PCS 978 Data Sheet PDF

Overview 1
Features 2
Functions 7
Function Arrangement 9
Protection Functions 11
Communication 22
Hardware 24
Technical Data 25
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01
Overview
Overview
PCS-978 is a microprocessor-based relay designed PCS-978 provides full transformer protections

for the protection of a two-winding transformer, three- configurable by user. Ancillary functions of fault
winding transformer or auto-transformer in any voltage diagnostic, disturbance records, event records and
level, protection of a shunt reactor, which provides up to communication function are integrated in the relay.
36 analog input channels including current and voltage
inputs.
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02
Features
Features
General Features
• Configurable Function • Configurable Tripping output

Modules of PCS-978 equipment adopt intelligent design, The tripping output contacts can be configured by
amount of input and output modules and module slot tripping matrix and suitable to any mode of tripping.
position are configurable. User can increase or decrease
the amount of AC input module, binary input module • Fault Recording Function
and binary output module, and terminals of those -- Event records including 1024 binary input events
modules can be defined according to actual requirement. and 1024 alarm events
Besides, configurability is also reflected in software
design of equipment, which means that user can hide -- Disturbance records including 64 fault reports,
the protective element not used or add new protective and 64 disturbance waveforms, and file format
module not in standard configuration. of waveform is compatible with international
COMTRADE91 and COMTRADE99 file. Up to
• Parallel Calculation of Double DSP system 80 analog inputs and 200 binary inputs can be
The hardware of equipment comprises a 32- recorded, and three oscillography triggering modes
bit microprocessor and two 32-bit digital signal are supported, which are protection pickup triggering,
processors (DSP). Those processor can operate in manual triggering, and remote triggering through
parallel companied by fast A/D converter. The 64-bit PCS-Explorer software.
microprocessor performs logic calculation and the DSP
performs the protection calculation. High performance • User HMI Interface
hardware ensures real time calculation of all protection The HMI interface with an LCD and a 9-button keypad
relays within a sampling interval. on the front panel is very friendly to the user.
• Independent Fault Detector • Communication Ports

Independent fault detectors in fault detector DSP module -- One front RS-232 port
for connecting power supply of output relays. The -- RS-485 ports and Ethernet ports communication with
relay can drive a tripping output only when protection SCADA or RTU
element on protection DSP module operates with the -- One rear RS-485 with clock synchronization.
fault detector in the fault detector DSP module operating -- One rear RS-232 or RS-485 with printer.
simultaneously. This kind of independent supervision -- GOOSE communication function (optional module)
of tripping outputs using fault detectors can avoid
any maloperation possibly caused by any hardware • Clock Synchronizations
component failure. This highly increases the security. Various GPS clock synchronizations: second/minute
Please refer to Chapter Hardware for details. pulse via binary input or RS-485, message via
communication ports and IRIG-B synchronization.
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NR Electric Co., Ltd.
Features
Transformer Current current within the transformer. Its performance against

current transformer saturation is also good.
Differential Protection
• Reliable biased current differential protection
• Maximum six group CT inputs for differential Biased current differential protection with initial restraint
protection. slope consists of sensitive and conventional differential
elements as well as independent CT saturation criterion.
• Protection for 2-winding, 3-winding transformer and
auto-transformer.
• Differential CT circuit failure detection
• 24 vector groups available for two-winding With the adoption of voltage and current combination
transformer. method, CT secondary circuit failure can be
distinguished.
• 288 vector groups available for 3-winding
transformer.
• Optional inrush current distinguished principles:
harmonic criterion (second harmonic and third Restricted Earth Fault Protection
harmonic) or waveform distortion.
• Maximum 4 group CT and 1 neutral CT inputs for
• There are two optional modes for harmonic criterion:
REF protection, and the maximum current inputs
self-adaptive blocking mode and phase-to-phase
applied for an auto-transformer with two circuit
cross blocking mode. Self-adaptive blocking mode
breakers at HV and MV sides respectively.
can enhance ability of differential protection to
avoid maloperation during transformer energization • Maximum 3 REF protections for each side of a
effectively and ensure high speed of differential three-winding transformer
protection for faults under normal operation.
• Inrush current has no effect on REF protection.
• Fifth harmonic or third harmonic criterion applied
• RFE protection has high sensitivity to internal
continuously to detect overexciation condition.
earth faults because there is no load current in the
• Three slopes biased differential protection are restraint current.
configurable by users.
• The tap of transformer has no effect on REF
• Unrestrained instantaneous differential protection is protection.
equipped.
• CT Transient detection function based on the ratio
• Distinct method of phase shifting of residual current to positive-sequence current is
During transformer energization, Δ→Y transfer method is adopted to eliminate the influence of difference of
used to adjust phase angle of secondary current on each transient characteristic to REF protection.
side of the transformer, and thus the faulty and healthy
• CT saturation detection function based on 2nd and
phase can possess its characteristic. Therefore, restraint
3rd harmonics is adopted to avoid maloperation of
current and differential current can be phase-segregated,
REF protection during an external fault.
which can distinguish the faulty phase from phase only
with inrush current characteristic when transformer is
energized.
Winding Differential Protection
• High sensitive and securable DPFC biased
differential protection
• Maximum 5 group CT inputs applied for an auto-
DPFC biased current differential protection is regardless
transformer with two circuit breakers at HV and MV
of the load current and is sensitive to small internal fault
sides respectively.
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Features
• Maximum 3 winding differential protections for each • Reliable biased current differential protection
side of a three-winding transformer. Biased current differential protection with initial restraint
• Inrush current has no effect on winding differential slope consists of sensitive and conventional differential
protection. elements as well as independent CT saturation criterion
and harmonic blocking.
• Winding differential protection has high sensitivity to
internal earth faults because there is no load current • Differential CT Circuit Failure Detection
in the restraint current. With the adoption of voltage and current combination
• The tap of transformer has no effect on winding method, CT secondary circuit failure can be
differential protection. distinguished.
• CT transient detection function based on the ratio

of residual current to positive current is adopted
to eliminate the influence of difference of transient Reactor Inter-Turn Fault Protection
characteristic to winding differential protection.
• Current of CT at head end of reactor is adopted for
• CT saturation detection function based on 2nd and
the protection calculation.
3rd harmonics is adopted to avoid maloperation of
winding differential protection during an external • Inter-turn protection consists of zero-sequence
fault. power directional element and zero-sequence
impedance element with high reliability.
• The amplitude of residual voltage is compensated
to ensure zero-sequence power directional element
Reactor Current Differential Protection
can distinguish direction correctly when system
impedance is too low.
• Reliable CT transient characteristic distinguishing
method • Inter-turn fault protection is blocked by CT and VT
During reactor energization, inrush current similar to circuit failure.
that of transformer occurs. There is great decaying DC
component in inrush current, which may result in the
difference of transient transfer characteristics between
CTs at two ends of reactor, and therefore differential Overexcitation Protection
current occurs. Inrush current can be distinguished to
avoid maloperation of current differential protection by • Voltage for protection calculation is RMS of three
detecting harmonic of differential current and measured phase voltages and not affected by frequency
current and adopting asynchronous method for fluctuation.
recognition of CT saturation.
• Overexcitation multiple is calculated by voltage and
frequency.
• High sensitive and securable DPFC biased
differential protection • Two-stage definite-time overexcitation protection
DPFC biased current differential protection is regardless and one-stage definite-time overexcitation alarm
of the load current and is sensitive to small internal element are equipped.
fault current within the reactor. Its performance against
• One-stage inverse-time overexcitation protection
current transformer saturation is also good.
including tripping and alarm functions is equipped.
• Overexcitation inverse-time curve is sectional linear
curve, which has high adaptivity.

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02
Features
Features
Mechanical Protection • Voltage control element can be selected to control

each stage phase overcurrent protection.
• High-power relays are adopted to improve the anti- • Directional element can be selected to control
inference ability of mechanical protection.
• each stage phase overcurrent protection with three
• Mechanical protection does not maloperate if options: no direction, forward direction and reverse
110Vac (or 220Vac) voltage is connected to the direction.
terminal of mechanical relay signal input by mistake.
• Second harmonic can be selected to block each
• Provide 4 mechanical signal input channels for stage phase overcurrent protection.
tripping instantaneously or with time delay.
Ground Overcurrent Protection

Temperature Protection
• Four-stage ground overcurrent protection with
• Being applied to protection of a transformer or a independent logic, current and time delay settings.
reactor.
• Stage 1, stage 2 and stage 3 are definite-time
• Receiving 6 DC signals (4~20mA or 0~5V) from characteristic, stage 4 can be selected as definite-
external temperature transducers to convert to time or inverse-time characteristic. The inverse-time
temperature values. characteristic is selectable, among IEC and ANSI/
IEEE standard inverse-time characteristics and a
user-defined inverse-time curve.
• Directional element can be selected to control each
Impedance Protection
stage ground overcurrent protection with three
options: no direction, forward direction and reverse
• Two stage phase-to-phase impedance protection
direction.
elements.
• Second harmonic can be selected to block each
• Two stage phase-to-earth impedance protection
stage ground overcurrent protection.
elements
• Measured neutral current or calculated residual
• Power swing blocking releasing function.
current can be selected for the calculation of ground
overcurrent protection.
Phase Overcurrent Protection

Negative-sequence overcurrent
• Four-stage phase overcurrent protection with
independent logic, current and time delay settings.
protection
• Stage 1, stage 2 and stage 3 are definite-time • Two-stage negative-sequence overcurrent protection
characteristic, stage 4 can be selected as definite- with independent logic, current and time delay
time or inverse-time characteristic. The inverse-time settings.
characteristic is selectable, among IEC and ANSI/
IEEE standard inverse-time characteristics and a • Stage 1 is definite-time characteristic, stage 2
user-defined inverse-time curve. can be selected as definite-time or inverse-time
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Features
characteristic. The inverse-time characteristic is

selectable, among IEC and ANSI/IEEE standard Thermal Overload Protection
inverse-time characteristics and a user-defined
inverse-time curve. Thermal overload protection has following functions:
-- Thermal time characteristic of IEC 60255-8 is
adopted.
Phase Overvoltage Protection -- One stage for alarm and one stage for trip.
-- Fundamental current or 1st to 7th harmonic current
is used for protection calculation.
• Two-stage phase overvoltage protection with
independent logic, voltage and time delay settings.
Measurement
• Stage 1 and stage 2 definite-time characteristic,
stage 2 can be selected as definite-time or inverse- • Energy metering (active and reactive energy are
time characteristic. T The inverse-time characteristic
calculated)
is selectable among IEC and ANSI/IEEE standard
inverse-time curve.
• Phase voltage or phase-to-phase voltage can be
selected for protection calculation.
• “1 out of 3” or “3 out of 3”logic can be selected for
protection criterion.
Residual Overvoltage Protection
• Two-stage residual overvoltage protection with

independent logic, voltage and time delay settings.
• Stage 1 is definite-time characteristic, stage 2
can be selected as definite-time or inverse-time
characteristic. The inverse-time characteristic is
selectable among IEC and ANSI/IEEE standard
inverse-time curve.
Undervoltage Protection
• Four-stage definite-time undervoltage protection

with independent voltage and time delay settings.
• The rate of change of voltage blocking function is
equipped.

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03
Functions
Functions
Protective Functions
Transformer biased current differential protection 87T
Transformer unrestrained current differential protection 50/87UT
Transformer DPFC biased current differential protection 7/87DT
Reactor biased current differential protection 87R
Reactor unrestrained current differential protection 50/87UR
Reactor DPFC biased current differential protection 7/87DR
Biased restricted earth fault protection 64REF
Biased winding differential protection 87W/87N
Inter-turn fault protection 32G, 21G,
Definite-time/Inverse-time overexciation protection 24
Underfrequency/Overfrequency protection 81U/O
Mechanical protection MR
Temperature protection 26
Phase-to-phase/Phase-to-earth impedance protection 21P/G
Definite-time/Inverse-time phase overcurrent protection 50/51/67P
Definite-time/Inverse-time ground overcurrent protection 50/51/67G
Definite-time/Inverse-time ground negative-sequence protection 50/51Q
Definite-time/Inverse-time residual overvoltage protection 59G
Definite-time/Inverse-time phase overvoltage protection 59P
Undervoltage protection 27
Thermal overload protection 49
Breaker failure protection 50BF
Pole disagreement protection 62PD
Phase overcurrent alarm element 50PAlm
Residual overvoltage alarm element 59GAlm
CT saturation detection
Inrush current detection
Overexcitation detection
Harmonic blocking function
Power swing blocking releasing function PSBR
VT circuit failure supervision VTS
CT circuit failure supervision CTS
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Functions
Miscellaneous functions
Miscellaneous functions
24 samples per cycle for current and voltage measurement
Measurement
Energy metering
Programmable tripping output matrix
Programmable binary input
Configurable function Programmable binary output
Programmable LED indicators
Configurable protection function
Relay hardware supervision and secondary circuit
Self-supervision supervision
64 fault reports
Oscillography Disturbance recording 64 disturbance waveforms
function (1) Protection picks up to trigger
Trigger mode (2) Manual trigger on keypad.
(3) Remote trigger through PCS-Explorer software
1024 supervison alarm events
Event recording 1024 binary input events
1024 device log events
Local HMI LCD and keypad
PCS-Explorer software or substation automation system
Remote HMI software
RS-485
Ports type RJ45 Ethernet
Fiber optic (abbreviated as FO) Ethernet
Rear communication ports to IEC 60870-5-103
host
IEC 61850-8-1
Protocol type
DNP 3.0
(Specified when order)
Rear communication port to printer One RS-485 or RS-232
Time synchronisation Pulse per second/minute (PPS/PPM)
Clock message via communication ports
IRIG-B via RS-485 differential level
Input and output Up to 36 AC analog input channels
6 DC analog input channels
4 fixed binary input +up to 25 configurable binary inputs
2 equipment alarm and fail output contacts (alarm
NO(normally open) and fail NC(normally closed))
11 signal output contacts (NO)
Up to 22 output contacts (NO) for tripping
(Specified when order)
10 setting groups are available
Voltage and current drift auto-adjustment

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04
Function
arrangement
Function Arrangement
HV S P CS-ü
50 G,5 1G.6 7G
DT, IDM T
ü
*
Mech an ical sig na ls o r
tra nsd ucer si gn als
*
fr om tra nsform er
Cal
ü 3 I0
MVS
*
*
87 T 5 0PAlm 50Q, 51Q

5 0P, 51 P, 6 7P
* * 7 /8 7D T
6 4ü DT, ID MT
50 BF 49 6 2PD DT DT, IDM T
5 0/8 7ü ü TH EM Po leD isag OC Alar m N e gOC
OC
DIFF
MR , 59G 27 5 9P
24 21
Te mp Prot (26 ) U / f* > D T, ID MT DT D T, ID MT
* ü ,ü
ü UV OV
81 U,81O
U F,OF 3 U0 ü
Figure 1 Function diagram 1 for protecting a three-winding transformer
PCS-ü
HVS 50G,51G.67G
DT, IDMT
* ü
*
MVS
*
*
Cal
CW 3I0
*
* 50P, 51P, 67P 50PAlm 50Q, 51Q

87T 50BF 49 62PD DT
DT, IDMT DT, IDMT
* 7/87DT 64ü ü THEM PoleDisag OC Alarm
87W OC NegOC
50/87ü
üüüüüüüüü DIFF
üüüüüüü
signals from
LVS transformer
MR, 24 59G 59P 27

TempProt (26) 21
U* / f * > DT, IDMT ü ,ü DT, IDMT DT
ü OV UV
81U,81O Cal
UF,OF 3U0
Figure 2 Function diagram 2 for protecting an auto-transformer
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Function Arrangement
Bus I
52
Line
VT
PCS-ü
ü
3I 0
CT1
* * *
52
ü
3I0
üüüüü
signals or
50 N, 5 1N
transducer signals
from reactor DT, IDMT
Shunt MR 32 G 50P, 51P OC
52 87N 49
reactor 87R 21 G DT, IDMT
NeuDiff THEM
7/87DR IntTurn OC 50G , 51G
5 0/87ü DT, IDMT
DIFF OC
Bus II ü
3I0
CT2
* * *
CT3
Neutral
earthing reactor
Figure 3 Function diagram 3 for protecting a reactor

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05
Protection
Functions
Protection Functions
Transformer Current Differential Protection Id(pu)

(87T) Differential
current
2
K=
Current differential protection includes biased differential [87T.I_Instant]
protection, unrestrained differential protection, DPFC

biased differential protection. Biased differential K=
0.
6
of ff.
ea Di
ar d
protection is three-slope differential protection with g se
]
e3
n
ti ia
op
ra B
Sl
pe ve
7.
biased characteristic. Unrestrained differential protection
[8
O siti
n
se
is to accelerate the operating speed for transformer’s
severe internal faults without biased characteristic and lop
e2]
1.2 T.S
[87
blocking elements. DPFC biased differential protection
1]
.Slope
calculated by current variation has high sensitivity to [87T.I_Biased]
[87T
restraint current
inter-turn faults and high impedance fault) under heavy 0 [87T.I_Knee1]
0.8
[87T.I_Knee2] Ir(pu)
load. Above three differential protection elements work
coordinately to form the high-speed current differential
protection with high sensitivity. Figure 4 Operation characteristic curve of transformer
sensitive biased differential protection
• Sensitive Biased Differential Protection

• Conventional Biased Differential
The currents used in this section analysis and the Protection
following analysis have been corrected, that means the
currents for following calculation are the products of the Conventional biased differential protection with higher
actual secondary current of each side multiplying its own setting and restraint coefficient comparing with sensitive
correction coefficient biased differential protection is blocked only by an inrush
current detection.
The sensitive biased differential protection with low
pickup setting and restraint slope is much more sensitive Id (pu)
for a slight internal fault. Four blocking elements, CT Differential

2
current
K=
saturation, inrush current, CT circuit failure (optional)

and overexcitation (optional) have also been included for [87T.I_Instant]
the protection in order to prevent it from the unwanted

operation during an external fault.
d f
.
iff
se o
ia rea
D
lb a
tia ing
en rat
nv pe
co O
6
0.
K=
1.2
Restraint current
0 0.8 Ir (pu)
Figure 5 Operation characteristic curve of transformer

conventional biased differential protection
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Unrestrained Instantaneous Differential CT Saturation Detection

Protection
There are two CT saturation conditions, i.e. transient CT
Unrestrained instantaneous differential protection for saturation and stable CT saturation. If an external fault
transformer is to accelerate the operation speed for or an inter fault occurs, primary current of CT increases
transformer’s internal fault. The element has no blocking greatly and secondary current of CT consists of
element but to guard that the setting must be greater fundamental component, DC component and harmonic
than the maximum inrush current. component. The decaying DC component results in
remanent magnetism in magnetic core, and with the
accumulation of remanent magnetism CT goes into CT
• DPFC Biased Differential Protection saturation state called transient CT saturation. With the
Element time passed, the DC component decays to zero almost
and CT is still saturated caused by AC excitation, which
• DPFC Concept is called stable CT saturation.
DPFC (Deviation of Power Frequency Component) is the In order to prevent an unwanted operation of sensitive
power frequency component of fault component, which is biased differential protection caused by transient or
the differential value between the sampling value at this steady state saturation of CT during an external fault,
time point and that at a cycle before. the second and third harmonics of secondary current
of individual CTs are used for the protection equipment
• Operation Characteristic to discriminate saturation of three-phase CT. If CT
saturation is detected, then sensitive biased differential
element will be blocked.
△Id
Differential
current
Overexcitation Detection
m
K=
When a transformer is overexcited, the exciting current

will increase sharply which may result in an unwanted
operation of differential protection. Therefore the
K=0.75
overexcitation shall be discriminated to block differential
protection. The third or fifth harmonic of differential
current can be selected to determinate overexcitation.
1.2pu
K=0.6
0.2pu
Restraint current
0.333pu 2pu
△ Ir
Figure 6 Operating characteristic curve of DPFC biased

differential protection for transformer
The value of m is not greater than 1. For the phase with

maximum restraint current, m is equal to 1, and for other
phases, m is less than 1.

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05
Protection
Functions
Reactor Current Differential Protection • Conventional Biased Differential

(87R) Protection
If an earth fault or phase-to-phase fault of reactor occurs, Conventional biased differential protection with higher
current differential protection can operate quickly to clear setting and restraint coefficient comparing with sensitive
the fault to avoid the reactor from damages or reduce biased differential protection is blocked only by an inrush
the maintenance cost as low as possible. Different to current detection.
transformer current differential protection based on
electromagnetic balance, reactor current differential Id
Differential
protection is based on Kirchhoff's law, so it is needed to
current
develop current differential protection according to the
actual application of reactor not only to use transformer
[87 R.I_Instant]
current differential protection to protect reactors.
d f
.
se o
i ff
ia re a
D
lb a
• Sensitive Biased Differential Protection
ti a ing
e n ra t
6
0.
nv pe
K=
The currents used in this section analysis and the co O
following analysis have been corrected, that means the
currents for following calculation are the products of the 1.2pu
actual secondary current of each side multiplying its own
correction coefficient
Restr aint cur re nt
The sensitive biased differential protection with low 0

0.8 pu Ir
pickup setting and restraint slope is much more sensitive

for a slight internal fault. Three blocking elements, CT Figure 8 Operation characteristic curve of reactor
saturation, CT circuit failure (optional) have also been conventional biased differential protection
included for the protection in order to prevent it from the
unwanted operation during an external fault.
• Unrestrained Instantaneous Differential
Id
Protection
K
Differe ntial
cu rrent
Unrestrained instantaneous differential protection for

[87R.I_Instant] reactor is to accelerate the operation speed for reactor’s
internal fault. The element has no blocking element
0.6
but to guard that the setting must be greater than the
K= of f.
g
e a if
ar ed D maximum unbalanced current caused by inrush current.
in ia s
at
er e b
O p s it iv
n
se .Slo
p e]
R
[87
1.2pu
[87R.I_Biased]
Restraint current
0 KP 0.8pu Ir
Figure 7 Operation characteristic curve of reactor

sensitive biased differential protection
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• DPFC Biased Differential Protection The sensitivity of current differential protection is

Element improved greatly when DPFC differential protection is
enabled, especially in the situation turn-to-turn fault
during heavy load operation.
• Operation Criterion
DPFC (Deviation of Power Frequency Component)
biased differential protection reflects variation of load • CT Saturation Detection
condition to perform a sensitive protection for the reactor.
Lab tests show that it is more sensitive than the biased During reactor energization or a system disturbance,
differential relay under the heavy load condition. decaying DC component is caused because magnetic
flux of reactor can not change suddenly. The decaying
DC component will result in transient CT saturation and
• Operation Characteristic differential current occurs correspondingly. CT saturation
should be detected and block reactor differential
△dI protection to prevent it from maloperation during this
Differential situation.
current
There are two methods adopted to distinguish CT

m
K=
saturation: harmonic criterion and asynchronous method

for the recognition of current transformer saturation. If
any phase differential current is caused by CT saturation,
K=0.75
the sensitive biased differential element will be blocked.
Once an internal fault is distinguished by asynchronous
method, harmonic criterion is not used to judge CT
1.2pu
saturation any more.
0.2pu K=0.6
Restraint current
0.ü pu 2pu
I
△ r
Figure 9 Operating characteristic curve of reactor DPFC

biased differential protection
The value of m is not greater than 1. For the phase with

maximum restraint current, m is equal to 1, and for other
phases, m is less than 1.
• Advantages of DPFC differential protection

DPFC biased differential protection has the higher anti-
CT saturation characteristic, the sensitivity of which
to slight inter-turn fault is maintained during normal
operation of transformer. Floating threshold patent
technology is adopted to prevent maloperation of DPFC
differential protection due to system frequency deviation,
external faults and CB tripping process.

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05
Protection
Functions
Restricted Earth Fault Protection (64REF) The value of m is defined by the branch number for
REF protection calculation. For example, there are two
The Restricted Earth Fault (REF) protection is meant branches at HV side (wye winding with neutral point
to protect a single winding of a power transformer. The earthed), so there are three branches constitute the REF
winding which should be protected must be earthed. protection of HV side and m is equal to 3.
In the case of delta windings, the winding must be
earthed by an earthing transformer, which must be • Detection of CT Transient Characteristic
electrically placed between the winding and the current Difference
transformers.
Non-identical CT characteristics can cause unbalance
REF protection is a kind of differential protection, so current. During phase-to-phase faults and three-phase
it calculates differential current and bias current. The faults, the unbalance of three-phase CTs results in
differential current is a vectorial difference of the neutral residual current which may lead to maloperation of RFE
current (i.e. current flowing in the neutral conductor) and protection. Therefore, positive sequence current restraint
the residual current from the lines. For internal faults, this blocking criterion is adopted to prevent maloperation of
difference is equal to the total earth fault current. REF REF protection in above mentioned conditions.
protection operates on the fault current only, and is not
dependent on eventual load currents. This makes REF When the residual current of each side REF protection
protection a very sensitive protection. is greater than β0 times positive sequence current, it is
decided that zero-sequence current is caused by a fault
REF protection can be applied to protection of two- and release REF protection.
winding transformer, three-winding transformer or auto-
transformer.
Winding Differential Protection (87W/87N)
• Operation Characteristic Curve When each side and common winding of auto-
transformer are installed with three phase CTs, winding
I0d differential protection can be equipped. Winding
differential protection is based on Kirchhoff's law, so
inrush current has no effect on it. Winding differential
diiferential current
protection consists of phase winding differential

m
protection and residual winding differential protection.

K=
Residual winding differential protection adopts the

calculated residual current of each side and common
winding for the protection calculation and three-phase CT
[64ü .Slope]
polarity is easy to be checked. The operation principle of
which is similar to that of REF protection, but compared
[x.64ü .I_Biased]
to REF protection, winding differential protection can
restraint current I0r
operate not only during internal earth faults but also
[64ü .I_Knee]
during phase-to-phase faults.
Figure 10 Operating characteristic of REF protection
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• Operation Characteristic Curve • Residual Power Directional Element
The phase angle of residual current leading residual

Iwd voltage is nearly 90 degree if an inter-turn fault of
reactor winding occurs. The residual current phase leads
the residual voltage phase if an internal single-phase
K=m
earth fault occurs; and the residual current phase lags

the residual voltage phase if an external single-phase
d
iff
e
earth fault occurs. Therefore, the phase angle between
residual current and residual voltage can be used to
re
n
tia
[87W.Slope]
distinguish internal faults from external faults. The zero-
lc
u
rr
sequence impedance of system very small compared
e
n
t
to that of reactor, so the residual voltage detected by

[87W.I_Biased]
restraint current Iwr the relay will not be sensitive to operate and need to be
0.5 In compensated.
Figure 11 Operating characteristic curve of winding
differential protection
• Zero-sequence Impedance Element
The value of m is defined by the branch number
for winding differential protection. For example, the Zero-sequence impedance of reactor is usually
protection is applied for protecting an autotransformer thousands of ohms which is greater than that of system.
including HV side, MV side and common winding and m When an inter-turn fault or internal single-phase earth
is equal to 3. fault of reactor occurs, the impedance detected by the
relay is exactly the zero-sequence impedance of system.
If an external single-phase fault of reactor occurs, the
Inter-Turn fault Protection (IntTurn) impedance detected by the relay is the zero-sequence
impedance of reactor. According to different values of
Shunt reactors as the key equipment are widely applied measured impedances, inter-turn faults (or internal fault)
in extra-high voltage and ultra-high voltage level power and external earth faults can be distinguished.
system, which has a dominate effect on safe operation
of the power system. The inter-turn fault is a common
internal fault occurred in reactor, but current differential
protection cannot operate during inter-turn faults.
Considering ground overcurrent protection cannot
be taken as the fast protection for inter-turn faults, a
dedicated protection for inter-turn protection of reactor is
needed to be equipped.
Inter-turn faults in reactors present a formidable

challenge to the protection engineer. The current and
voltage changes encountered during an inter-turn fault
can be of similar magnitude as load variation, and
therefore, sensitive, reliable protection schemes should
be considered.

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05
Protection
Functions
Overexcitation Protection (24) Frequency Protection (81)
Overexcitation results from excessive applied voltage, In case of frequency decline due to lack of active power
possibly in combination with below-normal frequency. in the power system, underfrequency protection operates
Such condition may occur when a unit is on load, but to shed part of the load according to the declined value of
are more likely to arise when it is on open circuit, or at a frequency to re-balance the power supply and the load.
loss of load occurrence. Transformers directly connected On the contrary, if the power frequency of regional rises
to generators are in particular danger to experience due to the active power excess demand, overfrequency
overexcitation condition. protection operates to perform generator rejection to
shed part of the generators automatically according to
During overexcitation, field current of transformer rises the rising frequency so that power supply and the load
greatly to cause excessive heating and severe damage. are re-balanced.
The transformer, working magnetic flux density near
the knee point, is subject to overexcitation. Frequency
range for normal operation is 45~55Hz for 50Hz working Mechanical Protection (MR)
frequency of power system and 55~65Hz for 60Hz
working frequency of power system. If there is a fault in transformer body, winding
temperature relay, oil temperature relay and Buchholz
Figure 12 shows inverse-time characteristic of relay (or called gas relay) integrated in transformer will
overexcitation protection. operate to send signals to transformer relay. Mechanical
protection of transformer relay will repeat these signals
Inverse-time characteristic curve can be specified by to send alarm signals, or send tripping command
several overexcitation multiple settings, and the relation directly or send tripping command with time delay to
between various settings of n and t are: prevent transformer from damage. Inputs of mechanical
n0≥n1 ≥ n2 ≥ n3 ≥ n4 ≥ n5 ≥ n6 ≥ n7 ≥ n8 ≥ n9 protection are operation signals of transformer integrated
t0 ≤t1 ≤ t2 ≤ t3 ≤ t4 ≤ t5 ≤ t6 ≤ t7≤ t8 ≤ t9 relay, and it is generally required to repeat those signals
through high-power relays to improve the anti-inference
ability of the protection.
Transformer relay repeats external signal through high-

power relays and send them to CPU through opto-
U * / f*
coupler circuits. After CPU receives those signals,
transformer relay will record them as events and send
n0
tripping command with settable time delays. Because
n1
the drop out time of mechanical input signals is usually
n2
n3 too long, the setting [MR.t_PW_n] (n=1, 2, 3, and 4)
n4 can be set to avoid the relay sending long-time tripping
n5
command.
n6
n7
n8
n9
t(s)
0 t0t1t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9
Figure 12 Inverse-time characteristic of overexcitation protection
17
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Temperature Protection (26) jx

Temperature protection is applied for protecting
Zp
transformer or reactor from being damaged by over
temperature due to overloads or other reasons.
The protection device can receive signals from external

temperature transducers and convert these signals into
ϕm
R
digital data as required via DC analog input module
NR1410B. The actual operation temperature of a
transformer can be calculated with the following equation
after setting the range of temperature measurement
Zn
(minimum temperature setting corresponds to 4mA or Figure 13 Operating characteristic of phase-to-phase
0V, and maximum temperature setting corresponds to impedance relay
20mA or 5V).
jx
Impedance Protection Zp
When phase overcurrent protection and ground
overcurrent protection can not meets the sensitivity
requirement of transformer backup protection,
impedance may be configured. The operation mode of ϕm
power system has little effect on impedance protection, R
so impedance protection cooperates with protections of
adjacent equipment more easily.
Zn
Impedance protection consists of phase-to-phase
impedance protection and phase-to-earth protection. CT Figure 14 Operating characteristic of phase-to-earth
polarity of each side is at busbar side, and directions of impedance relay
settings are based on this polarity.
In addition, power swing blocking is adopted to avoid

maloperation of distance protection resulting from power
swing.

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05
Protection
Functions
Ground Overcurrent Protection (50/51G) Phase Overvoltage Protection (59P)
During normal operation of power system, there is In the power system, when users operating circuit
trace residual current whereas a fault current flows to breakers or a fault occurring, system parameters
earth will result in greater residual current. Therefore will change, which can cause the power system
residual current is adopted for the calculation of ground electromagnetic energy converting and transferring and
overcurrent protection. overvoltage will appears in the system. Overvoltage
protection is equipped for the protection of electric
In order to improve the selectivity of ground overcurrent equipment and its insulation.
protection in power grid with multiple power sources,
directional element can be selected to control ground
overcurrent protection. For application on transformer Residual Overvoltage Protection (59G)
circuits, second harmonic also can be selected to block
ground overcurrent protection to avoid the effect of A single phase earth fault occurrence in ungrounded
sympathetic current on the protection. system or Peterson coil grounded system will result in
residual overvoltage, so residual overvoltage protection
Ground overcurrent protection consists of following three is equipped to prevent protected equipment being
elements: damaged by residual overvoltage in this condition.
- Ground overcurrent element: each stage equipped
with one independent ground overcurrent element.
- Directional element: one directional element Undervoltage Protection (27)
equipped shared by all ground overcurrent elements,
and each stage protection can select protection direction. The increase of reactive power load leads to voltage
- Harmonic blocking element: one harmonic blocking decreasing, and voltage quality cannot be satisfied
element shared by all ground overcurrent elements. only through AVR and OLTC voltage regulation. In this
situation, undervoltage protection should operate to shed
part of loads to make voltage recovery to the normal
Negative-Sequence Overcurrent Protection level.
(50/51Q)
Undervoltage protection has following functions:
Negative-sequence overcurrent protection is applied • Four-stage definite-time undervoltage protection
as the backup protection for generator. When an with independent voltage and time delay settings.
unsymmetrical short-circuit fault or a three-phase fault • The rate of change of voltage blocking function is
occurs in power system, there is negative-sequence equipped.
current generated in stator winding of generator, and
the negative-sequence current will produce an opposite
rotating magnetic field in air gap. Therefore, harmonic Thermal Overload Protection (49)
currents occur in rotor, which make some parts with
great current density be locally burned and even result Thermal overload protection has following functions:
in the retaining ring loosing due to heat to lead to great • Thermal time characteristic of IEC 60255-8 is
damage of generator. Negative-sequence overcurrent adopted.
protection is equipped to prevent generator from such • One stage for alarm and one stage for trip.
damage. • Fundamental current or 1st to 7th harmonic current
is used for protection calculation.
19
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Breaker Failure Protection (50BF) The phase overcurrent alarm element is equipped to
monitor the load of transformer winding, and when load
Breaker failure protection is applied for intertripping current exceeds the transformer limit load current, phase
each side of transformer when trip signals of breaker overcurrent alarm element can be applied to issuing
failure protection of busbar or other device are received. alarm signals to remind field operators.
When the binary input of external tripping is energized
and current element picks up, a trip command will be Besides, during overload of transformer, it is needed to
issued after a delay to trip circuit breakers at each side initiate cooling system (such as cooling fan) and blocking
of transformer. OLTC function of the tap of transformer. Therefore phase
overcurrent alarm element can also be applied to the
When the binary input of external tripping is energized initiation of cooling system and the blocking of OLTC
and current element picks up, a trip command will be function.
issued after a delay to trip circuit breakers at each side
of transformer.
Residual Overvoltage Alarm Element
Current criteria include phase current criterion, zero- (59GAlm)
sequence current criterion, negative-sequence current
criterion and DPFC current criterion. If any current A single phase earth fault occurrence in ungrounded
criterion is satisfied and current flowing through the system will result in high residual overvoltage, so
protective equipment is detected, current element of residual overvoltage alarm element is equipped to issue
breaker failure protection picks up. alarm signal for reminding users in this condition.
Pole Disagreement Protection (62PD) Three-Phase Current Element (Curr3P)
With voltage level involved, the switching equipment Three-phase current element is responsible for pre-
usually consists of single pole devices that are processing three phase currents and calculating
not mechanically linked, with each pole having an sequence components, amplitudes and phases of
independent operating mechanism. With such an three phase currents, etc. All calculated information of
arrangement, the possibility exists that one pole may three-phase current element is for the protection logic
not operate coincidentally with the other poles, thus calculation.
creating an undesirable imbalance in system voltages
or, in case the switching equipment were called upon to • CT circuit abnormality supervision
clear a fault, might fail to remove the faulted source from
service. So that if a pole disagreement fault is detected, If any one of the following two criteria is met, the
after a certain delay, the transformer relay will initiate a corresponding alarm signal will be issued after 10s, and
trip command to trip all poles of the switching equipment. it will be reset after 10s if equipment returns to normal
condition.
1) Calculated residual current is greater than 0.06In or
Phase Overcurrent Alarm Element (50PAlm) greater than 0.2 times maximum phase current.
2) Negative-sequence current is greater than 0.1In or
During overload operation of a power transformer, great greater than 0.4 times maximum phase current.
current results in greater heat to lead temperature of
transformer increase and if the temperature reaches
too high values the equipment might be damaged. The
insulation within the transformer will have forced ageing.

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05
Protection
Functions
• CT circuit failure supervision If the secondary phase-to-phase rated voltage is set

to 110V, all corresponding operating voltage will be
When current of the element is engaged in the calculation adjusted in the same ratio.
of transformer differential protection, restricted earth fault
protection or winding differential protection, the CT circuit
failure supervision function of each protection is carried Residual Current Element (Curr1P)
out in the corresponding protection element and please
refer to corresponding sections for details. Residual current element is responsible for pre-
processing measured residual current and calculating
• Current detection the magnitude and the phase angle of residual current,
etc. All calculated information of three-phase current
When any phase current is greater than 0.04In, inputted element is for the protection logic calculation
current signals are decided valid and the valid signal is
outputted for programmable logic application.
Residual Voltage Element (Volt1P)
Three-Phase Voltage Element (Volt3P) Residual voltage element is responsible for pre-
processing residual voltage and calculating the
Three-phase voltage element is responsible for pre- magnitude and the phase angle of residual voltage, etc.
processing three phase voltages and calculating All calculated information of three-phase voltage element
sequence components, amplitudes and phases of is for the protection logic calculation
three phase currents, etc. All calculated information of
three-phase voltage element is for the protection logic
calculation
• VT circuit abnormality supervision
If one of following two criteria is met and there is no

operation of any fault detectors VT circuit abnormality
alarm will be issued after 10s. The abnormality alarm
will be reset after 10s if equipment returns to normal
condition.
When the secondary phase-to-phase voltage of VT is

equal to 100V:
1) Positive sequence voltage is less than 30 V and any
phase current is greater than 0.04 In.
2) Positive sequence voltage is less than 30 V and the
breaker is in closed position.
3) The negative sequence voltage is greater than 8 V.
4) The 3rd harmonic magnitude of phase voltage is
greater than 10V.
21
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06
Commnication
Communication
RS-485 Interface IEC60870-5-103 Communication

This protective device provides two rear RS-485
communication ports, and each port has three terminals The IEC specification IEC60870-5-103: Telecontrol
in the 12-terminal screw connector located on the back Equipment and Systems, Part 5: Transmission Protocols
of the relay and each port has a ground terminal for the Section 103 defines the use of standards IEC60870-
earth shield of the communication cable. The rear ports 5-1 to IEC60870-5-5 to perform communication with
provide RS-485 serial data communication and are protective device. The standard configuration for
intended for use with a permanently wired connection to the IEC60870-5-103 protocol is to use a twisted pair
a remote control center. EIA RS-485 connection over distances up to 500m.
It also supports to use an Ethernet connection. The
relay operates as a slave in the system, responding to
commands from a master station.
EIA RS-485
Master 120 Ohm
120 Ohm
IEC60870-5-103 Interface over Serial Port
Slave Slave Slave
The IEC60870-5-103 interface over serial port (RS-485)
is a master/slave interface with the protective device as
the slave device. It is properly developed by NR.
Figure 15 EIA RS-485 bus connection arrangements
The protective device conforms to compatibility level 2;

Ethernet Interface compatibility level 3 is not supported.
Each device is connected with an exchanger via The following IEC60870-5-103 facilities are supported by
communication cable, and thereby it forms a star this interface:
structure network. Dual-network is recommended in • Initialization (reset)
order to increase reliability. SCADA is also connected to • Time synchronization
the exchanger and will play a role of master station, so • Event record extraction
the every equipment which has been connected to the • General interrogation
exchanger will play a role of slave unit. • General functions
• Disturbance records
SCADA
IEC60870-5-103 Interface over Ethernet
Switch: Net A The IEC60870-5-103 interface over Ethernet is a master/

slave interface with the relay as the slave device. It is
Switch: Net B
properly developed by NR too. All the service of this
relay is based on generic functions of the IEC60870-5-
103. The following table lists all the group number of this
relay. And this relay will send all the relevant information
about group caption to the SAS or RTU after establishing
a successful communication link.
……
Figure 16 Ethernet communication structure

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Communication
Messages Description for IEC61850

Protocol
The PCS-978 series relays support IEC 61850 server • Peer-to-peer

services over TCP/IP communication protocol stacks. This is a non-connection-oriented, high speed type of
The TCP/IP profile requires the PCS-978 series relays to communication usually between substation equipment,
have an IP address to establish communications. such as protection relays. GOOSE is the method of peer-
to-peer communication.
• MMS protocol
IEC 61850 specifies the use of the Manufacturing • Substation configuration language (SCL)
Message Specification (MMS) at the upper (application) A substation configuration language is a number of files
layer for transfer of real-time data. This protocol has used to describe IED configurations and communication
been in existence for a number of years and provides systems according to IEC 61850-5 and IEC 61850-
a set of services suitable for the transfer of data within 7. Each configured device has an IED Capability
a substation LAN environment. IEC 61850-7-2 abstract Description (ICD) file and a Configured IED Description
services and objects are mapped to actual MMS protocol (CID) file. The substation single line information is stored
services in IEC61850-8-1. in a System Specification Description (SSD) file. The
entire substation configuration is stored in a Substation
• Client/server Configuration Description (SCD) file. The SCD file is the
This is a connection-oriented type of communication. combination of the following items: individual ICD files,
The connection and communication activity is initiated SSD file, communication system parameters (MMS,
and controlled by the client. Substation computers GOOSE control block, SV control block), as well as
running HMI programs or SOE logging software are GOOSE/SV connection relationship amongst IEDs.
considered as IEC61850 clients. Substation equipment
such as protection relays, meters, RTUs, instrument
transformers, tap changers, or bay control units are
considered as servers.
Please note that gateways can be considered as clients

and servers subject to the communication object.
When retrieving data from IEDs within the substation,
the gateways are considered as servers whereas
transmitting data to control centers, the gateways are
considered as clients.
23
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07
Hardware
Hardware
NR 1102 M NR1156 NR 1156 NR1401 NR1401 NR 1504 NR1521 NR1521 NR1523 B NR1301
1 2 3 1 2 3 5 V OK ü
ETHERNET
4 5 6 4 5 6 BO_ü BO_ FAIL
ON
1
HEALTHY
11
PCS-ü ü
TRANSFORMER R ELAY
2 12
ALARM
3 13
TRIP
4 14
DANGER DANGER
1 BO _ ü
P
1
GR
5 15 2 BO _FAIL
3 BO _
ü
6 16
ENT 4 BO _ ü 2
C
5 BO _FAIL
7 17
ES
6 BO _ü
8 18 7 O PTO +
8 O PTO -
9 19
9
10 ü +
10 20
11 ü -
12 ü
Figure 17 Front view of PCS-978 Figure 18 Typical rear view of PCS-978
TX Power supply supervision 1201

C h1
FO interface for SV channel

RX
BI_T imeSyn
+ 1202
N ET -DSP module 1
TX
Ch2
RX (LC Type) PCS-ü BI_Print + 1203
…
1201 Power supply supervision 1 301 BI_Maintenance + 1204

BO_ü _1 -1
SV from TX
1 302
BI_TimeSyn ü /EVT at C h8
1202 +
1 303 PCS-ü HV side MV side each side Phase A RX RX 1301
*BI module can be independent common terminal

BO_ü _1 -2 1 304 C B A C B A transformer BO_ü _1-1 BI_RstTarg
1302 + 1205
BI_Prin t
MU
1203 + 1 305 AI module 1 Phase B

1303
*BI module can be i ndep endent common terminal
BO_ü _1 -3 1 306 CB1 CB2

0401 BO_ü _1-2 1304
Three -phase curr ent
1 307 Ia Phase C TX TX
*
1204 + BI_Maintenance 0402 C h1 BI_05 + 1206

BO_ü _2 -1
FO interface for SV channel
1 308
0403 RX 1305
*
1 309 Ib BO_ü _1-3

N ET-DSP module 2
0404 1306
BO modul e 1 for tri p
Up to 8 (LC T ype)
1205 + BI_RstTarg BO_ü _2 -2 1 310 0405 TX

Ch2 1307 BI_06
*
+ 1207
1 311 Ic 0406 RX BO_ü _2-1
BO_ü _3 -1 1308
1206 + BI_05 1 312
N ot used 1208
1 313 0407 1309
*
Three-phase current
BO module 1 for trip
BO_ü _3 -2 1 314 Ia 0408

BO_ü _2-2 1310 BI_07 + 1209
1207 + BI_06 1 315 0409
*
BO_ü _4 -1 1 316 Ib TX 1311

0410
1208 Not used C h8 BO_ü _3-1
*
1317 0411 RX 1312
…
1209 + BI_07 BO_ ü _4-2 1318 Ic 0412
1313
1319 BI_12 + 1214
BO_ü _3-2 1314
BO_ ü _5-1 1320 0413
…
Th ree-ph ase voltage
Ua 0414 RX IRIG-B 1315 1215

BI_12 1321 N ot used
1214 + (optional)
BO_ ü _5-2 1322 0415 BO_ü _4-1 1316
1215 Ub BI_13 + 1216
Not used 0416
1317
BI_13 0417
1216 + 1 401 Pü BO_ü _ 4-2 1318
Uc
BO_ü _6 -1
0418 ü +
External DC pow er Power
…
1 402
1319
1 403 supply Pü Supply
…
0419 ü - BO_ü _ 5-1 1320 BI_18

BO_ü _6 -2 + 1221
Three-ph ase voltage
BI_18 1 404
1221 + Ua 0420 OPTO+ Pü
1 405 Power supply for 1321
1222 BO_ü _6 -3 0421 BO_ü _ 5-2 1222
1 406 Ub opto-coupler (24V) Pü 1322
0422 OPT O-
1 407
BO_ü _7 -1 0423
PWR module
1 408 Pü
Uc
0424 BO_F AIL
1 409
Pü
BO module 2 for tri p
BO_ü _7 -2 BO_ü
Pü 1 410
ü + Pü 1501
External DC power Power 1 411 AI module 2 ü 1401
supply Pü Supp ly BO_ü _8 -1 * BO_Signal_1-1 1502
ü - 1 412
0607
Pü BO_F AIL BO_ü _6-1 1402
Pü
OPTO+ 1 413 3I0 0608 Pü 1503
Pow er supply for
BO_ü _8 -2
BO_ü 1403
opto-coupler (24 V) 1 414
Neu tral cu rrent
OPTO- Pü 0609 Pü BO_ü _6-2 BO_Signal_1-2 1504

1 415 ü 1404
PWR module
3I0 0610
Pü BO_FAIL BO_ü _9 -1 1 416 Pü 1505
1405
Pü BO_ü 1417 0611 Grounding BO_Signal_2-1
BO_ü _6-3 1406 1506
Pü BO_ ü _9-2 3I0 0612 * Screw
ü 1418
Pü 1407 1507
BO_FAIL 1419
Groun ding BO_ü _7-1 BO_Signal_2-2
Pü BO_ü BO_ü _10- 1 1420 1408 1508
ü
Pü ü 1421 0613 1509
1409
Three-phase vol tage
Pü BO_ü _10- 2
BO module 2 for trip
BO module for signal
1422 Ua 0614 Ethernet A BO_Signal_3-1

Ground ing BO_ü _7-2 1410 1510
Screw 0615
Ethernet B 1511
Ub 0616 1411
Gro unding Electrical BO_Signal_3-2 1512
1 501 0617 BO_ü _8-1 1412
ü Etherneü
Optional
BO_Si gnal_1 -1 1 502 Uc 0618 SCADA Ethernet C 1513

Ethernet A 1413
1503 BO_ü _8-2 BO_Signal_4 1514
BO_Signal_1-2
Ethernet D 1414
Ethernet B 1504
Electrical 0601
1415 1515
Three-phase cur rent
Ethe rnetü 1505 Ia

0602
SC ADA Ethernet C BO_Signal_5
Option al
Ethernet C BO_ü _9-1

Optional
BO_Signal_2-1 1506 Optical 1416 1516

0603
*
Ethernet D Ethernet ü
1507 Ib 1417
0604 SC AD A Ethernet D 1517
BO_Signal_2-2
MON module
1508
*
Optical 0605 BO_ü _ 9-2 1418 BO_Signal_6

Eth ernet C 1518
Optional
Ethernet ü 1509 Ic
0606
SC ADA ü -1A 0101
BO modul e for signal
BO_Signal_3-1 1419
COM(optonal)
*
Eth ernet D 1510 1519

MON module
cable with single point earthing
BO_ü _10 -1
To the screen of other coaxial
1511 0619 ü -1B 0102 1420

BO_Signal_7 1520
Reserve d voltage
4 85-1A 010 1 BO_Signal_3-2 1512 0620

COM(optonal)
SGND 0103 1421

cable with singl e poi nt earthin g
To the screen of other coaxial
4 85-1B 010 2 1 513 0621 1521

in put
0104 BO_ü _10 -2 1422 BO_Prot

SGND 010 3 BO_Signal_ 4 1 514 0622 1522
CB3
010 4 0623
1 515 LV side
SYN+ 0101
BO_Signal _5 0624
Clock SYN
SYN+ 010 1 1516

C B A SYN- 0102
Clock SYN
SYN- 010 2 1517

SGND 010 3 BO_Signal_ 6 SGND 0103
1 518
010 4 1519 0104
BO_Si gnal_7 1 520 Mul tiplex Multiplex
RTS 010 5
RJü (Front) RT S 0105
PRINT
1521 RJü (F ront)

TXD 010 6
PR INT
BO_Prot 1522 TXD 0106

SGND 010 7
SGND 0107
Figure 19 Typical wiring of PCS-978 (conventional CT/VT) Figure 20 Typical wiring of PCS-978 (ECT/EVT)

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08
Technical
data
Technical Data
Electrical Specifications
• Analog Input Ratings
Alternating Analog current

Phase rotation ABC
Nominal frequency 50±5Hz, 60±5Hz
Rated Current (In) 1A 5A
Linear to 0.05In~40In
Thermal withstand
-continuously 4In
-for 10s 30In
-for 1s 100In
-for half a cycle 250In
Burden < 0.15VA/phase @In < 0.25VA/phase @In
Current input channel Maximum 36
Alternating Analog voltage
Phase rotation ABC

Nominal frequency 50±5Hz, 60±5Hz
Rated Voltage (Un) 100V~130V 200V (residual voltage input)
Linear to 1~170V 1-233V
Thermal withstand
-continuously 200V 220
-10s 260V 380
-1s 300V 420
Burden at rated < 0.20VA/phase @Un < 0.80VA/phase @Un

Voltage input channel Maximum 18 Maximum 9
• Power Supply
Standard IEC 60255-11:2008

Rated Voltage 110Vdc/125Vdc, 220Vdc/250Vdc
Variation 80~300Vdc
Permissible AC ripple voltage ≤15% of the nominal auxiliary voltage
C o n v e n t i o n a l < 25W @ Quiescent condition without binary input signals

substation
Burden
Digital <40W @ Quiescent condition without binary input signals
substation
25
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Technical Data
Module Description Module Type Burden (W)

MON Module (Management) 64M DDR
NR1102A 6
(2 x RJ45 Ethernet + RS485 (Syn) + RS232 (printer))
NR1102B 6
NR1102C 6
NR1102M 6
NR1102J 6
(2 x RJ45 + 2 x FO(ST)) Ethernet + RS485 (Syn) + RS232 (printer)
NR1102I 6
NR1101E 6
(2 x RJ45 Ethernet + 2 x RS485 + RS485 (Syn) + RS232 (printer))
DSP Module
NR1156 3.5
(36 analog sampling channels, for conventional CT/VT.)
DSP Module
NR1151 3.5
(No analog sampling channel, ECVT signal from NR1136 via motherboard)
DSP Module
NR1152 3.5
(8 stream channels from ECVT directly.)
Mechanical Relay Module NR1533A 0.3 (without IO burden)
BO Module (11 output contacts) NR1521A 0.3 (without BO burden)
Signal Output Module (11 signal contacts in 4 groups) NR1523B 0.3 (without BO burden)
Signal Output Module (11 signal contacts) NR1521C 0.3 (without BO burden)
BI Module (11 individual binary inputs) NR1503 0.3
BI Module (18 binary inputs, common negative) NR1504 0.3
PWR Module (Power Supply) NR1301A *
AI Module (AC Analogue Input Module 12 channels) NR1401A 0 (AC Analog input module)
DC Analogue Input Module (6 channels) NR1410B 2.5
NET-DSP 2 (8 stream ECVT AI)
(total 8 ports connected, 0.35W/port, i.e. one port is disconnected and 0.35W is NR1136A 6.7
reduced)
NET-DSP 2 (6 stream ECVT AI + 1 x FO (IRIG-B Syn))
(total 6 ports connected, 0.35W/port, i.e. one port is disconnected and 0.35W is NR1136C 6
reduced)
Chassis+Bus+HMI module - -

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08
Technical
data
Technical Data
• Transducer Input
Standard IEC 60255-1: 2009

Input range 0-20mA 0-5V
Input resistance 235Ω 4.4kΩ
Accuracy class 0.5 class 0.5
Transducer nput channel 6
• Binary Input
Rated Voltage 24Vdc 48Vdc 110Vdc 125Vdc 220Vdc 250Vdc

Rated current drain 1.2mA 2.4mA 1.1mA 1.25mA 2.2mA 2.5mA
Pickup voltage 13V~17V 26V~34V 60.5V~77V 70~87.5V 121V~154V
Dropout voltage 50% of pickup voltage
Maximum permissible voltage 100Vdc 300Vdc
Withstand voltage 2000Vac, 2800Vdc (continuously)
Resolving time for logic input <1ms
Binary input channel Maximum 18
• Binary Output
Output type Tripping contact Signal contact

Output mode Potential free contact
5A@380Vac 8A@380Vac
Continuous carry
5A@250Vdc 8A@250Vdc
Pickup time <8ms (typical 3ms) <10ms
Dropoff time <5ms <5ms
0.65A@48Vdc 1.20A@48Vdc
Breaking capacity (L/R=40ms) 0.30A@110Vdc 0.50A@110Vdc
0.15A@220Vdc 0.25A@220Vdc
Burden 300mW 400mW
380Vac 380Vac
Maximal system voltage
250Vdc 250Vdc
Test voltage across open contact 1000V RMS for 1min 1000V RMS for 1min
6A@3s
Short duration current 15A@0.5s -
30A@0.2s
Contact number Maximum 22 Maximum 22
Durability 10,000 operations minimum 10,000 operations minimum
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Technical Data
• Mechanical Specifications
Mounting Way Flush mounted

Chassis color Silver grey
Weight per device Approx. 15kg (Including 2 AC AI modules)
Chassis material Aluminum alloy
Location of terminal Rear panel of the device
Device structure Plug-in modular type @ rear side, integrated frontplate
Protection class
Front side IP40, up to IP51 (With cover)
Other sides IP30
Rear side, connection terminals IP20
Module Description Module Type Weight(kg)

NR1102A 0.4
NR1102B 0.4
NR1102C 0.4
MON Module (Management) 256 DDR
NR1102M 0.4
NR1102J 0.4
NR1102I 0.4
NR1101E 0.4
(2 x RJ45 Ethernet + 2 x RS485 + RS485 (Syn) + RS232 (printer))
DSP Module
NR1156 0.2
(36 analog sampling channels, for conventional CT/VT.)
DSP Module
NR1151 0.2
(No analog sampling channel, ECVT signal from NR1136 via motherboard)
DSP Module
NR1152 0.2
(8 stream channels from ECVT directly.)
Mechanical Relay Module NR1533A 0.35
BO Module (11 output contacts) NR1521A 0.2
Signal Output Module (11 signal contacts in 4 groups) NR1523B 0.3
Signal Output Module (11 signal contacts) NR1521C 0.2
BI Module (11 individual binary inputs) NR1503 0.2
BI Module (18 binary inputs, common negative) NR1504 0.2
PWR Module (Power Supply) NR1301A 0.6

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Technical
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Technical Data
AI Module (AC Analogue Input Module 12 channels) NR1401A 2.4

DC Analogue Input Module (6 channels) NR1410B 2.4
NET-DSP 2 (8 stream ECVT AI)
(total 8 ports connected, 0.35W/port, i.e. one port is disconnected and 0.35W is NR1136A 0.3
reduced)
NET-DSP 2 (6 stream ECVT AI + 1 x FO (IRIG-B Syn))
(total 6 ports connected, 0.35W/port, i.e. one port is disconnected and 0.35W is NR1136C 0.3
reduced)
Chassis+Bus+HMI module - 6.8
• Ambient Temperature and Humidity Range
Standard IEC 60225-1: 2009

Operating temperature -40°C to +70°C (Readability of display may be impaired below -20°C)
Transport and storage -40°C to +70°C
temperature range
Permissible humidity 5%-95%, without condensation
Pollution degree 2
Altitude <3000m
• Communication Port
• EIA-485 Port
Baud rate 4.8kbit/s, 9.6kbit/s, 19.2kbit/s, 38.4kbit/s, 57.6kbit/s, 115.2kbit/s
Protocol IEC 60870-5-103:1997
Maximal capacity 32
Transmission distance <500m
Safety level Isolation to ELV level
Twisted pair Screened twisted pair cable
• Ethernet Port
Connector type RJ-45 ST, SC (Multi mode)
Transmission rate 100Mbits/s
Transmission standard 10Base-T/100Base-TX 100Base-FX
Transmission distance <100m <2km (1310nm)
Protocol IEC 60870-5-103:1997, DNP 3.0 or IEC 61850
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Technical Data
• Optical Fibre Port
For Station Level

Characteristic Glass optical fiber
Connector type ST
Fibre type Multi mode
Transmission distance <2km
Wave length 1310nm
Transmission power Min. -20.0dBm
Minimum receiving power Min. -30.0dBm
Margin Min +3.0dB
For Process Level

Characteristic Glass optical fiber
Connector type LC
Fibre type Multi mode
Transmission distance <2km
Wave length 1310nm
Transmission power Min. -20.0dBm
Minimum receiving power Min. -30.0dBm
Margin Min +3.0dB
• Print Port
Type RS-232
Baud Rate 4.8kbit/s, 9.6kbit/s, 19.2kbit/s, 38.4kbit/s, 57.6kbit/s, 115.2kbit/s
Printer type EPSON® 300K printer
• Clock Synchronization Port

Type RS-485
Transmission distance <500m
Maximal capacity 32
Timing standard PPS, IRIG-B

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Technical
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Technical Data
• Type Tests
• Environmental Tests
Dry cold test IEC60068-2-1:2007
Dry heat test IEC60068-2-2:2007
Damp heat test, cyclic Per IEC60068-2-30:2005
• Mechanical Tests
Vibration IEC 60255-21-1:1988 Class I
Shock and bump IEC 60255-21-2:1988 Class I
• Electrical Tests
Dielectric tests Test voltage 2kV, 50Hz, 1min
Impulse voltage tests Test voltage 5kV
Overvoltage category III
Insulation resistance Isolation resistance >100MΩ@500VDC
measurements
• Electromagnetic Compatibility
IEC 60255-22-1:2007
1MHz burst disturbance test Common mode: class III 2.5kV
Differential mode: class III 1.0kV
IEC60255-22-2:2008 class IV
Electrostatic discharge test For contact discharge: 8kV
For air discharge: 15kV
IEC 60255-22-3:2007 class III
Frequency sweep
Radiated amplitude-modulated
10V/m (rms), f=80~1000MHz
Radio frequency interference Spot frequency
tests
Radiated amplitude-modulated
10V/m (rms), f=80MHz/160MHz/450MHz/900MHz
Radiated pulse-modulated
10V/m (rms), f=900MHz
IEC 60255-22-4:2008
Fast transient disturbance tests Power supply, I/O, Earth: class IV, 4kV, 2.5kHz, 5/50ns
Communication terminals: class IV, 2kV, 5kHz, 5/50ns
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Technical Data
Per IEC 60255-22-5:2008

Power supply, AC input, I/O port: class IV, 1.2/50us
Surge immunity test
Common mode: 4kV
Differential mode: 2kV
Conducted RF Electromagnetic IEC 60255-22-6:2001
Disturbance Power supply, AC, I/O, Comm. Terminal: Class III, 10Vrms, 150 kHz~80MHz
Power Frequency Magnetic Field IEC 61000-4-8:2001

Immunity class V, 100A/m for 1min, 1000A/m for 3s
IEC 61000-4-9:2001
Pulse Magnetic Field Immunity
class V, 6.4/16μs, 1000A/m for 3s
Damped oscillatory magnetic IEC 61000-4-10:2001

field immunity class V, 100kHz & 1MHz–100A/m
IEC60255-11: 2008
Auxiliary power supply Voltage dips: Up to 500ms for dips to 40% of rated voltage without reset
performance
Voltage short interruptions: 100ms for interruption without rebooting
• Transformer Current Differential Protection
• Biased Differential Protection

Current setting of knee point 1 [87T.I_Knee1] 0.1~1pu, 0.001pu steps
Current setting of knee point 2 [87T.I_Knee2] 4~8pu, 0.001pu steps
Pickup up setting [87T.I_Biased] 0.05 ~ 5pu, 0.001pu steps
Slope 1 setting [87T.Slope1] 0.1~0.9, steps 0.001
2nd harmonic setting for inrush current
0.05~0.3, steps 0.001
[87T.K_Hm2_Inrush]
3rd harmonic setting for inrush current
0.05~0.3, steps 0.001
[87T.K_Hm3_Inrush]
3rd or 5th harmonic setting for overexcitation
0.05~0.3, steps 0.001
[87T.K_Hm3/Hm5_OvExc]
Tolerance of 2nd and 3rd harmonic settings 0.01
Tolerance of 5th harmonic settings 0.02
Tolerance of operating current ≤5% of operating current or 0.02pu, whichever is greater
Drop-off to pickup ratio ≥95%
50Hz: ≤ 30ms( Id>2x[87T.I_Biased])
Operating time (Without blocking criteria)
60Hz: ≤ 25ms( Id>2x[87T.I_Biased])
Drop-off time ≤30ms

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Technical
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Technical Data
• Instantaneous Differential Protection

Current setting [87T.I_Instant] 0.05 ~ 20pu, 0.001pu steps
Tolerance of current setting ≤2.5% of setting or 0.02pu, whichever is greater
50Hz: ≤ 20ms( Id>1.5x[87T.I_Instant])
Operating time
60Hz: ≤ 20ms( Id>1.5x[87T.I_Instant])
• DPFC Current Differential Protection

Pickup current value 0.2pu
Tolerance of operating current ≤10%
Slope 1 value 0.6 (fixed)
Slope 2 value 0.75 (fixed)
50Hz: ≤30ms ( ∆I d >2x0.2pu)
Operating time
60Hz: ≤25ms ( ∆I d >2x0.2pu)
• Restricted Earth Fault Protection
Current setting of knee point [64REF.I_Knee] 0.1~4In, 0.001In steps

Pickup up setting [64REF.I_Biased] 0.05 ~ 5In, 0.001In steps
Time delay setting [64REF.Slope] 0~20s, 0.001s steps
Restraint slope setting [64REF.t_Op] 0.20~0.75. steps 0.001
Tolerance of operating current ≤5% of operating current or 0.02×In, whichever is greater
Operating time 50Hz: ≤30ms (I0d>2×[64REF.I_Biased])
(Without time delay, without blocking criterion) 60Hz: ≤25ms (I0d>2×[64REF.I_Biased])
Tolerance of time setting ≤1% of setting +30ms (I0d>2x[64REF.I_Biased])
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Technical Data
• Winding Differential Protection
Current setting of knee point [87W.I_Knee] 0.1~4In, 0.001In steps

Pickup up setting [87W.I_Biased] 0.05 ~ 5In, 0.001In steps
Restraint slope setting [87W.Slope] 0.20~0.75. steps 0.001
Tolerance of operating current ≤5% or 0.02×In, whichever is greater
50Hz: ≤30ms (Iwd>2×[87W.I_Biased])
Operating time (Without blocking criterion)
60Hz: ≤25ms (Iwd>2×[87W.I_Biased])
Tolerance of time setting ≤1% of setting +30ms (I0d>2x[87W.I_Biased])
• Reactor Differential Protection
• Biased Differential Protection

Pickup up setting [87R.I_Biased] 0.05 ~ 5pu, 0.001pu steps
Slope setting [87R.Slope] 0.1~0.9, steps 0.001
Tolerance of operating current ≤5% of operating current or 0.02pu, whichever is greater
• Instantaneous Differential Protection

Current setting [87R.I_Instant] 0.05 ~ 20pu, 0.001pu steps
Tolerance of current setting ≤2.5% of setting or 0.02pu, whichever is greater
50Hz: ≤ 20ms( Id>1.5x[87R.I_Instant])
Operating time
60Hz: ≤ 20ms( Id>1.5x[87R.I_Instant])
• Reactor Inter-turn Fault Protection
Operating time without delay ≤60ms

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Technical
data
Technical Data
• Overexcitation Protection
Definite time U
* / f*
setting [24DT1.K_Set] 0.1~4In, 0.001In steps
Definite time delay setting [24DT1. t_Op] 0.1 s~9999s, 0.001s steps
Inverse time U * / f* setting

1.0~1.7 pu, 0.001 steps
[24IDMT.Kn_Set], n=0,1…,9
IInverse time delay setting
0.1 s~9999s, 0.001s steps
[24IDMT.t0_Op], n=0,1…,9
Tolerance of U * / f* setting ≤2.5% of setting or 0.01 whichever is greater
Cooling time setting [24IDMT.t_Cooling] 0.1~9999s, 0.001s steps

Drop-off to pickup ratio of definite-time overexcitation ≥97%
protection
Tolerance of operating time of definite-time overexciation ≤1% of setting +30ms (at 1.5 times
protection U* / f* setting)
Tolerance of operating time of inverse-time overexcitation ≤2.5% of operating time or 30ms, whichever is greater
protection
Drop-off time of definite-time overexcitation protection ≤30ms
• Mechanical Protection
Delay pickup up time setting [MR.t_DPU_n], n=1,2,3,4 0~3600s, 0.001s steps

Pulse width setting [MR.t_PW_1], n=1,2,3,4 0~10s, 0.001s steps
Time setting tolerance ≤1% of Setting +30ms
• Temperature Protection
Temperature setting
-1000~1000°C, 0.01°C steps
[26.Tmax(min)_Transducer], [26.T_Trp(Alm)]
Time setting [26.t_Op(Alm)] 0.01~4800s, 0.001s steps
Tolerance of temperature setting [26.T_Trp(Alm)] ≤0.5%x([26.Tmax_Transducer]-[26.Tmin_Transducer])
Drop-off to pickup ratio ≥95%x([26.T_Trp]-[26.Tmin_Transducer])
Tolerance of time setting ≤1% + 40ms (at 1.5 times temperature setting)
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Technical Data
• Impedance Protection
Relay characeristic angel [21.RCA] 1~89 deg, 0.01deg steps

Impedance setting [21.ZP(G)n.Z_Fwd(Rev)] n=1, 2 0.05~200Ω, 0.01Ω steps
Time setting [21.ZP(G)n.t_Op] n=1, 2 0.05 ~ 20s, 0.001s steps
Tolerance of impedance setting ≤2.5%xSetting or 0.5Ω/In, whichever is greater
Tolerance of time setting ≤1%xsetting + 40ms (at 1.5 times impedance setting)
Current setting of fault detector for PSBR [I_OC_PSBR] 0.04~150A, 0.001 steps
Tolerance of current setting ≤2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
• Phase Overcurrent protection
• Instantaneous and Definite-time Phase Overcurrent Protection

Current setting [50/51Pn.I_Set], n=1, 2, 3 0.04In~30In, 0.001A steps
Tolerance of current setting of DT OC ≤2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
50Hz: ≤25 ms (at 2 times current setting)
Operating time of instantaneous OC
Time delay setting [50/51Pn.t_Op], n=1, 2, 3 0.00~3600s, 0.001s steps
Tolerance of time setting of DT OC ≤1% of setting +30ms (at 2 times current setting)
• Inverse-time Phase Overcurrent

Pickup current setting [50/51P4.I_Set] 0.04In~30In, 0.001A steps
Tolerance of current setting of IDMT OC ≤2.5% of setting or 0.02Un, whichever is greater
Multiple of the maximum operating current to the pickup 10~40, 0.001 steps
setting [50/51P4.K_Iset]
Time multiplier setting [50/51P4.TMS] 0.05~3.2, 0.001 steps
Minimum delay setting [50/51P4.tmin] 0.0~20s, 0.001s steps
Constant K [50/51P4.K] 0.0~120, 0.001 steps
Constant C [50/51P4.C] 0.0~20s, 0.001s steps
Exponent alpha [50/51P4.Alpha] 0.02~5, 0.001 steps
≤2.5% of operating time or 30ms, whichever is greater(for current between
Operating time of IDMT OC 1.2 and 20 multiples of pickup)

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Technical
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Technical Data
• Control and Blocking Element

Phase-to-phase undervoltage setting
2~200V, steps 0.001V
[50/51P.Upp_VCE]
Negative-sequence voltage setting
2~200V, steps 0.001V
[50/51P.U2_VCE]
Tolerance of voltage setting ≤2.5% of setting or 0.01Un, whichever is greater
Drop-off to pickup ratio of voltage element ≥95%
Relay characteristic angle [50/51P.RCA] 0~360 deg, steps 1 deg
Tolerance of relay characteristic angle ≤3 deg
Minimum polarizing voltage 2% of rated voltage of VT
2nd harmonic for inrush [50/51P.K_Hm2] 0.05~1.0, steps 0.001
Current setting of releasing inrush blocking
0.04~30In, steps 0.001
[50/51P.I_Rls_HmBlk]
Tolerance of current setting of releasing inrush blocking ≤2.5% of Setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
• Ground Overcurrent Protection
• Instantaneous and Definite-time Ground Overcurrent Protection

Current setting [50/51Gn.3I0_Set], n=1, 2, 3 0.04In~30In, 0.001A steps
Tolerance of current setting of DT ROC ≤2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
Operating time of instantaneous ROC
Time delay setting [50/51Gn.t_Op], n=1, 2, 3 0.00~3600s, 0.001s steps
Tolerance of time setting of DT ROC ≤1% of setting +30ms (at 2 times current setting)
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Technical Data
• Inverse-time Ground Overcurrent Protection

Pickup current setting [50/51G4.3I0_Set] 0.04In~30In, 0.001A steps
Tolerance of current setting of DT ROC ≤2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
setting [50/51G4.K_Iset]
Time multiplier setting [50/51G4.TMS] 0.05~3.2, 0.001 steps
Minimum delay setting [50/51G4.tmin] 0.0~20s, 0.001s steps
Constant K [50/51G4.K] 0.0~120, 0.001 steps
Constant C [50/51G4.C] 0.0~20s, 0.001s steps
≤2.5% of operating time or 30ms, whichever is greater(for residual current
Operating time of IDMT ROC between 1.2 and 20 multiples of pickup)
• Control and Blocking Element

Relay characteristic angle [50/51G.RCA] 0~360 deg, 1 deg steps
Tolerance of relay characteristic angle ≤3 deg
Minimum polarizing voltage 2% of rated voltage of VT
2nd harmonic for inrush [50/51G.K_Hm2] 0.05~1.0, steps 0.001
Current setting of releasing inrush blocking
0.04~150A, steps 0.001
[50/51G.I_Rls_HmBlk]
Tolerance of current setting of releasing inrush blocking ≤2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
• Negative-Sequence Overcurrent Protection
• Instantaneous and Definite-time Negative-Sequence Overcurrent Protection

Current setting [50/51Q1.I2_Set] 0.04In~30In, 0.001A steps
Tolerance of current setting of DT NegOC ≤2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
Operating time of instantaneous NegOC
Time delay setting [50/51Q1.t_Op] 0.00~3600s, 0.001s steps
Tolerance of time setting of DT NegOC ≤1% of setting +30ms (at 2 times current setting)

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Technical
data
Technical Data
• Inverse-time Negative-Sequence Overcurrent Protection

Pickup current setting [50/51Q2.I2_Set] 0.04In~30In, 0.001A steps
Tolerance of current setting of DT NegOC ≤2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
setting [50/51Q2.K_Iset]
Time multiplier setting [50/51Q2.TMS] 0.05~3.2, 0.001 steps
Minimum delay setting [50/51Q2.tmin] 0.0~20s, 0.001s steps
Constant K [50/51Q2.K] 0.0~120, 0.001 steps
Constant C [50/51Q2.C] 0.0~20s, 0.001s steps
≤2.5% of operating time or 30ms, whichever is greater(for negative-
Operating time of IDMT NegOC sequence current between 1.2 and 20 multiples of pickup)
• Phase Overvoltage Protection
• Instantaneous and Definite-time Phase Overvoltage Protection

Voltage setting [59P1.U_Set] 2~200V, 0.001V steps
Tolerance of voltage setting of DT OV ≤2.5% of setting or 0.1V, whichever is greater
50Hz: ≤35ms(at 1.2 times voltage setting)
Operating time of instantaneous OV
60Hz: ≤30ms(at 1.2 times voltage setting)
Time delay setting [59P1.t_Op] 0.00~3600s, 0.001s steps
Tolerance of time setting of DT OV ≤1% of setting +30ms (at 1.2 times voltage setting)
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Technical Data
• Inverse-time Phase Overvoltage Protection

Pickup voltage setting [59P2.U_Set] 2~200V, 0.001V steps
Tolerance of voltage setting of IDMT OV ≤2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
setting [59P2.K_Iset]
Time multiplier setting [59P2.TMS] 0.05~3.2, 0.001 steps
Minimum delay setting [59P2.tmin] 0.0~20s, 0.001s steps
Constant K [59P2.K] 0.0~120, 0.001 steps
Constant C [59P2.C] 0.0~20s, 0.001s steps
≤2.5% of operating time or 30ms, whichever is greater (for voltage between
Operating time of IDMT OV 1.2 and 2 multiples of pickup)
• Residual Overvoltage Protection
• Instantaneous and Definite-time Residual Overvoltage Protection

Voltage setting [59G1.3U0_Set] 2~200V
Tolerance of voltage setting of DT ROV ≤2.5% of setting or 0.1V, whichever is greater
50Hz: ≤35ms (at 1.2 times voltage setting)
Operating time of instantaneous ROV
60Hz: ≤30ms (at 1.2 times voltage setting)
Time delay setting [59G1.t_Op] 0s~3600s, 0.001s steps
Tolerance of time setting of DT ROV ≤1% of setting +30ms (at 1.2 times voltage setting)
• Inverse-time Residual Overvoltage Protection

Pickup voltage setting [59G2.3U0_Set] 2~200V
Tolerance of voltage setting of IDMT OV ≤2.5% of setting or 0.1V, whichever is greater
setting [59G2.K_Iset]
Time multiplier setting [59G2.TMS] 0.05~3.2, 0.001 steps
Minimum delay setting [59G2.tmin] 0.0~20s, 0.001s steps
Constant K [59G2.K] 0.0~120, 0.001 steps
Constant C [59G2.C] 0.0~20s, 0.001s steps
≤2.5% of operating time or 30ms, whichever is greater (for residual voltage
Operating time of IDMT OV between 1.2 and 2 multiples of pickup)

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Technical
data
Technical Data
• Undervoltage Protection
Voltage setting of DT UV [27.UVn.U_Set] n=1,2,3,4 10~100V

Lowest voltage threshold of voltage recovery ≤2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
[27.U_Recov] 10~100V
Tolerance of voltage setting ≤2.5% of setting or 0.1V, whichever is greater
50Hz ≤20ms (at 0.8 times voltage setting)
Operating time of UV at zero time delay
60Hz:≤20ms (at 0.8 times voltage setting)
Time setting of DT UV [27.UVn.t_Op] n=1,2,3,4 0.05~100s
Time setting of fault recovery [27.t_Recov] 0~100s
Tolerance of time setting ≤1% of setting +30ms (at 0.8 times voltage setting)
du/dt setting [27.du/dt_Blk] 0~100V/s
• Thermal Overload Protection

Base current setting range [49.Ib_Set] 0.04In~30In, 0.001In steps
Transformer thermal time constant [49.Tau] 0~100s, 0.001s steps
Thermal overload coefficient for trip [49.K_Trp] 1~3, 0.001 steps
Thermal overload coefficient for alarm [49.K_Alm] 1~3, 0.001 steps
≤2.5% of operating time or 30ms, whichever is greater(for current between
Operating time 1.2 and 20 multiples of pickup)
IEC hot time-current limit characteristic curve (adopted curve in the relay)
Characteristic curve IEC hot cold-current limit characteristic curve
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Technical Data
• Breaker Failure Initiation
Range of phase current setting [50BF.Ip_Set] 0.04In~30In, 0.001In steps

Range of residual current setting
0.04In~30In, 0.001In steps
[50BF.3I0_Set]
Range of negative sequence current setting
[50BF.I2_Set]
Current setting tolerance ≤2.5% of setting or 0.02×In, whichever is greater
Time setting range [50BF.tn_Op] n=1, 2 0s~20s, 0.001s steps
Time setting tolerance ≤1% of setting +30ms (at 2 times current setting)
• Pole Disagreement Protection
Range of residual current setting

[62PD.3I0_Set]
Range of negative sequence current setting
[62PD.I2_Set]
Current setting tolerance ≤2.5% of setting or 0.02×In, whichever is greater
Range of time setting [62PD.t_Op] 0s~20s, 0.001s steps
Range of time setting [62PD.t_Alm] 0s~20s, 0.001s steps
Time setting tolerance ≤1% of setting +30ms (at 2 times current setting)
• Phase Overcurrent Alarm Element
Current setting [50PAlmn.I_ Set],n=1,2 0.04In~30In. 0.001A steps

Tolerance of current setting ≤2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
50Hz: ≤25ms (at 2 times current setting)
Operating time without time delay
60Hz: ≤23ms (at 2 times current setting)
Time setting [50PAlmn.t_Op], n=1,2 0s ~ 3600s, 0.001s steps
Tolerance of time setting ≤1% of setting +30ms (at 2 times current setting)

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Technical
data
Technical Data
• Residual Overvoltage Alarm Element
Voltage setting [59GAlm.3U0_Set] 2~200V

Tolerance of voltage setting ≤2.5% of setting or 0.1V, whichever is greater
Time delay setting [59GAlm.t_Op] 0s~3600s, 0.001s steps
Tolerance of time setting ≤1% of setting +30ms (at 1.2 times voltage setting)
Management Functions
• Clock Performance
Real time clock accuracy ≤ 3s/day

Accuracy of GPS synchronization ≤ 1ms
External time synchronization IRIG-B (200-98), PPS, IEEE1588 or SNTP protocol
• Binary Input Signal
Resolution of binary input signal ≤ 1ms

Binary input mode Potential-free contact
Resolution of SOE ≤ 2ms
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Overview 1

Read more on the web

PCS-978 is a microprocessor-based relay designed PCS-978 provides full transformer protections

• Configurable Function • Configurable Tripping output

• Independent Fault Detector • Communication Ports

2 Read more on the web

Transformer Current current within the transformer. Its performance against

• CT transient detection function based on the ratio

4 Read more on the web

Mechanical Protection • Voltage control element can be selected to control

Ground Overcurrent Protection

Phase Overcurrent Protection

characteristic. The inverse-time characteristic is

Residual Overvoltage Protection

• Two-stage residual overvoltage protection with

• Four-stage definite-time undervoltage protection

6 Read more on the web

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87 T 5 0PAlm 50Q, 51Q

Figure 1 Function diagram 1 for protecting a three-winding transformer

* 50P, 51P, 67P 50PAlm 50Q, 51Q

MR, 24 59G 59P 27

Figure 2 Function diagram 2 for protecting an auto-transformer

Figure 3 Function diagram 3 for protecting a reactor

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Transformer Current Differential Protection Id(pu)

protection, unrestrained differential protection, DPFC

• Sensitive Biased Differential Protection

for a slight internal fault. Four blocking elements, CT Differential

saturation, inrush current, CT circuit failure (optional)

the protection in order to prevent it from the unwanted

Figure 5 Operation characteristic curve of transformer

Unrestrained Instantaneous Differential CT Saturation Detection

When a transformer is overexcited, the exciting current

Figure 6 Operating characteristic curve of DPFC biased

The value of m is not greater than 1. For the phase with

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Reactor Current Differential Protection • Conventional Biased Differential

The sensitive biased differential protection with low 0

pickup setting and restraint slope is much more sensitive

Unrestrained instantaneous differential protection for

Figure 7 Operation characteristic curve of reactor

• DPFC Biased Differential Protection The sensitivity of current differential protection is

There are two methods adopted to distinguish CT

saturation: harmonic criterion and asynchronous method

Figure 9 Operating characteristic curve of reactor DPFC

The value of m is not greater than 1. For the phase with

• Advantages of DPFC differential protection

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protection consists of phase winding differential

protection and residual winding differential protection.

Residual winding differential protection adopts the

Figure 10 Operating characteristic of REF protection

• Operation Characteristic Curve • Residual Power Directional Element

The phase angle of residual current leading residual

earth fault occurs; and the residual current phase lags

to that of reactor, so the residual voltage detected by

Inter-turn faults in reactors present a formidable

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Overexcitation Protection (24) Frequency Protection (81)

Transformer relay repeats external signal through high-

Figure 12 Inverse-time characteristic of overexcitation protection

Temperature Protection (26) jx