.171
42.KochvonBerneck1887,p.45
43.Petzet&Hojer1991,p.26
44.Blunt1970,p.113
45.Petzet&Bunz1995,p.65
46.Bitterauf1910
47."LudwigII.(Bayern)"(inGerman).Who'sWho
Online.Retrieved20120923.
48.Blunt1970,p.111
49.Petzet&Hojer1991,p.23
50.Petzet&Hojer1991,p.22
51.Rauch1991,p.16
52.Sykora2004,p.32f
53.Farmer2002,pp.140f
54.NationalArchives2007
55.Linnenkamp1986,pp.184f
56.Hatton2007
57.Biedermann2009
58."TicketcentreHohenschwangau".Retrieved20120930.
59.Heinlein2004,p.17
60.Heinlein2004,p.29
61."Boardgamegeek".Retrieved20150201.

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WileyVCH,ISBN9783527703197
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visitorinNeuschwansteinCastle](Pressrelease)(inGerman).BayerischesStaatsministeriumderFinanzen.27July
2005.Retrieved20100311.
"NeueHomepagefrSchlossNeuschwansteininfnfSprachen"[NewwebsiteforNeuschwansteinCastleinfive
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languages](Pressrelease)(inGerman).BayerischesStaatsministeriumderFinanzen.28July2008.Retrieved
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Biedermann,Henning(April2009),NeuschwansteinaufdemWegzumWeltkulturerbe?NochmehrRuhmnochmehr
SchutzfrdasKnigsschloss,BayerischesFernsehen
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Petzet,MichaelBunz,Achim(1995),GebauteTrume:DieSchlsserLudwigsII.vonBayern,Hirmer,pp.46123,
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Smith,Alex(2008),IsAuthenticityImportant?(PDF),RoyalCollegeofArt,retrieved20110130
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Externallinks
Officialwebsite(http://www.neuschwanstein.de/englisch/tourist/inde
WikimediaCommonshas
x.htm).
mediarelatedto
NeuschwansteinPictures(http://blog.thecheaproute.com/neuschwans
NeuschwansteinCastle.
teincastle/):Fromavisitorsperspective.
NeuschwansteinCastle(http://www.schloesser.bayern.de/englisch/palace/objects/neuschw.htm)onBavarian
PalaceDepartmentwebsite.
FloorPlan(http://hogwartscampus.com/)Allfloors.
Webcam(http://www.allgaeucam.de/wetter/schlossneuschwanstein.html).
Many360panoramas,withlocationsonthreefloorplans(http://www.zdf.de/ZDFmediathek/hauptnavigatio
n/startseite/#/beitrag/interaktiv/997640/SchlossNeuschwanstein:360Rundgang)onZDFsite(requires
Flashversion9orhigher).
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Several360panoramas(http://360pano.eu/germany/)(requiresQuickTimeVR).
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuschwanstein_Castle&oldid=728072881"
Categories: Housescompletedin1886 1886establishmentsinGermany CastlesinBavaria
RoyalresidencesinBavaria LandmarksinGermany HeritagesitesinBavaria
HistorichousemuseumsinGermany MuseumsinBavaria
RegisteredhistoricbuildingsandmonumentsinBavaria LudwigIIofBavaria
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon3July2016,at00:12.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.
Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisaregisteredtrademark
oftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

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