4/14/2020

DESIGN OF STEEL ANCHORAGE

TO CONCRETE
SI-3215 Struktur Baja

Introduction
Base plates and anchor rods are often the last
structural steel items to be designed but the first items
required on the jobsite
Therefore the design of column base plate and
connections are part of the critical path

1
 4/14/2020

Introduction
Vast majority of column base plate connections are
designed for axial compression with little or no uplift
Column base plate connections can also transmit uplift
forces and shear forces through:
Anchor rods
Friction against the grout pad or concrete
Shear lugs under the base plate or embedding the column
base can be used to resist large forces
Column base plate connections can also be used to
resist wind and seismic loads
Development of force couple between bearing on concrete
and tension in some or all of the anchor rods

Introduction
Anchor rods are needed for all base plates to prevent
column from overturning during construction and in some
cases to resist uplift or large moments
Anchor rods are designed for pullout and breakout
strength using ACI 318
Critical to provide well-defined, adequate load path
when tension and shear loading will be transferred
through anchor rods

2
 4/14/2020

Introduction
Grout is needed to serve as the connection between the
steel base plate and the concrete foundation to transfer
compression loads
Grout should have design compressive strength at least
twice the strength of foundation concrete
When base plates become larger than 24” , it is
recommended that one or two grout holes be provided
to allow the grout to flow easier

Anchor Rods (ACI 318M19 – Chapter 17)

Two categories
Cast-in place: set before the concrete is placed
Drilled-in anchors: set after the concrete is hardened

3
 4/14/2020

Anchor Rod Materials

Anchor Rod Materials

Preferred specification is ASTM F1554
Grade 36, 55, 105 ksi
ASTM F1554 allows anchor rods to be supplied straight
(threaded with nut for anchorage) , bent or headed
Wherever possible use ¾-in diameter ASTM F1554 Grade
36
When more strength required, increase rod diameter to 2
in before switching to higher grade
Minimum embedment is 12 times diameter of bolt

4
 4/14/2020

Cast-in Place Anchor Rods

When rods with threads and nut are used, a more positive
anchorage is formed
Failure mechanism is the pull out of a cone of concrete
radiating outward from the head of the bolt or nut
Use of plate washer does not add any increased
resistance to pull out
Hooked bars have a very limited
pullout strength compared with that of
headed rods or threaded rods with
a nut of anchorage

Anchor Rod Placement

Most common field problem is placement of anchor rods
Important to provide as large as hole as possible to
accommodate setting tolerances

Fewer problems if the structural steel detailer coordinates

all anchor rod details with column base plate assembly

5
 4/14/2020

Anchor Rod Layout

Should use a symmetrical pattern in both directions
wherever possible
Should provide ample clearance distance for the
washer from the column
Edge distance plays important role for concrete
breakout strength
Should be coordinated with reinforcing steel to
ensure there are no interferences, more critical in
concrete piers and walls

Strength Reduction Factor (∅) of

Anchor

6
 4/14/2020

Design of Anchor Rods for Tension

When base plates are subject to uplift force Tu, embedment of
anchor rods must be checked for tension
Nominal steel strength of an anchor in tension
N s = Ase f ut
Ase =effective cross sectional area of anchor, AISC Steel Manual Table 7-18
fut= tensile strength of anchor, not greater than 1.9fy or 860 MPa (slide p.22)
Concrete breakout strength of anchor in tension (ACI 318M-
19)
kc = 10 for cast-in anchors and 7 for post-
installed anchors.
For single cast-in headed studs and headed
bolts with 280 mm ≤ hef ≤ 635 mm, Nb shall
be calculated by:

Design of Anchor Rods for Tension

7
 4/14/2020

Design of Anchor Rods for Tension

If anchors are located less than 1.5hef from three or

more edges, the value of hef used to calculate ANc,
shall be the greater of (a) and (b):
(a) ca,max/1.5
(b) s/3, where s is the maximum spacing between
anchors within the group.

Design of Anchor Rods for Tension

ANC=Projected area of the failure surface of a
single anchor remote from edges

ANCO=Approximated as the base of the

rectilinear geometrical figure that results from
projecting the failure surface outward 1.5hef
from the centerlines of the anchor

8
 4/14/2020

Breakout eccentricity factor, ψec,N

Breakout edge effect factor, ψed,N

9
 4/14/2020

Breakout edge effect factor, ψc,N

For anchors located in a region of a concrete
member where analysis indicates no cracking at
service load levels, ψc,N shall be permitted to be:
ψc,N = 1.25 for cast-in anchors
ψc,N = 1.4 for post-installed anchors, if the value of
kc used in Eq. (17.6.2.2.1) is 7
For anchors located in a region of a concrete
member where analysis indicates cracking at
service load levels, ψc,N shall be taken as 1.0 for
both cast-in anchors and post-installed anchors,

Breakout splitting factor, ψcp,N

For all other cases, including cast-in anchors, ψcp,N

shall be taken as 1.0.

10
 4/14/2020

Design Strength Req. Of Anchors

(ACI 318M-19)

Pullout Strength of Anchor, Npn

Nominal pullout strength of a single cast-in anchor or a single-
post-installed expansion, screw, or undercut anchor in tension,
Npn, calculated by :
Modification factor to account for the influence of cracking in
anchor regions at service load levels, ψc,P, determined by :
• No crack : ψc,P = 1.4
• Crack : ψc,P = 1
Pullout strength of anchor (For cast-in headed studs and
headed bolts) : N p = 8 Abrg f c`
Pullout strength of anchor (For J- or L-bolts)
N p = 0.9 fc ' e h d a
where 3da ≤ eh ≤ 4.5da

11
 4/14/2020

Design of Anchor Rods for Tension

Nominal strength in tension Nn = min(Ns, Ncb, Np)
Compare uplift from column, Tu, to Nn
If Tu less than φNn ok
If Tu greater than φNn must provide tension reinforcing around
anchor rods or increase embedment of anchor rods

Design Strength of Anchor

12
 4/14/2020

Anchor Rod Pullout Strength

Example 1: Column Anchorage

for Tensile Loads
Design a base plate and anchorage for a W10×45
column subjected to a net uplift, as a result of the
nominal loads shown in Figure.

13
 4/14/2020

Example 1
1. Determine the required strength due to uplift on the column.

2. Select the type and number of anchor rods.

Use four anchor rods (minimum per OSHA requirements).

Example 1

14
 4/14/2020

Example 1

Example 1

15
 4/14/2020

Example 1
Hook bearing capacity :
N pn = φ ψ c , P 0.9 fc ' e h d a

Example 1
Concrete breakout strength :

For single cast-in headed studs and

headed bolts with 280 mm ≤ hef ≤
635 mm, Nb shall be calculated by:

16
 4/14/2020

Example 1

Design of Anchor Rods for Shear

When base plates are subject to shear force, Vu, and friction
between base plate and concrete is inadequate to resist
shear, anchor rods may take shear
Nominal strength of single anchor in shear for cast-in headed
stud anchor
Vsa = Ase fut
Ase =effective cross sectional area of anchor, AISC Steel Manual Table 7-18
fut= tensile strength of anchor, not greater than 1.9fy or 860 MPa (slide p.22)
Nominal strength of single anchor in shear for cast-in headed
bolt and hooked bolt anchors and for post-installed anchors
where sleeves do not extend through the shear plane
Vsa = 0.6 Ase f ut

17
 4/14/2020

Design of Anchor Rods for Shear

If anchors are used with built-up grout pads, nominal strength
Vsa calculated shall be multiplied by 0.80.
Concrete breakout strength of single anchor in shear
(a) For shear perpendicular to the edge on a single anchor

(b) For shear perpendicular to the edge on an anchor group

Design of Anchor Rods for Shear

Avco= projected area for a
single anchor in a deep member
with a distance from edges of at
least 1.5ca1 in the direction
perpendicular to the shear. It
shall be permitted to calculate
AVco by Eq. below, which gives the
area of the base of a half-
pyramid with a side length
parallel to the edge of 3ca1 and
a depth of 1.5ca1.
Avco = 4.5 ( ca1 )
2

18
 4/14/2020

Design of Anchor Rods for Shear

Av=Approximated as the base of a truncated half pyramid
projected on the side face of the member

Design of Anchor Rods for Shear

19
 4/14/2020

Design of Anchor Rods for Shear

Design of Anchor Rods for Shear

If anchors are located in narrow sections of limited thickness
such that both edge distances ca2 and thickness ha are less than
1.5ca1, the value of ca1 used to calculate Avc shall not exceed the
greatest of (a) through (c).
(a) ca2/1.5, where ca2 is the greatest edge distance
(b) ha/1.5
(c) s/3, where s is the maximum spacing perpendicular to
direction of shear, between anchors within a group

20
 4/14/2020

Basic single anchor breakout strength, Vb

Basic concrete breakout strength of a single anchor in shear in

cracked concrete, Vb, shall not exceed the lesser of (a) and (b):

where ℓe is the load-bearing length of the anchor for shear:

ℓe = hef for anchors with a constant stiffness over the full
length of embedded section, such as headed studs and post-
installed anchors with one tubular shell over full length of the
embedment depth;
ℓe = 2da for torque-controlled expansion anchors with a
distance sleeve separated from expansion sleeve;
ℓe ≤ 8da in all cases.

Basic single anchor breakout strength, Vb

For cast-in headed studs, headed bolts, or hooked bolts that

are continuously welded to steel attachments, basic concrete
breakout strength of a single anchor in shear in cracked
concrete, Vb, shall be the lesser of Eq. (b) and Eq. Below
provided that (a) through (d) are satisfied.

(a) Steel attachment thickness is the greater of 0.5da and 10

mm.
(b) Anchor spacing s is at least 65 mm.
(c) Reinforcement is provided at the corners if ca2 ≤ 1.5hef
(d) For anchor groups, the strength is calculated based on the
strength of the row of anchors farthest from the edge.

21
 4/14/2020

Breakout eccentricity factor, ψec,V

Breakout edge effect factor, ψed,V

ψed,V, shall be determined by (a) or (b) using the lesser value
of ca2
(a) If ca2 ≥1.5ca1, then ψed,V = 1.0

22
 4/14/2020

Breakout cracking factor, ψc,V

ψc,V, shall be determined as follows:
(a) For anchors located in a region of a concrete member
where analysis indicates no cracking at service load levels,
ψc,V shall be permitted to be 1.4.
(b) For anchors located in a region of a concrete member
where analysis indicates cracking at service load levels, ψc,V
shall be in accordance with Table below.

Breakout thickness factor, ψh,V

Modification factor for anchors located in a concrete member
where ha < 1.5ca1, ψh,V shall be calculated :

23
 4/14/2020

Design of Anchor Rods for Shear

Pryout strength of single anchor and group anchor
Vcp = kcp N cp Vcpg = kcp N cpg

For cast-in anchors and post-installed expansion, screw, and

undercut anchors, Ncp and Ncg shall be taken as Ncb and Ncbg
Nominal strength in shear Vn = min(Vsa, Vcb, Vcp)
Compare shear from column, Vu, to Vn
If Vu less than φVn ok
If Vu greater than φVn must provide shear
reinforcing around anchor rods or use shear lugs

Example 2 : Shear Transfer Using Bearing

24
 4/14/2020

Example 3 : Edge Distance for Shear

Combined Tension and Shear

It shall be permitted to neglect the interaction
between tension and shear if (a) or (b) is satisfied.

If Nua /(ϕNn) > 0.2 for the governing strength in tension and
Vua/(ϕVn) > 0.2 :

N ua Vua
+ ≤ 1.2
φ N n φVn

25
 4/14/2020

Example 4 : Anchor Rod Resisting Combined Tension

and Shear

Determine the required size of four anchor rods for the

W10×45 column examined in Example 4.9, using the
anchor rods to resist wind shear. Wind shear force is 23
kips.

V = 23k
(Due to WL)

The required shear strength = 1.6 x 23 kips = 36.8

kips,

Example 4
1. As determined in Example 1, the required strength due to
uplift on the column = 69.8 kips.
2. A total of four anchor rods is used. Use plate washers
welded to the top of the base plate to transfer the shearto
all four anchor rods. Try four 7/8-in.-diameter F1554 Grade
36 anchors. For combined shear and tension the anchor rods
must meet the AISC provision.

Stresses in rods :

26
 4/14/2020

Example 4

Example 4

27
 4/14/2020

Example 4

Anchor Minimum Spacing

28
 4/14/2020

Anchor Failures Modes

Anchor Failures Modes

29
 4/14/2020

References
American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318M-19
AISC Steel Design Guide (2nd Edition) Base Plate and Anchor Rod Design
AISC Steel Construction Manual 14th

30