W-Shapes | ASTM A992, Fy = 50 ksi, Fu = 65 ksi

S-Shapes | ASTM A36, Fy = 36 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi

C- and MC-Shapes | ASTM A36, Fy = 36 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi
CONDITION
Tension

Bending

Strong
Axis

Lb Lp
L p < Lb Lr
Lb = Lr

Weak Axis
Shear (in strong axis)
Compression

Kl r 800

Fy

Kl r > 800

Fy

ASD

LRFD

RELATED INFO

0.6 Fy Ag 0.5 Fu Ae

0.9 Fy Ag 0.75 Fu Ae

For Ae, see Equation D3-1.

0.66 Fy S x

0.99 Fy S x

See Note 1.
L p = 300 ry Fy

Use linear interpolation between Lp and Lr.

0.42 Fy S x

0.63Fy S x

0.9 Fy S y

1.35Fy S y

0.4 Fy Aw

0.6 Fy Aw

See Note 2.

0.6 Fy Ag 0.658P

0.9 Fy Ag 0.658P

P = Fy ( Kl r ) 286, 000

150, 000 Ag

( Kl r )

226, 000 Ag

( Kl r )

Lr and strengths when Lb > Lr

are given in the AISC Manual.

See Note 3.

Notes:
1. Multiply equations given for Lb Lp by value in parentheses for W1490 (0.97), W1265 (0.98), and W615 (0.95).
2. Multiply equations given by 0.9 for W44230, W40149, W36135, W33118, W3090, W2455, W1626, W1214 and all Cand MC-shapes. In weak axis, equations given can be adapted by using Aw = 1.8bftf.
3. Not applicable to slender shapes. For slender shapes, use QFy in place of Fy, where Q = QsQa from Section E7. For C- and MCshapes, also check Section E4.
Copyright 2005
Based upon simplifying assumptions and arbitrary
limitations. Direct use of the 2005 AISC Specification
may be less constrained and less conservative.

Basic Design Values 1

American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.

One East Wacker Drive, Suite 700
Chicago, IL 60601
www.aisc.org
structural steel: the material of choice

Bolts | ASTM A325, Fu = 120 ksi or ASTM A490, Fu = 150 ksi

Welds | FEXX = 70 ksi
Connected Parts

Copyright 2005 by AISC

ASD

LRFD

RELATED INFO

Tension

0.38 Fu Ab

0.56 Fu Ab

--

Shear (N bolts, per shear plane)

0.2 Fu Ab

0.3Fu Ab

Multiply by 1.25 for X bolts.

Slip Resistance (Class A, STD holes)

0.14 Fu Ab

0.21Fu Ab

Per slip plane. See Note 1.

0.6 Fu Lc t 1.2 Fu db t

0.9 Fu Lc t 1.8 Fu db t

See Note 2.

Shear (all welds except CJP)

0.3FEXX Aw

0.45 FEXX Aw

See Note 3.

Tension

0.32 FEXX Aw

0.48 FEXX Aw

See Section J2.1a.

0.48 FEXX Aw 0.6 Fy ABM

0.72 FEXX Aw 0.9 Fy ABM

Joint not finished to bear.

Bolts

CONDITION

Welds

Bearing

PJP Groove Welds

Compression

Strength equal to base metal.

Connected Parts

CJP Groove Welds

--

Tension

0.6 Fy Ag 0.5 Fu Ae

0.9 Fy Ag 0.75 Fu Ae

For Ae, see Equation D3-1.

Shear

0.4 Fy Ag 0.3Fu An

0.6 Fy Ag 0.45 Fu An

--

0.3Fu Anv + 0.5U bs Fu Ant

0.45Fu Anv + 0.75U bs Fu Ant

See Note 4.

0.6 Fy A

0.9 Fy A

Block Shear
Kl r 25

Compression

Kl r > 25

Same as for W-shapes with Ag = A.

--

Notes:
1. Slip checked as a serviceability limit state using ASD load combinations for ASD, LRFD load combinations for LRFD. For
Class B surfaces, multiply by 1.43. For OVS or SSL holes, multiply by 0.85. For LSL holes, multiply by 0.7.
2. For LSL holes parallel to the direction of load, multiply by 0.83.
3. For fillet welds, multiply by 1.5 for transverse loading (90-degree load angle). For other load angles, see Section J2.
4. For calculation purposes, FuAnv cannot exceed FyAgv. Ubs = 1 for a uniform tension stress; 0.5 for non-uniform tension stress.

HSS | ASTM A500 grade B, Rectangular Fy = 46 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi , Round Fy = 42 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi
Pipe | ASTM A53 grade B, Fy = 35 ksi, Fu = 60 ksi
CONDITION

ASD

LRFD

RELATED INFO

0.6 Fy Ag 0.5 Fu Ae

0.9 Fy Ag 0.75 Fu Ae

For Ae, see Equation D3-1.

Rectangular HSS

0.66 Fy S

0.99 Fy S

See Note 1.

Round HSS, Pipe

0.78Fy S

1.17 Fy S

See Note 2.

Rectangular HSS

0.36 Fy Aw

0.54 Fy Aw

See Note 3.

Round HSS, Pipe

0.18 Fy Ag

0.27 Fy Ag

See Note 4.

0.6 Fy Ag 0.658P

0.9 Fy Ag 0.658P

See Note 5.

Tension
Bending

Shear

Compression

Kl r 800

Fy

Kl r > 800

Fy

150, 000 Ag

( Kl r )

Notes:
1. Not applicable if limit at right is exceeded (see Section F7).
2. Not applicable if D/t > 2,030/Fy. (see Section F8).
3. Not applicable if limit at right is exceeded (see Section G5).
4. Not applicable if Lv/D > 75 (see Section G6).
5. For rectangular HSS, if limit at right is exceeded, use QFy in
place of Fy, where Q = Qa from Section E7.2. For round HSS
and pipe with D/t > 3,190/Fy, use QFy in place of Fy, where Q
= Qa from Section E7.2.
Copyright 2005
Based upon simplifying assumptions and arbitrary
limitations. Direct use of the 2005 AISC Specification
may be less constrained and less conservative.

Basic Design Values 2

226, 000 Ag

( Kl r )

Size Limits for

Rectangular HSS, in.*

Nominal Wall Thickness

5

/8

/2

/8

/16

/4

/16

/8

18 14
10
9
7
5 3 /2
20 20
20 18 14 10
7
20 20
20 18 14 10
7
Shear
20 16
12 10 8
6
4
Compression
*Table only covers up to 64-in. periphery limit in ASTM A500.
Bending

Flange
Web

P = Fy ( Kl r ) 286, 000

American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.

One East Wacker Drive, Suite 700
Chicago, IL 60601
www.aisc.org
structural steel: the material of choice

Copyright 2005 by AISC

Analysis and Design

Simplified Method (see Note 1)
Step 1.
Step 2.
Step 3.
Step 4.

Perform first-order analysis. Use 0.2% of total story gravity load as minimum lateral load in all load combinations.
Establish the design story drift limit and determine the lateral load required to produce it.
Determine the ratio of the total story gravity load to the lateral load determined in Step 2. For ASD, multiply by 1.6.
Multiply first-order results by the tabular value. K=1, except for moment frames when the tabular value is greater than 1.1.

Design Story
Drift Limit
H/100
H/200
H/300
H/400
H/500

0
1
1
1
1
1

5
1.1
1
1
1
1

10
1.1
1.1
1
1
1

Ratio from Step 3 (times 1.6 for ASD, 1.0 for LRFD)
60
20
30
40
50
80
100
120
1.4
1.3
When ratio exceeds 1.5, simplified
method requires a stiffer structure.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3

K=1

Other Elastic Methods

(for plastic design, see Appendix 1)
First-order analysis method second-order effects
captured from effects of additional lateral load
Effective length method second-order analysis with
0.2% of total story gravity load as minimum lateral load
in all load combinations (see Note 3)
Direct analysis method second-order analysis with
notional lateral load and reduced EI and AE (see Note 3)

Effective Length

K = 1 for all frames

(see Note 2)
K = 1, except for
moment frames
with 2nd/1st > 1.1
K = 1 for all frames

Forces and
Moments

Limitations

Reference

From analysis

2nd/1st 1.5;
Axial load limited

Section
C2.2b

From analysis
(see Note 3)

2nd/1st 1.5

Section
C2.2a

From analysis
(see Note 3)

None

Appendix 7

Notes:
1. Derived from the effective length method, using the B1-B2 approximation with B1 taken equal to B2.
2. An additional amplification for member curvature effects is required for columns in moment frames.
3. The B1-B2 approximation (Section C2.1b) can be used to accomplish a second-order analysis within the limitation that B2 1.5.
Also, B1 and B2 can be taken equal to the multiplier tabulated for the simplified method above.
4. 2nd/1st is the ratio of second-order drift to first-order drift, which is also represented by B2.