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rkSasiTi
X
X

Translation Series No.5

Documentation Center of Cambodia

Nayan Chanda: Brother Enemy, Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution
Translated by Tep Meng Khean X Edited by Youk Chhang X Graphic by Kim Sovanndany X Cover and
Book design by Youk Chhang and Kim Sovanndany X Printed in Cambodia, 2007 X Copyright X
X
X

mCmNlksarkm<Ca
Searching for the truth.
Documentation Center of Cambodia
P.O. Box 1110, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Tel.: + 855 (23) 211-875
Fax.: + 855 (23) 210-358
Email: dccam@online.com.kh
Homepage: www.dccam.org
DISCLAMER
The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author.

TsSnbeBajenAkgesovePAenH KWrbs;GkniBnEtmak;Kt;.
ISBN-10: 99950-6-08-6

lsxG-10 99950-6-08-6
ISBN-13: 978-99950-60-08-4

lsxG-13 978-99950-60-08-4
Printed in Cambodia

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sUmsEmgktBatacMeBaHelak
Graham Aliband, Desaix Anderson, Alain et Michle Archambault, Jan Austin, Dorothy
Avery, Jacques Beaumont, Elizabeth Becker, Stanley Bedlington, Madhu Bhaduri, Chanthou Boua,
Mohammed Bouabid, Lyall Breckon, Terry Breese, Richard Breeze, Fred Brown, Raymond
Burghardt, James Burnet, Timothy Carney, David Chandler, Parris Chang, Helen Chauncey,
Michael Chinoy, Kraisak Choonhavan, Evelyn Colbert, Shyamala Cowsik, Maryse Daviet, Patrice
et Brigitte de Beer, Philippe Devillers, Neelam Dhamija, Nguyen Huu Dong, Michael Eiland,
David Elliott, Donald Emmerson, Harold Evans, Philippe Franchini, John Girling, Banning
Garrett, Jim Gerrand, Tushar et Rajeshwari Ghose, William Gleysteen, Donald Gregg, Wang
Gungwu, Sandor Gyori, Harry Harding, Lilian Harris, Barbara Harvey, David Hawk, Bob
Hawkins, Hollis Hebbel, Stephen Heder, Bill et Peggy Herod, Murray et Linda Hiebert, Richard
Horne, Mario Iseppi, Raphael Iungerich, Stephen Johnson, Paul et Sophie Quinn-Judge, Jrme
Kanapa, Stanley Karnow, Kasem Kasemiri, Henry Kenny, Donald Keyser, Ben Kiernan, Allen
Kitchens, Tommy Koh, Gabriel Kolko, Charles Lahiguera, Dennison Lane, James Lilley, Michael
Lombardo, Michel Lummoux, Steve Lyne, John MacAuliff, Jamie Mackie, A. Madhavan, Kishore
Mahbubani, Abdul Majid, Robert Manning, Glenn May, John McBeth, George McQuillen,
Charles Meyer, Atsuo Miyake, John Mohanco, Don Oberdorfer, Jean-Christophe Oberg, Bill
OMalley, Roland-Pierre Paringaux, Arun Phanupong, Douglas Pike, Jonathan Pollack, Gareth
Porter, Mark Pratt, Kailash Puri, Ken Quinn, Dragoslav Rancic, Sean Randolph, K.
Ranganathan, David Reese, Philippe Richer, Robert Ross, Daniel Roussel, Malcolm Salmon,
Kernial Sandhu, Renji Sathiah, Turid Sato, Jean Sauvageot, Tonia Shand, Robert Shaplen, Frank
Sieverts, Amarjit et Bhagwant Singh, Pami Singh, Richard Solomon, Daniel Southerland, Simon
et Elise Spivak, Michel Strulovici, Roger Sullivan, Robert Sutter, Frank Tatu, CarlyleThayer,
Jerry Tinker, William Turley, Lorenzo et Adriana de Vignal, Sarasin Viraphol, Jusuf Wanandi,
Steve Wasserman, William Wilmott, Joseph Winder, William Wise, Leonard Woodcock, Maria
Zammit.

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PaBCasRtvnwgKadbUg

11

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beBaatb:ueNaH.
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karepImKMnitmYykgcMeNamkarepImKMnitCaeRcInrbs;RkghaNUy KW rMedaH RbCuMekaHs<atlIkg
smuRTcinxagt,gBIkarRKb;RKgrbs;rbb FIv RbFanaFibtIsaFarNrdevotNamxagt,g nigRbkas
TamTarekaH):ar:aEsl Edlkan;kab;edaycinCasaFarNeTot. Etkgrvagb:unans)ah_b:ueNaH
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)anmkdl;ehIysRmab;Gk bdivtne_ votNamnigkm<C akg kareRCIserIsmaKaedIrerogxn eTaHCaBYkeK
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sRtvbgbng

12

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BYkeKyl;eXIjdUcKakgkarerobcMrdGMNacrbs;xnkgRbeTs nigkaredaHRsaybBaay:ageRcIn\t
KNnabnab;BIsmysgam)anbgM[mankarxitcUlCitKamYyy:agRbytRbEyg. m:ageTot
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Tukdak;TaMgGs;ceM BaHbBaaepSgEdlekItmanenAtamRBMEdnPaKxagt,grbs;xn eLIy. dUecH edaysar
EtkarCab;rvl;edaHRsayerOgpkg rbs;tY kTaMgenaH CemaHenH)ankMNt;nvU karpakmYyryeBl.
b:uEn kar)armPyxacEdldk;Cab;y:ageRCAkgpt;KMnitEdlBYkeKmaneTAvijeTAmk mhictanigPaB
smehtuplnneya)aykgnigeRkARbeTsEdlExVgKay:agxaMgenaH )anbgM[RbeTskm<Canigcin
Fak;eTAkgkarRbQmmuxdak;KamYyCamYyRbeTsevotNamy:agqab;rhs.
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Rkhm emdwknaMmak;kgbNaemdwknaMnclnatsUKW eGog sarI kMBugsitenAextkVagRTI (Quang Tri)
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PaKticExr enAEdndIsNTenemKgnRbeTsevotNam. Kat;)ankayeTACaCnm:akSsuIsniymmak;
kgryeBlEdlKat;sikSaenARkg):arIs naTsvtSr_50 ehIyrYmCamYynwgnisSitdTeTot Edlman
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sl;EdlKat;RtveFVIdMeNIrKW pvlMhUCImijdEsnBi)aksKsajCaBiesskgkarqgkat;ERBknana
EdlmanTwkhUrxlxaj;kgextrtnKirIrbs;km<CaenaH KWRKan;EtedIm,Isal;b:ueNaH. kgGMLgeBl
sgam Kat;Fab;)anrs;enARbeTsevotNamCaeRcInqaM edayBuHBartsUnwgeRKaHfak;CaeRcInelIkkg
karedIrqgkat;eTAmkrvagRbeTsTaMgBIr. b:uEndMNwgsIBIkardYlrlMnTIRkgPMeBjEdlc,as;CaekIt
mankgeBlqab; )anpas;brGVITaMgGs;. EtkgryeBldxI pvlMhUCImijEdlCapvTak;TgdsMxan;

PaBCasRtvnwgKadbUg

13

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ynehaHeTARkghaNUyvij ehIyecjBITIenaHKat;bndeNIreq<aHeTARkgeb:kaMgeTot. Kat;)anmk
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enHCaynehaHbreTsdbUgbMputEdlmkcuHctenARbeTskm<CafI. smykalnpvlMhUCImij)an
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rwtEtrwgmaMeLIgeTot. Kat;)anesIsuM[BYkcinbBab;karpt;pg;GavuFnigsmareyaFa tammeFa)ay
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bdivtn_ ExrRkhm)antv:aCTas;nwgkarRttRtarbs;evotNamelIekaHTaMgLaykgQUgsmuRTf
eRsceTAehIy. edayykmkeRbIeLIgvijnUvkarTamTarBImunmYyrbs;km<CaTak;TgnwgekaHPUkuk Exr
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enaH)aneLIgeTAelIekaHenAf4 Ex]sPa qaM1975. R)aMmYyfeRkaymk ExrRkhm)anvayyk
ekaHBULb:g;hSg; evotNamehA fU CU ExrehAekaHRkckesHEfmeTot. eRkamkarKMramkMEhgnGavuF
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cab;)an300nak;CaeQIyswk4.
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enAmUldanenaH edayKansYreyabl;RkgPMeBjeLIy5. vaGacfa BYkkmaPi)alEdlcUlcit
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ekaHTaMgLayrbs;evotNampgEdr. b:uEn GVIEdlTMngbMputKWfa bTbBaaEtgEtRtvpl;BIfak;elI
eTAeRkamCanic. edayBit ExrRkhmRbEhlCaeCOfa karkan;kab;ekaHTaMg enaHnwg)aneTACaTLIkrN_
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sRtvbgbng

14

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evotNammkvijtamrypvTUtEdr. enAeBlenaH semc)anEfgrebobCakarRBmanfa kar)at;bg;
ekaHTaMgenaHnigEdnsmuRTEdlBTCuvij GacbNal[kMBg;EpkMBg;esamRtvfb;degIm>>>nigkg
ryeBldxIKWTIbBab;nkraCrbs;eyIg 6.
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edaykmaMgTBEtmg. b:ul Bt GtItnisSitEdleTATIRkg):arIseFVIkarsikSaxagEpkviTGKisnI ehIy
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bkSkumynIskm<CaenAedImTsvtSr_60. eBlenHKat;Gacdak;[GnuvtnUvKMnitEdlcg;[mankarEk
TRmg;dac;xatxagneya)aynigkarsb;ex<Im edaymindwgerOgGVI Edlkb;y:ageRCAkgcitrbs;Kat;
cMeBaHRbeTsevotNamEdlCasRtvKanTIbpM tu . bnab;BkI arvaydeNmI ykTIRkgPeM Bj)anPam b:lu
Bt )anecjmtiENnaMbsaracrmYyman8cMNuc kgenaHman2cMNucEdlbBati[eFVIkarbeNj
GaNikCnevotNamTaMgGs;ecjBIkm<Ca nigkarbBanTBeTAkan;RBMEdn CaBiessRBMEdnevotNam7.
b:uEnPaBGmnusSFmnRbtikmrbs;evotNam )annaM[mankarBiniteLIgvijnUvmUlkPaB PaBsm
ehtupl nviFankarmYyEdlRtveFVIeLIgedayRbjab;dUcKa. fTI2 Exmifuna qaM1975 egVn
v:an;lij smaCikkariyalyneya)aymCimbkSkumynIsevotNam )aneFVIdeNIrmkRkgPMeBj
tamrfynedIm,ICYb b:ul Bt BiPakSaKaBIerOgenH. kgPaBesaHRtg;BIkgdYgcit b:ul Bt )ankarBar
xnedayRBmTTYlsal;kMhusenH nigsEmgkaresaksayrbs;Kat;pgEdr. enAcMeBaHmux lij Kat;
)anTTYlsal;karBitnkarcUllukluyrbs;km<Ca b:uEn Kat;)anGHGagfa karRbQmmuxdexacpSa
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PaBCasRtvnwgKadbUg

15

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Tg;CatievotNam)anbk;rvicenATIenaHCaeRsc. fTI14 Exmifuna qaM1975 edayniyaybnBIkar
minecHTb;mat;rbs;BYkPak;garsmat;GaemrikaMg kaEstjvy:kEfm)anpSBVpSayCasaFarNBIkar
deNmI )anekaHenH. PaBdNalKanTsSnkicr bs; b:lu Bt enAhaNUy CamYynwgerOgenHTal;Et
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seRmckicRBmeRBgmitPaBmYy edayepatCaBiess eTAelIkickarCnYj TMnak;TMngEpkkugsul
nigkarkRmitRBMEdnenaH vanwgKankarcrcaPamsIBIerOgRBMEdneLIy. karKiteFVI[)anseRmckic
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evotNamTTYlsal;PaBminGacb:HBal;)annRBMEdnRbeTsTaMgBIrby:agNa? erOgenHminEdlRtv
elIkykmkCECkKaTal;EtesaH8.
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sRtvbgbng

16

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CaBiessxagevotNam)anrkSaTukCemaHenHmin[saFarNmtidwgBeT. edayxMRbwgbM)at;]bsK
epSg EdlCYnkaleRbIkmaMg CYnkaleRbIneya)aykarTUtpgenaH RkghaNUy)anseRmccit
EfrkSasamKIPaBmYyEdlmanEtsMbkeRkA CamYyRkgPMeBjCabneTAeTot.

PaBCasRtvnwgKadbUg

17

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naykTinanub,vti jinhSin rbs;bkSkumynIsevotNam )anesuIbsYrBtmanGMBIsanPaBnTMnak;
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Kat;)anbEnmfa srubeTAKWFmta . Kat;)anbdiesFBtmanmYysIBIkarRbQmmuxdak;Karvag
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BIkm<Caeq<aHeTAEdndIsNTenemKgenAevotNamxagt,g. enARtg;RBMEdnGkTaMgenaHRtv)ankg
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edayrdaPi)al. GkePosxnkm<CaEdlmanedImkMeNItevotNamnigcinCaeRcInrynak;)anseRmc
cUleTArs;enAkg vtmy
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eQaH qal Gg;tn dW ENsuIy:at_ minnwksanfaxnGacTTYl)anBtmansMxan;pac;muxmYydUecHeLIy
enAeBlEdlKat;eXIjBIcmaynUvGkePosxnecjBIkm<Cabdivtn_Cabgbnmkrs;enAkg RBnKr
rMedaH enaH. eTaHCay:agNakeday edaysarkarRbgRbytrbs;EpkRttBinitevotNam TUrelx
rbs;Kat;minEdlRtveKbBaneTAeKaledAEdlRtvepJIesaHeLIy. PaBKab;CYnEdlKYr[Gs;sMeNIc
KWenAfdEdlenaH b:ul Bt )aneTAdl;RkghaNUykgsPaBGafkM)aMgbMput. etIGkRttBinitRtveK
R)ab;[dwgBITsSnkicenHbeT? vaBi)aknwgniyayNas;. TukCay:agNakeday kevotNammin
beNay[BYkGkkaEstrbs;sarBtmanKhbtIlatRtdagBIerOgKYr[ex<ImreGImnGkePosxn
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cab;epImelceLIgedayxng. enAExmInanqaMdEdlenH1978 kgkasndeNIrmYyeTAkan;
tMbn;nanatamRBMEdn )andwgTaMgPJak;epIlfa kgGMLgR)aMExbnab;BI karrMedaH RkgPMeBjCnCati
evotNamCag150>000nak; EdlRtvdkhUtRTBsm,tiGs;BIxn)anhUrcUlmkkgextdugfab
Gany:ag nig taynij y:agkuHkr. GkEdlmanedImkMeNItCaevotNamRtv)anGnuBaat[sitenA
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RbytEfmeTot EdlsEmg[eXIjedayevotNam. m:ageTotRkgeb:kaMgKWCadNak;kalTI2n

sRtvbgbng

18

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shPaBsUevotEdr (Goulag CaGkSrkat;nBakrusSI GkSreBjKW Glavnoe Oupravlenie Laguere =
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[dwgCasaFarNenAeBlEdl b:ul Bt Tmak;r)aMgmuxcuHnigTTYlsal;tYnaTIrbs;Kat; CaGKelxabkS
eBjlkN. BitNas; evotNamKandwgBIkaresIcsresIry:agxaMgEdl em:A pl;eTAelIExrRkhm
esaHeLIy. Ca]TahrN_ enAqaM1975 em:A )anTUnanemdwknaMevotNammYyrUbfa RtveronsURt
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mkBIkarERkgrEGg nigkarPyxacshPaBsUevotdUcKa. kglMdab;EdlkarRbqaMgCTas;cMeBaHkar
RKbsgt;rbs;evotNammkelIeRCay\NcinkayeTACakar)armdcm,grbs;xnenaH RkmemdwknaM
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PJak;epIleLIyEdlfa enAExsIha qaM1975 eBlEdl CU eGnLay manCgWedkCab;nwgERK)anEfg
R)ab; eLfaj;gI GkTTYlxusRtvsMxan;bMputnKNkmkarEpnkarrbs;evotNamfa RbeTscinBuMGac
CYyRbeTsevotNameT Rkgeb:kaMg)aneRtmbRmgnUvkarsVaKmn_dGkGFwkmYycMBaHRbFanrd exov
sMpn nig]bnaykrdmnI eGog sarI rYcCaeRsc. CnYymYyEdlmanTwkR)ak;mYyekadidularGaemrik
sRmab;ryeBlR)aMqaM Rtv)anpl;[km<CaRbCaFibety EdlkgenaHmanmlandularRtvcin

PaBCasRtvnwgKadbUg

19

RbKl;[PamEtmg.
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kasnkareFVIdeNIrrbs; b:ul Bt enARbeTscin naExmifuna mankarcab;epImeFVIkarcrcasmat;
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karBarRbeTscin)anmkeFVIkarsikSaGegty:agsuICeRmAmYysIBIesckIRtvkarepSgrbs;km<Caxag
visyeyaFaenHdl;kEngEtmg. fTI12 Extula qaM1975 GkCnajkarTaMgenaH)andak;CUnRkg
PMeBjBinitnUvesckIRBagdbUgmYynKeRmagCnYyeyaFa edIm,IsuMkarGnumtyl;RBm.
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RBmeRBgCMnYyEpkyaFa. v:ag sagr:ug GKesnaFikarrgnkgTBRbCaCncin)anR)ab; sun esn rd
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tambMNgRtwmRtvtamc,ab;rbs;km<CakgkarERbkayTBRBrbs;xn[eTACakgTBerobrymYy Edl
GacRbQmmuxnwgkarekobsgt;fIkgkickarBarRbeTs. KanGVIEdlRtvsgSyeLIyfa RbeTscin
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sm<nmitrbs;xnsRmab;Tb;Tl;nwgkarKMramkMEhgCayfaehturbs;evotNamb:ueNaH.

sRtvbgbng

20

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bBaak;BIqnrbs;RbCaCnxnfa nwgvayRbyuTsa Rbekoksa ehIybndeNIreTAmux CamYyRbCaCn
km<CaCanic15.
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dcm,grvagcinnigevotNam b:uEnkarFak;cuHCalMdab;lMedaynUvTMnak;TMngrvagRbeTsTaMgBIr)an
cab;epImmantaMgBImunmkem:H. edayBit taMgBICyCmHrbs;RkghaNUyelIPaKxagt,g ehtupl
EdlbNal[mankarGak;Gn;citnwgKa)anRtveKTuk[kngputeTAedayrkRckedaHRsaymineXIj.
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kmanKUrbBalCaEpkmYynTwkdIevotNamEdr.

PaBCasRtvnwgKadbUg

21

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enAPaKxagt,gevotNamnaEx]sPa qaM1975. Kat;)anbEnmfa kareFVIRbtibtikarrbs;evotNam
manlkNCaGMeBIk,t;mYyrwtEtFn;FrCagkarEdlRbeTsevotNamTTYlsal;GFibetyrbs;cinelI
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TamTarrbs;cin RkghaNUy)ansEmg[dwgedaysBaaepSg nUvlkxNTaMgLayrbs;xnsIBIbBaa
enH. enAExmifuna qaM1974 v:ag Tug )anRbkasR)ab;GkkaEstfmak;fa GasuIGaeKy_CakmsiTi
rbs;RbCaCnenAGasuIGaeKy_>>>. RbeTscinBuMEmnCaRbeTsmYyenAGasuIGaeKy_eT edayehtuenH
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):ar:aEslkalBIqaMmunEdr.
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suTEtekaHmanEtdIhuyepag/ CYrfb:RbHTwknigpkxSac;. GkensaTcin/ evotNam nig hVIlIBIn )an
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mkehIy TaMgRbeTscin TaMgRbeTsevotNam TaMgRbeTshVIlIBIn kminEdlnwkKitkan;kab;ekaHTaMgenH

sRtvbgbng

22

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mkkgEdnTwknRbCuMekaH):ar:aEsl Rkgeb:kaMg)anpcepImKMnitmYy Edlhak;dUcCamaneKalbMNg
begInkarKaMRTrbs;GaemrikaMgcMeBaHkarTamTarEdndIrbs;xn KWBIrExbnab;BITsSnkicCaRbvtisas
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epImeFVIkarcrcaCamYyRkmhuneRbgGuItalImYy edIm,IrukrkeRbgenAQUgsmuRTtugkwg. enAfTI11
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BYkcin[ecjeTAvij b:uEn BYkeK)anTTYlrgkartbtmYyEdlmankarerobcMy:agRbytRbEyg.

PaBCasRtvnwgKadbUg

23

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sRtvbgbng

24

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sgamenAevotNam. CamYynwgkardkfyrbs;GaemrikaMg enAqaM1975 KMnitEdlenAdk;Cab;Canic
rbs;GkTTYlxusRtvcinxagEpkneya)ayhak;dUcCaCitelcCarUbrag RbeTsevotNammYyEdl
xaMgBUEk nigrYmKaeLIgvij kMBugbgehtunwgcintamRBMEdnPaKxagt,grbs;xnnigkMBugcUldcUleCIg
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mnusSecjBITIRkgRBnKr ehIyehaHeTAcuHctelInavarbs;GaemrikaMgEdlrg;caMenAmhasmuRT
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PaBCasRtvnwgKadbUg

25

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sRtvbgbng

26

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vicarNkfamYyrbs;kaEstjinhSin cuHfTI21 Ex]sPa qaM1975 sb,aycitnwgkarvinas
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PaBCasRtvnwgKadbUg

27

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sRtvbgbng

28

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PaBCasRtvnwgKadbUg

29

karepInbM)ak;muxmYycMeBaHRbeTscin
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sRtvbgbng

30

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PaBCasRtvnwgKadbUg

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sRtvbgbng

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PaBCasRtvnwgKadbUg

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sRtvbgbng

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PaBCasRtvnwgKadbUg

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sRtvbgbng

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PaBCasRtvnwgKadbUg

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PaBCasRtvnwgKadbUg

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vinicyCamunfa CyCmHrbs;ExrRkhmGacmannyfa enHCaTIbBab;ntYnaTIrbs;RBHGg CanimitrUbn
kPaB nigPaBRsbc,ab;rbs;clnatsUpgEdr. Rtv)ansaksYrenAqaM1973 kgeBlEdlRBHGg
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fa BYkeKnwgxak;ecalmgeTotdUcCaeKxak;RKab;EpsWrIecalGcwg . enARkgeb:kaMg)atukmCaeRcIn
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edayKanGkNamak;nwkPkyagRBHGgRtLb;eTARbeTskm<CaEdleTIbrMedaHeLIy. semc sIhnu
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sRtvbgbng

44

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RbCaRbiyPaBrbs;RBHGg)aneFVI[ExrRkhmPy)armCaxaMg. kgryeBlEdlsemc sIhnu enA
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cat;TuksemcEdlFak;BItMENgkgtYnaTIsamBaFmta EdlKanGMNacBitR)akdeLIy. sMeNI
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RBHGgnwkeXIjdl; BYkTIRbwkSa )araMgEdltamRBHGgRbkitBIeRkayKanQb;Qr eBjryeBl
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manbnl . edayRtveFVI[TIeTIrkgcitelak GUEbr BuMhanBinitemIl[dwgfa EmnbBuMEmneLIy.
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kicRBmeRBgsniPaBRkg):arIs mannyfaCakarpakkarTmak;RKab;EbkmYyrbs;GaemrikaMgenA
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PaBCasRtvnwgKadbUg

45

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RBHGg KWkarRBElgRBHkaycUleTAkghVgmhaCnkan;Bal;GkEdlmansVamIPki EdleramCMuCit
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GMeBImYyTaMgGak;Gn;RBHTy ehIy)anCYyrMElkkarRBy)armrbs;RBHGgcMeBaHBYkRClniymExr
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RkgPMeBjeLIgvij. b:uEnkarb:unb:gTaMgb:unanrbs;Kat; edIm,IjaMg[shrdGaemrikPab;karCYbsnna
CamYysemcsIhnuCafI nigQaneTArkdMeNaHRsaysRmbsRmlmYyenaH)anRtvbraCy. BIrqaM
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RbeTsvij cm,aMgTBRBrbs;ExrRkhmQanCitdl;CyCmHeRsceTAehIy. RbFansanebskkm
TMnak;TMngrbs;GaemrikenARkgeb:kaMgKW elak hSk bUs eRkaymkCaRbFanaFitIshrdGaemrikBIqaM
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RBHGgkRtv)anFanar:ab;rg. b:uEneBlenaHExrRkhm)ancUlmkdl;mat;TVarTIRkgeTAehIy ehIy CU
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bdiesFminTTYl tgVay rbs;GaemrikaMgenHeT. b:unanem:agbnab;mk Rbtibtikar stV\nIdkfy
(Eagle Pull) )ancab;epImkgsPaBbnan;bMputedIm,ICemsbuKlikGaemrikaMg nigsm<nmitExrrbs;xn
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)aneFVIGtaFib,ay edaysuPaBfa yWteBlNas;eTAehIy .

sRtvbgbng

46

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eLIgRKgraCblg CaCagykKURbECgrbs;RBHGgxagExSsuIsuvti BIeRBaH)araMgeXIjfaRBHGg
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RBHGg)anpl;nUvkarGnueRKaH[RBHGgvijy:ageRcIn. semc)ancat;kary:agqatedIm,IdeNIm
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)araMg ehIyeFVI[eKeCOfabuBVehtuCatiniymCabuBVehtupal;rbs;RBHGg. kraCPaBEdlRBHGg
GHGagnwgRbFanaFibtI)araMg vuaMgsg; GUrIy:Ul (1947-1954) nigrdmnIkarbreTsGaemrik hSn hVsr
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enH suTEtCamnusSdMbUgeK Edlkan;Tg;CykgkarRbyuTRbqaMgGaNaniKmniym. RBHGgecHeRbI
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EdleCOCak;elIbuBVehturbs;RBHGgCaedIm. TIbMput enAExvicika qaM1953 BYk)araMg)anRbKl;
kraCmk[RBHGgvij rYcehIysemc)anbUCafamBlrbs;RBHGgedIm,IvayRbyuTnwgevotmij
EdldwknaMedayhUCImijEfmeTot.
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RbeTskgsPaBeBjeljTaMgRsug. edIm,Ikan;kab;GMNacTaMgRsugkgzanCaRBHRbmuxrdCaCagkg
zanCaRBHmhakSRtGaRsyrdFmnuBa enAqaM1960 semc sIhnu )andak;raCedayelIkRBHbita
RBHGg[eLIgRKgraCvij. KanGVImYyEdlminsMxan;cMeBaHRBHGgeLIy RBHGgsresrbTvicarN
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y:ageRcInenAtamCnbTTaMgLay. KWRBHGgenHehIyCaGkeRCIserIs smtinam eQaHeRkA dak;

PaBCasRtvnwgKadbUg

47

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rdmnIkgrdaPi)alrbs;RBHGg. xagkgRbeTs RBHGg)ansakl,g pac;eCIg BYkniymeqVgRCl
edayepImbegItclnamYyEdlmanlkNBiessxusEbkBIFmtaKW sgmniymRBHBuTsasna Edl
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kraCPaBnigbUrNPaBEdndIrbs;RbeTskm<Ca. b:uEnsgamenAevotNamkMBugraldaly:agxaMg
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evotNam )anRtwmEtdutkMhwg[qabeqHeLIgEfmeTotb:ueNaH. CamYynwgkarKaMRTCasmat;rbs;
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evotNamnigcin RBHGg)anCYyeRCamERCg[manclnatsUmYy ehIyykTIRkgeb:kaMgCalMenAsan
beNaHGasnrbs;RBHGg.
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manlkNsm,tilmnwgkayCaGciny_Emnb>>>? xusEbkBIbNaescEdlRtveKTmak;BItMENg
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bNamitcinnigkUer:xageCIgb:ueNaH. em:A nig CU )anFanaGHGagnwgRBHGgfa semcGacKg;Rbfab;enA

sRtvbgbng

48

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kitiys. enAExkBaa qaM1975 semc sIhnu )anKg;enAkgTIRkgenHenAeBlEdl]bnaykrdmnI
exov sMpn nigrdmnIRksYgBtman eGog FIriT nrdaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<Ca CardaPi)alnireTsEdl
begIteLIgedaysemcshkarCamYyExrRkhm)aneTAdl;TIenaHedaynaMsarlixitmYysMuyagsemc
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mandUcteTA \LvenHeyIgeRtmxnCaeRsc edIm,IsVaKmn_semcedayrak;Tak;bMput. GMNwHteTA
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nIs100PaKry. eyIgGaceRKagKiteFVI[elIsBYkcinCabgbneTAeTot. mhaelatepaHEtmYy
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sb,ayRBHTyvilmkmatuRbeTsvijEdr.
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naykrdmnITI1 CU eGnLay Edr. kgGayu82qaMGayukalBIqaM1975 em:A )anTTYlrgkar
QWcab;edaysarCMgW ):arKInsun (KWCMgWFak;Tn;exSayEpkRbBnsrsRbsaTmanlkNsmal;eday
karjrTeRTIk nigPaBrwgqWtnsac;duM-kMNt;rbs;GkbkERb). karniyaysIrbs;Kat;mansPaB
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CaeRcInrbs;Kat;cMeBaH exov sMpn nig eGog FIriT KWmansPaBc,as;las;Nas; sUmsmmitemta
kMubBansemc sIhnu nigRBHmehsI [eTArs;enAkgshkrN_ . BaksmIrbs;Kat;TaMgenH)anCYy
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mYyEdlswgEtsab;minBfa sUmsmmiteFVIdeNIreTAkan;lTikumynIsedaysnSwm. smmitBuMGac
QaneLIglTikumynIsedayBuMmandNak;kalepSgenaHeT b:uEnpyeTAvjKWRtvedrmYyCMhan
mg. sUmsmmiterobcMCMhantUc[)aneRcInedayel,nyWt b:uEnR)akdRbCa . GVIEdleFVI[
eKcab;GarmN_xaMgEfmeTotenaH KWdbUnanrbs;Kat;Edl[dwgehtumunfa kuMeFVItamKMrUGaRkk;nneya

PaBCasRtvnwgKadbUg

49

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stvtSr_50. sMpn nig FIriT esIcjwmrebobsmKMnitKa ehIysemc sIhnu EdlFab;BGk
TaMgBIrGYtfa)ancab;epImGnuvtlTikumynIsEdrenaH GacdwgBInynkarjjwmenHehIy.
fTI9 ExkBaa qaM1975 Rkgeb:kaMg)anerobcMeFVIBiFIbuNGbGrmgeTot. enAelITIlan
eTonGanem:n eKeXIjTg;Cati eKamFMnigbdaCaeRcInedIm,IEfgGMNrsresIrnUvGVIEdl etg savBIg
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cuHctelIGakasyandaneBaFicintug. enHCaelIkdMbUgehIyEdlsemcTteXIjraCFanIrbs;RBHGg
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muWnnak;EdlQrelIkdCasBaamitPaB tampveBlEdlRBHGgyagecjdMeNIrBITIRkgeb:kaMgnwghVg
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ExrRkhm.
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sRtvbgbng

50

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RBHGgpg ehIy)ansuMyagRBHGgnigraCbriBarcUlrYmraRtIsemasrbdivtCaeRcIn b:uEnGkTaMgenaH
minEdl)anCYbGkEdlFab;rs;enATIRkgNamak;eLIy. GVI)anrlay)at;dUcCaEpSg.
semc sIhnu RTg;RCaby:agqab;rhsnUvGVIEdlExrRkhmeFVItamdbUnanrbs; CU eGnLay nig
sarsMxan;nkareFVIdMeNIredaysnSwmeq<aHeTAkan;lTisgmniym. sun esn GKesnaFikar kgTB
nig exov sMpn )anTUlR)ab;RBHGgfa km<Canwgbgaj[BiPBelakeXIjfa eyIgerobcM[mansNab;
Fab;EtmYyxVac; nigy:agdac;RsLH eyIgmanlTPaBGacQaneTAdl;lTikumynIs. GkTaMgBIr)an
TUl[RBHGgdwgeTotfa eFVIdUecHeQaHrbs;km<CanwgRtv)ancarwkedayGkSrmaskgRbvtisas
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mincaM)ac;mandNak;kalepSgEdl\tRbeyaCn_eLIy .
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raCvgSanuvgS nigGkCitsiTrbs;RBHGgnUvesrIPaBkgkarseRmccit. rUbRBHGgpal;kgzanCaGk
eshaCati nigCaRbmuxrd semcnwgRtLb;eTAkm<Cavij bnab;BI)aneFVICatMNagRbeTsrbs;RBHGg
enAGgkarshRbCaCatircY ehIy. b:Eu n sRmab;Gk eTot RBHGg)anTukesrIPaB[eRCIserIsTIkEng
rs;enAedayxngcuH. shkarIrbs;RBHGgCaeRcInnak;EdltUccity:agxaMg edaysarGVIEdlBYkeK
eTIbnwg)ansmal;eXIjfI minhanvilmkPMeBjvijeT ehIy)ancakecjeq<aHeTAkan;RbeTs)araMg
Etmg.
semc sIhnu pal;)anyagRtLb;mkRbeTsvijedayyagqgkat;tamTIRkg):arIs. CnCati
ExrmYyhVgFM)anmkrg;caMTTYlsVaKmn_RBHGgenAGakasyandansaldWehal. bniceRkaymk
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):arIs edIm,ITTYlBtmansMxan;BIRBHGgsIBIskmPaBrbs;RbeTseRkamrbbBYkExrRkhm. Gk
TaMgGs;enaHegOgql;BIPaBRbytRbEygrbs;RBHGgy:agxaMg EdltamTmab;KWRBHGgmansPaB
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ehIy?. RBHGg)aneqIytbfa Ggkar KWbkSkumynIskm<CadmanGMNacbMput )anpl;[eK

PaBCasRtvnwgKadbUg

51

mak;nUvkenlmYynigmugmYy ehIybBan[eTAeFVIERsTaMgGs;. RBHGg)anbEnmfa tamRBHGg

yl; TahanTaMgenaH)anRtwmEtGVIEdlBYkeKskismnwg)anb:ueNaH. eGog sarI EdlenAGgyEk,r
RBHGgjjwmCab; ehIyBYkemdwknaMExrRkhmdTeTot2 )angk;k,alyl;Rsb. KanGtItmitPki
rbs;semcNamak;Gacqgkat; ExSsnisux Edllatsnwg edayExrRkhmenACMuvijRBHGgeLIy.
BMumankarCYbsnnaKaCalkNkCneT. dUecHsemc sIhnu manGarmN_minleRsceTAehIy cMeBaH
GVIEdlenArg;caMRBHGg. b:uEn emaTnPaB nigkardwgBIkrNIykicrbs;RBHGg)anrIkeLIgy:agxaMg edIm,I
Gacnwg[semce)aHbg;ecalkargarenAeBleRkay. enAExF qaM1975 semc sIhnu EdlGm
edaymehsI m:Unik RBHmataekk b:um RBmTaMgRBHraCbuRt nigRBHraCntaecAcMnYn22Gg)anvil
RtLb;mkkan;RkgPMeBjvij.

52

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ekag k,alRKbdNb;kgkEnSgEvgsRmab;ruMknigcgakuM[rga bGavyWt rwbxndEvgRKbdNb;elIsa
TaMgBIr. CamYyGaveramsMLI eRsamdnigkg;m:akr:aeLk (Raleigh) PWrelagrbs; EdlxIBIGkkarTUt
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jak;kgeBleFVIcracr. tamrfyn PaBEbkBIeKnsemkbMBak;rbs; minsUveFVI[GkdMeNIrkt;
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sRtvbgbng

54

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skmPaBNamYyeLIy elIkElgEtb:UlisevotNammak;EdlQryamenAmat;RckTVarcUl eskBak;
ksNanBNGacm_esH nigBak;mYkrebobmYkGaNaniKmb:ueNaH. Kat;esIrEtminykcitTukdak;nwg
eLIy eBlEdlcuHBIelIkg;edIreTArkTVarEdksanTUt. kargarrbs;Kat;dUcKanwgkargarrbs;qaMEdl
yamkarBarenAmuxsanTUtbrTseTotenARkghaNUyEdr KWXat;XaMgmin[RbCaCnevotNam cUl
eTACitTIenaHeT. fVIebIkg;minskismnwgkarykcitTukdak;rbs;Kat;keday kCaCn breTsmak;y:ag
BitR)akd.
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begIbEtBIrbbIsg;TIEm:Rtb:ueNaH. tamRbeLaHbegIb EPkmYyKUsmk;smwgTMngCacg;sYr rYcsMNYr
mYykgsMeLgfb;)anbnWfa elak can;da EmneT? . TVarebIkcMheLIgy:agrhslm[cUleTA
kgrYcehIy)anbiTBIeRkayxgvijy:agrhs. enAeBlEdlEPkrbs;Tmab;)annwgBnWdxaMgenATVar
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mtiKat;fa BYkbisac evotNamTaMgenHBitCabegIteRKgtUcRbePTdUcKaenaH edIm,IQbyk
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nwgkm<CaEbbNaxH. enAqaM1973 eBlEdlevotNamcuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBgsniPaBenA
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dgvnag nigkNr

55

neya)ayrUbenH)anrMBkkgsamjjwmrebobQWcab;mYyfa tmEdleKRtvbg;[eyIgcMeBaHkar
eFVImindwgminBBIkar[eyabl;enH KWkarsRmbsRmlmYyrvagevotNamnigBYkGaemrikaMgenHg.
hVgynehaHeb-52 EdlFab;Tmak;RKab;EbkenAevotNam )anRtvbBan[mkTmak;RKab;EbkenA
km<CaTaMgGs;kgryeBlR)aMExknH .
munnwgRtvEtgtaMg[mkkan;RkghaNUy suIvuF Fab;)aneFVIkarenAsanTUtnraCrdaPi)alrYbrYm
Catikm<CaRbcaMRkgeb:kaMgGs;CaeRcInqaMmkehIy. cab;taMgBICyCmHrbs;ExrRkhmKat;BMuEdlman
kasRtLb;mkkm<CaedIm,Irs;enAEk,rkUnnigRbBnrbs;Kat;eLIy. Kat;)ansarPaBR)ab;fa mYy
qaMknHmkehIyEdlKat;BuMEdl)anTTYldMNwgbnicNaesaHBIRKsarrbs;Kat;. Kat;niyaydUceTIs
Tal;kgcitR)ab;eTotfa Kat;)andwgBIRBwtikarN_nanaenAkm<CaKW edaysarEtsab;viTPMeBj
b:ueNaH. b:uEn PaBmindwgBIehtukarN_epSgrbs;Kat;)anTUTat;mkvijy:agTUlMTUlay edayesckI
TukcitRbEhlKanRBMEdncMeBaHKat; EdlmanenAkgkartRmg;Tisbdivtn_EdlRbkan;ykedayRbeTs
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)anRbkan;yksanPaBneya)ayelIkMNat;pvdlM)ak b:uEnskisiTiKWneya)ay kraCmas;kar .
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sRtvbgbng

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liTm:akSsuIsniym Edlbgb;eTAedayKMnMuRbvtisasmingayrebH nigKMniterIseGIgCatisasn_enaH
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dgvnag nigkNr

57

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sRtvbgbng

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dgvnag nigkNr

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sRtvbgbng

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dgvnag nigkNr

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sabnikbegItlTikumynIsRsLaMgkaMg10.
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vinicyEpkPUmisas nigPaBgayRsYlkgkarRKb;RKgEpkrd)alCaCagEpkelIRbvtisas Pasa
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62

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dgvnag nigkNr

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sRtvbgbng

64

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dgvnag nigkNr

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sarI nig sun esn CaedIm )anecaTRbkan;evotNamfa )ancMNaykarBiesaFn_ rbs;clnatsUExr
EdlRbmUl)anTaMgGs;enAkgkarRbyuTRbqaMgGaNaniKmrbs;xn. b:uEn CamYykardkfyeTARbeTs
evotNamnUvGkRbyuTtsUPaKeRcIn nigbNaemdwknaMCaRbvtisasEdlcgsm<nPaBnwgevotmij
b:ul Bt manesrIPaBy:ageBjeljedIm,Idak;[GnuvtnUvmaKaneya)aypal;rbs;Kat; CamYynwgkar
e)aHbg;ecalbkBYk bkar)at;xnrbs;GkEdlsitenARbeTskm<Capg.
emdwknaMkumynIsnclna\sSr sWg g:ukmij )anseRmccitsitenATIRkghaNUybnab;BI
snisITRkghSWENv dUecHkarRKb;RKgdwknaMbkSrbs;km<CaRtvFak;eTAelI suIv ehg Edlbgajxn
eLIgCaPak;gar[karN_smat;mak;. shRbtibtikarCaeRcInqaMrbs;Kat;CamYyb:Ulisrbs; semc
sIhnu )aneFVI[Gnraydl;bNajtsUPaKeRcInrbs;bkS. ehg )ancuHcUlnwgrdaPi)alrbs;semc
enAqaM1959. kgkasmhasni)atbkSlYclak;mYyEdlR)arBeLIgenAkardansabnapvrfePIg
enARkgPMeBjBIfTI28 dl;fTI30 ExkBaa qaM1960 RBHsgmYyGgRBHnam TU samut Edlpas;
KMnitmkeCOlTikumynIs )anRtveRCIstaMgCaGKelxabkSKat;CamnusSmanTMnak;TMngy:agCitsiT
CamYyevotNam16.
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qaM1961. bnab;BIkar)at;xn TU samut y:agGafkM)aMgenAExkkda qaM1962 b:ul Bt Rtv)an
dMeLIgzanCaGKelxabkS. eRkaymkminyUrb:unan b:ul Bt/ eGog sarI bnfrbs;Kat;/ sun esn
nigmnusSmYycMnYneTot)anrt;cUlRB edm,IerobcMcat;taMgbkSedaylYclak;eLIgvij. eKminEdlB
GkNaniyayBIBYkenHeToteTrhUtmkdl;qaM1970.
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nigCatiniymcegtcgl;rbs;Rkm b:ul Bt nigbnat;neya)ayniymkNalEdlminBitR)akdrbs;
GkEdlGYtBIkareFVIshRbtibtikarCamYyrdaPi)alRbqaMgGaemrikaMgrbs; semc sIhnu nigCamYy
evotNam. kgkasndMeNIrmYyeTARkghaNUyenAExmIna qaM1978 Rtv)anGeBaIj[cUlrYm

sRtvbgbng

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kgkarbriePaKGahareBllacmYyedaymnICan;x<s;mak;RBmTaMgmankarRbkasCUnBtmanepSgxus
EbkBIsBVdgpg. GnurdmnIkarbreTsevotNam v: dugy:ag )anEfgenAeBllacenaHBIkarvivaTmYy
EdlmancMNas;CagmqaMmkehIy BIkarmincuHsRmgKay:agRCaleRCAmYyrvagbkSevotNamnig
RkmbkS b:ul Bt nbkSrbs;km<Ca. y:ag )anniyayR)ab;fa taMgBIkarcab;epImdMbUg evotNam
)anyl;Rsbtam maKadwknaMdRtwmRtv kgpbkSrbs;km<CaRbqaMgnwgbn b:ul Bt edaycMGkLk
LWyeTAelI GkmkBITIRkg):arIsTaMgenaHfa Bi)aknwgniyayGMBIkarcUlrYmdskm kgkartsURbqaMgnwg
BYk)araMgNas; . viFIsasEdlBYkeKeRbIR)as; edIm,IdwknaMkarbdivtn_rbs;eK)anbgaj[eXIjBI
KMnitekgxInlTikumynIs mYy semc sIhnu Fab;)aneRCagTg;RbqaMgnwgcRkBtiGaemriky:agxaMgka
ehIyRbkarenH)anpl;mk[RBHGgvijnUvkitanuPaBy:agsem,ImmYykgcMeNamRbCarasrbs;RBH
Gg. BYkkumynIs EdlecHeRbIR)as;y:agbuinRbsb;nUv\TiBlrbs;semcRbqaMgnwgcRkBtiGaemrik
enaHkceM NjRbCaRbiyPaBy:ageRcInEdr. ebIBkY kumy
nIsE xrmankitanuPaBKWkti anuPaBrbs;semc
sIhnu tmkeTotKW\TiBlnmaKaneya)aykgpbkSkumynIskm<CaeT EdlGMeNaypldl;kar
rYmkmaMgy:agkuHkrrbs;RbCaCnRbqaMgnwgxaMgsRtvenaH. b:uEneTaHCa)anseRmceCaKCykeday
kBuMEmnedaysarkitanuPaBrbs; b:ul Bt Edr. karrYbrYmKarvagkmaMgepSgkgkartsURbqaMgxaMg
sRtv nigkarCYyCMrju [mansamKPI aBrvagRbCaCn\Nc ni TaMgbI KWCa maKaminERbRblnkarbdivtn_
pal;rbs;eyIgcab;BIcab;kMeNItrhUtmkdl;sBVf . kb:uEn b:ul Bt )anRbTajkarbdivtn_rbs;
km<Ca [Fak;eTAkgpveqVgRCledayeRbI])ayklfa bkS)anqgkat; dMNak;kaldlM)akbMputmYy
enArvagqaM1967nigqaM1969. y:ag )anniyayrebobsRmalBakmYymin[muteBk ]TahrN_
edm,Ifa GaRkk; sRmalfa minsUvl vij edIm,IrMBkBIkarbgabRbqaMgCnkumynIs EdldwknaM
edaysemc sIhnu.
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Cati b:uEnKat;krMBkeLIgvijEdrfa munqaM1954 evotmijnigExr\sSr)ancat;TukRBHGgerogral;
ffa CakBaH)araMg. edaybBaak;GMBIneya)aykarbreTsRbqaMgGaemrikrbs;semc sIhnu kg
TsvtSr_60enaH y:ag )anePcniyayBIkarTTYlxusRtvrbs;Kat;kgkarkmat;BYkeqVgniymrbs;
km<CaeTAvij. tamBit kgGMLgnbNaqaMTaMgenaHevotNam)anENnaMmgeTot [ExrpakskmPaB
kgkartsUvNenAkm<Ca KWkMu[ ykdMbgeTAxas;kg; rbs;semc sIhnu nigkMueFVI[TMnak;TMngrbs;xn
CamYyRkghaNUykayeTACaCemaH.

dgvnag nigkNr

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d,itGIevotNam)anelIktemIgkarEfrkSacMNgTak;Tgy:agsuxdumCamYy semc sIhnu enABI

elIGVITaMgGs;. CamYykarekIneLIgnsgamenAevotNam cab;taMgBIqaM1965 evotkug nigkgTB
evotNamxageCIgGac)at;bg;TICRmk nigkarpt;pg;kgTBEdlBYkeKerobcMbRmgenARbeTskm<CaenA
eBlNamYyminxan. eRkamelsnGBaRkwtPaB semc sIhnu )anyl;RBmbMeBjesckIRtvkar
rbs;BYkenaHedaysat;kM)aMg. semc sIhnu )aneRbIkNab;dEdkmYyRbqaMgnwgExrRkhm b:uEn
sb,ayRBHTyedaymansmancitcMeBaHBYkkumynIsevotNam. RBHGg)anecaTBYkkumynIsExr
kgRbeTsfa CaPak;garrbs;RkghaNUynigeb:kaMg b:uEnmanRBHraCtRmiHfa CasMxan;KWsgamenA
evotNamCakarRbyuTtsUrbs;RbCaCnmYy RbqaMgnwgkareFVIGnraKmn_mYyrbs;breTsEdlminGac
edaHsa)an. semc)anTTYlsal;eRkaymkkgkRmgGnusSavrIy_rbs;RBHGgfa )aneFVImindwgminB
cMeBaHkartaMgCMrMTB mnIreBTnigkEngpt;pg;es,grbs;evotNamenAelITwkdIkm<CaEmn. RBHGgk
)anGnuBaat[navacin sUevot eqkUsv:aKI bcb,nEbkCa2RbeTsehIy KWsaFarNrdeqk nig
saFarNrdsv:aKI nigbNaRbeTssgmniymdTeTotcUlctenAkMBg;EpRkgRBHsIhnu edIm,IerIdak;
smarsRmab;pl;[evotkug bnab;mkeTIbdwkCBaneq<aHeTAkan;RBMEdnevotNamedaysat;kM)aMg
ehIyRtvkgTBrbs;km<CadkykmYycMENkFMsRmab;karqgkat;enH17.
karykcitykefmrbs; semc sIhnu kgkarCYyBYkkumynIsevotNam KWEpkelIkarKn;KUr
dvqatmYy RKb;cMNucTaMgGs;KWCaerOgEdl[RbeyaCn_Cag kgkarEfrkSaTMnak;TMnglCamYyGk
TMngCaQHBitR)akd. eRkaymk semc)anmanbnlTmayGafkM)aMgfa mUlehtuEdleFVI
shRbtibtikarenH KWcg;eFVI[evotNamenACMBak;KuNkm<Ca ehIyElghanelIkdvaymkelIeyIg
RbeTseyIg nigRbCaCneyIgteTAeTot EdlCaGkeFVIKuNeTAelIBYkeK 18.
RBHGgkRbEhlCaRBWxacpgEdrfa evotNamxageCIgc,as;CaRbqaMgnwgRBHGg RbsinebI
RBHGgminCYyBYkeKkgkarRbyuTenH. ehIyerOgenaH RBHGg)anRtUvjaMg[eCOfa RbeTscin nig
evotNamnwgeTACakmaMgEdlxaMgCageKenAGasuI eRkaykarcakecjrbs;BYkGaemrikaMg. enAExsIha
qaM1963 semc)ankat;pac;TMnak;TMngkarTUtCamYyevotNamxagt,g ehIyminyUrb:unaneRkaymk
kgqaMdEdl RBHGg)anRcanecalCMnYyesdkicnigeyaFarbs;GaemrikaMgEfmeTot. enAEx]sPa qaM
1965 km<Ca)anpac;cMNgkarTUtCamYyRkgv:asuInetan ehIysemc)anTTYlnUvkarGbGrsresIr
CaeRcInBIRkgeb:kaMgnighaNUy. enAExmifuna qaMdEdlenaH RBHGg)ansEmgnUvkarKaMRTcMeBaH
rNsirSCatirMedaHevotNamxagt,gtamryCMnYy]btmmYyEpkfaMeBT. semc)anbBaak;R)ab;

sRtvbgbng

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GkkaEstmak;EdleFVIsmasRBHGgenAExvicika qaM1965 fa BitehIy BYkGaemrikaMgGacsmab;

RbCaCnevotNamBI10eTA20lannak;. yUrbqab;BYkeKnwgtRmv[e)aHbg;RbeTsenHeTA[GkEdl
enArs;ranmanCIvitvij>>>. shrdGaemrik)anRbfuyxnkgkarpSgeRBgmYyEdlecosminputBI
braCyeLIy 19.
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CaerOgKYr[PJak;epIleLIy EdlfaenArdUvekAqaM1965 eBlEdl b:ul Bt eFVIdMeNIreTARbeTscin
nigeFVITsSnkicsmat;mYyenARkghaNUy evotNam)anENnaMKat;[KaMRTneya)aybreTs RbqaMg
cRkBtirbs;semcEdr. edayepmeFVIkartsUedayGavuFRbqaMgnwgrdaPi)alrbs;semc sIhnu bkS
kumynIskm<Ca)aneFVI[Gnrayy:agxaMgdl;yuTsasrbs;evotNam. RkghaNUyKitfa kartsU
vNenAkm<CaenAminTan;dl;dMNak;kaleFVIkarbHe)arRbqaMgedayGavuFeT. m:agvijeTot Rkg
haNUyeCOfa CyCmHenAPaKxagt,gnwgbg[manlkNsm,tiepSgkgkarvayRbyuTdCaj
CykgTIbMputRbqaMgnwgrbbsemc sIhnu.

karcab;epImdMbUgkgkartsUedayGavuF
Rkm b:ul Bt minTTYlRBmtamKMnitENnaMrbs;evotNameT. ryeBlR)aMExEdlemdwknaM
km<Casak;enARbeTscinkalBIcugqaM1965 nigedImqaM1966 RbEhlBuMEmnCaerOg cEmk
sRmab;Kat;eT enAeBlcab;epmkarbdivtvb,Fm karPnERbdl;TICeRmAnUvtmCamUldannsgm
mYy nigkarrMeCIbrMCYlRbqaMgcRkBtiniym niglTiesIrIniymEdlvabMpus[maneLIg. ehtuenHehIy
)anCa b:ul BtseRmcciteFVIkarRbQmmuxedayGavuFCaCageFVIshRbtibtikarCamYyrbbskiPUmi
enaH. [sUmmitGkGanEsVgyl;BIbdivtn_vb,Fmrbs;RbeTscinCMnan;RbFan em:A dUcteTA bdivt
vb,FmnvNBlkrenARbeTscinmanryeBl10qaMKWcab;BIqaM1966-76 EdlenAeBlenaHGk
kan;GMNackgrdaPi)alnigneya)ay)anRtvbeNjecjBItMENgdUcCa etg savBIg nig lIv cavCI
CaedIm kgeBlEdlBYkyuvCntamsalaeron nigmhaviTalybiTTVarBIqaM1966-72 erobcM
begItCaRkm qaMRkhm CaeRcInRkm edIm,ITamTar[eFVItamKMnit em:A esTug. bdivtn_vb,FmenH
kt;smal;edaykarpas;brRbCaCnTaMghVgBICnbTeTATIRkgepSg nigBIRkgnanamkCnbTERs
cmarvij edaykarRbyuTKay:agexacpSatambNaextCaeRcIn edaykarcab;dak;Kuk karsmab;BYk
sil,krnigbBavn karkemcbMpajsil, RbBNI vimanRbvtisas nigesovePA. bdivtvb,Fm

dgvnag nigkNr

69

)anbBab;eTACamYymrNPaBrbs; em:A nigkarcab;xnBYk bn4nak; enAqaM1976 [bn4nak;CaRkm

mYyEdldwknaMRKb;RKgRbeTscin bnab;BI em:A TTYlmrNPaBrYm man cagQij RbBnem:A/ v:ag
hugvuin/ y:av viunyn; nig hSag CunCIv. BYkenHRtvecaTRbkan;BIbTrYmKMnitk,t;rMlMrdGMNac ehIy
Rtvcab;xnenAqaM1976-kMNt;rbs;GkbkERb]. eTaHbICaRbeTscinBuM)anCMruj[mankartsU
Tl;nwg sIhnu CacMhkeday kGacfa RbeTscinEdlkan;EtRBy)armxaMgeLIg edaysarkareFVI
shRbtibtikarrvagevotNam-sUevotenaH Ebrmkkan;eCIg b:ul Bt kgCemaHEdleFVI[ExrRbQm
muxnwgevotNamvij20.
esovePAexA rbs; b:ul Bt EtgEtGHGageRkaymkfa enAqaM1966 eKaledAepSgn
karbdivtnr_ bs;km<C anigevotNam suTE tTak;TgeTAnwgCemaH bkarRbkYtRbECgKay:agc,as;RkELt.
evotNamcg;dak;karbdivtnr_ bs;km<C a[sti enAeRkamcMNHu rbs;xn TaMgRsug . RbkarenHBuEM mnmanny
fa BYkeKBayamRttRtakarbdivtn_eT b:uEnCaCagfabdivtn_km<CaBMuTan;manGaTiPaBdac;xatenAeLIy.
edIm,IkuM[ExrRkhmmYem:A nigRbEhledIm,IbnykMhwgEdrenaH enATIbMput RkghaNUy)anyl;RBmCYy
xagEpkhVwkhVWnkgTB nigCMnYyEpkeyaFaeTot. enAqaM1973 Gkrt;ecalCYrCabkCnkumynIs
fak;x<s;mak;EdlsaksYredayBYkGaemrikaMg)anEfgfa enAqaM1966evotNam)anbegItkgkPaB
mYyedaydak;eQaHfa P-36edIm,ICYyKaMRTbkSkumynIsrbs;km<Ca. enAmunkarplrMlMsemc sIhnu
kgqaM1970RkmP-36)ancab;epmhVwkhat;Exr nigevotNamEdlekItenARbeTskm<CataMgBIeBlenaH
em:H21.
eKBuM)anbgajPstag[eXIjfa kgkPaB P-36 dGafkM)aMgenHCaemjHjg;[mankar
bHe)arRbqaMgrbs;RbCaCnkm<CaeLIy. GVIEdlEbkenaHKWkgkPaBenHRtv)anbegIteLIgenAmun
karcab;epImeFVIskmPaBrbs;va. enAExmIna-emsa qaM1967 bnab;BIkaregIbbHe)aredayg
rbs;RbCaksikrenAsMLt ext)at;dMbg RbqaMgnwgkarrwbGUsdIFIrbs;BYkeK edayBYkGgkaryuvCn
mYyEdlmankarKaMRTBIfak;elI eTIb b:ul Bt seRmcbegItkgTBbdivtn_mYy ehIyepImRbLkkgkar
tsUedayGavuFRbqaMgnwgrbbsemc sIhnu Etmg. enAfTI17 Exmkra qaM1968 sgamqk;rbs;
ExrRkhm)aneFVI[eKsal;xnkgyuTnakarmYy karBYnsak;vayRbhar karcab;BRgt;mnusS nigkar
smab;TahannigbuKlikraCkarEdleKcab;)an. bkSkumynIsevotNam )anRtveFVI[xVl;city:ag
xaMgkgerOgenH BuMenaHeTkRtveFVI[Gak;Gn;citxHEdr. edaymindwgBIkarmincuHsRmgKarebobCal,ic
klrbs;PaKITaMgBIr semc sIhnu )anecaTRbkan;RkghaNUynigRkgeb:kaMgeTAvij. GkkeTs

sRtvbgbng

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deqImmak; GMBIclnakumynIskm<Ca)ankt;smal;fa kalNabkSkumynIskm<CaTTYlCyCmH

kan;EteRcIn kalenaHpvpt;pg;es,g smareyaFa nigTICRmkTaMgLayrbs;evotNamenAkm<Ca k
kan;EtgayvinasGnrayEdr. eTaHCaevotNamFab;man bKanKMnitb:unb:gbMpajkartsUrbs;bkS
kumynIskm<Cakeday kc,as;Nas;fa PaBtantwg nigkarsgSyKarvagbkSTaMgBIrkan;EtekIneLIg
eTVeTot 22.
kg kartbvijPamcMeBaHkaregIbbHe)arrbs;RbCaksikr semc)anBRgwgkarbgabRbqaMgnwg
BYkeqVgniym edaybegnI karRbmUlpkM arykRBHTyTukdak;eTAelIskmPaBepSgkg CIvPaBneya)ay
rbs;RbeTs. exov sMpn nig hU yn; CaGkesdsasEdlbNH bNalenAsalasre)an (Sorbonne)
naTIRkg):arIs RBmTaMgbBavnkumynIsdTeTotrYmTaMg hU nwm pg EdlrhUtmkdl;eBlenaH)an
sRmbxneTAtamRbBndwknaMrbs;semc sIhnu )aneKcxnrt;cUlRB. m:ageTot bNaKNbkSniym
saM nigbNa]tmesnIy_Edlminyl;Rsbnwgneya)ayRbqaMgGaemrikaMgrbs;semc CaBiesskar
bdiesFminTTYlykCMnYyshrdGaemrikrbs;RBHGg enAqaM1963 )ancat;TukRBHGgCaGkTTYl
xusRtvcMeBaHkartaMgTICRmkrbs;evotkugenAelITwkdIkm<Ca nig\TiBlrbs;bkSkumynIskm<CaEdl
kan;EtrIkFMeLIgpg. enAqaM1968 semc cab;epImsgSyBIkarKaMRTrbs;RbeTscin. RBHGg)an
RtveFVI[rMCYlRBHTyy:agxaMg edaykarehorkMBb;nbdivtn_vb,FmenARbeTscinEdllTplrbs;va
nwgsayPaymkdl;km<CaminxankalebIkashuc[. edayBiniteXIjBYkcinrlas;ecalRbFana
FibtI lIv cavCI CaTIeKarBy:agRCaleRCArbs;RBHGg edaysarmUlehtumenaKmviCaenaH semc
sIhnu k)andNwgsYrkgRBHTy BIeCaKvasnapal;rbs;RBHGgEdr23. m:ageTot semc)an
cab;epImxVayxVl;BIkareRbIR)as;TwkdIkm<Ca edayevotkugEdlmansPaBkan;EtraldalFMeLIg
EfmeTot. karekIneLIgnUvcMnYn kgTBGaemrikaMgy:ageRcInenAevotNam eRkamGaNtiRbFanaFibtI
lIndun Ebn hSnsun [)aneLIgkan;tMENgCaRbFanaFibtIbnab;BIkarlYceFVIXatRbFanaFibtI ekNWDI
enAqaM1963 ehIyRtv)aneRCIstaMgCafIsRmab;GaNtiTIBIreTotBIqaM1964-1968] )annaM[
semc manRBHraCtRmiHsaCafI etICyCmHrbs;kumynIsBitCaTb;min)anEmnb? enAqaM1969
semc sIhnu )anseRmcRBHTyerobcMTMnak;TMngEpkkarTUtCamYyRkgv:asuInetaneLIgvij. kgeBl
CamYyKaenaH RBHGg)aneFVI[BYkGaemrikaMgdwgCasmat;fa RBHGg nwgbiTRBHenRt ebIsinCaBYk
GaemrikaMgTmak;RKab;EbkelICRmknanarbs;evotkug kgtMbn;nanarbs;km<CaEdlminsUvmanmnusS
rs;enA24.

dgvnag nigkNr

71

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deNImykQHBYkenHenAevotNamxagt,g. KanGkNamak;Gacpl;PstagEdlminGacRbEkk)an
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sRtvbgbng

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BYkcinGacrYjrakg karKaMRTRBHGg. semc)anGHGagfa taMgBImankarCYbKaelIkdMbgU enAnievsndan
rbs;enAfTI19 Ex]sPa qaM1975 CU eGnLay )anRBmeRBgCamYyedIm,IbBaak;fa KanbBaa
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bBalsemc[rYbrYmCamYyExrRkhmeT. semc)anmanRBHbnlfa RBHGgCaGkBaMnaMsarrbs;
RbFan em:A enH EdlmanxwmsardUcxageRkam
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fVayRBHGgtamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an 26.
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dgvnag nigkNr

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raErkcitxHcMeBaHsemc sIhnu BIeRBaHBYkcinmineBjcitnwgRBHGgEdlTietonRbFan em:A kgsmy
cineFVIbdivtvb,Fm. Tug )anbEnmR)ab;eTotfa cMENkBYkmitkumynIskm<Carbs;eyIgkmincUl
cit semc sIhnu Edr BIeRBaHRBHGgCaGkkemcbkSrbs;eKenAcenaH qaM1955-1965>>>27.
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b:ul Bt BuM)anpcepImKMnitedIm,IKaMRTsemc[cUlrYmkgclnatsUeLIy. KWeyIgeT evotNam Edl
CaGknwkeXIjeFVkI arpc epm KMnti enH. paM v:an;dgu EdldwknaMKNRbtiPsU mat;my
Y eTARkgeb:kaMgbIf
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ly neya)ayEdlGmdMeNIr dug ehIyEdlFab;beRmICaGnrkarITak;TgCamYyExrRkhmmunqaM
1970 enaHKWmankrNIykicRbwgERbgbBaHbBal b:ul Bt .
semc sIhnu )anGHGagBIkarTTYl)ankicK aMRTmYyy:agkk;ekABI paM v:an;dgu . enAfT2I 3 ExmIna
qaM1970 bnab;BIkarCYbsnnaEtBIrnak;ttYGs;ryeBly:agyUrmk semc)anRbkasesckI
GMBavnavmYysuM[RbCaBlrdcUlrYmeFVIkartsUedayGavuF. kglixitmYysresredaydepJIfVay
semcenAeBlEdlKat;ecjBIRkgeb:kaMgenAfTI24 ExmInaenaH dug )ansEmgkgnamRbCaCnevot
NamnUv menaseBatnamitPaB karesIcsresIrnigkareKarBrab;GandRCaleRCAbMputcMeBaHsemc
cMeBaHneya)ay nigkarRbyuTrbs;RBHGgkgzanCaemdwknaMRbCaCnExrdGg;Gackahan 28.
karTak;TgKadkk;ekA nigRbkbedaymitPaB)anbRgbbRgmsemc sIhnu nigBYkemdwknaMRkghaNUy
kgryeBlR)aMqaMEdr.
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enaHcUleFVIkgTBrab;rynak; edayevotNamCaGkbNHbNalhVwkhVWnk,nyuTsas nigbMBak;
GavuF[ edIm,IbegItkgTBsIhnuniymmYyEdlRbsiTnamfaExrrMedaH. m:ageTot BYkRKbgat;Ca
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kgTBExrEdleTIbcUlfI. edayGagelIGVIEdlsemc sIhnu [eQaHfa Exlrbs;evotNam
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sRtvbgbng

74

tsUExr)anrIkFMFat;BI4000nak; enAExmIna qaM1970 eLIgdl;Cit30>000nak;enAqaM1975.

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)anFUrRsalxH b:uEnRtveBIbRbTHnwgkgkaMePIgFM kgrfeRkaH nigkgTBefIreCIgrbs;evotNam
y:ageRcIn. enAdMNac;qaM1972 ExrRkhmnigkgkPaBrbs;ExrrMedaHCaeRcIn )ancab;epmeFVI
RbtibtikaredaykraCerogxn. enAeBlCamYyKaenaH kgTBerobryrbs;RkghaNUy)anvay
kemckgTB ln; nl; min[seRmceCaKCyrYceRsceTAehIy. TwkdIrbs;km<CamYyPaKFM)anFak;eTA
kgkNab;dBYk]TambHe)ar.
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haNUyEdr. karEklmKYr[kt;smal;nUvTMnak;TMngrbs;BYkeK[kan;EtRbesIreLIgeRkayExmIna
qaM1970 BuM)aneFVI[karsgSyrbs; b:ul Bt rlay)at;eLIy. kgkRmgGnusSavrIy_rbs;
RBHGgEdlmanBIqaM1970-71 semc)anerobrab;BIRBwtikarN_xIEbkKYr[Ck;citdUcteTA
rdmnICaeRcInrUbnrdaPi)alrbs;clnatsUExrEdleTAeFVITsSnkicenARkghaNUy )anBiPakSaKa
CakCnGMBI karlak;Butrbs;yYn edayrMBkpgEdrBIPaBcaM)ac;sRmab;BYkmnIExrnrNsirSrYbrYm
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(Yankee) nigCnk,t; ln; nl; . [y:an; XI eQaHEdlBYkGg;eKsehArebobcMGkcMeBaHniKmCn
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xagt,gehABYkPaKxageCIg ehIyTIbMputehARbCaBlrdGg;k-sak;sug(Anglo-saxons) TUTaMgshrd
GaemrikEtmg-kMNt;rbs;GkbkERb]. b:uEn CBaaMgmanRtecok dUcEdlsemc sIhnu RTg;lixit
edaykareBbRCaymYyfa edaymaneKraykarN_R)ab;]tmesnIy_ v:egVg y:ab BaksmIenH)an
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RbqaMgevotNam TaMgenHrbs;bNamnInrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<CaEdleBalBakeCrRkghaNUy
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nigBIRkmRKsarCaTIeshabMputrbs;xn edIm,IvayRbyuTnigsab;erogral;fenAelITwkdIdBisidrbs;
bgbnExr edayc,aMgttaMgnwgsRtvrYmrbs;eyIg edIm,IeFVIkarsegaHCati nigkarrMedaHRbeTsrbs;

dgvnag nigkNr

75

RBHGgKWkm<Ca .
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Rbtibtki arrbs;eKCamYyExrRkhmEdr. kgkasnkiccrcaKaCamYy eL yn; enARkghaNUy
naExemsa qaM1970 b:ul Bt )anRbqaMgCMTas;nwgkarbegItbBaakarkPaBmYyEdlesIeLIgeday
evotNam. enAqaM1970-71 rNsirSExrEdleTIbnwgkekIt)anRtvExrRkhmykeTAdak;CMnYs
evotNamedIm,IRKb;RKgPUmirMedaHnana. enAqaM1971 TMnak;TMngrvagBYkExrRkhmnigkgTBevotNam
enAkm<Ca)anFak;cuHCabeNIr. enAqaM1978 Exr)anQanrhUtdl;ecaTRbkan;evotNamEfmeTot
fa )anb:unb:gdak;faMbMBulsmab; b:ul Bt enAqaM1970 kgkasnkicRbCuMmYy. ExrminEdlbgaj
[eXIjPstagNamYysIBIerOgenHesaH b:uEnkarecaTRbkan;enH KWCasBaadMbUgnbriyakasmnil
sgSyKa EdlkMBugelIkykmkCasMGagrvagPaKITaMgBIr. eK)anGankgr)aykarN_mYyrbs;Rkm
es>GuI>Ga> cuHkalbriecTExkBaa qaM1970fa BYkkgTBExrRkhm)an)aj;eRsacBIeRkayeTAelI
BYkkumynIsevotNam EdlCab;dRbyuTCamYykgkPaBmYyrbs; ln; nl; enAkgextkMBg;FM29.
sIevotNammak;eQaH egVg FIKU )anr:ayr:ab;Rbvtirbs;nagR)ab;enAqaM1978fa nag)an
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c,as;dUcRbCaCnevotNamrab;Ban;nak;Edlrs;enAkm<CaEdrfa CakarRbesIrRtvEtrt;ePosxnecjBI
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kgcmarekAsU)araMgmYyenACb;extkMBg;cam. bInigbnRbsBIrnak;rbs;nag)ancUleFVITBCamYy
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cmarekAsU ehIyQb;lk;RsUvGgr[BYkenHEfmeTot. nag)anniyayR)ab;fa kgTBrMedaHCati
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sRtvbgbng

76

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RBmcrcaenHnwgnaM[mankarsgswky:agFn;FrBIsMNak;BYkGaemrikaMgminxan EdlerOgenH b:ul Bt
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Tmak;RKab;EbkcMnYn257>465etan mkelIRbeTskm<CaenAcenaHExkum nigExsIha qaM1973 KW
RtvCaBak;kNaleRcInCagRKab;EbkEdlTmak;elIRbeTsCb:unkgsmysgamelakelIkTI2eTAeTot
edaybg[manGkrgeRKaHCaRbCaCnsuIvily:ageRcIn\tKNna. bYnqaMeRkaymk kgsanTUtrebob
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mankarKaMRTCasmat;BI CU eGnLay Edl Rtvkary:agehacnUvGnraKmn_eyaFarbs;eyIgenA

dgvnag nigkNr

77

RbeTskm<CaEdr edIm,IeFVI[eKalbMNgrbs;Kat;maneRbbCag . tam KIsSIghr dEdlfa karTmak;

RKab;Ebkrbs;GaemrikaMgRKan;EtCacMENkmYynkartfdFMmYyb:ueNaH EdlRsbeTAtamenaH
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mYy EdlkgenaHsemc sIhnu nwgsEmgtYnaTIsMxan;CageK31. munkarcuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBg
Rkg):arIs BYkemdwknaMExrRkhmRbEhlmindwgfa CU )anniyaynwg KIsSIghr fa dMeNaHRsaynwg
kan;EtgayRsYlenARbeTskm<CakdUcenAevotNam BIeRBaHeTaHCamanGVIekIteLIgkeday kvac,as;
Nas;fa smasPaBvNKhbtICatienAkm<Ca [nwgmancMENkmYy] kgrdaPi)alehIyfa semc
sIhnu nwgkayCaRbmuxrdedayecosminput 32.
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karvaybukTmHy:agelOnrhsrbs;kgTBExrRkhmkeday k CU eGnLay enAEtCamnusSmak;cg;[
mankarrkdMeNaHRsayedaykarcrcaCanic. evotNamBuM)anseRmceCaKCykgkarnaMExrRkhm
mkkan;tucrcaeLIy. enAExkum qaM1973 evotNam)anesIeyabl;[elak KIsSIghr CYbsemc
sIhnu. R)aMbIqaMeRkaymk enAeBlEdlrdmnIkarbreTsGaemrikaMgrMBkBIerOgenH Kat;)anvinicyfa
karesIeyabl;rbs;evotNamCa sMeNImanlkNKeXIn ebIeRbbeFobeTAnwgkarxVayxVl;xaMg
EmnETnrbs; CU edIm,InaMyksemcmkkan;GMNacvij33. kb:uEnGVI)aneFVI[eKKitfa evotNamman
eKalbMNgelgsnwkebo sIhnu y:agR)akd. eTaHCay:agNakeday kevotNammanlTPaBeFVIGVI
eRcInCag CU enAeBlCECkCamYyBYkExrRkhmEdlmanninakarem:Aniym.
b:uEn GksegtkarN_xHnwkql;Etmak;gfa kgerOgenH CU cg;[mankarvilRtLb;rbs;semc
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naykrdmnI CU eGnLay EdlQWy:agFn; ehIyEfmTaMgRtveBIbRbTHnwgkarRbqaMgCMTas;dac;xat
mYyEdldwknaMeday cag Qij RbBn em:A enAqaM1973 pgenaH ElgGaceFVI[plRbeyaCn_
epSgrbs;semc sIhnu maneRbbelIplRbeyaCn_rbs;ExrRkhmeTotehIy. enAcugqaM1974
enAeBlEdlBYk)araMgcab;epImeRbImeFa)ayepSg xagkarTUtCasmat;edayshkarCamYyRkg
v:asuInetankgeKaledAnaMyksemc[eFVICaemdwknaMrdaPi)alcRmHTUlMTUlaymYyenaH \riyabf
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sRtvbgbng

78

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snnay:agyUrkgnievsndandleqItqayrbs;RBHGgenARkgeb:kaMg semc)anrMBkBIbNaqaMCabn
bnab;eRkayBIkarplrMlMRBHGg. KWenAqaM1971 Edlsemc)anesI CU CaelIkdMbUgbMput [CYy
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karGnuBaatmkeFVITsSnkicmatuPUmi cMeBaH eGog sarI EdlsitenATIRkgeb:kaMgkgcenaHExsIha
qaM1971 nigExemsa qaM1975 CaTIEdlKat;TTYlr:ab;rgTMnak;TMngrvagExrRkhmnigbkSkumynIs
cin ehIyRBmeBlCamYyenaH Kat;kCa GkcaMXVal escEdlEkmineLIgenHEdr. enHCakarbdiesF
dac;xatmYy. semc)ansakl,gpSgsMNagrbs;RBHGgCafImgeTotenATIRkghaNUy. cab;taMg
BIRBHGgseRmcRBHTyKg;enATIRkgeb:kaMg semcEtgEtyageTATIenaHerogral;buNcUlqaMcin-yYn
edIm,ICatwgtagnsamKIPaBrbs;RBHGgcMeBaHRbCaCnevotNam. kgkasnTsSnkiccUlrYmBiFI
buNcUlqaMenAExkum qaM1973 RBHGg)anTTUcsuM[ paM v:an;dug CYyeFVIGnraKmn_CamYyExrRkhm
CaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;RBHGgfa elakmanmeFa)ayekobsgt;mYyeTAelIBYkenaH BYkeKBuMGacbnkar
vayRbyuT)aneT ebIsinCaelakmindwkCBansmarswkEdlRbeTscin)anpl;[tamryRbeTs
elakenaH. sUmelakniyayR)ab;fa sIhnu mankrNIykicvilRtLb;eTAkm<Cavij ebIsinCaBYkeK
cg;[eFVICatMNagRbeTsrbs;eKRbkbedaykitiys nigPaBffrkgsmyRbCunbNaRbeTsmin
cUlbkSsm<nenATIRkgGal;ehSr RbeTsGal;ehSrI . bnab;mk dug )anCYbBiPakSaKay:agyUr
CamYy eGog sarI BIPaBcaM)ac;kgkarGnuBaat[semcyageTAeFVITsSnkicenAtMbn;rMedaH. sarI
enAEtmineTarTn;. TIbMput dug )anniyaynwgBYkcinvijmg ehIyTTYl)aneCaKCyy:agRbesIr. enA
eBlsemcvilRtLb;eTARbeTscinvij eGog sarI )anmkTUlfa )anTTYlkarGnuBaatBI Gk
enAkgRbeTs [yageTAeFVITsSnkicenAkm<CaehIy. erOgenH KWedaysarEtGnraKmn_rbs; paM

dgvnag nigkNr

79

v:an;dug b:ueNaH 35.

ebIsinkarvilRtLb;CaRbvtisasrbs;semc sIhnu eTARbeTskm<CabIqaMeRkayBIkarplrMlM
RBHGgKWCalTplnkarbgitbgMrbs;RkghaNUyEmnenaH dMeNIrenH)aneFVI[RBHGgfwgEfgGMBIkar
ExVgKMnitKaEdlkan;EteRCAeTA edayeFVI[ExrRkhmRbQmmuxnwgevotNamEdltaMgxnCasmmit
rbs;BYkeKy:agBitR)akd. enAExmIna qaM1973 semc)aneLIgynehaHeq<aHeTARkghaNUy
bnab;mk tamynehaHGg;tN
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enAPaKxagt,gbMputrbs;RbeTsevotNamxageCIg. GmdMeNIredaymehsIRBHGg/ egVn eFOg
kGKrdTUtevotNamEdlmanGMNacelIseKenAkm<Ca nig eGog sarI pal; semc sIhnu )anyag
eFVIdMeNIrcuHtampvlMhUCImijedayrfynkum:g;ka (Command Car). ryeBleBjmYyExEdlRBHGg
yagBIkEngmYyeTAkEngmYyenAkgPaKxageCIg nig|sanRbeTs RBHGgRTg;RBHsNab;BBakecaT
Rbkan;evotNamfa manbMNg bMpajrdGMNacExrRkhmtaMgBIminTan;ekItem:H . sun esn )an
benaskgTBevotNamfa )ancUlqk;bn;GkRsukkm<Ca rMelaPRbBnrbs;BYkeK taMgmUldanTBkg
RbeTsedayKankarGnuBaat eRCIserIsRbCaCnExr[eFVICaTBCMnYysRmab;kgTBevotNam nigekg
bnMsmareyaFarbs;cinEdlpl;mk[km<Ca. cMENk exov sMpn )anTUlfVay RBHGgfa evotNam
)anRbgeRbbxnbegItrdaPi)alEkgkaymYyrbs;km<CaenApal;nwgkEng EdltamBitsitenAeRkam
GMNacRbeTsevotNamTaMgRsug.
enAeBlEdlsemc sIhnu rkeXIjGafkM)aMgrbs;EdlehAfa karrYmKMnit rvagBYkevotNam
nigkm<Ca b:ul Bt nigbNamitrbs;Kat;EdledIrtamlMGanrbs;semctaMgBIRBHraCaNacRkmanEt
Rsemal )ankt;smal;fa RbCaRbiyPaBrbs;mhakSRtEdlFak;BItMENgenAsatbrisuTKanRsk
RsuteLIy. fVIebImankgTBraykarBarCuMvijRBHGgkgeBlEdlRBHGgCYbR)aRsyTak;TgdkRm
manCamYyRbCaraskeday kPkIPaB nigkarrMePIbcitEdlGkTaMgenaHbgaj[eXIj KWBitCaminGac
bdiesF)an. semc sIhnu esIrEtminTan;bBab;TsSnkicRsYlbYlpg Rkmb:ulBt)anepImyuTnakar
niyaybgac;sMGuymYyRbqaMgnwgRBHGgPam ehIybegInkicxitxMRbwgERbgkan;EtxaMgeLIgEfmeTot
edIm,Ikmat;\TiBlrbs;evotNam. BYkkmaPi)alExrRkhmEdlFab;cUlrYmeFVIskmPaBneya)ay
kgcMeNammhaCn kgzanCaGknaMBaksIhnuniymtaMgBIyUrmkehIy )ancab;epImElglak;elom
TwkcitBitR)akdrbs;xn ehIyniyaybriharsemckgkarRbCuMCasaFarNepSg. enAqaM1973
sIGkePosxnmak;)anerobrab;fa kalmunExrRkhm manbMNgcg;BeyIgniyaydEdlfa eyIg

sRtvbgbng

80

Rtvkarsemc sIhnu b:uEnbcb,nElgmaneTotehIy. kalmunGkGacniyayGVIBIsemc sIhnu

tamEtcitGkcg; b:uEnenAeBlenH eKEfmTaMghammin[taMgRBHqayalkN_rbs;RBHGgEfmeTot .
nag)anR)ab;[dwgeTotfa KanGkNamak;hansaksYrBIbBaaGVIeLIy BIeRBaHRbkarenHmannyfa
esckIsab; 36. BYkeK)anRbgeRbbrYcCaeRscnUvfEdlbkSTTYlbnkkan;kab;RbeTskgd KW
BuMEmnsemc sIhnu eT. enAedImrdUvekAqaM1973 kmsiTidIFIkCn nigkareRbIR)as;RkdasR)ak;
Rtv)anlubbM)at;ecaledIm,IBRgwgkarRKb;RKgEdndInigesdkicrbs;bkS. shkrN_plitkmCaeRcIn
Rtv)anbegtI eLIg. cMENkBYkGkCMnjY nigGkensaTsBaatievotNamRtveKbeNjecjBIRbeTs.
evotNamEdlseRmccitsitenAkgRbeTsRtv)anRbmUlpM[rs;enAkgshkrN_nanaEdltambnl
GHGagrbs;semc sIhnu fa shkrN_TaMgenaH )anERbkayeTACaCMrMRbmUlpMy:agqab;rhs .
enAcugqaM1973 erOgdMNalepSgsIBIkarRbQmmuxedayGavuFrvagExrrMedaH nigBYkExr
Rkhm)anepImelcBsussay. dUecH vaTMngfa kar)aj;kaMePIgtKa)anekItmanenAextkNalkg
Exvicika qaM1973 bnab;BIkarbdiesFrbs;ExrrMedaHEdlminRbtibtitamkarbgab;bBaadac;xatrbs;
ExrRkhmEdl[bBab;shRbtibtikarTaMgGs;CamYyevotkug nigevotNamxageCIg. elak exn
XVIn mnIbMeBjmuxgarenAsankugsulGaemrikaMgRbcaMTIRkgkgfW )anvayTUrelxeTARkgv:asuInetan
enAfTI24 Exkum qaM1974fa ExrrMedaHEdlKaMRTedayTBevotkug-evotNamxageCIgmYykg
kPaB)ansmab;ExrRkhm42nak; nigbgM[GkeTotrt;dkfyGs;. taMgBIeBlenaHmkExrRkhm
nigExrrMedaH)ancab;epImlYcvayqk;kgTwkdIerogxnrbs;BYkeKeTAvijeTAmk 37.
enAqaM1974 edayeFVI[mansirPaBkgkardak;[GnuvtviFankarEpkesdkicdac;xat smUh
PavUbnIykmEpkksikm nigkarlubbM)at;EpkBaNiCkm-ExrRkhm)ancab;epImeFVIkarkmat;bkBYk
RbqaMgCaelIkdMbUgrbs;xn eTaHCaminEmn bRKan;EtsgSykeday. enAExsIha qaMdEdl enAPaK
xagekItkm<Ca kmaPi)alcMnYncitsibmYynak;EdlbNHbNaledayRkghaNUy )anRtvehAmk
RbCuMeFVI kareronsURt mYy EdlkgkasenaHeK)ansIbenasBYkenaHy:agxaMg eRBaHEteKcxneTA
rs;enARbeTsevotNam. kgcMeNamenaH mandb;nak;Rtv)at;xn. GkdTeTotRtvbBan[eTAeFVI
ERseRkamkartamXaMemIlCab;. RbEhlmanEtmak;Kt;EdlrYcputeRKaHfak;dl;CIvitKW Ehm samin
eday)anseRmccitrt;ePosxneTAdl;RbeTsevotNamvij. enAPUmiPaKnirtIkgcMeNamkmaPi)al
mYyrynak; EdleTIbRtLb;mkBIevotNam KWmankmaPi)alcMnYnekAsibnak;eTAehIy EdlRtvsmab;
enAExkBaa qaM197438. kgcMeNamGkEdlrt;rYcBIesckIsab;manenAEtmak;EdrKW ys; e):a.

dgvnag nigkNr

81

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RbqaMg b:ul Bt vij.
kicRBmeRBgRkg):arIs enAqaM1973 kkMNt;pgEdrnUvkarcab;epImeFVIkarvayRbharrbs;
ExrRkhmRbqaMgnwgkEngskGavuF mnIreBT nigCMrMe)aHTBnanarbs;evotNamenAelITwkdIkm<Ca Edl
Rkm b:ul Bt RbwgERbgbgaj[eXIjPstagedayecaTRbkan;BIkarminyl;nigPaBKanvinyrbs;Gk
RbtibtiCakUnTahansamBaKanzannrski. GkeqIyqgBtmanBIrnak;nTIPak;garBtmanevotNam
)anRtvsmab; edaykarPnRcLM enAeBlEdlBYkeKeTAelgextkMBg;camkgExtula. enAExkum
qaM1975 Rkmsil,mYyTaMgmUlnrNsirSrMedaHCatiEdlmkBI mI f (My Tho) )anRtvsmab;rgal
kgkarBYnsak;mYyeBlkMBugqgkat;TwkdIkm<Ca enAeBlEdlRkmenH eFVIdMeNIreTAkan;tMbn;rMedaH
TaMgLayrbs;exttaynijvij. edayeqIytbeTAnwgkaresI[mankarBnl;bBaaenHBIsMNak;BYk
emdwknaMevotkug km<Ca)anGHGagfa ]bTvehtuKYr[esaksayenH KWCaGMeBIrbs;RkmCnEdleK
minGacRttRta)an. tam Rtan; faj;sn; GnuRbFanTIPak;garBtmanevotNamfa enAqaM1973
y:agehacKanGkTTYlxusRtvNamak;EdlmanzanesIKat;eCOfa karsmab;rgalRbCaCnevotNam
TaMgenHCakarTTYlxusRtvrbs;bkSkumynIskm<CaeLIy. Kat;niyayfa eyIgcat;TukerOgTaMgenH
CakarxUcxatmYyEdlminGacecosputenAeBlmansgam . kb:uEnvaBi)akTTYlRsbEdrfa kariyalyneya)aynbkSkumy
nIse votNamBu)M anTTYlBtm anBitR)akdBIerOgenHeT. b:Eu n RkghaNUy
eFVIhak;dUcCaRBmTTYlnUvkarBnl;rbs;ExrRkhmenH eRBaHmincg;eFVI[manCemaHCamYy b:ul Bt
kgeBlEdlTICRmkTaMgLaykgTwkdIkm<CaenAEtcaM)ac;sRmab;xnenAeLIy. m:ageTot evotNam
eCOfa TIbMput maKadRtwmRtv mYymuxCapuseLIgenAkm<CaRbqaMgnwglTiCatiniymcegtcgl;rbs;
b:ul Bt minxan. ParkicsMxan;rbs;RkghaNUy KWrMedaHPaKxagt,gedayminCMruj[karvivaT
EdlxnkMBugRbQmmuxnwgsm<nmitmancitmineTogeLIgdl;kRmitx<s;mYyeLIy. dUecHebITukCaman
PaBtantwgEdlkan;EtrIkFMeLIgrvagRbeTsTaMgBIrkeday kevotNamenAEtbn eKarBkarRBm
eRBgKa teTAeTotEdr. edayeqIytbeTAnwgsMeNImYyrbs;ExrRkhm evotNam)anseRmcbBan
kgkPaB visVkm nigkgkaMePIgFMCaeRcIneTAkan;km<CaedIm,ICYyRc)ac;-k RkgPMeBj[sab;enATwk
pac;RBRt.
b:ul Bt pal;kRbwgERbgEfTaM lkNmanEtsMbkeRkA [enAdEdlEdr. enAfTI3 Extula
qaM1974 kglixitEfgGMNrKuNmYycMeBaHbkSkumynIsevotNam Kat;)ansgt;bBaak;fa Cy

sRtvbgbng

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CmHTaMgLayEdlkgTBevotNamdeNIm)anKWCasadnsamKIPaB nigkarCYy]btmKaeTAvijeTA
mkrvagbkS nigRbCaCnnRbeTseyIgTaMgBIr . smITaMgGs;enHRtv)anGHGagbnab;BIkarbeNj
CnCatievotNamrab;Ban;nak;ecjBIkm<Ca bnab;BIkarsmab;BYkkmaPi)alEdlbNHbNalenARkg
haNUy nigbnab;BIkarvayRbharmUldanTBnanarbs;evotNam kgTwkdIkm<CarYcmk. kgEpknkar
eqIyqgKatamsMbuRtEdlsresredayeRbIsBaasmat;enH eKGacTajehtuCasMGagCaBisskar
snay:agLarikrbs; b:ul Bt cMeBaH eL DwkfU nUvXafa edaykareKarBy:agesaHsRKnigGs;BI
dYgcit EdlKat;enAEteKarBedayxab;xncMeBaHmaKa samKIPaBdCitsiT nigmitPaBCabgbn nig
bdivtrvagRbeTskm<CanigevotNam Canic39. TaMgsirPaBEpkkmaMgkgpbkSkumynIskm<Ca
TaMgsankarN_CatinigGnrCatienABuMTan;eFVI[mankarRbQmmuxmYyedaypal;CamYyevotNamenA
eLIyeT. eKetagEtrg;caMbIqaMEfmeTot.

83

CMBUkTI3
mnusSmak;eQaH b:ul Bt EdleKminEdlsal;esaH
RBwtikarN_mYyEdlhak;dUcCarnH)aj;kNalfEcs)anmkdl; eGog sarI ]bnaykrdmnI
km<CaRbCaFibety enAfTI13 Extula qaM976. kgdMeNIrRtLb;BIRkgjvy:kmkvij bnab;BIkar
ehaHehIrmYyEdleFVI[Gs;kmaMg eGog sarI EdleTIbmkdl;nievsndanrbs;Kat;enATIRkgEblhad
(Belgrade) esIrEtminTan;RsYlbYlpg Rsab;Etelak Duysan has):arI RbFannaykdanGasuInTIsI
karRksYgkarbreTsyUehasavI EdlCaGkTak;TgsMxan;bMputrbs;Kat;enATIRkgEblhad )anedIrcUl
mkkgbnb;TTYlePJvedaybeBajTwkmuxKYr[xac. has):arI )anR)ab;dMNwgfa k]tm )anTTYl
karENnaM[pl;BtmanR)ab;elakGMBIkarvivtnsankarN_cugeRkayenHenARbeTscin. rdmnIkar
breTscineTIbnwgGHGagBIkarcab;xnelakRsIcag Qij/ hSagCunCIv/ y:avviunyn; nig v:aghugevn BI
bTeFVIskmPaBRbqaMgbkSnigrd . eRkaymk has):arI )anerobrab;fa eBlenaHQam)anRcal
RkhmeBjpmuxEdlRsLaMgkaMgrbs; sarI mYyrMeBc eT vaBuMGaceTACadUecHeT GkTaMgenaHsuTEt
CasmasPaBdl. sarI eBalrGUticedaysMeLgmYyEdleKsab;swgEtminB 1.
taMgBIsrTrdUvqaM1971 CakalbriecTEdlKat;sitenARkgeb:kaMgkgzanCatMNagbkSkumy
nIskm<CaGmbkSkumynIscin sarI )ancgmitPaBCamYyBYkr:aDIkal;CaeRcInnak;. BYkyuvCn nigGk
EdlrIkrayxaMg)ankayeTACamnusSsMxan;enAsmybdivtn_vb,FmdRcbUkRcbl;kgeBlEdl em:A
CMruj[BYkqaMRkhm bM)ak;muxBYkvrCn rbs;bkSkumynIscin nige)assmatKuNvibtiepSgnlTi
esIerIniym. CaBiess y:av vuinyn; EdlCamitdCitsiTbMputrbs; sarI. y:av CaGkTietonxagGkSr
sasnRkgsaghEdleKminsUvsal; )ankayeTACasmaCikkariyalyneya)ay enAqa1M 964.
Kat;manKMnitmincUlcit sb;edaymindwgerOgGVI cMeBaH semc sIhnu dUcemdwknaMExrRkhmEdr eday
BYkenHcat;TuksemcCamnusS RbtikiriyataMgBIeCIgrhUtdl;k,al 2. cMeBaH sarI mitPaBenHman
sarsMxan;EmnETn BIeRBaHedayBit y:av manmuxnaTI dwknaMKNkmaFikarkickarbreTsnKN
mCimbkSkumynIscin. BYkemdwknaMExrRkhmdwgfa TisedAeqVgRClrbs;xnRtv)anFanaGHGag
edaykarKaMRTrbs;cin lwkNa y:av nigbkSBYkEdlmanKMnitdUcKa nwgenAEtsitkgmuxtMENg.
GaRsyehtuenH eTIbeRkayBIenaHbnic sarI etagEtesuIb[dwgBIerOgcab;xnbNamitPkid
CitsiT nigyuTikCnrbs;Kat;EdlekIteLIgBIrfeRkaykarecjdMeNIrrbs;Kat;BIRkgeb:kaMgeTARkg

84

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elx2341 EdldwknaMedayGtItGgrkSrbs; em:A KW v:agdugsuIg )aneFVIkarsRmkcUlrhsdUc
epkbenaredIm,Icab;xnRbBnemm:ayrbs; em:A nig GkCitsiTTaMgbIrbs;Kat;. eQaHrbs;GkTaMgenH
)anRtvdak;bBaledaybRgmEtmYykgsnanuRkmneya)ayrbs;cineRkamkarehAfa bn4nak; .
naykrdmnIsITI hVa KUehVg nigrdmnIkarBarRbeTsesnaRbmux ey CanyIgEdlsuTEtCaeCIgcas;
nbdivtn_ )anerobcMRbtibtikarmYyCamYy v:ag nigRttBinitedayxnKat;pal; y:agehackarcat;
karrbs;Kat;eTAelIkarpac;crnGKisnIsRmab;sanIy_TUrTsSn_Edr.
b:uEnTaMgkgkasnkarQb;sMctbIfenATIRkgeb:kaMg TaMgkgkarCYbBiPakSaenAGgkarsh
RbCaCatiCamYysmPaKIrbs;Kat;KW Cav hnhVa sarI BuMmankarsgSybnicesaHeLIy nUvkarXubXit
k,t;enAeb:kaMg. BIrfmunKat;cakecjBIRkgjvy:keTAkan;TIRkgEblhad Kat;Rtv)anGeBaIjCa
ePJvkitiyscUlrYmBiFICb;elogmYyEdlerobcMeLIgeday Cav b:uEnfVId,itEt Cav manTMnak;TMngd
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eCIg sarI hak;dUcCaRsutcuH.
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cagQIg fa BYkr:aDIkal;ElgmanPBVsMNageTotehIy fVIebIBYkeKCamnusSCitsiTbMputnwg em:A Edl
eBlenaHCitsab;eTAehIykeday. bnab;BImrNPaBrbs;elaknaykrdmnI CU eGnLay enAEx
mkra qaM1976 BYkeK)anRbwgERbgEsVgrkkarKaMRTBI em:A edIm,Ikmat;kareLIgsgtMENgrbs;
mnusSEdl CU KaMBarKWGkRbtibtiniym etg savBIg. b:uEn R)akdNas; elakRbFan em:A mincg;[
cagQij nigRkmrbs;nageLIgmkCMnYseLIy. KWehtuenHehIy)anCaKat;eRCIserIsmnIbkSmak;
eQaH hVa KUehVg EdleKsal;c,as;BIsmanciteqVgniymrbs;Kat;[eFVICanaykrdmnIsITICaCagyk
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kayeTACaRbFanbkS. ExrRkhm nig b:ul Bt CaBiess eGog sarI )antamBinitemIldMeNIr
mantKahUrEhnRBwtikarN_TaMgLayenARbeTscinTaMgcitRBy)armedayxacERkgBYkenHmanTMenar
eTArkBYksaMniym. munnwgcakecjBIPMeBjeTAkan;Rkgjvy:kenAfTI30 ExkBaa sarI )anCYyRBag
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mnusSmak;eQaH b:ul Bt EdleKminEdlsal;esaH

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seRmc)aneCaKCykgkarkemc esnaFikarRbqaMgsgmniym nigRbqaMgbdivtrbs; lIv cavCI nig
etg savBIg . tamkarGHGagrebobminc,as;fa bkSkumynIskm<CanwgsVaKmn_ hVa edayeBjcit
kgkrNIEdlKat;edIrtambnat;neya)ayrbs;RkmbdivteqVgniym.
kb:uEnvac,as;Nas;fa rdRbharenARkgeb:kaMgEdleFVI)anseRmcedayKanbgrQam)an
bNal[mankarKitsanTukCamunnUvkarbrTismYyeTArksaMniymvij ehIyRbEhlCamankarvil
RtLb;mkvijrbs; etg pgEdr EdlFab;rgeRKaHBIkare)assmatcMnYnBIrdgrYcmkehIy. \riyabf
cEmkxusBIFmtarbs; sarI kgGMLgCaeRcIns)ah_bnbnab;mkeTot )anbgaj[eXIjR)akdNas;
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rbs; rUm:anI nigcin)an[dwgfa eRkayBIkarQb;sMcty:agxIenARbeTsrUm:anI nigyUehasavI emdwknaM
ExrRkhm)ancakecjBITIRkgbuykaer:s rdFanIRbeTsrUm:anI enAfTI16 Extula qaM1976.
tmkeTot Rsab;Et)at;muxElgeXIj Tal;Et25feRkaymkeTot eTIbelcmuxKat;CafIenARkg
PMeBj. tamFmta Kat;RtvCiHynehaHmYyeRKgrbs;Rkmhun Tarom rbs;rUm:anI eq<aHmkRkgeb:kaMg
sinCakEngEdlKat;Rtvrg;caMeCIgynehaHrbs;cin Edlr:ab;rgkarehaHehIrmkRkgPMeBj2eCIgkg
mYyEx. RKb;karQb;scM tenARbeTscin sarI EtgEtRtv)anTTYlenAGakasyandanedayGnurdmnI
karbreTsmak;tamTmab;dUcsBVdgCanic. RbsinebIkarqgkat;manryeBlelIsBImYyf mansma
Cikkariyalyneya)aymak;CaGkerobcMBiFICb;elogCakitiysCUnKat;. karsEmgnUvPaBrak;
Tak;TaMgenH suTEtRtv)anRbkaspSayCasaFarN edayTIPak;garBtmancinfI. EtfaelIkenH TaMg
sarBtmancin TaMgsarBtmankm<Ca BuMmanelIkykmkniyayBITIkEngEdl sarI sitenAeLIytaMgBI
karecjdMeNIrrbs;Kat;BITIRkgbuykaer:s mk. enATIbMputviTRkgPMeBj)anRbkaspSayenA
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bBaak;EdleFVIeLIgCapvkarkgkarEtgtaMgrdmnIkarBarRbeTs sun esn [eFVICardmnIkarbreTssI
TIrhUtdl;fTI8 Exvicika enaH sbBaak;[eXIjfa sarI BuM)ancUlkan;tMENgrbs;Kat;vijeTmunkal
briecTenH4.
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FIriT cMeBaHsMNYrrbs; mansPaBhak;dUcCanagKandwgGVIbnicesaH. nagniyayfa elakeXIj
ehIyfa BYkeyIgmak;rs;enAedayELkBIKa . BtmanTaMgGs;EdleyIgmanbBaak;[eXIjfa sarI
)ansak;enARbeTsciny:agehacNas;kbIs)ah_Edr. karenAesmsat;rbs;sarBtmancin Gac
RtwmEtbkRsayfa enHCakarsak;GaRsytaMgBIedImmkrbs;Kat;. eBjryeBlenaH emdwknaMExr
RkhmrUbenHTMngCapitpg;vaytmsankarN_ bnab;BImankarPan;ERbEpkneya)ayEdleTIbnwgeFVI[
regaHregIRbeTscin nigcaMTTYlBIBYkemdwknaMfIrbs;cinnUvkarFanaGHGagfa mrNPaBrbs; em:A nigkar
e)assmatBYkr:aDIkal; nwgmineFVI[karKaMRTrbs;Rkgeb:kaMgcMeBaHkm<CaecaTCabBaaeLIgvijeLIy.
karRBy)armrbs; sarI EdlsMGagelIehtuplmenaKmviCaKWBitCaRtwmRtvtamehtupl.
kgGMLgryeBl-RbEhldb;qaM-Edlkt;smal;edaybdivtn_vb,Fm kartsUedayGavuFenAkm<Ca
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dKUEpkmenaKmviCarbs; sarI EdreT?. BYkemdwknaMExrRkhmRtvEtbgaj[eXIjedayqab;rhs
fa cMeBaHerOgenH plRbeyaCn_Cati)anTTYlrgplGaRkk;bnicbncBIEpkmenaKmviCa ehIyfa
bMNgRbqaMgrbs;cincMeBaHectnaepSgrbs;evotNamnigkarerobcMTb;Tl;nwgBYksUevotmanTmn;
mYyy:agsem,ImCagxdak;lkxNepSgrbs;emdwknaMcinfImkelIkm<Carbs; b:ul Bt eTAeTot. mun
mYyqaM mitPaBcin-km<CanwgRtvbBaak;GHGagCafI ehIyenATIbMput b:ul Bt EdlecjBIPaBGnamik
nwgerobcMCMhandMbUgelIqakGnrCatirbs;Kat;enATIRkgeb:kaMg.

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emdwknaMkm<CaBuMrYjranwgelIksresIry:agkk;ekAcMeBaHRbFanbkScin Edl)anseRmceCaKCy
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cEmkedayehtufa munenHmindl;mYyExpg sarlixitdMbUgmYyrbs;RkgPMeBj )anGHGagnUvkarKaMRT
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km<CaCamYy bn4nak; rYcehIy b:ul Bt yl;eXIjy:agc,as;cMeBaHdMNwgcugeRkayepSg Edl
manRbPBmkBIRbeTscinfa RbkbedayeRKaHfak;xaMgNas; enAeBlEdleFVIkarpSBVpSaykgRbeTs
eTaHCaKYrdl;kalkeday. KanbBaaRBman[dwgBIKMnitminsmehtuplTaMgLaycMeBaHGkenAkgbkS
Edlvaytmfa b:lu Bt nig eGog sarI eFVGI IV RClhYskg RbBnn eya)aymUlvivdny
i m (Radicalisme)
eLIy. sarlixitEdlepJICUn hVa KUehVg BuMRtv)anpSBVpSaytamviT PMeBjEdlCaRbPBpl;Btman
EtmYyKt;sRmab;RbCaCnkm<CaEdlrs;enAray):aytamCMrMRbmUlpMeFVIkargarnananigenAdac;qayKa
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PMeBj)anpSayenAfTI2 ExF qaM1976 [Gksab;rbs;xndwgBIkarEtgtaMg hVa kgmuxtMENg
nigkarcab;xn bn4nak; . dMNwgRtv)anpSay edayKaneFVIkarbBaak;GMBIGtsBaaNnbNa
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cinEdr kgeBlEdlmankarruHerIfak;dwknaMrbs;cindKYr[cg;dwgenH. KNRbtiPUkm<Ca)anTTYlBImas;
pHnUvkarGHGagfa Rkgeb:kaMgnwgenAEtCamitdTukcitmak;rbs;rdaPi)al nigRbCaCnkm<CaRbCaFib
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rbs;bkSkumynIskm<Ca )aneFVI[ b:ul Bt RBy)army:agCak;c,as;. GMNwHteTAenARKb;kaleTs
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nigBRgIkEfmeTot ehIyfa kartsUvN)anbgbegItCa kgRcvak;mYy EdlnaMeTArklTplcug
eRkay kgkarksagRbeTspgEdr. enAfTI10 ExF qaM1976 kgkasCb;elogmYyCakitiys
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EfmeTotnUvkarRBy)armmYyCagkareCOCak;BitR)akdmYy.

karraErkrbs;cin
tamkarBit etIKNdwknaMcinyl;eXIjBIExrRkhmy:agdUcemcxH?. ebIvinicyerOgenH tam
ryesckIEfgkarN_epSgrbs;KNRbtiPUcinEdlmkeFVITsSnkicCapvkarenARkgPMeBj kgExF
KWkarKaMRTrbs;cinmanlkNeBjeljelIkElgEtkaresIcsresIredayeFVImindwgy:agKYrsmnUv
karniyaybBaitbeBagrbs;km<CacMeBaHkarbnCacaM)ac;nUvkartsUvNenARbeTscin. m:ageTot
KNRbtiPUcinkBuM)anGHGagnUvkarKaMRTrbs;xncMeBaH kartsUrbs;km<Ca edIm,IkarBarkraC nig
bUrNPaBTwkdIrbs;xn Edr ebIniyaytamrebobminsUveGonxasKWcinminKaMRT kartsUrbs;km<Ca
RbqaMgnwgevotNam eLIy. karraErkcitenH EdlCMruj[mankarCECkxusRtvmYyxagmenaKmviCa
nigpl;nUvkarKaMRTmYy eTaHCalYclak;keday kmYycMENkRbEhlGac[eKkat;yl;faenHCakar
TUnanmYykuM[eRCtERCkneya)aypkgrbs;cinEdr. eTaHCay:agNakeday enAeBlRtLb;mkBI
RbeTskm<Cavij rdmnIRksYgTMnak;TMngesdkicCamYybreTsrbs;cineQaH hVagyI )anniyay
R)ab;kGKrdTUtrUm:anIRbcaMRkgeb:kaMgnUvkarminGbGrrbs;Kat;Casmat;fa BYkeKExrRkhm)an
RbRBwtRClhYsehtukgkarEsVgrkkar]btmxnedayxngkraCmas;kar . enACMnan;CamYyKa
enaH edayniyayeTAkan;bNaGkkarTUtbsimRbeTs kGKrdTUtcinRbcaMhaNUyBuM)anlak;elom
nUvkarPJak;epIlrbs;Kat;cMeBaHkarRbwgERbgy:agxaMgrbs;ExrRkhmBImun edIm,IEsVgrkrebobrbb
esdkicmYy Edlcg;rs;enAedayePaKplrbs;xngeLIy. Kat;)anR)ab;kGKrdTUtGWr:ubmak;[
dwgfa km<Ca)anRcanecalCMnYyes,gGahar -tmesInwg20landularGaemrik- Edlpl;[eday
RbeTscinenAqaM1976EfmeTot6.
karTietoneRkApvkarTaMgenHrbs;BYkemdwknaMcin naniTaXrdUvqaM1977 EdlEfgedIm,IbeRmI
eKalbMNgGgTUtnigsarBtmanenaH )anqHbBaaMg[eXIjy:agc,as;nUvkarERbRbldRCaleRCAEdl
ekItmanedaycdnenARbeTscin taMgBImankarbeNjBYkr:aDIkal;ecjBItMENgmk. enAqaM1974
kg eBlEdlrasIrbs;BkY eqVgniymRClhYsehturbs;cni sti enAkMBlU enAeLIyenaH manksarpkg
mYyrbs;bkS)anvaytmBYkkumynIskm<Cafa CaGkKaMRTKMnit em:A esTug drwgmaMbMputenAbreTs.

mnusSmak;eQaH b:ul Bt EdleKminEdlsal;esaH

89

b:uEncab;taMgBIqaM1975 karsmab;rgalnigGMeBIsahaveXareXAEdlRbRBwtedayExrRkhm)an
kayeTACaerOgEdleKdwgBRKb;KaTUTaMgsklelak edaysarcemIyCasakSIrbs;GkePosxn
km<Ca. enAbsimRbeTs tamkarvaytmepSgEdlecjBIRbPBrdaPi)al )anGHGagBItYelxGk
sab;enACMnan;enaHfa mancMnYnCagmYylannak;taMgBIkareLIgkan;GMNacrbs;ExrRkhm. RbEhlenA
cugqaM1976 vamankarlM)akbnicsRmab;BYkemdwknaMcinkgkarbgajmuxmat;ExrRkhmCaGkKaMBar
EpkmenaKmviCarbs;xn[ecjmuxenAbreTsNas; kgeBlEdlsarBtmanrbs;cin)anbriharCa
erogral;f nUvkarrMelaPbMBaneRcInrab;minGs; EdlRbRBwteday bnbYnnak; kgkardwknaMbgab
y:agsahavrbs;xnRbqaMgnwgRbCaCncinenaH. enAedImqaM1977 niBnnaykkaEstkumynIscin
mYyenAhugkug)anniyayR)ab;fa eyIgBuMGacTietonExrRkhmCacMh)aneT BIeRBaHenH BuMEmn
Caneya)ayrbs;cinEdlRtveRCtERCkkickarpkgrbs;bNaRbeTsdT. b:uEneyIgmankarcab;
GarmN_fa BYkeK)anRbRBwtRClhYsehtubnic kgrebobGnuvtsmPaBniymnigneya)aykraC
mas;kar . KUsnnarbs;)anTmak;kMhus CaBiess cMeBaHkarseRmccitrbs;ExrRkhmEdllub
bM)at;R)ak;kas CMnYjtUctac nigkmsiTikCn. Kat;min[tmEfmeTotcMeBaHkarbdiesFrbs;Exr
Rkhm EdlminTTYlsal;GtiPaBnbkSkumynIskm<Ca nigminedIrtamKMrUedImnmaKa m:akSelnIn kg
kareFVIbdivtsgmniymtamdMNak;kalnImYy. \sSrCnpvkarmak;eTotrbs;cin )ansarPaBR)ab;
CakCnBIkareTIsTal;rbs;cin EdlRtvbgM[xneFVIKeFVIfg;cMeBaHkarGgVrkrrbs;BYkGaNikCncin
Edlrt;eKcxnBIRbeTskm<Ca edayesIsuM[CYyeFVIGnraKmn_edIm,IbBab;karsmab;rgalTaMgenaH
pg. Kat;)anbkRsayfa b:uEnRbeTscinBuMGaceRCtERCkkickarpkgrbs;km<Ca)aneLIy. eTaH
Cay:agNakeday dMeNIrhUrEhnRBwtikarN_epSgkgkarKaMRTrbs;cincMeBaHExrRkhmTMngCabgaj
[eXIjfa neya)ayCak;Esgniym (La real-politik) manehtuplrbs;vaEdlminTTYlsal;TaMgkar
minyl;RsbxagpvcitTaMgkarminRtvKaxagmenaKmviCa.

enAeBlEdl b:ul Bt erobcMRbvtisasCafIeLIgvij

tamPaBdUcKadcEmkmYy enAeRkayfnmrNPaBrbs; em:A nigkarcab;xn bn4nak; kartsU
RbqaMgnwgBYkr:aDIkal;)anekIneLIgy:agxaMgkgpbkSkumynIscin ninakarlemgmkkm<Ca KWxusEbk
BImuny:agCak;c,as;. enAcugExsIha qaM1976 KNelxamCimbkSkumynIskm<CaEdlRbmUlp
enACuMvij b:ul Bt )anCYbRbCuMKaGs;ryeBlbIf. enAkgkmviFIRbCuMKWsmUhPavUbnIykmxag

sRtvbgbng

90

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dRbesIr. TsSnavdIsmat;bMputrbs;bkSeQaH Tg;bdivt )anbkRsayedayKamlak;elomenA
Exmifuna qaM1976fa eyIgcg;ksaglTisgmniym[)anqab;rhsbMput eyIgcg;eFVI[RbeTs
rbs;eyIgpas;brsPaBRTg;RTay nigcg;[RbCaCneyIgkarBar)annUvPaBrugerOgrbs;xneday
qab;rhsbMput. Cabzm RbkarTaMgenHKWsRmab;raraMgsRtvmin[bMpicbMpajeyIg)an 7. pveq<aH
eTArk PaBfMefIgrugerOg KWRkaleTAedayQamnigTwkEPkrbs;RbCaCnRbsRsIrab;ryBan;nak; Edl
RtvbgM[eFVIERsdUcstVFatuCamYynwgmbGahardGtxat; nigesckIsab;cMeBaHGkNaEdlhan
tjEtr. rbbenHmanlkNtwgruwg edayELkcMeBaH RbCaCnfI CaGtItGkTIRkgEdlRtvvinicyfa
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karhtkmmYyEdllM)akenOyht;y:agxaMg. cMENkGkTn;exSayEdleFVIkar)anplTabCagkar
kMNt;KWBYkeKElgmanplRbeyaCn_NamYysRmab;km<CabdivteTotehIy dUcRbeyaKRbCaRbiy
mYyelIkeLIgfa TukkmincMeNjdkecjkminxat . sRmab;GkTaMgLayEdlBYkeK[rs; b[sab;
KWBYkkmaPi)alExrRkhmeRbIEtRbeyaKenHb:ueNaHEdleFVI[mak;RBWqwgxg.
m:ageTot tamkarKn;KUrrbs; b:ul Bt fa kalNabdivtn_kan;Etdac;xat Kat;kan;Etman
sPaBgayRsYlkgkarkmat;bkSBYkRbqaMgnwgmaKadwknaMrbs;Kat;kgpbkSEdr. ksarpkgmYy
)anbBaak;dUecHfa BYkemeraKEdlrukranbkSCasmat;nwgRtvpj;pal;[bgajxneLIg tamrykar
latRtdagBIlkNBitrbs;bdivtsgmniym 8. ebIGkNaRbqaMgCMTas; bRKan;EtsaksYrBIbBaa
enHnwgRtveKecaTRbkan;faCaBYkcRkBti bPak;garrbs;evotNamEdlcg;bMpaj neya)aymha
elatepaHrbs;km<Ca. RbEhlenABak;kNalrdUvekAqaM1976 karb:unb:geFVIXatCaeRcInelIkeTA
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ecalCYrmak;EdlePosxneTAkan;RbeTsf ehIyEdl)anniyayGafkM)aMgR)ab;BYkmnIpvkarrbs;
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TTYlbraCy BIeRBaHGgrkSmak;kgcMeNamGgrkSCaeRcInrbs;Kat;)anPkSedayminRbytnUvmb

mnusSmak;eQaH b:ul Bt EdleKminEdlsal;esaH

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TsSnIyPaBn TukevTna EdleKdak;mkelIRbCaCnkm<CaenHg9. vakGacfa GkrYmKMnitk,t;
suTEtCaGkCMTas;nwgneya)ayRbqaMgevotNamrbs; b:ul Bt pgEdr b:uEnBuMmanPstagNamYy
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EtesaH.
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smaCikbkSKWmanTak;Tgedaypal;nwgbBaanTMnak;TMngrvagbkSkumynIskm<Ca nigevotNam y:ag
R)akd. kalbriecTEdleKTTYlsal;CaTUeTA nUvfbegItbkSkumynIskm<CarhUtmkdl;eBl
enHKWfTI30 ExkBaa qaM1951 CaRbkarGacbegItExSryTak;Tgedaypal;rbs;bkSkumynIs
km<CaCamYybkSkumynIs\NcinEdlbegIteLIgenAqaM1930eday hU CImij. kgGMLgeBj
firevlankarRbyuTRbqaMgnwgBYk)araMg qaM1946-1954 evotNam Lav nigExr )anrYm
shkarKay:agCitsiT ehIykgTIbMputCnCatikm<CaCaeRcInkvaytmBIkicshRbtibtikarenHEdr.
yuTikCnkumynIseCIgcas;mak;rbs;km<CaeQaH Ekv mas manmuxkgcMeNamemdwknaMCaeRcIn
EdlykcitTukdak;sgt;bBaak;EfmeTotBIedImkMeNItbkSEdlecjBIevotNam tamrykarR)arB
buNxYbkMeNItelIkTI25rbs;xny:agmehaLarik. m:ageTot tamKat;yl;neya)aypkgrbs;
evotNamKWmanlMnaMRsbKanwglTim:ak;suIs Rbkan;tamRTwsI (Marxisme Orthodoxe) CagmaKaeqVgRCl
rbs;km<Ca. mas RbEhlCadwgxnfa Kat;RtvEtRbjab;cUleFVIskmPaBCabnan;. edayBit enA
ExsIha bnab;BIlixitsEmgmrNTukrbs; b:ul Bt cMeBaHsBRbFan em:A EdlRbkasBIkarsitenA
kgvaTlTiem:AniymenaH Kat;)an[dMNwgmunBIKeRmagkarfICaeRcIn. edvId eqnd_lr RbvtiviTUEdl
sresrBIRbvtiRbeTskm<Ca)ansnidanfa PaBFUrRsalCamYyevotNamEdleKGacemIleXIj
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sRtvbgbng

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kgryeBlenaHemdwknaMExrRkhmbcb,nBuMEdlsEmgtYnaTIsMxan;NamYyeLIy. TsSnavdITg;bdivt
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briecTnfkMeNItbkSenH. GtbTmYyEdlRbEhlCasresredayrUb b:ul Bt pal;)anbBaak;
bMPWBIerOgenHfa eyIgRtvEtEksRmlRbvtisasbkS edIm,I[smRsbeTAnwgneya)aykraC
nigGFibetyrbs;eyIg 11.
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bnab;BIkareFVITaruNkmGs;ryeBlmYyExnig kareqIysarPaB Cabnbnab;minecHcb; GkTaMgBIr)an
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eLIy. Kat;)ankt;smal;fa mnusSxHkgpbkSpal;)ancat;TukkarCemsRbCaCnBITIRkgnana kar
lubbM)at;RkdasR)ak;nigkmsiTikCnfaCa neya)ayeqVgRCl munnwgGHGagbEnmfa eyIgman
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mnusSmak;eQaH b:ul Bt EdleKminEdlsal;esaH

93

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smUhPaBnigk,t;karbdivtn_ 14.
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Bt Qb;sRmakCabeNaHGasnmYy edaymUlehtusuxPaB bnab;BIKat;manCMgWtaMgBIb:unanExmk
ehIy . nYn Ca )anRtvEtgtaMgCanaykrdmnIsITI. GksegtkarN_CaeRcIn )ansnidanBIerOgenH
fa b:ul Bt )anTTYlrgeRKaHBIkare)assmatmYy. tamkarBit karQb;sRmakedaymUlehtuCMgW
RKan;EtCaelsmYyb:ueNaH ehIyeKaledArbs;emdwknaMExrRkhmKW eFVI[Kat;manesrIPaBeBjTIkg
karBa)al dMe)ArlYy rbs;bkSEdlCasmasPaBbkSBYk RbqaMg. kb:uEn exn XVIn eCOfa b:ul Bt
GacRtvbgMcit enAEtkgbnb; bnab;BImankarb:unb:geFVIXatmYyEdlekIteLIgkalBIedImrdUvekA
qaM1976.
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CRmksmat;mYy nigmankickarBary:agmaMTaMbMputBIkarvayRbharCayfaehtufIeTot. BITIlak;xn
eTA Kat;GacdwknaMeFVIkarkmat;ecalTaMgGs;nUvBYkemKMnitnkarrYmKMnitk,t;sMedAsmab;Kat;eTotpg.
cemIyCasakSIrbs;GkePosxn nigGkenArs;ranmanCIvitBIkare)assmatTaMgLayEdlrt;eTAdl;
RbeTsfy:ageRcIneBjryeBlnqaM1977enaH )anbgaj[eXIjBIkarsmab;rgalnUv BYk
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Bt rYmTaMg BYkRbtikiriya TaMgGs;EdlRKan;Etsntpg. enACMnan;enaHEdr RkmesuIbkarN_smat;
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dwknaMeFVIkarkmat; GkEdlKat;cat;TukCasRtv enAPaKBayBRbeTsedaypal;xnEtmg15.
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kare)assmatepSgkMBugRbRBwteTAy:ageBjTMhwgeTAehIyenaH kkm<CaxMRbwgEfrkSaPaBmanEt
sMbkeRkAmYy kgTMnak;TMngrbs;xnCamYyRbeTsevotNamEdr. kgeBlEdlrbb b:ul Bt xMRbwg
e)assmat CYrkmaPi)alxnpal;nigdak;[GnuvtnUvkmviFIeqVgRClrbs;xn rbbenHcUlcitmineFVI[
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sRtvbgbng

94

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rbs;saFarNrdsgmniymevotNameLIy. enAfTI21 ExkBaa qaM1976 KWCafebIksem<aFkar
Tak;TgKatampvGakasrvagTIRkghUCImijnigPMeBj Edlr:ab;rgedayRkmhunEGrevotNam (Air
Vietnam). BiFIsem<aFmYy)anR)arBeFVIkgkasenaH enAcMNtGakasyandaneBaFicintug. munenH
mYyf evotNamRbEhlCaBuMdwgfa mitExrmak;kgcMeNammitExrdkRmrbs;xnKW Ekv mas )anRtv
ExrRkhmcab;dak;KukenATYlEsgpgeT.
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elomnUvkarkt;smal;dCUrct;CaeRcIncMeBaHRbeTsevotNam edayminbeBajeQaHeLIy EdlGac
raMgramin[RbeTsenHesIsuMcUlCasmaCikGgkarGnrCati)an. eKdwgfa karcUlCasmaCikGgkar
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snisuxGgkarshRbCaCatiR)aMRbeTsKW Gaemrik )araMg Gg;eKs rusSI nigcin EdlGnuBaat[
smaCiknImYyCMTas;RKb;bBaaTaMgGs;. kgcMeNamsmaCikTaMgR)aM ebImansmaCikNamYyCMTas;
KWbBaamYyenaHRtveKcat;TukCaemaX-kMNt;rbs;GkbkERb]. fTI28 Extula qaM1976 eday
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edayviTPMeBjfa mansPaBrak;Tak;nigsiTsal 16.
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7nak; eTAcUlrYmmhasn)i atbkSelIkTI4rbs;bkSkumy
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edayGgkarbdivtkm<Ca rhUtdl;karecjmuxCabkSkumynIskm<CaEtmg ehIykarepJIlixitenH KW
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bMptu EdlRkgPeM BjepJCI nU bkSkumy
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mnusSmak;eQaH b:ul Bt EdleKminEdlsal;esaH

95

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mtiENnaMrbs;KN870
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mindwgCaerOgGVIBitR)akdeLIy. rdmnITI1 paM v:an;dug Edl)anCYbsnnaCakCnCamYyePJvCatif
mak;enAcugqaM1976 )anCRmab[dwgnUvkarRBy)army:agxaMgcMeBaHeCaKvasna EdleRtmbRmg
sRmab; bNamitPkikm<Ca xHrbs;Kat;. GtItGkkarTUtkm<CamYycMnYntUc EdlCasmaCikrdaPi)al
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GkTaMgenaHesaH18.
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niyayNas;. b:uEnvaR)akdNas;fa evotNamBitCaRtvpl;Btman[dwgBICemaHepSg EdleFVI[
bkSkumynIskm<CaEbk)ak;Ka. enAedImExmIna qaM1977 GkkarTUtevotNammak;RbcaMenARkg
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Kat;ehAfa BYksiT em:A-b:ul Bt cMtY100PaKry nigGkRbkan; maKaRtwmRtv . maKaRtwmRtvEpk
elIkarTamTar[manmitPaBCamYyevotNam. Kat;emIleXIjfa enATIbBab;maKaRtwmRtvnwgelc
ecjRbkbedayCyCmH BIkarvivaTenaH. KWRkmRbkan;maKaRtwmRtvenHehIyEdl dug Kitdl;enA
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kgrbs;km<CaenaHehIy )anCaevotNamxMRbwgy:agGs;BIcitBIefIm edIm,IeFVI[RsbnwgcMNg;cMNUl
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v:an;L keFVIdMeNIrmkkan;rdFanIExredIm,IeFVITsSnkicBIrfEdr EtBuMmankarRbkaspSayCasaFarN
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sRtvbgbng

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kalBIbnu: a nExcugeRkayfI enH19. kg krNICaeRcIn Rbtibtki arenHEbrCamanlTpl edaykarKitKUr
rksuIxagpvCMnYjy:agKYr[Gam:as;eTAvij. GaRsyehtuenH enAedImqaM1977 BYkGaCJaFrtam
bNaextrbs;evotNam )anGnuBaat[ExrRkhmeFVIkaredaHdUrGkePosxnEssibR)aMbYnnak;BICMrM
m:ukv:a edaybrnwgstVeKaCaeRcInk,al elImUldaneKamYyk,aldUrmnusSmak;20.
km<Ca)anRcanecalKMnitsIBIsnisITkMBUlTaMgGs;. sMeNIenHelceLIghak;dUcCakarsEmg
bEnmmYynectnarbs;evotNam EdlenAEtcg;dak;\Ncin[sitenAeRkamGaNaBa)alrbs;xn.
enAExkum qaM1976 RkgPMeBj)anbeBajRbtikmedayRbytRbEygenAeBlEdlRkghaNUy
elIkykmkniyayBI TMnak;TMngBiess EdlkMBugcgPab;RbeTsevotNam nigLav. enAExF qaM
1976 karRbytRbEygenH)anERbkayeTACakarRBy)armvijenAeBlEdlvabgajfa eKaledA
yUrGEgVgrbs;evotNamKWbegIt[mancMNgTak;TgdCitsiTnigCaGciny_CamYyRbeTskm<Ca.
esckIseRmccitcugeRkayrbs;bkSkumynIsevotNam)ansgt;bBaak;fa RbeTsevotNamR)afa
karBarnigBRgIkTMnak;TMngBiessrbs;xnCamYyRbCaCnLav nigkm<CaCabgbn BRgwgyuTsamKIPaB
kareCOTukciteTAvijeTAmk shRbtibtikaryUrGEgVgnigkarCYy]btmKaeTAvijeTAmkelIRKb;
visy>>> edIm,InwgeFVI[RbCaCnTaMgbIEdlkalBIedImFab;rYbrYmKakgkartsUrMedaHCati manlTPaBcab;BI
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nigPaBfMefIgrugerOgrbs;RbeTsnImYyEfmeTot 21.
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mankarkemckmaPi)albdivtn_CaeRcInrynak; ehIyCaBiess)anBRgwgkarRttRtarbs; b:ul Bt
elIk,alm:asuIndwknaMbkSEfmeTot. RbEhlenAcugExmIna qaM1977 cab;epImelceLIgnUvrbob
bkRsayrbs;km<CaGMBI karseRmccitpac;RBRt edIm,IttaMgnwgkarKMramkMEhgrbs;evotNam.
tamRbEhl b:ul Bt )anseRmcbBab;bBaaenHCamYynwgkarRbDiteLIgnUvTMnak;TMngCaGkCitxagl
CamYyevotNam. mYyEpkKWdl;eBlevlaEdlRtvcat;karedIm,Ikmat;GaNikCnevotNamenAkm<Ca
TaMgRsug ehIymYyEpkeTotKWeFVIkarvaylukRbqaMgnwgRbeTsevotNamEtmg.
rs; saerOn ynkarImak;EdlenArs;ranCIvitBIbNaqaMdexAggwtnrbb b:ul Bt enAnwkeXIj
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mnusSmak;eQaH b:ul Bt EdleKminEdlsal;esaH

97

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saerOn )aneXIjenAelItueFVIkarnUvlixitmYymancuHkalbriecTfTI1 Exemsa qaM1977 Edlman
sresrcarfa mtiENnaMrbs;KN870 . enACMnan;enaH saerOn Kandwgfa elx 870 Caelx
smat;rbs;KNmCimbkSdmanGMNacbMputKWGgkardGafkM)aMgenaHeT. b:uEn esckIkgsMbuRtenaH
manlkNKYr[Pyrnt;bMput CnCatievotNamTaMgGs;kgtMbn;RBmTaMgCnCatiExr Edlniyay
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enAEtQresrI Etrwgxn kg TIenaH. CakUnkMRBa Kat;Rtv)anciBamw bI)ac;edaymas;yandanCatievotNam
mak;enARkgPMeBj. m:ageTot Kat;ecHniyayPasaevotNamnig)anerobkarCamYysIevotNam
mak;pg. sMNagl kgshkrN_EdlGkTaMgBIrrs;enAKanGkNamak;)andwgBIsavtarrbs;Kat;
eLIy. saerOn CYsCulLanhSIb (Jeep) rbs;KNRsuk rYckRbjab;Rbjal;RtLb;mkpHvij
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bIrbs;sIenaH)anRtvExrRkhmbBan[eTAkab;eQIenAkgRB. CaeRcInfeRkaymk eBlKat;RtLb;
mkvijeXIjpHenATeTsat. GkCitxagEdlRtveFVI[)ak;s,at)anbiTmat;enAesm ehIyxMeKcBI
Kat;EfmeTot. edayEsVgrkRbBnenATICitxagCuMvijPUmi Kat;)anrkeXIjGMeBIsahavRBpSenH KW
Kat;eXIjdmagelcecjBIprmYyEdleKeTIbnwgkaylubfI. Kat;sal;PinPaKdenH edayKan
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Tb;Tl;nwgkarb:HTgicedayGavuFCamYyevotNam kgkPaBTBCaeRcInrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa )anRtv[
Qb;bMeBjParkicbgbegInpl edIm,IerobcMxneTAsmrPUmivij. kgraRtIfTI30 Exemsa qaM1977
ExrRkhm)ancab;epImvayqk;Cabnbnab;eTAelIPUmi nigXuMnanarbs;extGany:agkgEdndIsNTen
emKgeday)aj;smab;GkPUmi nigdutpHsEm,gGs;y:ageRcIn. karvayRbhareTAelIXuMTijebon
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GkniBneFVIdeNIreTAkan;Tijebon EdlBIeBlenHeTA)anERbkayCaTIRkgexaceTAehIy CakEng
EdlGacsab;nUverOgniTanepSgrbs;GkEdlrYcputBIeRKaHPynraRtIfTI30 Exemsa Edl
bNal[manvinaskmy:agexacpSaenaH. tamkarBit km<Ca)ancab;epImeFVIkarvayqk;dMbUgrbs;
xntaMgBIExmkra qaM1977em:H. b:uEnkarvayqk;rbs;ExrRkhmenAfTI30 Exemsa dvinashin
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sRtvbgbng

98

TIBIrn karrMedaHevotNamxagt,g 30 emsa 1975 nigmYyfmun fbuNTI1 ]sPa EdlCa

TivaGnrCatinsamKIPaBrvagBlkrTUTaMgBiPBelak.

haNUysgwmelIeCaKCyrbs; etg
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RbQmmuxdak;Ka RbsinCamankartTl;KaEmnETn. mrNPaBrbs; em:A CasrCYgmrNsRmab;BYk
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mYykngeTAedayxVHPaBesaHsRKkgTMnak;TMngEdlmansPaBtantwgbMput rvagRbeTsTaMgBIr
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edIm,IcuHhtelxakgesovePAcUlrYmsmanTuk.
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y:agxaMgrbs;xn)aneLIy enAeBlEdlBYkeK)andwgBIkarcab;xn bn4nak; . GkdwknaMevotNam
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23.
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)araMgsiTsUevot suTEtCamnusSEdleKmincg;eXIjmuxenARbeTscin. GcwgehIy)anCaevotNam
manesckIsgwmfa bnab;BIkarkmat; bn4nak; RbeTscinc,as;CarkeXIjmaKaRtwmRtveLIgvij
ehIyRbkan;\riyabfmYyEdlminsUvcegtcgl; RsLaj;CatixngRClhYsehtu nigeTarTn;eTA
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mnusSmak;eQaH b:ul Bt EdleKminEdlsal;esaH

99

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sRtvbgbng

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karpas;brTisedAedayRbvtisas

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sRtvbgbng

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karpas;brTisedAedayRbvtisas

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karpas;brTisedAedayRbvtisas

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karpas;brTisedAedayRbvtisas

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132

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karpas;brTisedAedayRbvtisas

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karpas;brTisedAedayRbvtisas

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sRtvbgbng

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karpas;brTisedAedayRbvtisas

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karpas;brTisedAedayRbvtisas

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karpas;brTisedAedayRbvtisas

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karpas;brTisedAedayRbvtisas

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sRtvbgbng

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karpas;brTisedAedayRbvtisas

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sRtvbgbng

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karpas;brTisedAedayRbvtisas

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BitR)akdKWBuMEmnmunkalbriecTenHeT. b:uEnCakCn bNaemdwknaMcin CaBiess v:ag Kn;muI Priya
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mYy35.
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sRtvbgbng

148

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eBlenaHdwknaMeday hU CImij] minEdle)aHbg;KMnitenHesaHeLIy. karerobcM[manshBnmYy
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BYkeK)anbBanTBy:ageRcIneTAkan;PaKxageRkamRbeTsLavnigRbeTskm<Ca. enATIbBab;nsgam
BYkeKminRtwmEtmindkkgTBrbs;xneTAvijeT pyeTAvijBYkeKEfmTaMg)anbBanTBfIcUleTAkg
tMbn;nana CaBiessenARbeTsLavPaKxagelIEfmeTot .
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Nam dUcEdlraCvgS han Fab;GHGagBIerOgenHeLIy. b:uEneRkaymkmanktaCaeRcIn EdleFVI[eK
Kitfa edayenAEtbnCYyRbeTsenHy:agsksmkgeBlsgam Rkgeb:kaMgnwkRBy)armeRsceTA
ehIyBItYnaTIrbs;RbeTsevotNamEdlnwgeTACaGknaMmuxeKenA\Ncin. cab;taMgBIBak;kNal
TsvtSr_60 RbeTscin)ansabnapvyuTsasmYyEdlPab;BIextyunNanmkPaKxageCIgRbeTs
Lav. TahanCagrbs;cinRbEhl20>000nak; )anmke)aHTItaMgenARbeTsLav eRkamkarKaMBarBI
kgkaMePIgFMRbqaMgynehaHCaeRcInedIm. tYnaTIrbs;BYkenHminkMNt;RtwmEtkarBarCYrmuxrbs;cin
b:ueNaHeT EtkRtveFVI[mantulPaBxagkmaMgCamYyvtmanrbs;evotNamEdr kgkarRbemIlemIl
GnaKtnkarvayRbharCayfaehtumYyBIsMNak;BYkGaemrikaMg. bnab;BI)anCYbBiPakSaCamYy CU
eGnLay enAqaM1974 sIBIbMNgedIrtamKngenHrYcmk hg;rI KIsSIghr )anseRmcedayesckI
eBjcity:agc,as;mYyfa vtmanrbs;BYkcinenARbeTsLavGac[eKkarBarsanPaBmYy BIcMehog
evotNamEdlGaceFIVCa]bsKcMeBaHkarRttRtaCayfaehtunsm<nmit EdlRKan;Etsnt [rbs;eK]
kg\NcinTaMgmUl 36.
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smasPaBxHrbs;):aeftLavecjBIPaBenAeRkamGMNacrbs;evotNamenaH )aneFVI[mankar
Ebk)ak;Kay:agxaMg y:agehac CnCatiLavsiTcinmak;)anRtveKlYcsmab; 37. emdwknaMbkS
kumynIskm<Ca b:ul Bt )aneFVIdMeNIreTARbeTscinenAcugqaM1965 ehIy)anTTYlkarKaMRTBI em:A
cMeBaHneya)aykraCmincMNuHRkghaNUyrbs;Kat;eTotpg. b:uEnrdRbharenARkgPMeBjkg
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karpas;brTisedAedayRbvtisas

149

kayeTACalkNcaM)ac;mYy.
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snisITkMBUlrbs;RbCaCn\NcinmYy)anebIkeFVIenAkg;tug naExemsa qaM1970 EdleBlenaH
smasPaBcUlrYmeRkABI semc sIhnu KWman paM v:an;dug RBHGgmas; sUpanuvgS n):aeftLav nig
egVghuyfU nrNsirSCatirMedaHevotNamxagt,gpgEdr. snisIT)anecjesckIEfgkarN_mYy
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epSgeTot. esckIEfgkarN_)anEcglkxNc,as;fa epImecjBIeKalkarN_Edlfa karrMedaH nig
karkarBarRbeTsnImYyCaParkicrbs;RbCaCnxn PaKITaMgGs;EdlRbQmmuxdak;KaRtvRbkan;Bak
snaeFVInUvGVIRKb;Ebby:agEdlCasiTiGMNacrbs;xnedIm,Ipl;nUvkarKaMRTKaeTAvijeTAmk Rsbtam
bMNgrbs;PaKIEdlBak;Bn nigQrelImUldannkareKarBKaeTAvijeTAmk . cMNucmYyeTot)an
sgt;bBaak;fa shRbtibtikareTAfmuxedIm,IksagRbeTsnImYyeLIgvij RtvEt GnuelameTAtam
kareRCIserIsrbs;RbeTsnImYyenaH . ebITukCamaneRbIBakeBcn_ RbgRbytTaMgenHEdlCaKMnit
pcepImrbs;BYkcinnigExrRkhmkeday kKMnitnkarelIk[eTACaFmnuBaPaBnUvshRbtibtikarrvag
RbCaCn\NcinKWmin)anseRmclTpleLIy. kgkasnkicsmasn_mYyenAExemsa qaM1979
semc sIhnu )anmanbnlR)ab;fa dKUrbs;KWBYkExrRkhmrYmnwgBYkcinpg )anTietony:agxaMgnUv
karpl;eyabl;rbs;EdlsuM[mankarebIkRbCuMsnisITkMBUlrbs;RbCaCn\NcinelIkTI2enARkg
haNUy enAqaM1971. karRbCuMenaHnwgRtvbBaleTAkgRkbxNnkarBieRKaHeyabl;Kaeday
eTogTat;sMedArwtcMNg samKIPaBrvagsm<nmitnana. karsak;esIrrbs;cin )anbgaj[eXIjedIm
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eLIgenaHg.
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mnI)araMg EBr m:geds RhVg; fa RBHGgdUcCamincg;e)aHbg;\Ncin[sitenAeRkamkarRttRtaBI
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sRtvbgbng

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RbeTsTaMgenaHCabEgk 38.
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karpas;brTisedAedayRbvtisas

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sRtvbgbng

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karpas;brTisedAedayRbvtisas

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sRtvbgbng

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CMenarxl;BITisxaglic

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CMenarxl;BITisxaglic

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210

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sRtvbgbng

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EdlEbk)ak;bkSBYkrbs;PUmiPaKbUBapg. kEnglak;Tukes,gGaharCaeRcInRtv)anerobcMenAkg
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ht;ct;nUvcemIysarPaBdeRcInsnwksnab;rbs;GkeTasCatiExrenATYlEsgCaeQaHsaladl,IenA
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PaBsb;sat;munxl;BH

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sRtvbgbng

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fbnab;BIkarmkdl;Rkgeb:kaMgrbs; ehon nigR)aMfmunkarmkdl;RkghaNUyrbs; ey: BIesv
esnanuBneyaFaRbcaMsanTUtcinenARkgPMeBj)ancuHhtelxakgnamGKesnaFikarnRksYgkarBar
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RBmeRBgCabzmkgkarpl;CMnYyeyaFa\tsMNg EdlcuHhtelxaedayPaKITaMgBIrkalBIExkum
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PaBsb;sat;munxl;BH

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kareFVIvisSmkalCaFmta. b:uEn qaMenHKWElgdUcmuneTotehIy. enAPaKxagt,g )anekItmanRBwtikarN_FMCaeRcIn EdlBuMmankarTak;TgNamYynwgkareFVIeTscrN_eT. enAdMNac;Exmkra qaM1978
bNasmaCikkariyalyneya)aynbkSkumynIsevotNam)anmkCYbKay:agsat;kM)aMgCafIenA
RkghUCImijsRmab;karCYbRbCuMCahUrEhmYy edIm,IGnumtKeRmagkarepSg. karkat;pac;cMNgTak;
TgkarTUtedayExrRkhm)aneFVI[evotNamTas;city:agxaMg. CemaHEdlevotNamykcitTukdak;
rkSaTukCakarsmat;enaH enAeBlenH)anelceLIgenAelI TMBrTImYy nkaEstnanakgBiPBelakTaMg
mUl. GaRkk;CagenHeTAeTot evotNamRtv)anecaTRbkan;CafInigRtvsgSyfa manbMNg elb
Rt)ak; RbeTsCitxagxnEdlTn;exSayCag. vIrbursnkarRbyuTtsURbqaMgnwgcRkBtiBImSil enA
eBlenH)anRtLb;mkedIrtYCacRkBtitUcmYyvij.
kariyalyneya)ayrbs;bkSkumynIsevotNam)anRbwgERbgerobcMtulkarnkarcUl
lukluy kalBIExF qaM1977. ExrRkhmFab;RtvevotNamEktRmg;pvkuM[edIrxusEdr b:uEn BYkeK
BMuEdlbgaj[eXIjfa manbMNgEkERbeLIy. braCyEpkeyaFarbs;ExrRkhmBMubg[man
rdRbharEdlsgwmedayevotNam TaMgkBMueFVI[rdGMNacrbs;eKvinasGnrayEdr. manEtCnCati
Exr60>000nak;b:ueNaH Edl)anseRmccakecjBIRbeTstamBIeRkaykgTBevotNam. taMgBI
qaM1975 manRbCaCnkm<Ca evotNam nigcin srubTaMgGs; 300>000nak; )anrt;eKcecjBI
rbb b:ul Bt eTArs;enAmageTotnRBMEdnRbeTs. RkghaNUyKanEdlniyaymYym:at; b:uEn
eBlenHCaeBlEdlRtvbgajR)ab;BiPBelak[dwgBIkarcakecalRsukTaMghVgTaMghVayenHehIy.
vabgCaPstagCak;EsgnesckIsb;ex<Im EdlbMpuseLIgedayRbeTskm<Carbs; b:ul Bt. Rkg
haNUykTTUcsMuGnraKmn_BI]tmsgkarGgkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnkCnePosxnpgEdr.
enAExmIna qaM1978 GkniBnmankas)aneTATsSnaenACMrMebnsaj; CakEngEdlBBak;
BBUneTAedayGkePosxnExr EdlmkeTIrenARtwmexttaynijrbs;evotNamenH. CMrM enHKanGVI
eRkAEtCadIvalsthYtEhg nigRkaledayFUlIdFMlVwgelVIy nigCaTIEdlRbmUlpMeTAedaykUnxmeFVIBI
bsSInigRbk;cMebIg[Et)anb:ueNaH. GacsnnaKaedayesrICamYyGkePosxnTaMgenaH Edltam
karBit CatYmnusSmanlkNBiessCagmun. karcab;GarmN_y:agc,as;las;bMputrbs; KWfakar
TTYl[sak;GaRsyrbs;evotNam KWmanehtuplmYyepSgeToteRkABIehtuplsb,rsFm. )an
CYbsYryuvnarIsasacarmak;EdlevotNamcat;[TTYlbnkniyaylatRtdagR)ab;GksarBtmanBI

PaBsb;sat;munxl;BH

245

PaBsahaveXareXArbs;ExrRkhmfa etIGkRtLb;eTAkm<CavijeT? . nag)aneqIyCaPasa

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vaCasanPaBlM)aky:agCak;Esg sRmab;GkTTYlxusRtvevotNamenATIenaH enAeBlEdlnageqIy
fa R)akdNas;edaykgTBevotNam . vaTMngfaKUsnnarbs;)anTTYlkarbgab;bBaadac;xatmin[
elIkniyayBIGtiPaBnclnatsUmYyEdlkMBugEteRCIserIsmnusS[eFVITBenAevotNamenaHeLIy.
GkePosxneTot)anniyayR)ab;CakCnfa kgCMrMtaynijEtmYyKt; manmnusSRbsRsI
RbEhl2Ban;nak;Rtv)aneRCIserIs[cUleFVITBedIm,IvayRbyuTRbqaMgnwgrbbb:ulBt. dUecH
kgeBlEdl]tmsgkarTTYlbnkCnePosxncab;epImr:ab;rgnUvkarpt;pg;es,gGahardl;GkenArs;
kgCMrMenH evotNamkTTYlbnkpt;pg;ExrEdlbRmgsRmab;karRbyuTeTAtamEbbbTrbs;xnEdr.
etImankarrIklUtlas;dUcemcxHtaMgBI em:A esTug nigRTwsIsgamRbCaCnrbs;Kat;EdlsMGagelI
karKaMRTrbs;RbCaCn nigkardak;xn[sitenAkgcMeNamGkTaMgenaH dUcRtIenAkgTwk .
kgkasnsmyRbCMurbs;kariyalyneya)ayenAExmkra eL DwkfU Ca eCIgcas;xagbBaa
km<Ca )anepImeFVIkarBiPakSasIBIkRmitnkarRbQmmuxKaenAeBlxagmuxqab;enH. egVn kUfac;
rdmnIkarbreTsevotNam)anbBaak;GHGagR)ab;GkniBnfa karCYbBiPakSadtwgEtgEdl eL
yn; )aneFVIenARkgeb:kaMgkalBIExvicika qaM1977enaH )anjaMg[Kat;eCOfa BYkemdwknaMcinBMurYjra
nwg eRbIR)as;b:ulBtRbqaMgnwgeyIg eLIy. m:ageTot eRkayBITsSnkicrbs;smaCikkariyaly
neya)aybkSkumynIscinmak;enAkm<CaEtBIrs)ah_b:ueNaH karkat;pac;TMnak;TMngkarTUtenH )anbgM
[evotNameRKagKitBIkareFVIGnraKmn_kgTMhMy:agFMmYyenAkm<Ca. tammtirbs; fac; dEdlfa va
kan;Etc,as;ehIyfa RbeTscin)anerobcMeFVIsgam ehIyeyIgRtvEtelIkykkareRCIserIsrbs;
eyIgmkBicarNaCafIEdr . niyaym:ageTotfa eyIgRtvEtbegInkarRbgeRbberobcMEpkeyaFa
nigsakl,geFV[I mankarxitcUlCitKaEpkkarTUtCamYyshrdGaemrik nigbNaRbeTsminEmnkumy
nIs
enAGasuIGaeKy_eTot. eBlevlaEdlRtvpMkarekobsgt;EpkeyaFanigkarGMBavnavCacMh[mankar
egIbbHe)armYyRbqaMgnwg b:ul Bt )anmkdl;ehIy. dUecH mYyEpk KWRtvbegItkgTBrbs;clna
tsUExrmYy ehIymYyEpkeTot KWsakl,geFVIkarpcepImKMnitxagvisykarTUteLIgvij.
enAfTI5 Exkum qaM1978 viTRkghaNUy)anpSBVpSayCasaFarNnUvEpnkardMbUgmYy
sIBIkarEsVgrkdMeNaHRsaybBaakm<CamanbIcMNuc kardkkgTBEdlRbQmmuxKacMnYn5KILEm:Rt
BIRBMEdnerogxn karcuHhtelxaelIsnisBaaminQanBanKamYy nigkarRttBinitRBMEdnCaGnrCati.

sRtvbgbng

246

GkTTYlxusRtvrbs;evotNammak; )anTTYlsal;cMeBaHmuxGkniBnfa eyIgdwgfa ExrRkhmnwg

minyl;RBmtamsMeNITaMgenHeLIy b:uEny:agehacNas;PaBTTYlxusRtvkgkarbdiesFenHnwgFak;
eTAelIBYkeK . erOgr:avenH)anebIkkas[mankareXasnaRClhYsehtumYytamRbBnpSBVpSay
Btman. bNaRbeTskgbksUevot)anyl;RsbtamEpnkarrbs;evotNamEdlBYkeKvinicyfa
smehtusmpl . dUckarTayTukCamun RkgPMeBj)anRcanecalEpnkarenHrebobeBbRCay
edaykt;smal;fa enHRKan;EtCameFa)ayKMrammYybUkpSMnwgkarb:unb:gbMPnsaFarNmtiGnrCati
b:ueNaH.
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)aneFVIdMeNIrmkkan;RbeTsLavtamynehaHBiesspal;rbs;Kat; edIm,IeFVI TsSnkicCamitPaB
mYy. enAevogsPaKxageCIgRbeTs Kat;)anCYbCamYyrdmnIkarBarRbeTsevotNam v: egVgy:ab
Casmat;edIm,IBiPakSaKaBIbBaasankarN_enAkm<Ca. tamGkmat;rGilxHfa kar[eyabl;rbs;
):aLvsI cMeBaHevotNamKW erobcMBlRbharRkgR)aKCafI *. ]tmesnIy_ ):aLvsI yl;eXIj
c,as;Nas;fa BYkcinKanlTPaBmkCYysm<nmitExrrbs;xneT. dUecH vaGac[evotNamebIk
rfeRkaHrbs;xn rhUtmkdl;PeM Bj nigTmak; b:lu Bt BItEM Ng)andUcTmak; GaLicsg;dr Dubsic
enAqa1M 968Edr. b:Eu n y:ab minRBmsab;karENnaMenHeLIy. Kat;)aneqIytbvijfa CnCati
evotNamnwgedaHRsaybBaaenH tamrebob rbs;xn.

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enABak;kNalExkum qaM1978 kariyalyneya)ayevotNam)anrYmRbCMuKaCafIenACay
RkghUCImij. smyRbCMu)anRbRBwteTAkgGtItsalabNHbNalb:Ulisrbs; FIv bcb,neKehA
sala FUDwk EdlsitenAqayBITIRbCMuCn. BYkemdwknaMevotNam)ansikSaKeRmagkarmYycb;cug
cb;edImkgkarbegItbkSkumynIskm<CafImYy nigkarerobcMcat;taMgclnatsUmYy. kgcenaHeBl
enaH eL yn; nig eL DwkfU )anCYbeFVIkarBiPakSaKaCabnbnab; dMbUgCamYykmaPi)albkSkumynIs
km<Ca EdlnireTsxneTAevotNamxageCIgtaMgBIqaM1954 bnab;mkCamYyGkEdlrYcrs;CIvitxH BI
kare)assMGatrbs; b:ul Bt47.
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eRKagTuk[eTAtaMgenARkghaNUyenaH KWmantictYcNas;EdldMGk;enAevotNamxageCIg. PaKeRcIn

PaBsb;sat;munxl;BH

247

)anRtLb;mkRbeTskm<Cavij edIm,IcUlrYmkgkartsURbqaMgGaemrikaMg. manEtmYycMnYntUcb:ueNaH

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cUlxnkgKNdwknaMbkSfI)anRtwmbgCaRkmy:agtUcmYyEdlxVl;xVayCabzm KWeFVIy:agNa[Etxn
)anrs;sinb:ueNaH. kgcMeNamenaHman Eb:n suvN Gayu40qaMFab;sitenAevotNamtaMgBIqaM
1954 nigRtv)anbNHbNalkgsalabkSnigsalaeyaFaCaeRcInkEng ehIyCaembBaakarmak;
kgkgTBrbs;evotNam. can;suI nig xag sarin nigeyaFaCaeRcInnak;eTot EdlmanzannrskiesI
Ka. taMg sarwm RbFanbuKlikenAGNgEr:Fgfhugg:. Ekv cina GkniyayBtmanCaPasaExrtam
viThaNUy. Ca suT GkniBnenATIPak;garBtmanevotNam. kgcMeNamGkrt;eKcxnfIkKYrerob
rab;bBalkmaPi)alneya)ayxHdUcCa Ehm samin/ ys; e):a/ hun Esn nig bU fg pgEdr.
RtvbeBajPamBIkEngeFVIkardetaky:aknigCMrMCnePosxn CaTIEdlBYkeKFujfb;kgkarrg;caM
mnusSTaMgenH)anRtveKnaMeTAbgajxnenAcMeBaHmuxBYkemdwknaMevotNamsMxan; EdlrhUtmkTl;nwg
eBlenH BYkeKFab;sal;EttamryrUbftb:ueNaH. tamkarERbRbledaycdnmYy BYkeKRtv)an
ehA[cUlxnmkTTYleFVICaemdwknaMfImYyrbs;km<Ca EdlsitkgPaBminc,as;las;nRbvtisasenA
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karepSgeLIgvij sRmab;CnkumynIsTaMgGs;nRbeTsTaMgBIr. mak;RtvykcitTukdak;BRgIk
rcnasm<nxageyaFa nigneya)aysRmab;GnaKtclnatsUmYy[kan;EtrIkFMFat;eLIg.
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enACMrMebnsaj; BMudwgBItYnaTIEdlKat;RtvsEmgkgyuTsasrbs;evotNamPam)aneT. enAf
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nuH+ elak Duk KWKat;enHehIy EdlCaGkebIkkarRbCMueronsURt .
GavsWmIBNsdxI exakaKIeCIgEvg nigEs,keCIgsERgkekAsU enHgKWCaksNanrbs;

sRtvbgbng

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eT. eTaHbICarhsSnamrbs;Kat; nigrebobeskBak;manEbbEpnCaevotNamkeday kKat;KWCaExr
BUClmak;Edr. dUcsmaCikbkSRbCaCnbdivtn_km<Carab;Ban;nak;epSgeTot Duk )ansitenARkg
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clnatsURbqaMg ln; nl; b:uEnbIqaMeRkaymk Kat;RtvRtLb;eTARbeTsevotNamvij TaMgRbjab;
Rbjal;edIm,IeKcBIkarbgabrbs;ExrRkhm. Kat;)anrs;enAbIqaMbnab;eRkaymkeTot kgPUmimYy
enAEdndIsNTenemKgkg zanCakmkrksikmma k;. bnab;BeI naH Kat;)ancUlxn CafI tamkarGMBavnav
rbs;bdivtn_. GMNwHteTA Kat;)anRtvcat;[TTYlbnkeRCIserIsnigbgat;beRgnGnaKtkmaPi)al
rbs;clnatsUkgpnshKmn_CnePosxnExrenATIenaH. bIqaMeRkaymkeTot GkniBn)aneFVI
dMeNIreTAkan;RkgPMeBjehIy)anesuIbdwgfa elak Duk nigelak ys; e):a emdwknaMrNsirSsegaH
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ebn saj; BMuEmnCakrNImYydac;edayELkBIeKeT. enAPaKxagt,gevotNam taMgBImankar
kat;pac;cMNgkarTUtmk CMrMEdlmanRbePTdUcKaCaeRcIn)anrIkduHdalesIrEtRKb;kEng fVIebIsitkg
lkNsmat;bpM tu keday. BYkemdwknaMRkghaNUy)ancab;epmI pll; kNsm,tei dayELksRmab;
GkTaMgenaH KWkarbegItkgTBRBmYy. vahak;dUcCaeFVI[sb,ayEdlkt;smal;fa edIm,IeFVI[seRmc
nUv karrMedaH RbeTskm<CaCaelIkTIBIr BYkeKEbrCaeRbIGVITaMgGs;EdlbNaKUsRtvkalBIeBlfI
rbs;eK-shrdGaemriknigrbbrbs; FIv-e)aHbg;ecaleTAvij. Ca]TahrN_ kgtMbn;CayRkghUCI
mij GtItmCmNlbNHbNalb:Ulisrbs;rbb FIv eQaH FU Dwk EdlBTCMuvijedayrbglYsbna
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enAeLIy. GtItmUldanGaemrikaMgenA sn; Lk nig Lg y:av Ek,rTIRkghUCImij RBmTaMgvalcMNt
]TmaKcRkeyaFaenA vI faj; kgEdndIsNTenemKg Rtv)aneKbBaleTAkgkareRtmbRmgepSg
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EdlCakgTBExrEbkecjBIbkBYk Rtv)anRbsiTinamCapvkarkgkasnBiFIbuNmYy Edlhammin
[GkeRkAcUl49. enAcugqaMenaH kgBltUcCaeRcInepSgeTot -EdlkmaMgBitR)akdesInwgmYykgvr
esnatUc- suTEteRtmlkNrYcCaeRsckgkarcUlrYmvaylukrbs;evotNamenARbeTskm<Ca.

PaBsb;sat;munxl;BH

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RbeTs)anebIksRmab;GkkaEstbreTs. kgGMLgBIrqaMkngeTA KWtaMgBIkarcakecjrbs;BITIRkg
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BIminsakl,genaHeT. )anRtvevotNamGeBaIjCafI TukNaCadMeNIrcugeRkayrbs;mantaMgBIbI
Exmunkeday. )aneTAdl;TIRkghaNUyenAfTI4 ExmIna qaM1978. GkTTYlxusRtvevotNam
)aneFVI[dwgy:agrhsfa dMeNIrrbs;nwgminmaneKaledAGVIepSgeRkABI[raykarN_BIbBaarbs;
km<C aenaHeT. BumM ankarCYbGkTTYlxusRtvnKNkmkarEpnkar nigeTATsSnashkrN_my
Y enAEdndI
sNTenRkhmdUcEdlmanbMNgeT. paM v:an;KYg CaGkmanebskkmnaMpvGkkaEstEdleFVIdMeNIr
mkevotNamryeBlxI )anniyayR)ab;fa elaketagEtyl;[)anc,as;BIedImehtunkarTas;
ETgKarbs;eyIg CamYyRbeTskm<Ca .
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karbreTs v: dugy:ag xngpal;. enAfTI5 ExmIna shPatr GkmanviCaCIvdUcKa GWr:ubBIrrUbr:ULg; EBr):aruaMgh nkaEstLWm:ug nig kaEr:l v:an; v:ulhVWern nkaEst NRC Handelsblad nigrUbpal;
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)aneFVI[nwkeXIjGnusSavrIy_dCak;lak;mYy dMeNIrkmSanrbs;naevlaRBwkfesAr_enAexmedvIs
kgmUldanGakastan;sWnjwknaTIRkgRBnKr kalBIqaM1974-75. )ancUlrYmminEdlxankg
snisITkaEstCaeRcInelIk EdlerobcMedayvresnIy_kkgsemkbMBak;BNbtgmak; enAkg
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sRtvbgbng

250

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PaBsb;sat;munxl;BH

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PaBsb;sat;munxl;BH

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PaBsb;sat;munxl;BH

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262

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karGuCGal[rwtEtmanerOgFM

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sRtvbgbng

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karGuCGal[rwtEtmanerOgFM

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sRtvbgbng

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GVITaMgGs;BuMmanpas;breT taMgBIkarcakecjrbs;GkkarTUtevotNamxagt,gkalBIExmIna qaM
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RBmeRBgKamYy eTaHbICaKat;dwgfaenHBuMEmnCaTMenomTmab;karTUtkeday . GUesnbWk )anRtvjaMg
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manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNameTdwg? BIeRBaHenATIbMput Kat;KansgSyesaHeLIyfa enA
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rbs;eK kdUcrMelaPBYkfEdrebIkashuc[. sRmab;eyIg b:ul Bt KWCaEqqtmYyk,al CamnusS
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v:an;s_ nig hUlRbk GMBIerOgenH eRBaHfakgenaH emIleXIjmeFa)aybgarTukCamunnUvplGviCman
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CECkBiPakSaenHeT mincaMGVIeTKWmanEtb:uNwg. b:uEn BuMmanehtuplNamYyeFVI[sgSynUvGVIEdl
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mYysIBIkarCYbKarvag hUlRbk nig fac; Edr. r)aykarN_enaH manGmeTAedaykMNt;xImYy rbs;
v:an;s_ pg EdlENnaMedayTTUckgkareFVI[nUvTMnak;TMngEpk karTUtCamYyRbeTsevotNamman
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RbeTscinnigRbeTsevotNamdMNalKa 34.
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kgyuTsasRbqaMgsUevotrYmrbs;xn bBaaepSgkgtMbn;)anedIrtYnaTIbnab;bnSMmYyb:ueNaH. kar
sb;QanIsEdlmanrab;stvtSmkehIyrvagevotNamnigcin RbEhlCakgVl;cugeRkayrbs;Kat;.
Kat;vaytmxusBIkarPyxacEdlRbeTscinjaMg[bNaRbeTsCitxagrbs;xnykKMniteFVItamnig
bdiesFfa evotNamRBWxacNas;cMeBaHkarrulmkmuxmYyrbs;cinsMedAmkTisxagt,g KanGVIGac
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xacrbs;RbeTscinEdleXIjRbeTsevotNamERbkayeTACamUldanmYyrbs;sUevot. Kat;kt;
smal;fa v:an;s_ nig hUlRbk )aneFVIyuTnakarCaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYy
RbeTsevotNam Edltamyl;enHCakarPan;RcLMmYysuTsaF EdleFVI[maneRKaHfak;dl;karxit
cUlCitKaCamYyRbeTscin CaBiessxagEpkyuTs as . Rbh SInsI cg;R)aRsykargarnwg hUlRbk
Edr. RtveFVI[eCO Cak;fa hUlRbk [kgkasnkarCYbKaenAExkBaa qaM1978 naTIRkgj:vy:k]
KaneKalbMNgGVIeRkAEtBIjaMg[evotName)aHbg;ecalsMeNIsuMCMnYyEpkesdkicrbs;eKb:ueNaH

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edIm,IsRmldl;kareFVI[manRbRktIPaB ehIyriHKn;meFa)ayTaMgGs;rbs;Kat;y:agxaMg 35.

RbhSInsI nwgBiPakSaCamYyRbFanaFibtIBIPaBb:HTgicEdlecosminput kgkarseRmccitmYy
EbbenaH ehIy xaFr Edlyl;Rsbtameyabl;rbs;Kat;)anelIkkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYy
evotNameTAeBleRkayvij. karbkRsayrbs;Kat;BIRBwtikarN_epSgmanmktaMgBIqaM1981.
enAkalbriecTenH RbeTsevotNamesIrEtRtvefaleTasCasaFarNBIbBaamnusSFmeTAehIy.
karkan;kab;RbeTskm<CaKWCaGMeBIEdl)aneFVIRCleTAehIymYy. RbCaCnePosxntamTUkrab;Ban;nak;
)ansakl,grt;ecjBIRbeTs. tamsmIKat;EdlGYtxnfa KWKat;Etmak;gKt;EdleFVI[braCydl;
kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRkghaNUy. Kat;RbEhlCaeCOBIGMNacrbs;Kat;Cardbursmak;Bit
Emn. b:uEnkglMdab;TsSnenH \sSrCnmak; eTotkmanzanGacGYtxn)anEdrKW eLGUNard_ vUdxUk.
vUdxUk enHgEdlCaGkepImdMeNIrkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBedaydwknaMKNebskkmmYyrbs;
RbFanaFibtIeTARkghaNUyenAniTaXrdUvqaM1977.
kgzanCaRbFankariyalyTMnak;TMngrbs;GaemrikaMgRbcaMRkgeb:kaMg Kat;manebskkmcrca
EsVgrkkicRBmeRBgmYykgkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTscin. dUecH eKnwkEtkgcitfa
kRmitnkarRBy)armrbs;Kat; RbEhlCapas;bry:ageRcIn taMgBIkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;Kat;eTATIRkg
haNUy. karcrcaCamYyBYkcin Edlcab;epImCasmat;enAExkkda naTIRkgeb:kaMg eBlenaHKWsitenA
kgdMNak;kalRbkbedayeRKaHfak;mYy. vUdxUk GaclubbM)at;]bsKepSgEdlenAsl; ehIy
EdlRtvBuHBar[)anenAkgBiFIbriePaK)aymYyEdlpl;CUnedayrdmnIkarbreTscin hYg hY enAf
TI3 Extula qaM1978 naTIRkgjvy:k. kgkasenaH v:an;s_ hUlRbk nig GUesnbWk )anrYmdMeNIr
CamYyKat;Edr. enAyb;dEdlenaH elak hSk XInFIn )anerobcMenA Central Park ekoknwgsan
ebskkmcin nUvkardutkaMRCcEbkxuseKmYykgcMeNamkardutkaMRCcEbkxuseKrbs;Kat;. srnkar
pH)anlan;BRThwg eFVI[bgcGKarnanajrrNM. briyakasEdlmanlaykarkMEbgnigPyRByenH
KWvaRtveTAtamkaleTs karCYbKa)anRbRBwteTARbkbedaylkNdrMeCIbrMCYl. hYghY )anriHKn;
edayRtg;Kanlak;elom. Kat;)antiHedol v:an;s_ y:agxaMgBIkarcecsrbs;shrdGaemrikEdl
rkSaTMnak;TMngkarTUtCamYy tv:an; niglk;eRKgsBVavuFeTA[eTot. enAem:ag10yb; eKetagEtnwk
KiteTAdl;GahareBllac. edayerobcMy:agsRmaMgenAelItumbGaharrbs;cin)aneLIgRtCak;
Gs;. hUlRbk )anrMBkenAnwgmuxBIPaBesakesAnkarbriePaKGahareBllacEdleLIgRtCak;min
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shkarImak;rbs; hYg )anmkCYbKat;Casmat; edIm,IesuIbsYrBIkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;Kat;eTATIRkgeb:kaMg
vij. elIkenH Kat;R)afafa mgenHeKRtvRBmeRBgKaedayKanBnareBlGMBIeKalkarN_nkar
snnaCahUrEhfImYyenAkgrdFanIcin. enHRbEhlCakar[sBaamYyehIyemIleTA. edayBi)ak
niyayKaCamYy v:an;s_ BYkcinRbEhlCasEmg[eXIjPaBqab;RsuHRsYlCamYy vUdxUk CagEdl
BYkeKdwgfa Kat;eFVIkarkgRkmshkarIdCitsiTCamYy xaFr nig RbhSInsI Edr.
enAfTI11 Extula qaM1978 eBlEdl xaFr sYrKat;enAcMeBaHmux RbhSInsIkgkariyaly
BgRkeBInestvimanfa etIKat;eBjcitbnkarRbCuMedIm,IcrcaCamYyRbeTsevotNambeT cemIy
rbs;Kat;KWeTdac;xat. vUdxUk )anBnl;R)ab;RbFanaFibtIfa kgkaleTsbcb,n BYkeK v:an;s_ nig
hUlRbk manTwkciteFVI[braCydl;kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTscinEtmg. BitehIy
karbgajedImehtupal;xnrbs;Kat;manlkNc,as;las; Kat;mincg;RbfuyeFVI[manGnraydl;
ebskkmEdleKRbKl;[Kat;bMeBjenARkgeb:kaMgeLIy. b:uEn etIBYkcinRbkasedayCak;lak;fa xn
RbqaMgnwgkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBrvagGaemrikaMg-evotNamEdreT?. vUdxUk )ansarPaBR)ab;fa
Kat;minEdlsabsg;BYkcinBIcMNucenHeLIy edayTuk[BYkePJvGaemrikaMgxHsYrBIerOgenHcuH. CYn
kalePJvmak;kgcMeNameRcInnak;)ansYrBYkcinfa etIelaknwgmanRbtikmEbbNakglTPaBEdl
eyIgnwgeFVI[TMnak;TMngrbs;eyIgCamYyRbeTsevotNammanRbRktIPaBeLIgvij? tamFmtacemIy
KWEtgEtRbytR bEygCanic b:Eu n KanemdwknaMcni Namak; sEmg[eXIjkarRbqaMgdac;GhgareLIy .
tamkarBitebI vUdxUk PyxacRbtikmGviCmanmYyenaHKWRKan;EtfabBaaminTan;)anedaHRsayeday
Cak;lak;b:ueNaH. karcrcaCamYyRkgeb:kaMg)anepImenAExkkda ehIykarsnnarbs;CamYy
elakRbFanaFibtI)anekItmanenAExtula. kgryeBlbIExenH edayKaneBlniyayBIRbeTsevot
NamCamYyBYkcinTal;EtesaH GacvaytmerOgenHbnicbncenAeBlbcb,nEdleyIgQandl;
eKaledAehIy eRBaHmincg;begIt[mankarmnilsgSymkelIsuqnrbs;eyIg 36.
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minTak;TgnwgeyIgeT sUmelakbegItTMnak;TMngkarTUtCamYyRbeTsNa Edlelakcg;cuH . mnusS
RKb;Kayl;fa evotNamBuMEmneRtkGreT b:uEn BYkeKsuxcitxaMmat;sgt;cit eRBaHecosminrYc 37.
elak xaFr yl;Rsbtameyabl;rbs; RbhSInsI nig vUdxUk. Kat;yl;eXIjfa bBaacinman
sarsMxan;Casarvn ehIyKat;)anseRmcfa kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNamnwg
ekItmanbnab;BIkarcuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBgCamYyRbeTscinrYcehIy 38.
esckIseRmcrbs;RbFanaFibtIenAfTI11 ExtulaenH sitenACaerOgsmat;bMput. enARksYg
karbreTs kRmmanGkEdlRtvdwgBIerOgsmat;enHNas; eBlEdleKcab;epImeFVIkarerobcMRbg
eRbbebIksanTUtGaemrikaMgenATIRkghaNUy. hUlRbk nigbNashkarICitsiTrbs;Kat;pal;
kminRtv)anR)ab;[dwgBImUlehtuBitR)akdnkarelIkeBlenHEdr RbEhledIm,IecosvagkarRbQm
muxfImYyrvag v:an;s_ nig RbhSInsI ehIyemIleTA. eK)ansakl,geFVI[Kat;eCOfa KWkarBinitBicy
GMBIneya)aykgRbeTsEtm:agb:ueNaH GacR)ab;ehtuplBIkarseRmccitenH mYyExmunkare)aH
eqat karsEmgnUvsmancitxaMgeBkcMeBaHRbeTsevotNammuxCanwgbNal[xUcxatdl;kare)aH
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fa cab;taMgBIfTI27 ExkBaa karbgab;bBaaepSgrbs;estviman)anERbeTACac,as;las;TaMg
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smal;eXIj egVn kUfac; GnHGEngy:agxaMg. fac; rMGukKat;fa Rbjab;eLIg eyIgcg;edaHRsay
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enAeBlenHfa evotNamRtvBiniteLIgvijnUvCMhrrbs;xnelIbIcMNuc bBaaRbeTskm<Ca bBaaTMnak;
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qaM1978 [CakalbriecTnTsSnkicrbs; RbhSInsI enARkgeb:kaMg] BYkcin)anseRmccitRbkan;
neya)ayGmitmYycMeBaHRbeTsevotNam ehIyfaBYkGaemrikaMg)ancUldxagcineTotpg 40.
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eyaFaenARbeTsevotNamkdUcenARbeTscin. snisBaasUevot-evotNamRtv)anbnedaykar
erobcM[manTMnak;TMngkarTUtrvagcin-GaemrikaMgeLIgvij. karcUllukluyRbeTskm<Caeday
RbeTsevotNam )anekItmanmunkarQanBanRbeTsevotNam edayRbeTscinbnic. kgryeBl
bIEx RBMEdnneya)ayenAGasuInwgRtveFVI[Pan;ERbTaMgGs;.
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edaysakl,geFVI[mankarxitcUlCitKamYyCamYybNaRbeTsnsmaKmGasanpg evotNam
RtvEtkarBarGBaRkwtPaBrbs;xnkgkarvivaTEdlnwgmkdl;enAeBlxagmux. enHCakarpas;br
KMnitPamKYr[kt;smal;KWkgryeBlCaeRcInqaMmkehIy EdlevotNamFab;EtbeBajGakar
emIlgaycMeBaHGgkarGasanenHEdlbegIteLIgkgqaM1967eBlEdlsgamevotNamkMBugpH
eBjTMhwgehIyfa enHRKan;EtCa plmYynneya)ayGnraKmn_ nigQanBanrbs;cRkBtiniym
GaemrikaMgb:ueNaH 2.
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RkghaNUyEbrCayl;RBmtamsMeNIrbs;smaKmGasankgkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBTMnak;TMngkarTUt
nigBRgIkshRbtibtikarCa]PetaPaKIEfmeTot.
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nwge)aHbg;xdak;lkxNepSgEdlBYkeKGacTTYlrgplGaRkk;cMeBaHkardwknaMsiTbsimRbeTsCa

NUEGlRkhm

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)aneCaKCykgkarTak;Taj citnigKMnit bNaRbeTsRbqaMgkumynIsy:agxaMgkaEk,rxagxn. enA
Exmifuna qaM1978 evotNam)anebIkyuTnakarTmak;RKab;EbkelIRbeTskm<CakglkNsmat;
bMput rhUtdl;ecjTmak;samsibdgkgmYyfkman. kgeBlCamYyKaenaH evotNam)ansEmg
[dwgBIkareRtmCECkBiPakSaKaedaypal;CamYysmaKmGasan nigCamYyRbeTssmaCiknImYy
dac;edayELkBIKa pgEdr EdlrhUtmkdl;eBlenaHsuTE tbdiesFmincrcaCamYy edaykarminTukcit.
enAExkkda pan; ehon )aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;RbeTsm:aeLsuI. enATIenaH Kat;)ancab;epImbgajxn
CaGkerobcMeFVI[tMbn;enHeTACatMbn;sniPaB nigGBaRkwtPaBmYy CamYyeKCamYyg.
yuTnakarRbelamesh_ )anbneTAeTotCamYydMeNIrCaRbvtisasenAExkBaa rbs;rdmnI
TImYy paM v:an;dug. enATIRkgkULalMBYr dug )andak;kRmgpaenAvimanrMBkviBaaNknTahanm:aeLsuI
Edlsab;edaykarvayRbyuTkgsgamsuIvilmYy. CakCn Kat;QanrhUtdl;suMGPyeTas
cMeBaH mas;pH GMBICMnYyEdlRkghaNUyFab;)anpl;[BYk]Tamm:aeLsuIEfmeTot. enATIRkg)agkk
dug )ansnacMeBaHBYkfnUvkarminKaMRTrbs;xndl;KNbkSkumynIsfEdlxusc,ab;eLIy. tamkar
Bit eKaledArbs;Kat;KWeFVIy:agem:cseRmc[)ansnisBaamitPaB nigshRbtibtikarmYyCamYy
bNaRbeTsnsmaKmGasanEdlnwgeFVI[karxitcUlCitKaCafIrbs;evotNamGMBITMnak;TMngepSg
kgtMbn;eTACapvkareLIg. TnwmnwgenaH smaKmGasankminTan;seRmccitPamEdr dUcenHehIy
)anCakaresIrbs; dug )anRtvRcanecaledayesckIKYrsm. kb:uEn smaKmGasan)anyl;RBm
ecjpSayesckIEfgkarN_mYyEdlRKan;Et[lemIlb:ueNaH edayKUsbBaak;BImitPaBEdlkMBug
bRgbbRgmPaKITaMgBIr.
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eday dug ehIy eRKgsak; naykrdmnIf)anhamXat;min[RbeTsTaMgBIr RbRBwtGMeBI viTgSna
edaycMeBaH bedayRbeyalRbqaMgnwgRbeTsmYy bmYyeToteLIy nighameRbIR)as;kgTMnak;TMng
rbs;BYkeKnUv karGagkmaMgTBbkarKMramkMEhg pgEdr. BYkf)anRbqaMgCMTas;nwgkardak;bBal
kgGtbTnesckIEfgkarN_ nUvvakxNmYyEdlhamXat;kareRbIR)as;TwkdI RbeTsTIbI NamYy
kgeKaledAbg[manGriPaBnwgKa. BakniyaybBaitbeBageTArkRbeTscin nigkm<CaenH man
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sRtvbgbng

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elIsnisBaamYyCamYysmaKmGasannwgbg)anCaExlkarTUtmYyRbePT EdlRCkeRkamExl
enHevotNamGaccab;epImeFVIkarpSgeRBgrbs;xnkgkm<Caminxan. edayPaBeqatlg;KYr[PJak;epIl
mYy evotNamsgwmfa karebIkeFVIkiccrcaxagkarTUtnwglubbM)at;esckIPyxacepSgEdlRbeTs
xnman ehIyvanwgbgaj[eXIjBIRbgeRbbRbkbedaymitPaBrbs;BYkeKcMeBaHsmaKmGasan enA
eBlEdlBYkeKcUleFVIGnraKmn_edayeyaFaenARbeTskm<Ca. BYkemdwknaMRkghaNUyKitfa kar
seRmckicRBmeRBgCa]PetaPaKI Cabnbnab;CamYybNaRbeTsCitxagxnenAPaKxagt,g nigkic
RBmeRBgeFVI[manRbRktIPaBmYyCamYyshrdGaemriknwgCYysRmalkarRbqaMgsnisBaamYy
EdlBYkeK)anseRmccitcuHhtelxaCamYyRkgmUsEdr.
edayBit dMeNIrRbwgERbgEpkkarTUtEdlGnuvtedayevotNamenAsrTrdUvKW Esgecjy:ag
c,as;sRmab;eKaledAEpkeyaFaeRcInCag. RkghaNUy)anerobcMkalviPaKmYyTukCaeRsceTA
ehIy. enAcugrdUvekAqaM1978 bNaRbeTsnsmaKmGasanmankaregOgql;xHEdr BIkarTTUc
rbs;evotNamkgeKalbMNgeFVIy:agNa[dMeNIrTsSnkicrbs; paMv v:an;dug )anRbRBwteTAenAExtula
qaM1978 y:agyUrbMput. GkkarTUtmYycMnYnFM)aneFVIkarsnidanfa RkghaNUycg;eFVI[)anmun etg
savBIg EdldMeNIrTsSnkicenARbeTsf sigburI rbs;Kat;Rtv)aneRKagTukenAkgExvicikaqaMenaH.
b:uEnminRtwmEtb:uNwgeT RkghaNUyEfmTaMg)aneFVIkarekobsgt;y:agxaMgeTAelIbNaRbeTsxHn
smaKmGasan edIm,IbgitbgMRbeTsTaMgenaH[bgajqnrbs;xnRbkan;ykxagNaCaKuN
RbeyaCn_dl;kicRBmeRBgmitPaBmYyeTotpg. ]TahrN_ GkkarTUtm:aeLsuI EdlmanmuxtMENg
RbcaMenArdFanIrbs;evotNam-taMgBIkGKrdTUtrhUtdl;elxaTIBIr-suTEtRtvdak;[sitenAeRkam
karqaeqArMxanmYyedayBitR)akd. KUsnnarbs;BYkeK eRcInecalsmIy:agc,as;fa RkghaNUyGac
nwgesIerIBiniteLIgvijnUvneya)aymitPaBrbs;xnCamYyRbeTsm:aeLsuI ebIsinCaTsSnkicrbs; paM
v:an;dug BuM)anTTYleCaKCymYyeTenaH3. tamRbEhl eCaKCy KWmannyfa karcuHhtelxaelI
snisBaaEdlesIeLIgedayevotNam. RBmCamYyKaenaH enAcugmageTotnBiPBelakKWenATIRkg
jvy:k rdmnIkarbreTsevotNam egVn kUfac; kekobsgt;rdaPi)alGaemrikaMg[cuHhtelxaelI
GtbTmYy EdlkMNt;y:agc,as;BIeKalkarN_nkarerobcMTMnak;TMngkarTUtCa]PetaPaKImYyeLIg
vijEdr.
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NUEGlRkhm

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karpt;pg;es,gdl;clnatsUExr Edl)anhVwkhat;enARbeTsevotNamtaMgBIedImqaM1978mk.
evotNammincg;[fExEdleKkMNt;TukekokKaxaMgeBkeTAnwgfcuHhtelxaelIsnisBaamitPaB
CamYyRkgmUseT BIeRBaHPaBekokKaenHGacbNal[eKeCOfa enHCa\TiBlrbs;BYksUevoteday
pal;kgkarcab;epImkarRbyuTKaenH. evotNamnwkKit\tQb;Qrfa snisBaaRtvcuHhtelxa[
)anmunsrTrdUv KWrebobdUcBYkeKeFVIkarekobsgt;esIrEtkgeBlCamYyKaeTAelIshrdGaemrik nig
bNaRbeTsnsmaKmGasanEdr. evotNamxMRbwgEsVgrkkarKaMBarBIBYksUevot b:uEnBuMEmnRtvbg;
tmGVIkedayenaHeT ehIykminRtveFVI[sm<nPaBenHbiTRKb;RckTVarsRmab;bsimRbeTs TaMgkmin
RtveFVI[CemaHrbs;xnCamYyRbeTscinnigkm<CanaMeq<aHeTAPaBekaTaMgRsugmYyEdr. kgRKb;
krNIBiessTaMgGs; neya)aykarTUtdskmmYynwgeFVI[evotNammansanPaBlRbesIrCagmun
sRmab;CECkrkxusRtvCamYyBYkrusSI.
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eTaHCay:agNakeday bnab;BIdMeNIrBTCMuvijGasIuGaeKy_rbs; paMv:an;dug enABak;kNal
Extula qaM1978 KeRmagkarepSgrbs;evotNamhak;dUcCargplb:HBal;y:agxaMg. dug BMu)an
seRmceFVI[karmnilsgSyrbs;smaKmGasanfycuHeLIy edayehtuenH Kat;RtvEte)aHbg;
ecalPamnUvKMnitTaMgGs;GMBIerOgsnisBaa. enAExsIhanigkBaa ePg)anbgry:agxaMgEdlminFab;
manBImunmkenARbeTsevotNam-BHsgranigTwkCMnn;-enAEdndITenRkhm TenemKg nigPaKkNal
RbeTs. plitplksikmRbmaN1/5lanetanRtv)anbMpaj ehIystVciBawmcMnYn 20PaKry
kRtvvinasGnray. nPaBEpkplitplksikmEdlCaehtunkarGnrayBitR)akd)anekIneLIgkg
smamaRtdsem,Im. tamkarvaytmenAeBlenaHKW3lanetan4.
eyaFPUmiPaKTI9EdlmanbnkeFVIRbtibtikarenARbeTskm<Ca Rtv)anbMpajedayTwkCMnn;
TenemKgrYmTaMgPaKxagekItRbeTskm<Capg. RbkarenHdUcCa[dMNwgdl;rfeRkaHTaMgLayrbs;
evotNamGMBIsanPaBdIEdlEbkPk;b:biucb:)ac;Edr yklKWTal;EteRkayrdUvePg. GVIEdleFVI[
rwtEtRBy)armEfmeTot KWeKKanTTYl)andMNwgGVIesaHBIshrdGaemrik. rIqad hUlRbk )ancab;
epImdMeNIrTsSnacrmYyenAGasIukgeBlEdl fac; Fujfb;edaykarrg;caMyUrenATIRkgjvy:k.
enAdMNac;Extula qaM1978 kariyalyneya)ayrbs;bkSkumynIsevotNam)aneFVIkar

sRtvbgbng

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seRmccitfa eTaHbICasanPaBdIminGMeNaypl karTTYlrgeRKaHedaymhnrayTwkCMnn;TenemKg

y:agNakeday kkarcuHhtelxaelIsnisBaaCamYyRkgmUsBuMGacBnareBl[yUrteTAeTot)an
eT. bnab;BIkarpakBIrelIk Gkcrca)anecjdMeNIreq<aHeTATIRkgmUsmgeTot. fac; )anTTYlbBaa[
cakecjBIjvy:keTACYbKaenATIenaHEdr.
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CaBiessBIRkmhunGakascrN_ AEOFLOT rbs;sUevot)ancuHctenAcMNtGakasyandannuykUv:U
eRkamsMeLgTHdGbGry:agxaMgBIGkmkTTYl. smaCikkariyalyneya)aycMnYnR)aMrUb smaCik
KNkmaFikarmCimbkSR)aMbYnrUb nigGkTTYlxusRtvCan;x<s;Cagdb;rUbeTot)anmkRbmUlpMKaenATI
enH. BiFIeFVIbdisNarkicmanlkNrak;Tak;EbkBIFmta. eRkamkarftrUbPaBrbs;kaemr:aTUrTsSn_
CaeRcIneRKg eLGUnId eRbseNv [CaGKelxabkSkumynIssUevotBIqaM1977 dl;qaM1982]
)ancab;brwtKay:agyUrCamYysmPaKIevotNamrbs;Kat; eL yn;. bnab;BIkareKarBePgCatiTaMg
BIrrYc eL yn; nig paM v:an;dug )anedIrRttkgkitiys bnab;mkKNRbtiPUTaMgmUl)anecjdMeNIreTA
kan;nievsndansRmab;ePJvbreTssak;enA. tambeNaypvEdlRtveFVIdMeNIreKeXIjTg;Catievot
Nam nigsUevotrlas;rviclaycRmHKay:agesksH edaymancgbdakat;TTwgfl;RbsiTiBry:ag
eRcIn EdlmanxwmsarCaGaTfa sVaKmn_dMeNIrmkdl;rbs;mitevotNam nig Ceya saFarNrd
sgmniymevotNamEdlCakMEBgCYrmuxnlTisgmniymenAGasuIGaeKy_ .
enATIbMput bMNgdxab;xnrbs;BYksUevotEdlrkSaTuktaMgBIyUryarmkehIy kgkarbBal
RbeTsevotNamkgsm<nPaBmYyRbqaMgRbeTscinRtv)anseRmcenAeBlenH. enAfTI3 Exvicika
qaM1978 BYkemdwknaMnRbeTsTaMgBIr )anCYbCuMKakgmhasalnvimanRkwmLaMg edIm,IcuHhtelxa
elIsnisBaamitPaB nigshRbtibtikarmYyEdlkMNt;sRmab;ryeBl25qaM. maRtaTI6nGtbT
kicRBmeRBgenH)anbgajBIkarFanafa RbeTsevotNamsVHEsVgrk[)ankarKaMRTmYyRbqaMgnwg
karvayRbharCayfaehturbs;cin ebIsinPaKINamYykgcMeNamPaKITaMgBIrRtvvayRbhar b
rgTTYlkarKMramkMEhgBIkarvayRbharNamYy RbeTshtelxITaMgBIrRtvcUlrYmbwgbriharcMeBaH
erOgenHCabnan; edIm,Ikmat;ecalkarKMramkMEhgenH nigcab;epImGnuvtviFankarsmRsbkgkarKaMBar
sniPaB nigsnisuxrbs;RbeTsTaMgBIr 5.
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snisBaaenHnwgeFVI[GkTaMgLayEdlKanplRbeyaCn_NamYykgmitPaBrvagRbeTsevotNamnig

NUEGlRkhm

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shPaBsUevot GkTaMgLayEdlekgykRbeyaCn_BIelIkarEbk)ak;rbs;bksgmniym nigkareLIg

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snisBaaenHKWCatfPaBneya)aymYy ehIyfaRtvEtykcitTukdak;nwgerOgenHeTaHCaeBjcitbmin
eBjcitkeday 6.
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qab;rhs. viFankarsmRsb EdlrMBkedaymaRtaTI6nsnisBaa kmandak;bBalnUvkarGnuBaat
[BYksUevoterobcMdak;mUldannavacrN_nigGakascrN_enAelITwkdIrbs;evotNamEdr. sRmab;
RbeTsevotNam enHCatmEdlRtvbg;edIm,ITTYl)ankarKaMBarBIsUevotRbqaMgnwgRbeTscin kar
pt;pg;brimaNGavuFyuTPN nigsmarbrikarepSgy:agsnwksnab;mYyRBmTaMgkicsnapl;CMnYy
esdkicmYyEfmeTot CaBiesskarpl;RKab;FBaCaticMnYn1/5lanetan. b:uEn enAExsIha qaM
1978 enAeBlEdlral;esckIsgwmkgkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyshrdGaemrikenAminTan;
)at;bg;enaH paM v:an;dug )anbBaak;fa RbeTsrbs;Kat;mincg;BwgEpkelIRbeTsmYykgkickarrbs;xn
eT. Kat;niyayfa taMgBI4000qaMmkehIy erogral;elIkEdlRbeTsrbs;eyIgbENtbeNay
BwgEpkEtGk]btmKaMBarmak;lTplKWkarvinashinehacmYy 7. bIExeRkaymk sanPaBRbeTs
evotNammanrebobdUcenaHg.
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Rbkasfa cab;BIeBlenHeTA RbeTsevotNammanmeFa)ayRKb;RKan;edIm,I bMeBjRbkbeday
kitiysnUvebskkmdBisidsRmab;Catirbs;xn RBmTaMg katBVkicdx<g;x<s;CaGnrCati rbs;xnpg KW
karBarxnRbqaMgTl;nwgRbeTscin nigeFVIGnraKmn_enARbeTskm<Ca. kardwgKuNrbs;evotNam
cMeBaHBYksUevot tammtiGksegtkarN_breTsxHfa KWFMNas;eTArhUtTal;EteFVI[evotNamman
GarmN_fa dUc)anTTYl GMeNaysRmab;CIvit GIcwg. eL yn; bnn;xneKarB mas;pH BIrdgmunnwg
eLIgelIynehaHRtLb;mkRbeTsvij. eBlenaHKWf9 Exvicika qaM1978.

karerobcMRbgeRbbeFVIsgamenARBMEdnrbs;cin
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Edr BYkeK)anerobcMbegIyCasmat;kgkardwknaMbBaa bBanPsPar nigsmarswkrYcCaeRscsRmab;
karvaylukrbs;xnRbqaMgnwgRbeTsevotNam. taMgBIExsIha qaM1978 EpkesuIbkarN_smat;

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rbs;GaemrikaMg)anrkeXIjsBaaepSgnkarbegInskmPaBdxaMgkamYyenAkgeyaFPUmiPaK
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bEnmeTAelIcemIyCasakSIrbs;GkdMeNIrGaemrikaMgenAPaKxagt,gRbeTscinenaH )anbgaj[dwg
fakgynehaHmic-19 nigmic-21 mYycMnYnFMrbs;kgGakascrN_eyaFacin)anerIpas;kEngmk
kan;GakasyandannanaEdlenAekokRBMEdnevotNamCageKbMput CaBiessenANan;nIg [TIrYmext
hagsuI] nigKn;mIg [TIrYmextyunNan]. kgrfeRkaHnigkaMePIgFunFn;kRtvdwkCBansMedAmkPaKxagt,g
Edr. enAedImExvicika karerobcMbRmgTaMgenH)ancb;sBVRKb;. karRbmUlpMkgTBrfeRkaH nigkaMePIgFM
deRcIn)ansitenAtamTItaMgEk,rbegIynwgRBMEdn. kEngskeRbg\nnFMk)anksagrYcCaeRsc.
enABak;kNalExvicika BYkGaemrikaMg)anesuIbdwgBIkarerobcMtaMgsanIybNak;mYysRmab;eqIyqg
tamTUrsB edayeRbIrlkFatuGakasxIenAelIkMBUlPMtUcmYykgexthagsuI. sanIyenHGnuBaat[
GKesnaFikarkgTB nigKNkmaFikarkickareyaFarbs;bkSkumynIscin manlTPaBTak;TgKaeday
pal;CamYybBaakardannanarbs;kgTBrMedaHRbCaCnEdlsitenAPaKxagt,g 8.
cMeBaHkarerobcMRbgeRbbeFVIsgamrbs;cin eK)anBwgBak;elIBtmanepSgEdlGkrt;ecal
CYrmak;nkgTBrMedaHRbCaCncin)anniyayR)ab;RkmesuIbkarN_smat;GaemrikaMg enHBitCakMNb;
dMNwgmYyy:agsMxan;. Gkrt;ecalCYrenHmanzanCaGnuesnIy_RtIEdlbMeBjmuxgarenAeyaFPUmiPaK
hagsuI ehIyEdlRtv)ancab;xnedayb:UlishugkugkgeBlEdlKat;b:unb:geRCtcUlmkkgTwkdI
GaNaniKmGg;eKsedayxusc,ab;. b:Ulis)anRbKl;rUbKat;eTA[EpksYrykkarN_xageyaFarbs;
Gg;eKsnigGaemrikaMgenATIenaH ehIyKat;)anlatRtdagfa enAcugExvicika qaM1978 embBaakarn
kgkPaBrbs;Kat;)anEfgsunr kfamYy edayrMBkJ BIlTPaBEdlGacmansgammYyRbqaMgevotNam
enAeBlxagmuxqab;. minyUrb:unaneRkaymkKWenAfTI11 ExF qaM1978 ]tmesnIy_ v hCIg
RbFankickarneya)aynkgTBrMedaHRbCaCn)anRbkaskgsmyRbCuMmYyenANan;nIgkgBiFIbuN
xYbelIkTI20nkarbegItPUmiPaKsVyt hSag kgexthagsuIfa RbeTsevotNam)anbgGMeBIRbTUs
r:ayy:ageRcIn ehIyfa RbeTscinmaneKalbMNg pl;emeronmYy cMeBaHRbeTsenH. v Gayu
72qaM CaemdwknaMCnCatiPaKtic hSag enAPUmiPaKenHKWCamnusSmak; EdlRtvrab;bBalkgcMeNam
GkmanninakarniympvkNalrbs;bkSkumynIscin ehIyxagEpkeyaFaKat;KWCasm<nmitdsMxan;
rbs; etg savBIg EdlCaCnxaMgfImak;rbs;RbeTseTotpg. sunrkfarbs;Kat;)an[sBaadl;kar
erobcMRbgeRbbenAdMNak;kalcugeRkaysRmab;eFVIkarlukluyy:agBitR)akd.

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sRtvbgbng

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sRtvbgbng

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NUEGlRkhm

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embBaakarrgeyaFPUmiPaKTI7 )anGeBaIjmkedaypal; edIm,IRttBinitkarerobcMsem<aFCapvkarnUv
karbegItclnatsUrbs;km<Ca nigkarerobcMTIbBaakarCYrmuxrbs;kgTBevotNampg.
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esIl. RkmTahannkgBlFMelx476)anerobcMdMeLIgevTikamYy nigRbdab;bMBgsMeLgpg. enA
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sRtvbgbng

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)anERskCyeXassEmgkarKaMRTedaye)aHkNab;eTAelI. eRkayBIenaH Kat;)anedIrsMedAeTAmux
edIm,IEfgGMNrKuN eL DwkfU EdlenAQrsegtemIlBiFIenHBIcmayhak;dUcCaemman;mYysb,aycit
nwgkUnrbs;vaGIcwg. eL DwkfU niyaymkkan; ehg sMrin edayrIkmuxRss;b:Rbimfa minnwksanfa
smmiterobcMBiFI)anldUecHesaH 33.
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NamFab;)anPab;vasnarbs;BYkeKCamYyrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<CaRbqaMgnwgGaemrikaMgEdr. dUecH
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NUEGlRkhm

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Dij kan nigKIKarbs;Kat;)anTTYlbBaa[kab;RBeQIkgtMbn;mYysitenAcmayRbEhlBIrKILEm:Rt
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sRtvbgbng

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NUEGlRkhm

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sRtvbgbng

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sRtvbgbng

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sRtvbgbng

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\Ncin enAeBlNaeTIbmansniPaB?

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pg. GmkarBaredayPak;garsnisuxrbs;RksYgkarbreTsbYnrUb semc sIhnu nigmehsI)anyag
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sRtvbgbng

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RBHGgnUvtYnaTIKnwHmYyCafIkgesaknadkmrbs;km<Ca. enAqaM1970 semc sIhnu RBHRbmuxrd
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\Ncin enAeBlNaeTIbmansniPaB?

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sRtvbgbng

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\Ncin enAeBlNaeTIbmansniPaB?

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sRtvbgbng

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bnab;BIkare)aHeqat mhasni)atbkSmYy)anR)arBeFVIeLIgkgExmkra qaM1979 enAemmt;
Edlbgaj[eXIjBIkarerobcMGgkarrbs;xnCafI. bkSfIEdlRbsiTnameLIgvijfa bkSRbCaCn
bdivtn_km<CanigmansmaCik800nak; tamBitKWCaRkmfImYynEpksiTevotNamrbs;bkSkumy
nIskm<CaEdlRtvkmat;esIrEtTaMgRsugeday b:ul Bt8. emdwknaMbkSenHCamnusSmuWgm:at;nigsm
kMRBwgmak;eQaH Eb:n suvN CaExr\sSrnireTsxnEdleTIbRtLb;BIRkghaNUymkvij. bkSfI
)annaMmkvijnUvkPaBRbCaCn\NcinEdl b:ul Bt manbMNgbMEbkbM)ak;. edaypyBI b:ul Bt
EdlminTTYlsal; cMNgCabgbn nwgevotNam Eb:n suvN )anTTYlsal;fa bkSRbCaCnbdivtn_
km<C anwgeFV[I RbBNId ffa rbs;bkSkumy
nIs\ Nc ni EdlbegtI eLIg eday hUCmI ji sti esrcIrkal
teTA. kicRbwgERbgsMxan;bMputmYykgcMeNamkicRbwgERbgsMxan;rbs;evotNamenAkm<Ca sitenA
Rtg;karBarbkSRbCaCnbdivtn_km<Ca-ehIyCaBiesskarBarsmaCikfIrbs;bkSenH-RbqaMgnwg
eRKaHfak;epSgEdlBYkeKehAfa Catiniymcegtcgl; nigkarb:unb:gedaHxnBIsamKIPaBrbs;
\Ncin. edIm,Ir:ab;rgBIPaBbrisuTEpkmenaKmviCarbs;bkSfI TIRbwkSaevotNamCaeRcInnak;)anBinit
BakesIsMucUlbkSenAfak;PUmiPaK ehIyGksMukEngeFVIkarsuTEtRtvbBanCabnab;eTARbeTsevot
Nam edIm,IbMeBjkarsikSaxagEpkneya)ay 9.
karRttRtaRbeTskm<CaxagEpkeyaFa KWCabnknGgPaBTBelx4rbs;evotNamEdltam
FmtaTTYlbnk emIlxusRtvenAtambNaextnEdndIsNTenemKgRbeTsevotNameNaH. TIskI ar
RksYgkarBarRbeTsmYyRtv)anbegIteLIg. kgBlFMrbs;ExrcMnYnbI)aneRCIserIsmnusS[cUl
eFVIkgTB10 ehIy)andak;BRgaycab;taMgBIqaM1983 kgzanCaTBCMnYy. b:uEnKWkgTBrbs;

\Ncin enAeBlNaeTIbmansniPaB?

415

evotNamnigTahancMnYn180>000nak;rbs;]tmesnIy_ eL DwkGaj; CaembBaakarGgPaBTB

elx4 EdlCaGkr:ab;rgkarkarBarrbbfITaMgRsug.
kgsPaBlak;karN_ KWGgPaBbIrbs;evotNamCaGkkab;sPaBkarN_rbs;sarFarNrdRbCa
manitkm<Ca-enHCaeQaHrbs;rdfI. enAfak;elIbMputKWRkmGa-40(A-40) rYmmansmasPaBsuTEt
GkCMnajkarnKNkmaFikarmCimrbs;bkSkumynIsevotNam sRmab;r:ab;rgTMnak;TMngrvagbkS
TaMgBIrnigpl;karENnaMelIbBaaFMTaMgGs;. bnab;mkKWRkmeb-68 (B-68) dwknaMeday Rtan; sn;)ac;
CasmaCikelxaFikardanbkSkumynIsevotNam nigrYmmansmasPaBsuTEtGkCMnajkarevotNam
fak;GnrkarI Rtv)ancat;[eTAcUlrYmeFVIkargarGmRksYgnanarbs;km<CaedayshkarKaseRmceTA
elIbBaaepSgRbcaMf. RkmTIbIEdlmansuTEtTIRbwkSaKWRkmGa-50(A-50) CaGkCYyxagEpkrd
)alenARKb;ext11.
enAfak;extnigtMbn;CnbTTaMgLay KWRtvRKb;RKgmYycMENkedayBYkTIRbwkSasuIvilEdlmkBI
bNaextCa bgbn enARbeTsevotNam. enAfak;mUldanKWRkmBiessEdlecjmkBIkgTBevot
Nam nigEdldwknaMbBaaedayBYkGnuesnIy_kCaGkr:ab;rgmuxgarCaTIRbwkSa12.
cab;taMgBImankarQanBannigkarkan;kab;RbeTskm<Ca evotNam)anriHrkmUlehtuRbesIr
edayxngminQb; edIm,IbegItsm<nPaB\NcinmYy. evotNam)anbegItc,ab;mYyRbePTEdlmin
ecHERbpas; tRmveTAtamPUmisas nigRbvtisas. eKGacyl;FHnUvGtbTdsMxan;mYyrbs;]tm
esnIy_ eL DwkGaj; Edlniyayfa kgGMLgeBlCaeRcInstvtSr_mkehIy RbeTsTaMgbI Lav km<Ca
evotNam )anrYmsuxTukkgsanPaBmYydUcKa sanPaBCaGkrgeRKaHBIGMeBIQanBanrbs;kgTBski
PUmicin cRkBtiniym nigkmaMgRbtikiriyaGnrCati . bMEbkbM)ak;RbeTsTaMgbIenHedayeRbIR)as;
RbeTsmYyCaQan; edIm,IPab;RbeTsmYyeTotCarNb ehIyenATIbMput Pab;RbeTsTaMgbICarNbEt
mg enHehIyCaeKalkarN_nsgamQanBanTaMgGs; EdlRbRBwteLIgedaykmaMgxageRkARbqaMg
nwg]bTVIb\Ncin . edayehtuenH karbegIt sm<nCayuTsasmYyrvagRbeTs\NcinTaMgbI
CaerOgcaM)ac;xanmin)ansRmab;karKg;vgS nigkarrIklUtlas;rbs;RbeTsnImYy nig\NcinTaMg
mUl 13.
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nigdac;ddac;eCIgkgkarBYnsak;vayRbharrbs;ExrRkhm nigrebobbkRsaylmitmYyGMBI c,ab;
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sRtvbgbng

416

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enARbeTsevotNam 14.

CyCmHEpkeyaFa braCyEpkkarTUt
dMNak;kalCapvkardMbUgkgkarcat;taMgsm<nPaB\NcinenH )anekItmanenAExmkra qaM
1980. bNardmnIkarbreTsnRbeTsTaMgbIEdlrYmRbCMuenARkgPMeBj)anRbkasCasaFarN
nUvPaBdUcKaxagTsSnsIBIbBaarbs;km<Ca nigbBaaGnrCatiepSgeTot. taMgBIenaHmk EbbEpnn
smyRbCMuenH)anRbRBwteFVIeLIgvijBIrdgkgmYyqaM ral;karRbCMumYyelIkKWCakasbgaj[
eXIjBIkarRbkan;ykCMhrcugeRkayrbs;RkghaNUyEdlhak;dUcCaecjmkBIRkm\NcinTaMgmUl.
dUecH RkghaNUy)aneFVI[tYnaTICaemdwknaMrbs;xnenA\NcineTACapvkarBRgwgPaBRsbc,ab;dl;rbb
rNbRkgPMeBj[rwtEtrwgmaMeLIg nigeFVI[mankarcab;GarmN_fa sm<nfIenHminGacERbRkLas;)an
eLIy. enAqaM1980 RkghaNUy)ancab;epImBRgIkTsSnbkBIrenAGasuIGaeKy_ KW\Ncinnigsma
KmGasanedaybM)at;KMnitEdlfa evotNamGacmannaTImYykgkarerobcMenHkgnamnkm<CaCard
RTnab;mYy. egVn kUfac; rdmnIRksYgkarbreTsevotNam)anEfgR)ab;elak siTI saev:t suILa Ca
smPaKIfrbs;Kat;fa BMuRtvkarfa RbeTsmYynsmaKmGasankayeTACardRTnab;mYyeLIy .
dUecH manEtelakcg;[RbeTsmYykgcMeNamRbeTsTaMgbIenA\NcineTACaRbeTsEtmYy? 15.
RkghaNUyminRtwmEtEsVgrksnisuxsRmab;bkneya)aymYyb:ueNaHeT b:uEnkEsVgrkkar
eFVIsmahrNkmxagEpkesdkicpgEdr kgeKalbMNg EbgEckhtBlkredayesIPaBKa nigeRbI
R)as;RbPBFnFanmnusS nigFnFanFmCatirbs;RbeTsTaMgbI[Gs;lTPaB 16. cMeBaHRbeTsevot
NamEdlmanpdIdaMduHR)aMmYylanhiktasRmab;RbCaCn60lannak;enAqaM1985 RbeTskm<Ca
EdlmanRbCaCnCit7lannak; CamYypdIdaMduHmYylanhiktaknH nigtMbn;ensaT Edlsm,reTA
edayRtIeRcInbMputenaH )ancab;epImRbemIlemIlGnaKtEdlminGacminykcitTukdak;)aneLIy17.
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bgbn enARbeTsevotNam. edayGnuelameTAtamkareFVIsm<nemRtIPaBenH BYkTIRbwkSa BYkCMnaj
karbeckeTs nigBYkRKeBTrbs;evotNam)anmkkan;bNaextCabgbnenAkm<Ca nigenARbeTsLav
y:ageRcIn edImI,shkarkgKeRmagkartUcedaycUlrYmkgkarbegIt[manTMnak;TMngBiessrvag

\Ncin enAeBlNaeTIbmansniPaB?

417

RbeTsTaMgbIenA\Ncin.
KNkmaFikaresdkicrYmmYyrvagevotNam Lav km<Ca )anRtverobcMbegItkgsnisITkMBUl
mYyrvagRbeTsTaMgbIenA\NcinnaTIRkgevogcnkgExkum qaM1983. KNkmaFikarenH Edlman
suTEtrdmnIesdkic nigEpnkarRtvrYmRbCMuBIrdgkgmYyqaM edImI,begInel,nshRbtibtikarEpk
esdkicnigkarsRmbsRmlEpnkarGPivDn_Cati 18. kgRbeTsnImYyKNkmaFikarCatisRmab;
shRbtibtikarEpkvb,FmnigesdkicRtvbegIteLIg EdlBIdMbUgRtvmantYnaTIsRmab;BieRKaHb[
eyabl;b:ueNaH. b:uEnRkghaNUy)anbBaak;[dwgPamfa eKalbMNgyUrGEgVgrbs;xn KWbRgb
bRgmRbeTsTaMgbI nigeFVI[seRmcBitR)akdnUvsmahrNkmxagEpkesdkicrbs;eK 19.
munrdRbharqaM1970 enARbeTskm<CamanGaNikCnevotNamrs;enAcMnYn50muWnnak; ehIy
Rtvsmab;y:agrgalkgclnabM)at;Catisasn_evotNamedayrbb ln; nl; nigeRkaymkrbb b:ul
Bt bRtvbeNjecjBIRbeTskm<CaEtmg. evotNam)anTajykTLIkrN_enH edIm,Ibgaj[
eXIjfa karvilRtLb;rbs;xnBitCaRtwmRtv. kgzanCaniKmCnfI evotNamGacsEmgtYnaTIKnwH
mYytamkalkMNt;kgkareFVIsmahrNkmEpkesdkicEdl)aneRKagrYcmkehIy. saracrmYyrbs;
RkmRbwkSardmnIcuHkalbriecTEx]sPa qaM1982 )anEcgc,as;fa RbCaCnevotNamEdlmkdl;
RbeTskm<CataMgBIqaM1979 ehIy kMBugRbkbmuxrbrepSgEdlrYmviPaKTanCYydl;kareFVI[man
nItism,TaeLIgvij nigdl;karGPivDn_Epkesdkic CaBiesskgvisyksikm ensaT karplitGMbil
nigsib,km nwgRtvGnuBaat[sitenATIenHedIm,IbMeBjkargar20. ebITukCadwgfa karhUrCn;eCarKan
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RbqaMgRbeTsCitxagxn nigbg[manPaBtantwgxHkeday kevotNamBMuePcfa mYyEpknRbCaCn
xn)aneTACaGksIuQlenARbeTskm<Ca nigkan;kab;tMENgsMxan;kgesdkicrbs;RbeTsenH EdlrYm
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tic. eTaHCay:agNakeday lTplEdl)anmkKWkarBRgwgkarkan;kab;rbs;evotNamelIRbeTs
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sRtvbgbng

418

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evotNam BYkGkCMnYj nigTahanEdlrMsay[mkkan;CIvPaBCasuIvilvij 21. karvaytmepSg
eTot QanrhUtdl;eTAGHGagfa man600>000nak;eNaH 22.
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RbCamanitkm<CaEdr. karefaleTasCakcncMeBaHkarcUleFVIGnraKmn_rbs;evotNamnig kardak;
TNkmEdlbgeLIgedaykareFVIGnraKmn_enH )aneFVI[karTTYlsal;PaBRsbc,ab;nrbbfIkayeTA
CaGaTiPaBdac;xatmYynneya)aybreTsrbs;evotNam. kgeKaledAenH RkghaNUycUlcit
epatkarecaTRbkan;xagpvsIlFmnigRsbc,ab; RbqaMgnwgkm<CaRbCaFibetyrbs; b:ul Bt CaCag
elIkeLIgBIKuNsm,tirbs;rdaPi)alEdlxn)anelIkbnbeLIg.
bNaRbeTsdMbUgEdlTTYlsal;saFarNrdRbCamanitkm<CaCapvkar KWsitkgbksUevot
cMnYndb;mYyRbeTs nigGgkarsiTsUevotCaeRcInkgcMeNam88GgkarEdlmankgclnamincUlbkS
sm<n. bNamitPkirbs;RkghaNUyBMu)anseRmceCaKCykgkarbeNjkm<CaRbCaFibety
ecjBIclnaenH)aneT b:uEn enATIbMputRbeTsevotNam)anseRmcbMbiTmat;ExrRkhmmin[niyay
)anenAkgsnisITmYy edaykareRbImeFa)aykarTUty:agxaMgka. kariyalysRmbsRmlrbs;
clnamincUlbkSsm<n EdlrYmRbCMuenATIRkgkULMbUrdFanIRbeTsRsIlga naExmifuna qaM1979 )an
bdiesFminyl;RBmtamBakesIsMurbs;evotNameLIy dUecHBMuEmn hun Esn rdmnIkarbreTs
vyekgrbs;saFarNrdRbCamanitkm<CaeT EdlnwgRtvGgyekAGIenaH b:uEnKW eGog sarI CasmPaKI
rbs;Kat;nkm<C aRbCaFibety. b:Eu n hnu Esn TTYl)anlkxNmy
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bBab;erOg ekAGI km<CaenAkgsmyRbCMukMBUlnbNaRbeTsmincUlbkSsm<nenATIRkgLahav:an
naExkBaa qaM1979. exov sMpn RbFanrdaPi)al EdlRtvedjecjBIGMNac )anTTYlTidakar[
cUlRbeTsKuy)aCaFmta b:uEn KNRbtiPUrbs;Kat;Rtv)aneKdak;[sRmakenAsNaKarmYyman
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Kat;eRbIR)as;eLIy. m:ageTot eKBMupl;bNsmal; sRmab;Bak;Cab;nwgGavEdlRtvEtmanCacaM)ac;
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nsmaKmGasankeday kekAGIrbs;km<Ca)anRtvRbkasdak;[enATMenrsin. exov sMpn enAEt

\Ncin enAeBlNaeTIbmansniPaB?

419

sitenATIenaHCanic.
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mhasni)atGgkarshRbCaCatienAExkBaa qaM1979 evotNam)anxMRbwgeFVI[mankarbeNj
km<CaRbCaFibetyecjBIGgkarenHEdr b:uEnKan)aneCaKCy. edayman 6 sMeLg-Edlman
sMeLgshrdGaemrikEdr-Tl;nwg3 KNkmaFikarBinitsartaMgrbs;GgkarshRbCaCati)an
seRmcrkSaTukekAGI[km<CaRbCaFibetydEdl. dUecH shrdGaemrik)ane)aHeqatCaKuN
RbeyaCn_dl;rbbmYy EdlkalBImunRtvelakRbFanaFibtI xaFr [eQaHfa rbbEdlrMelaPsiTi
mnusSFMCageKbMput enAelIBiPBelakeTAvij. enHCakarseRmccitEdleFVI[QWcab;mYysRmab;
v:an;s_. e)aHeqatedIm,Ipl;Gasn[ b:ul Bt nwgminEmnsEmg[eXIjnUvkarKaMRTmYycMeBaHrbb
enHeTb? ehIye)aHeqatRbqaMgkm<CaRbCaFibetymannyfa RbqaMgCMTas;cMeBaHRbeTscinnig
smaKmGasan ehIyeFVI[karQanBanrbs;evotNameTACaRsbc,ab;eTAvij. eRkaymk GkTTYl
xusRtvCan;x<s;GaemrikaMgmak;)anTTYlsal;fa kareRCIserIssRmab;eyIgKW sMGagelIeKalkaN_
sIlFm nigc,ab;GnrCati. karseRmccitRtvlMeGogeTArkc,ab; BIeRBaHenHkCaplRbeyaCn_
sRmab;snisuxeyIgEdr . b:uEntamrykare)aHeqatEdlRBhlixittRmvenH KWshrdGaemrik)an
KaMRTXatkrmYyRkmEdlBYkmnIrdkarGaemrikaMgBMumansiTicab;rlak;dBYkenHpgeT 23.
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lukxageyaFarbs;RbeTsevotNamRbqaMgkm<CaRbCaFibety RbEhlCabraCyenATIbMput. rbb
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sRtvbgbng

420

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nwgRbeTsevotNam BitCaTak;TgKaCamYynwgeKaledAepSgryeBlmFmnneya)aykarbreTs
rbs;cin. karcUlQanBanRbeTsGahVhanIsan (Afghanistan) edayBYksUevotenAExF qaM1979
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yktYnaTIEdlxnminRtvmanCaeCIgknkraCPaBnigGFibetyPaBsRmab;RbeTstUcTaMgBIr
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\Ncin enAeBlNaeTIbmansniPaB?

421

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sUevotRtvRbQmmuxnwgRbeTsepSgnBiPBelak bgaj[eXIjGtRbeyaCn_mYyEdlminGac
kat;f[Rtv)an eRBaHvaeFVI[RbPBFnFanrbs;shPaBsUevotxUcxatGnraynigeFVI[RbeTsevot
NamexSaHrIgr. CasaFarN RbeTscintRmv[RbeTsevotNamdkkgTBrbs;xnecjBIkm<Ca
b:uEnkgkarcrcadesaHRtg;xusEbkBIFmtamYy etg savBIg )ansIbenaselak m:asay:UQI GUhuIr:a
naykrdmnICb:unBIkarxVHGMNt;rbs;RbeTselak RBmTaMgRbeTselakxaglicdTeTotEdlTamTar
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cinmanplRbeyaCn_TaMgRsugkgkarxMRbwgERbgeFVI[evotNamsitenARbeTskm<CateTAeTot. kar
lM)akepSgrbs;BYkeKnwgekIneLIg ehIyBYkeKnwgElgmanbMNgKMramkMEhgeTAelIRbeTsf
m:aeLsuI nigsigburIeTotpg 24.
kgkasnkareFVIsmasn_mYy EdlKat;)anGnuBaat[GkniBncUlCYbnaExemsa qaM
1980 han nanLg GnurdmnIkarbreTs nigCaGkbegItyuTsas\Ncindcm,grbs;RbeTscin
)anBRgIkkarsMGagehtupledayBakeBcn_epSgeTAvij. karesI[evotNamdkkgTBrbs;xn
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)aymYy)anEtenAeBlEdlBYksUevotElgGacKaMRTevotNamb:ueNaH . sRmab;eBlenH eyIgmin
RtveFIVGIVEdlGac sRmalbnkdFn;rbs;BYksUevoteLIy . eyIgRtvEteFVI[sUevotyl;fa BYkeK
nwgBMuGacbnRTaMRTrebobenHyUreTAeTot)aneT ehIyeyIgxMRbmUlsaFarNmtiBiPBelak[cUlrYmkg
nyenHEdr. vasMxan;Nas;EdlRtveFVI[sUevotsitkgsanPaBenAdac;BIeKgTaMgRsug 25.
karvivaTcinnigevotNam)ankeRmIkeLIgvijCafIeBjryeBlnrdUvekAqaM1979. enAeBl
enaH RbeTscin)ancab;epImerobcMclnatsUmYyRbqaMgevotNam edayRbmUlpMEtGkExVgmti nigGk
EbkbkSBYkenA\Ncinb:ueNaH. mnIfak;kNalrbs;bkSkumynIsevotNam nigLav RbmaNCag
db;nak;)aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;Rkgeb:kaMg. edaymanCMnYyBIRbeTsf GkePosxn EdlmankMeNItBI
bNakulsm<nenARbeTsLav Rtv)aneprbBaneTARbeTscinvijtamynehaH. kgeBlCamYyKa
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sRtvbgbng

422

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rbs;shBnGalWm:g; eRkayBI)anbRgbbRgmCaRbeTsEtmYy] edaysarmUlehtusuxPaB nig)an
Qb;sMctmYyryxIenATIRkgkar:aCI RbeTs):aKIsan. enATIenaHburscMNas;Gayu76qaMrUbenH
tjEtrfa QWedImRTg. BYkbuKlikbeRmIkargar):aKIsan)anykKat;ecjBIbnb;rg;caMCabnan; edIm,I
ykeTAmnIreBTBinitsuxPaB. munkarehaHeLIgrbs;ynehaH GgrkSrbs; hn EdlCaGkman
ninakarneya)aydUcKaEdrenaH )ansmal; eXIjfabuKlikRbcaMGakasyandanmindwgfa hn
sitenAkEngNaeLIy. mYyExeRkaymk Kat;)anelcmuxCafIenATIRkgeb:kaMg ehIy)anecaTRbkan;
eL yn; nigbnrbs;Kat; falk;RbeTsevotNameTA[RkgmUs. hn TamTar[man karbdivtn_TIBIr
mYykgRbeTsKat;EfmeTot. RsbeBlCamYyKaenaH BYkcin)anbegItmCmNlhVwkhat;CaeRcIn
kEngsRmab;Gk EbkbkSBYksBaatievotNamnigLav RBmTaMgCnCatiPaKticnanapg. BYkeKcab;epIm
KaMRTbNaclnakgTBRBRbqaMgkumynIsEdlvayRbyuTTl;nwgbNardaPi)alenA\Ncin EdlkMBug
kan;GMNacpg 26.
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pl;emeronmYybBIr[evotNamb:ueNaHeT KWBYkeKpl;karbeRgnTaMgmUlmYyEtmg edayeRbIkar
Kabsgt;\tQb;QreTAelIRbeTsLavnigkm<Ca nigraraMgGkEdlpl;mUlniFimin[CYyevotNam
nigbgM[evotNamerobcMesdkicrbs;xnCarebobeyaFaEfmeTot. tameyabl;GkkeTsenaHfa
karbeRgn nwgmanryeBlBIbIeTAR)aMqaM b:uEn eKmindwgBIRbePTnBiFIRbKl;rgVan;EdleRKagTuk
CamunedayBYkcineT 27.
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bBab;CabeNaHGasnnUvkarRbkYtRbECgKarvagRbeTsfnigevotNam edIm,IdeNImkarRttRtaelI
]bTVIbenH. karRbkYtRbECgenH)anEsg[eXIjCaBiesscab;BIstvtSr_TI17mk enAeBlEdl
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\Ncin enAeBlNaeTIbmansniPaB?

423

erobcMedayRkmes>GuI>Ga>enARbeTsLav KaMRTclnaExresrIRbqaMgkumynIsenARbeTskm<Ca nig

bBankgTBeTACYyc,aMgenAevotNamxagt,g. Cafrmkvij RkghaNUy)anKaMRTBYk]TamkumynIs
rbs;fEdr. karRbwgERbgTaMgGs;enHKan)anplRbeyaCn_GVITaMgGs;. CyCmHrbs;BYkkumynIs
enARbeTsLavkgqaM1975 kgTBRbEhl50>000nak;rbs;evotNam)ane)aHTBCaRbcaMenA
TIenaH ehIyTIbMput karcUllukluyRbeTskm<Ca)anbM)at;ecal EdndIRKb;RKan;sRmab;ciBawm
RbCaCn Espace Vital rbs;xnEdlRbeTsfxMRbyuTtaMgBIstvtSr_TI17em:H. Rkg)agkkBMueRtm
TTYlxne)aHbg;eLIy. kalBImun RbeTsfFab;)aneFVIRbtikmedaybBankgTBrbs;xneTAvay
RbyuTnwgevotNamenARbeTskm<Ca. karedaHRsayrebobenHElgykmkeRbI)aneTotehIy. enA
kgGMLgeBlnkarBiPakSaGMBIyuTsasdBuHkeRBaalmYyenAedImqaM1979 naykrdmnIf eRKg
sak; )anRbqaMgCMTas;nwgkarcUleFVIGnraKmn_edaypal;TaMgGs;. Kat;sYrfa kgnamGkNa? kg
namExrRkhmb? . b:uEn karrwgTTwgy:agcecsrbs;ExrRkhm nigkarebCJacitrbs;RbeTscin
RbqaMgnwgRbeTsevotNam)anbgaj[RbeTsfeXIjfa cinenAEtCakmaMgdmanGMNacdEdl
edImI,eFVI[]tmPaBrbs;evotNamRtvbraCy. GkyuTsascinGHGagfa edaymineFVIGVITaMgGs;
vanwgeFVI[smta kmaMgkgPUmiPaKGasuIGaeKy_EdneKakpas;brTaMgRsug. RbeTsevotNamnwg
mkdl;mat;TVarRbeTsf karbMpicbMpajGacnwgeFVI)antamcit ehIyenATIbMputevotNamGacdak;
RbeTsenH[sitenAeRkamGMNacrbs;xneTot. tameyabl;rbs;GkyuTsasfmak;fa RbeTs
km<CaElgCardRTnab;mYyehIy CakarRbesIrGVIEdlRtveFVIKWKaMRTkartsUrbs;ExrminEmnkumynIs
EdlbgCaRTnab;mYyedayxngpal; 28.

Rkgv:asuInetane)aHbg;smaKmGasan
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cab;epImmYysRmab; etg savBIg enARbeTsf edaydak;bBalkarcab;epImenHCacMNucsMxan;nkar
eRtmbRmgCayuTsasrbs;cinpg. GaRsyedaykarerobcMCasmat;epSg navarbs;cinCaeRcIn
eRKg)anerIdak;enAkMBg;Ep sat;tahuIb nigxgy: nUvsBVavuFRKb;RbePT RBmTaMgRKab;rMesvCaeRcIn
etan EdlkgTBrbs;fRtvdwkCBanrhUtdl;CMrMnanarbs;ExrRkhm ehIyeRkaymk rhUtdl;clna
tsUminEmnkumynIsCaeRcInRkmenAtambeNayRBMEdnExr-fpgEdr. sanTUtcinRbcaMRkg)agkk
EdlCYyeRCamERCgedayGkCMnYjcinkat;f nigedaykgTBPUminf)anTTYlr:ab;rgeFVICaGkpt;pg;

sRtvbgbng

424

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)anbg;BnsRmab;siTiqgkat;mYyeTA[kgTBrbs;f ehIym:ageTot kbeNay[kgTBfdk
sBVavuFTaMgenHmYyEpkEdr. edayGnuelamtamkicRBmeRBgmYyepSgeTot RbeTscin)anpl;
beckviCacaM)ac;mYycMnYnsRmab;karplitGavuFRbqaMgrfeRkaHrYmKakgeragcRkplitGavuFmYyrbs;
fkglkxNfa mYyEpknplitplenHRtvbRmgTuksRmab;ExrRkhmpg.
karerobcMCasmat;TaMgenH bgaj[eXIjnUvPaBcdndlsRmab;RkmhundwkCBanrbs;f
EdlRKb;RKgedaykgTBrkcMNUl)any:ageRcIneRBaHfa RkmhunenH)ancuHdundabtaMgBImankarbiT
mUldannanarbs;GaemrikaMgEdlmanenAelITwkdIfem:H. enHkCakasrkkRmxusc,ab;Edr sRmab;
nayTahanxHrbs;fedaysar c,ab; tRmv[sRmab;karRbKl;sBVavuFrbs;cin 29.
taMgBIcugqaM1979 kgTBrbs; b:ul Bt EdlRtveFVI[kayeTACaRkmmnusSetaky:ak ehIy
EdlkMBugQWcab;edayCMgWRKncaj;nigkarxVHes,gGahar)anrkeXIjfamBlfImYyeLIgvij eday
sarCMnYysb,rsrbs;BYkcin. bnab;BIkarlukluyrbs;evotNam kgTBExrRkhmmanenAsl;
RbmaNdb;BIrkgBlFMb:ueNaHEdlenArat;rayBaseBjRbeTs edayKankarTak;TgrvagKanwgKa
ehIyCajwkjyKankarTak;TgCamYynwgbBaakardanpal;rbs;xnpgeT. ExrRkhm)anrs;eLIgvij
edaysarCMnYyrbs;GnrCati nigkarbMBak;yuTabkrN_CafIedaykarpt;pg;GavuFrbs;cin. enAcugqaM
1980 eK)anvaytmfa cMnYnTBrbs;ExrRkhm)aneLIgBI2muWnrhUtdl;4mWunnak;30.
esnaFikardanrbs;ExrRkhmmanTItaMgsitenAEtBIrbbIKILEm:Rtb:ueNaHBIRBMEdnf b:uEn kg
kum:g;dUCaeRcInRkmmanKaBIdb;eTAdb;BIrnak;Rtv)anbBancUlmkpkgRbeTs edIm,IeFVIkarBYnsak;vay
Rbhar dak;mIntampvfl;nigbMpicbMpajs<an. enAcugqaM1981 sgamTBRBenAkm<CamansPaB
rwtEtxaMgeLIg EdlbNal[maneRKaHfak;dl;tMbn;mYyPaKy:agFMrbs;RbeTs.
b:uEnkarrYbrYmkmaMgKaRbqaMgRkghaNUyEdleTIbnwgcab;kMeNIt hak;dUcCaminsUvmanesckI
sgwmb:unaneTenAelIqakGnrCati. R)akdNas; edaysarkicRbwgERbgrYmKarbs;shrdGaemrik
smaKmGasannigRbeTscin ExrRkhmenArkSa)anGasnrbs;xnenAGgkarshRbCaCatidEdl
b:uEnkarKaMRTrbs;GnrCati)anfycuHKYr[)arm. enAqaM1980 evotNam)anebIkTVarRbeTskm<Ca
y:agFMsRmab;RbBnpSBVpSayBtmanelakxaglicnana. taMgBIeBlenaHmk RkmGkykBtman nig
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enArs;ranmanCIvitBIvalBiXat GaceTATsSnareNAqwgexac nigKukTYlEsgdl,Il,ajenARkgPMeBj

\Ncin enAeBlNaeTIbmansniPaB?

425

EdlenAkgKukenHcemIysarPaBrab;Ban;TMBrEdlKabcRmaj;ykBIGkeTaseRkamkareFVITaruNkm
y:ageXareXAbMput nigrUbftCnrgeRKaHCaeRcIn )anbgaj[eXIjBI RbsiTPaB nm:asuInsmab;
mnusSenAkm<CaRbCaFibetyBIqaM1975dl;qaM1978. bTykBtmannigExSPaBynepSg
EdlnaMeTAbgajR)ab;eKgedayGkkaEst )anbg[mankarsb;ex<ImTUTaMgBiPBelak ehIy)an
CMruj[RbeTsGg;eKs nigGUsalI ElgTTYlsal;rbb b:ul Bt 31teTAeTot.
enAqaM1980 rdmnIRksYgkarbreTsfIrbs;GaemrikaMgKWelak eGdm:un mWsI EdledIrtam
Gnusasn_rbs;Gkkan;tMENgmunKat;KWelak v:an;s_ GMBIcMNucenH)aneBalGHGagfa RbeTsrbs;Kat;
mineRbIsiTrbs;xnkgkare)aHeqat edIm,IeFVI[ b:ul Bt mannItism,TaeLIgvijenAGgkarshRbCa
CatieLIy. Kat;krgTTYlnUvkarKabsgt;xHBIsMNak;RbeTscin nigBIbNakGKrdTUtGaemrikaMg
RbcaMRbeTsnanansmaKmGasanpgEdr ehIyR)akdNas;BI RbhSInsI pal; EdlenATIbMput )an
seRmccitGnuBaat[Kat;e)aHeqatCaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;km<CaRbCaFibetymgeTot. BYkExrRkhm
enAkan;kab;Gasnrbs;xndEdl. karbBaHbBalEdleFVIeLIgedayshrdGaemrik RbeTscin nig
smaKmGasan)anTTYlkarKaMRT97sMeLg cMeBaHesckIseRmccitrbs;xnEdlTamTar[mankardk
kgTBrbs;evotNamecjBIkm<Ca. ebITukCaTTYl)aneCaKCyenHkeday kbNaRbeTsnsmaKm
Gasandwgc,as;fa edIm,IkarBarGasnkm<CaRbCaFibetyenAGgkarshRbCaCati eKminRtwmEt
EklmrUbPaBCa paksBaa ExrRkhm[)anRbesIrCagmunb:ueNaHeT b:uEnCaBiessRtvBRgIkmUldan
rbs;clnatsURbqaMgevotNamEfmeTot. enAsrTrdUvqaM1980 elak lI kVan;yU rdmnITI1sigburI
)anTTYlsal;CasaFarNfa edIm,IRbmUlnigrkSakarKaMRTBIBiPBminEmnkumynIs eKetagEtdak;
emdwknaMkm<Camak;EdlmankitanuPaBCaGnrCati[RKb;RKgkm<CaRbCaFibety muneBlmhasni)at
rbs;GgkarshRbCaCatiebIkRbCMuenAqaM1981 32.
eKetagEteRKagKitBIkarseRmccitpas;brmYyEfmeTot edayedjExrRkhmecjEdl
GasanminGacKaMRTteTAeTot. GkkarTUtCan;x<s;mak;rbs;f)anniyayBIerOgenHeRkaymkfa
caM)ac;GIeTAGenalGenakedIm,I[TTYl)andMeNaHRsayneya)aymYy ebIsmaKmGasanBMuman
dMeNaHRsaysRmab;CMnYspl;[pgenaH? . enHehIyCaRbPBnKMnitkgkarbegIt[mankarrYm
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rab;minGs;CamYybNa\sSrCnExrnigcinCaeRcInrUb.

sRtvbgbng

426

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sWn san EdlelIkeLIgedaysmaKmGasanenaHGaceFVI[\TiBlrbs;ExrRkhmrYmtUceTA. taMgBI
karyagRtLb;rbs;RBHGgeTARkgeb:kaMgvijenAExkum qaM1979 TMnak;TMngepSgrbs; semc
sIhnu CamYyBYkmas;pHrbs;RBHGgmansPaBsuxdumrmnanwgKaNas;. BYkcin)anerobcM[RBHGg
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kar]btmKaMBarrbs;cinmgeTot. edayCMTas;RbqaMgnwgkarbdiesFy:agcecsmYytamBakesIsMu
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karbegIt)anrdaPi)altMNagmYy edIm,Ikan;kab;GasnEdlTuk[TMenrenAGgkarshRbCaCatieLIg
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semc sIhnu enAEtRbkan;CMhry:agmuWgm:at;kgkarbriharExrRkhmy:agxaMgka nigkarTieton
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BIkarriHKn;epSgEbbenaH EdlsemcbnW[dwgenARkgeb:kaMgnigkarRbkasCasaFarNenAedImqaM
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RtvBYkcinEdlRtveFVIekARkhayxaMgTat;ecalminxan. enAExkkda qaM1980 BYkcin)anRcanecal
nUvkarsMuGnuBaatrbs;rdmnIkarbreTsfmin[CYbKal;semceLIy34. edayxusRBHraCbMNgnig
tUcRBHTyxng semc)anyagRtLb;mkBIRkgBgy:agvijedayectnaeRBaHEtkarCYbKaenH
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\Ncin enAeBlNaeTIbmansniPaB?

427

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semc sIhnu vaCaerOgKYr[EqtRBHTyNas; 35.
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rbs;Kat; eRBm TinsULaNun )anKabsgt;cin[eFVIkarpas;bremdwknaMkm<CaRbCaFibety KWem
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san CMnYsvij. etg savBIg )aneqIytbedayRtg;eTAvijPamfa kardkemdwknaMTaMgbInwgeFVI[
BYkyuTCnExrRkhmEdleyIgFab;eRbICaRTnab;rvagTahanevotNamnigRbeTsfFak;Twkcit. kb:uEn
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ebIsinCa GkTaMgBIrminmanbMNgbMpajkartsURbqaMgnwgBYkevotNameTenaH 36.
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sRtvbgbng

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\Ncin enAeBlNaeTIbmansniPaB?

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sRtvbgbng

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\Ncin enAeBlNaeTIbmansniPaB?

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\Ncin enAeBlNaeTIbmansniPaB?

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\Ncin enAeBlNaeTIbmansniPaB?

437

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sRtvbgbng

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\Ncin enAeBlNaeTIbmansniPaB?

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\Ncin enAeBlNaeTIbmansniPaB?

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enATIbMput kMhwgEdlminbgajlkNmkxageRkA)anERbkayeTACakarbHe)arCacMhenAExF qaM
1985. smaKmGasan)aneFVIGnraKmn_edIm,Irmab;GFikrN_enH ehIykarcat;EcgdwknaMTahanrbs;
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mkvij BYksUevotRtv)anGnuBaat[taMgmUldaneyaFaCaeRcInkEng EdlRkghaNUyFab;cecs
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sRtvbgbng

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qaM1979 eRkaydMeNIrvilRtLb;rbs;Kat;bnic navaKaMRTCaeRcIneRKgnkgnavaesIubkarN_
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\Ncin enAeBlNaeTIbmansniPaB?

443

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mhaGMNaceCIgTwkmYykgcMeNammhaGMNaceCIgTwkdMbUgenAGasuI 55 navaFMrbs;sUevotBI20
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sRtvbgbng

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RbeTsevotNammYyb:ueNaH. enAcugqaM1981 lI sannan ]bnaykrdmnIcin)anRbkasfa
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)aneFVIRbtikmedayGnueRKaHcMeBaHkarkeRmIkCafInUvykcitTukdak;BIsMNak;RbeTscinenH.
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\Ncin enAeBlNaeTIbmansniPaB?

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CaBuMnaMeTAdl;PaBFUrRsalNamYysIBIkarKaMRTrbs;sUevoteLIy. edayCak;Esg RkgmUs kmineFVI
[maneRKaHfak;dl;eKaledACayuTsasrbs;xnenARbeTsevotNam edIm,IbMeBjcitcinEdr. fVIebI
man ]bsK CaeRcInEdlRtvedaHRsayCabnan;keday kTMnak;TMngEpkesdkicBaNiCkm nigvb,Fm
rvagRbeTscinnigshPaBsUevot)anrIklUtlas;KYr[kt;smal;. ]TahrN_enAqaM1985 mankar
pas;brKNRbtiPUeTAvijeTAmkrvagRbeTsTaMgBIrelIsBIR)aMBIrelIk. bnab;BITsSnkicCaelIkdMbUg
enARbeTscinnaExF qaM1984 rbs;GkTTYlxusRtvCan;x<s;sUevotmak; KW]bnaykrdmnI GIuv:an;
GaXIb:Uv nigTsSnkicrbs;]bnaykrdmnIcin y:av yIlIn enAshPaBsUevotkgExkkda qaM1985
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nigsabnaeragcRkfIcMnYnR)aMBIreTot. kicRBmeRBgmYyEdlcuHhtelxaenAqaM1985)anEcgfa
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bnTamTarfa TMnak;TnM gCak;lak;xagneya)aynwgGacEklMG[)anRbesIrelIsmunEtdrabNa ]bsK
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sRtvbgbng

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\Ncin enAeBlNaeTIbmansniPaB?

447

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\Ncin enAeBlNaeTIbmansniPaB?

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461

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Agence Vietnamienne d' Information TIPak;garBtmanevotNam
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C.V.

Le Courrier du Vietnam

F.E.E.R.

Far Eastern Economic Review

F.B.I.S.-P.R.C.

Foreign Broadcast Information Service-People's Republic of China.

F.B.I.S.-A.P.A.

Foreign Broadcast Information Service-Asia Pacific

N.D.

Nhan Dan

N.Y.T.

The New York Times

P.I.

Pkin Information

Q.D.N.D.

Quan Doi Nhan Dan

R.R.

Renmin Ribao

S.W.B.

Summary of World Broadcast (BBC)

W.P.

Washington Post

A.F.P.
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462

RbPBksarsMGag
CMBUkTI1
1 Roy Rowan, The Four Days of Mayaguez, New York, Norton, 1975; pp. 38-48.
2 The Vietnamese Air Force, 1951-1975: An Analysis of its Role in Combat and Fourteen Hours at Koh
Tang, Southeast Asia Monograph Series, Vol.3, Washington, D.C., VSAF, 1981, p. 106.
3 Roy Rowan, ibidem, p. 123.
4 karR)aRsyTak;TgKapal;xnrbs;mnImak;nRksYgkarbreTsGUsalI eRkaykarsnnarbs;
Kat;CamYytUt (Tot) enARbeTsm:aeLsuI/ fTI5 Exemsa qaM1979.
5 Michael Chinoy, A Close Look at the Mayaguez , F.E.E.R, fTI30 Ex]sPa qaM1975, p. 18.
6- R.M.Smith, Cambodia Foreign Policy, Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press, 1965, p. 159.
7 Ben Kiernan, man;RB/ man;Rsuk nigEkkTwk PUmiPaKbUBaeRkamrbb b:ul Bt kgkarniBnl,g
TI8 bdivtn_nigplvi)akkgRbeTskm<Ca David Chandler and Ben Kiernan d., Monograph Series
N25, New Haven, Conn. Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, 1983, p. 178. karbkERbeTACa
Pasa)araMgkg Camille Scalabrino nig Marie-Claire Orieux: Cambodge: Rbvtisas nigRkya
tMNaMg/ 1945-1985, Asie-Dbat 2, lHarmattan, 1985, pp. 159-160.
8 Dossier Kampucha, Vol. 1, C.V., Hanoi, 1978, p. 128.
9 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYy paM v:an;)a GtItkGKrdTUtrbs;evotNamRbcaMkm<CaRbCaFib
ety/ TIRkghUCImij/ fTI27 Exmkra qaM1981.
10 S.W.B., 5 aot 1975.
11 Dossier Kampucha, p. 127.
12 Kenneth M. Quinn, The Origin and Development of Radical Cambodia Communism, niekbbTfak;
bNit/ University of Maryland, 1982, p. 187.
13 Ibid.
14 kMNt;ehtuGUsr:UeNGU sIBIkarsnnarvag v:ag sagr:ug-sun esn enAfTI6 Exkum qaM1976
Edlbgaj[dwgkgeBlkat;kI b:ul Bt-eGog sarI edaykM)aMgmux. sMeNAedImRtv)at;bg;
b:uEnkarerobrab;y:aglitln;CaeRcIn)annaM[nwkeXIjBIlkNBitnkarbkERbCaPasa)araMg

RbPBksarsMGag

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26

463

enH. CaBiess Tak;TgeTAnwgPaBscesIgnCMnYyrbs;cin EdlpynwgkarbBaak;GHGagrbs;

Gkkan;GMNacevotNam.
F.B.I.S.-P.R.C., fTI16 Exemsa qaM1976/ A-7.
The Straits Times, fTI13 Exvicika qaM1974.
hg;rI KIsSIghr/ The White House Years, Boston, Little, Brown, 1979, p. 1114. esovePAbkERbCa
Pasa)araMg GMBIestviman 1968-1973, Paris, Fayard, 1979.
Kiessings Contemporary Archives, janvier 1974, p. 26488.
esckIraykarN_segbsIBIkarsnnarbs;]bnaykrdmnI lI sannan CamYy paM v:an;dug enA
fTI10 Exmifuna qaM1977, A.C.N., fTI22 ExmIna qaM1979.
S.W.B., fTI1 Ex]sPa qaM1975.
S.W.B., fTI29 Ex]sPa qaM1975.
S.W.B., fTI22 Ex]sPa qaM1975.
Fighting a New Kind of War", F.E.E.R, fTI26 ExkBaa qaM1975/ p. 10.
F.B.I.S.-P.R.C., fTI23 ExkBaa qaM1975/ A-16.
Ibid., A-18-19.
tameyabl;mnIcinmak;fa karTamTaredayTTUcrbs; eL faj;gI edIm,IsuMCMnYyrbs;cin kg
GMLgnkareFVIdMeNIrKanQb;Qrrbs;Kat;)aneFVI[Kat;maneQaHehAeRkAfa smyack .
P.I., fTI16 Exmifuna qaM1978/ pp. 12-16. GtbTBuMmanbBaak;TaMgkalbriecTnkarsnna
enH TaMgeQaHemdwknaMrbs;evotNameT b:uEn karniyaybBaitbeBagBI CMgWdFn;Fr rbs; CU
nigkarniyayeyagBI smysgam eFVI[eKKitfa Kat;enaHCa eL faj;gI enAExsIha
qaM1975 RbBnpSBVpSayBtmanrbs;cin )anelIkykmkniyayBIkarCYbKamYyrbs; gI
CamYy CU EdlenAeBlenaHcUlBa)aleraKkgmnIreBT.
elIkykmkniyayCasMGageday A.C.N., fTI19 Exmifuna qaM1981.
GMBIGFibetyPaBrbs;evotNamelIRbCuMekaH hgsa nig eRTgsa/ RkghaNUy/ RksYg
karbreTs/ 1979/ p. 60. karbkRsayrbs;evotNam)anRtvGHGagbBaak;eday A.C.N.,
fTI14 ExsIha qaM1979.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYynaykrgmCmNlRbvtisassmybcb,nrbs;cin/ Rkg

27

28
29

30

sRtvbgbng

464
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

38

39
40
41
42

eb:kaMg/ fTI8 ExmIna qaM1982.

S.W.B., fTI6 Exmifuna qaM1978.
S.W.B., fTI2 Ex]sPa qaM1975.
Carlyle A. Thayer nig David G. Marr, Vietnam Since 1975, Center for the Study of Australian-Asian
Relations, Research Paper N20, Brisbane, Griffith University, 1980, p. 7.
Ta Kung Pao, hugkug/ fTI27 Exvicika qaM1975.
Gareth Porter, neya)ayevotNamnigvibtienA\Ncin kgsgam\NcinelIkTI3/ David W.P.
Elliott d., Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1981, p. 80.
S.W.B., fTI26 Exemsa qaM1976.
karsnnarbs; eGog sarI CamYyelak Patrice de Beer, GkeqIyqgBtmannkaEst LWm:ug
sRmab;PUmiPaKGasuIGaeKy_/ )agkk/ Extula qaM1975. sUmGKuNelak Beer Edl)an
bBankMNt;RtaxIrbs;elakmk[.
sarin qak/ RBMEdnRbeTskm<Ca , Paris, Dalloz, 1966, pp. 207-208; sUmGanpgEdrnUv esovePA
km<Ca-evotNam/ International Boundary Study N155, RksYgkarbreTsGaemrikaMg/ kariyalyesuIbkarN_ nigRsavRCav/ Washington, D.C., 1976, pp. 11-12.
esckIcmgnkarsnnarbs; v:ag Tug CamYyelak James Burnet, haNUy/ fTI12 Exmkra
qaM1986. Btmanpal;xnrbs;elak James Burnet.
S.W.B., fTI6 Exkkda qaM1976.
S.W.B., fTI18 ExsIha qaM1976.
esckIraykarN_segbsIBIkarsnnarbs;]bnaykrdmnI lI sannan CamYynaykrdmnI
paM v:an;dug enAfTI10 Exmifuna qaM1977 , A.C.N., fTI22 ExmIna qaM1979.
Jurgen Domes, RbeTscineRkaysmybdivtn_vb,Fm/ London, Hurst, 1976, pp. 247-251.
Michel Oksenberg, mYyTsvtSn_nTMnak;TMngcin-Gaemrik , karbreTs/ srTrdUv 1982, pp. 180181.

43
44

vK neratm sIhnu em:agnCyCmH

1 Henry Kissinger, bNaqaMEdlclaclxaMg Little, Brown, 1982, p. 59. karbkERbCaPasa)araMg

RbPBksarsMGag

465

bNaqaMdrMeCIbrMCYl , Paris, fayard, 1982.

2 GuI pan;dara/ karRtLb;mkPMeBjvij , Paris, A.M. Mtaili, 1982, p. 37.

CMBUkTI2
1 Paul Mus, evotNam sgmsasnsgammYy/ Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1952, p. 17.
2 Michael G. Cotter, Towards a Social History of Vietnamese Southward Movement , Journal of Southeast
Asia History, Vol. IX, N1, mars 1968, p. 14.
3 Georges Maspero, RBHraCaNacRkcm,:a , Paris, Van Houst, 1928, p. 26. cMeBaHtYelxEdlfI
bMput sUmGansitiCMerOnRbCaCnenAqaM1976 rbs;saFarNrdsgmniymevotNam.
4 Alexander Barton Woodside, evotNam nigKMrUrbs;cin/ Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1971,
p. 247.
5 David Chandler, km<Camunsmy)araMg Politics in a Tributary Kingdom. 1794-1848, Ann Arbor,
Mich., University Microfilms, 1973, p. 108.
6 David Chandler, An Anti-Vietnamese Rebellion in Early Nineteenth Century Cambodia: Pre-Colonial

Imperialism and a Pre-Nationalist Response, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. VI, N1, mars
1975, pp. 16-24

.
7 Btmanpal;xnrbs;elak David Chandler, fTI15 Extula qaM1982; aussi, David Chandler, op.
cit., p. 154; David Chandler, Kampuchea-Vietnam-The Roots of Strife, in The Vietnam-KampucheaChina Conflict, Malcolm Salmon d., Working paper N1 Canberra, Department of Political and Social
Change, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1979, pp. 4-5

.
8 erOgxIkgRbvtisasenH )anpl;CaRbeyaKEdleKTenjminQb;mYykgkareXasnarbs;
ExrRkhm. cMeBaHkarbkRsayrbs;GkrYcputBIeRKaHfak;mak;CaCnCatikm<Ca sUmGan
esovePA karvilRtLb;mkPMeBjvij rbs;elak GuI pan;dara/ Paris, Mtaili, 1982, p. 129
RBmTaMg esovePArbs;elak A. Pannetier, kMNt;ehtuxIGMBIkm<Ca enAkNalRbeTsExr/
Paris, Payot, 1921; Paris, Cedoreck, 1983, pp. 15-16 pg.
9 Chandler, op. cit., p.153.
10 esckIRbkasBtman/ km<CaRbCaFibety/ KNebskkmGciny_enAGgkarshRbCaCati/

sRtvbgbng

466

fTI11 ExF qaM1978. tamkarBit erOgenHmanBitR)akdKWcab;BIqaM1977mk.

11 sarin qak/ RBMEdnRbeTskm<Ca / Paris, Dalloz, 1966, tome 1, p. 179.
12 Michael Leifer, Cambodia: The Search for Security, London, Pall Mall, 1967, p. 95; Roger M. Smith,
Cambodias foreign Policy, Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press, 1965, pp. 158-159. karTTUcedIm,I
[mankareRbIGakb,kiriyaRbyt xagpvkay bvaca edayELkmYycMeBaHCnCatiPaKticExr
eRkamenAPaKxagt,gevotNam KWCamUlehtunbraCykgkarcrcaenAExtula qaM1964
rvagrNsirSrMedaHCatievotNamevotkug nigkm<Ca. kMNt;ehtunkarRbCuMrbs;KNRbtiPU
nrNsirSrMedaHCatievotNamxagt,genAvimanTTYlePJvnaTIRkgeb:kaMg/ fTI1 Extula qaM
1964 evlaem:ag4lac/ ksarpal;xnrbs;elak sal myr.
13 Alain Forest, km<CanigkartaMgGaNaniKmrbs;)araMg / Paris, l Harmattan, 1980, p. 452.
14 elIkmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Gareth Porter, evotNamnigkm<Ca , CemaH\NcinelIk
TI3/ David Elliott d., Boulder, Colo, Westview, 1981, p.124, note 101.
15 RksYgkarbreTs/ TUrelxN749-S.D.C.S Extula qaM1952/ manRbPBmkBITIRkgRBnKr.
tammtiENnaMdEdlfa bkSkumynIs\Ncin)anRbKl;GMNac[bkSkumynIsevotNamedIm,I
erobcMnigdak;[manRkbxNnUvsmaCikrbs;xn EdlmanedImkMeNItCacin ehIyEdlkMBugsak;
GaRsyenARbeTsevotNam/ km<CanigRbeTsLav .
16 GkkeTsxagbBaaRbeTskm<Ca min)anRBmeRBgKaGMBIGtnynmhasni)atqaM1960
EdlCakalbriecTnkarbegItbkS dUcEdl b:ul Bt )anGHGagbmhasni)atelIkTIBIrnbkS
RbCaCnbdivtn_km<Ca EdlekItmkBIbkSkumynIs\NcineT. karbBaak;GHGagTaMgBIrRbEhl
CamankarBitenAkgenaHtamcMENknImYy.
17 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak Charles Meyer, Rkg):arIsfTI18 Exmifuna qaM1977.
18 neratm sIhnu/ esovePA GkeTasExrRkhm / Hachette, 1986, p. 416.
19 Harald Munthe-Kaas, smasn_CamYysemcRBH neratm sIhnu / F.E.E.R. fTI9 Extula qaM
1965.
20 Stephen Header, Kampucheas Armed Struggle: The Origin of an Independent Revolution , Bulletin of
Concerned Asian Scholars, Vol. 11, N1, 1979, p.7.
21 Timothy Carney, Cambodia: The Unexpected Victory , GtbTmin)ane)aHBum<pSay/ Exkum

RbPBksarsMGag

467

qaM1979/ p.10.
22 Heder, Kampucheas Armed Struggle , p.14.
23 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak sal myr/ ):arIs fTI18 Exmifuna qaM1977.
24 Kissinger, The White House Years, p. 250; William Shawcross, ehtukarN_bnab;bnSM/ KIsSIghr/
nicsun nigkarbMpajRbeTskm<Ca/ New York, Simon and Schuster, 1979, p. 70.
25 elIkmkniyaysMGagedayelak savRks op.cit.p. 123. kgnydEdlelak savRks k
elIksmIrbs;elak William Colby GtItnayk C.I.A. mksMGagpgEdr.
26 Sihanouk, op.cit.
27 Heder, Kampucheas Armed Struggle , p. 14. enAqaM1968 semc sIhnu )anGYtGagfa )an[
eKsmab;GkRbqaMgCaCnkumynIs1500nak;taMgBIqaM1956mk.
28 Ibid.
29 Shawcross, op. cit., p. 250.
30 esovePAexA/ ehtukarN_nigPstagnGMeBIQanBannigkarPab;TwkdIrbs;RbeTsevotNam
RbqaMgnwgkm<Ca/ PMeBj RksYgkarbreTskm<CaRbCaFibety/ qaM1978/ p. 86.
31 Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, Boston, Little, Brown, 1981, p. 353.
32 Ibid., p. 341.
33 Ibid., p. 36.
34 Shawcross, op. cit., pp. 335-343.
35 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYysemcRBH neratm sIhnu enATIRkgeb:kaMg fTI5 Exemsa qaM
1980.
36 Donald Kirk, Revolution and Political Violence in Cambodia, 1970-74 , dans Communism in Indochina,
Joseph Zasloff and Paul Brown d., Toronto, Lexington, 1975, p. 218.
37 TUrelxEdlerobrab;bBaledayelak Ben Kiernan man;RB/ man;Rsuk nigEkkTwk PUmiPaKbUBa
rbs;km<CaeRkamrbb b:ul Bt /kgkarniBnl,gTI8sIBIbdivtn_nigplvi)akenAkm<Ca/ David

Chandler and Ben Kiernan d., Monograph Series N25, New Haven, Conn., Yale University Southeast
Asia Studies, 1983, p. 176

38

Ibid., p. 159

sRtvbgbng

468
39 sMNuMerOgkm<Ca/ pp. 9-10.

CMBUkTI3
1 Rbtikmrbs; eGog sarI cMeBaHkarcab;xnBYkr:aDIkal; Rtv)anerobrab;R)ab; edayshkarI
CitsiTmak;rbs;elak has):arI enATIRkg)agkk. BIqaM1979dl;qaM1982 has):arI Cak
GKrdTUtRbeTsyUehasavIRbcaMRbeTsf.
2 J.B. Armstrong, Revolutionary Diplomacy: Chinese Foreign Policy and the United Front Doctrine,
Berkeley, University of California Press, 1977, pp. 180-181.
3 cMeBaHkarbriyaymYyGMBIRBwtikarN_Extula qaM1976 enARbeTscin sUmGanesovePArbs;
elak Roger Garside, Coming Alive: China after Mao, New York, Mentor, 1981, pp. 101-154; Andres
D. Onate, hVaKUehVg nigkarcab;xnbn4nak; , China Quarterly, ExkBaa qaM1978/ pp. 540-565.
4 tamviTRkgPMeBjfa enAfTI13 Extula kGKrdTUtnRbeTsm:alInigtg;hSanIEdlGeBaIj
mkCUnlixitsartaMgRtv)anTTYleday sun esn rdmnIkarBarRbeTs EdlbMeBjParkickg
zanCardmnIkarbreTs/ S.W.B., fTI1 Exvicika qaM1976.
5 sunrkfarbs;elak lI Cag (Li Qiang) rdmnIBaNiCkmeRkARbeTsrbs;cinEfgkgkasBiFI
Cb;elogmYyenAfTI28 Extula qaM1976/ F.B.I.S.-A.P.A., fTI29 Extula 1976.
6 sgat;GtbTenH sMGagelIkarsnnarbs;CamYyGkkarTUtEdlbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkg
haNUynigeb:kaMg naBak;kNalqaM1977. enAcugqaM1976 km<CaRbCaFibety)anTij
TMnijBIRkghugkugRtwmEt1landularb:ueNaH. sUmGanGtbTrbs;elak Nay:an; can;da
Phnom Penh Undercover Men kgTsSnavdIesdkiccugbUBa (F.E.E.R) ecjfTI10 ExF qaM
1976.
7 Ben Kiernan and Chanthou Boua, ksikr nigneya)ayenAkm<Ca/ London, Zed, 1982, p. 291.
8 David P. Chandler, A Revolution and Full Spate: Communist Party Policy in Democratic Kampuchea,
ExF qaM1976 , GtbTmin)ane)aHBum<pSay/ p. 7.
9 Kenneth M. Quinn, The Origin and Development of Radical Cambodian Communism, niekbbT
fak;bNit/ University of Maryland, 1982, pp. 136-137.
10 David P. Chandler, Revising the Past in Democratic Kampuchea: When Was the Birthday of the

RbPBksarsMGag

469

Party?, Pacific Affairs, t 1983, pp. 297-299; Ben Kiernan and Chanthou Boua,

11
12

neya)ayenAkm<Ca/ London, Zed, 1982, p. 291.

Chandler, ibid., p. 297.
Chanthou Boua and Ben Kiernan, kariyaFibetynesckIsab; , New Statesman, fTI2 Ex
]sPa qaM1980; David Hawk, mCmNlRblyBUCsasn_TYlEsg , Index on Censorship,
Exmkra qa1M 986, pp. 25-31.
Chandler, op. cit., p. 298.
karbkERbGtbTBITsSnavdITg;bdivtedayelak Timothy Carney nig Kem Sos Edlmankg
esovePAmYyCitecjpSay e)aHBum<pSayeday Karl Jackson.
Btmanpl;eday Timothy Carney, CaGkkeTsxagbBaakm<CaenAsanTUtGaemrikaMgRbcaMRkg
)agkk. sUmGanesovePA Cambodias Communist regime begins to purge its own ranks while
continuing a crack-down , Wall Street Journal, fTI19 Extula qaM1977.
S.W.B., fTI1 Exvicika qaM1976.
A.V.I., fTI21 ExF qaM1976.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYysasacar R)aemaCJ Naxnfab (Pramoj Nakhonthap) GtItRK
beRgnmuxviCaviTasasneya)ay enAsaklviTalyFmsatRkg)agkk naTIRkgevogcn
fTI4 Exkum qaM1982.
Btmanpl;[enAEx]sPa qaM1977 edayGkkarTUtGasuImak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenARkg
haNUy.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYy xaMKuN mnInKNkmaFikarRbCaCnextsVayerog/ sVayerog
fTI14 Exmkra qaM1981.
bkSkumynIsenAevotNam mhasni)atCatielIkTIIV. ksarRkghaNUy/ kare)aHBum<
pSayCaPasabreTs/ 1977, pp. 161-162.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak rs; saerOn enAfTI14 Exmkra qaM1981 naTIRkg
PMeBj.
Btmanpal;xnrbs;elak Michel Strulovici GkeqIyqgBtmanrbs;kaEstGuym:anIet
lHumanit) RbcaMTIRkghaNUy/ Exvicika qaM1977.

13
14
15

16
17
18

19
20
21
22
23

ksikr nig

sRtvbgbng

470

24 karsnnaCamYyGkkarTUt\Namak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkgeb:kaMg enAfTI27 Extula

qaM1977/ hugkug.
25 esckIraykarN_segbsIBIkarsnnarbs;]bnaykrdmnI lI sannan CamYy paM v:an;dug enA
fTI10 Exmifuna qaM1977 / A.C.N., 22 ExmIna qaM1979.
26 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak suInNafmb r:ahSar:atNam rdmnIkarbreTssigburI/ f
TI19 Exkum qaM1982/ sigburI.
27 A.C.N., fTI14 ExmIna qaM1977.
28 S.W.B., fTI19 Exemsa qaM1977.
29 S.W.B., fTI9 Exmkra qaM1978.
30 sMMNuMerOgkm<Ca/ p. 133.
31 S.W.B., fTI28 Exmifuna qaM1977.
32 tamkaEst Sankei Shimbun, elIkykmkniyayCasMGagkg Issues and Studies, ExmIna qaM
1978. enAExvicika qaM1977 tamRbPBBtmanmYyrbs;evotNamfa TIRbwkSaciny:ag
eRcInRtvcab;CaeQIyswkkgkasnkarvaybkmYyenAkgEdndIrbs;km<Ca.
33 esckIraykarN_segbsIBIkarsnnarbs;]bnaykrdmnI lI sannan CamYy paM v:an;dug
enAfTI10 Exmifuna qaM1977 / A.C.N., fTI22 ExmIna qaM1979.
34 S.W.B., fTI19 Exkkda qaM1977.
35 S.W.B., fTI20 Exkkda qaM1977. bEnmBIelIksarenH mankarcuHhtelxaelI sni
sBaakMNt;RBMEdnmYyrvagevotNam-Lav/ kicRBmeRBgpl;CMnYyesdkicmYysRmab;
ryeBl3qaMedaymin)ac;sgvij nigpl;nUvR)ak;kmImYyedayKanykkarR)ak; nigkicRBm
eRBgmYy edIm,Ipl;TidakarsRmab;GkkarTUtnigmnIbuKlikrdkarRbeTsTaMgBIr. tamkGK
rdTUtrbs;evotNamRbcaMRbeTsLav egVn sn; (Nguyen Xuan) fa GVIEdlsMxan;KWCMnYyesdkic
RtvEteRbIR)as;sRmab;karpt;pg;kgTBevotNamEdlsMctenARbeTsLav.
36 bTsmasn_rbs;smmit b:ul Bt CamYyKNRbtiPUGkkaEstyUehasavI EdlmkeFVITsSnkic
enAkm<CaRbCaFibety/ PMeBj/ km<CaRbCaFibety ExmIna qaM1978.
37 sunrkfarbs; b:ul Bt enAmuxKNkmaFikarGciny_bkSnafTI2 ExsIha qaM1978 Edl
ykmkbgajenAcMeBaHmuxtulakarbdivtn_RkgPMeBjenAfTI2 ExsIha qaM1979 eRkamelx

RbPBksarsMGag

38

471

eyag 2>5>11. tulakarenH)ankat;eTas b:ul Bt nig eGog sarI kM)aMgmux edayRbhar

CIvitbg;.
elIkykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Nay:an; can;da Lav/ evotNam mitCitsiTCag
eK / TsSnavdI F.E.E.R., fTI29 Exkkda qaM1977.
elIkykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak haer:t BrTr , neya)ayrbs;evotNam nigvibti
enA\Ncin , p. 97.
Kiernan and Boua, Peasants, p. 170.
ksarN2.5.11, kgkMNt;CasMGagenARtg;elxerog37.
S.W.B., fTI14 Ex]sPa qaM1977.
S.W.B., fTI22 Extula qaM1977.
P.I, fTI7 Extula qaM1977/ pp. 20-30.
kMNt;ehtusIBIkarCYbrbs; b:ul Bt CamYyBYkemdwknaMcin/ fTI29 ExkBaa qaM1977 Rtv
rwbGUs)anenATIRkgPMeBj ksarenHRtv)anbgajenAcMeBaHmuxtulakarbdivtn_ naExsIha
qaM1979 eRkamelxeyag 2>5>28.
esckIraykarN_)anFak;kgdRkmPak;garsmat;enAtv:an; ehIy)ane)aHBum<pSaykg Issues
and Studies, ExF qaM1977/ pp. 77-79. esckIraykarN_enH )ane)aHBum<pSaymYyExmun
karepImsgamrvagkm<CanigevotNam Edlvabgaj[eXIjR)akdEmn.
P.I., fTI7 Extula qaM1977, pp. 20-30.

39

40
41
42
43
44
45

46

47

vKneratm sIhnu kSRtEdlcakecjBIqakneya)ay

1 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYy paM v:an;)a/ GtItkGKrdTUtrbs;evotNamRbcaMkm<CaRbCaFib
ety RkghUCImij fTI27 Exmkra qaM1981.
CMBUkTI4
1 Wang Gungwa, shKmn_nigRbCaCati karniBnl,gGMBIGasuIGaeKy_ nigRbeTscin/ Singapore,
Heinemann, 1981, p. 53.
2 Georges Maspero, RBHraCaNacRkcm,:a , Paris, Van Houst, 1928, p. 224.

sRtvbgbng

472

3 kaEst Ralits Cambodgiennes, elxecjfTI24 Exmifuna qaM1965.

4 Huynh Sanh Thong, d. et trad., The Heritage of Vietnamese Poetry, New Haven, Conn., Yale University
Press, 1979, p. 3.
5 Henri Maspero, dkRsg;CasMGagedayelak M. Coughlin, evotNamkgRsemalrbs;cin
Journal of Southeast Asian History, kBaa qaM1967/ p. 242.
6 dkRsg;mkniyayCasMGagedayelak Keith W. Taylor, The rise of Dai Viet and the establishment

of Thang Long dans Kenneth R. Hall and John K. Whitmore d., Explorations in Early Southeast Asian
History: The Origins of Southeast Asian Statecraft, Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia, N11,
Ann Arbor, 1976, pp 165-166,

7
8
9
10
11
12
13

bkERbBIPasaevotNamedayelaktlr. sMeNAedImCaPasa
cinRtv)at;bg;. RbvtiviTU Wang Gungwu Kitfa lixitenHTMngCa)anbBan edayBitR)akd
eRBaH)armeFVI[rMCYldl;menaseBatnaCatiniym b:uEnmankarEkbEnm[kan;EtlelIsmunxHBI
sMNak;Gksresrkalb,vtirbs;evotNam.
Gungwu, op. cit., p. 64.
Thomas Hodgkin, Vietnam: the Revolutionary Path, New York, St. Martins Press, p. 56.
Hodgkin, ibid., p. 89.
sasacar George Mct. Kahin, Btmanpal;xn/ fTI19 Exkkda qaM1984.
Trung Buu Lam, Intervention versus Tribute in Sino-Vietnamese Relations, 1788 -1790 , kg The
Chinese World Order, John K. Fairbank d., Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1968, p. 178.
Le Thanh Khoi, Histoire du Vietnam des origines 1858, Paris, Sudestasie, 1981, p. 214.

Lloyd Eastman, Throne and Mandarins: Chinas Search for a Policy during the Sino-French Controversy
1880-1885, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1967, p. 43

14
15

Trung Buu Lam, ibidem, 174-175

John K. Whitmore, The Development of Le Government in Fifteenth Century Vietnam,

niekbbTfak;
bNit/ Cornell University, 1968, p. 208 nigesovePA RBHraCaNacRkcm,:a p. 231 rbs;elak
Maspero pgEdr.
16 Chandler, Cambodia Before the French, p. 63.
17 niekbbTrbs; vUds EdlRtv)ankarBary:agRtcHRtcg;kgesovePArbs;Kat; mancMNgeCIg

RbPBksarsMGag

473

fa evotNam nigKMrUcin/ Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1971, pp. 253-254.

18

Dao Vang Vy, Nguyen Tri Phuong, Saigon, Nha Van Hoa, Ba Van Hoa, Giao Duc Va Than Nien,
1974, p. 53.

19
20
21
22
23
24
25

26
27
28
29
30
31

sUmGKuNelak Michael Eiland Edl)anTak;TajkarykcitTukdak;rbs;eTAelI

sgat;GtbTRtg;enH ehIyEdl)anbkERb[EfmeTot.
John T. McAlister, Jr., PaBGacnwgekItmansRmab;kargarTUtenAGasuIGaeKy_ , World Politics, Vol.
XIX, N2, Exmkra qaM1976/ p. 273.
dkRsg;ykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Huynh Kim Khanh, lTikumynIsevoNam/ Ithaca,
N.Y., Cornell University Press, 1982, p. 129.
Dossier Kampucha, p. 95.
Ibid.
William Turley, Vietnams View of Regional Order , karTak;TgKaenAsni)atRbcaMqaMelIkTI26n
smaKmsikSaBIbBaaGnrCati/ Washington D.C., 8 mai 1985, p.6.
Ibid.
GtbTrbs; Che Viet Tan Redistribute the work force in order to build and defend the fatherland ,
Tap Chi Cong San, ExsIha qa1
M 979 Rtv)anbkERbcuHpSaykg esckrI aykarN_rbs;RbeTs
evotNam/ N2148, Washington, D.C., National Technical Information Service, 1979, Washington
D.C., 1979, p. 21.
F.B.I.S.-A.P.A., fTI4 Exmkra qaM1985/ K.G.
elIkmkniyayCasMGageday Suebsaeng Promboon, Sino-Siamese Tributary Relations, 1282-1853,
niekbbTfak;bNit/ University of Wisconsin, 1971, p. 173.
elIkykmkniyayCasMGageday Gungwu, op. cit., pp. 46-47.
elIkykmkniyayCasMGageday Eastman, op. cit., p. 39.
Ben Kiernan, esovePA etI b:ul Bt cUlkan;GMNacEbbNa? / London, Verso, 1985, p. 140.
esckIraykarN_EdltamsegtemIltYnaTIrbs;RbeTscinenAsnisITRkghSWENv KWsMGagCa
sMxan;elIesovePArbs;elak Franois Joyaux, RbeTscin nig karedaHRsayCemaH\Ncin
TImYy / hSWENv qaM1954/ ):arIs/ kare)aHBum<pSayrbs; Sorbonne, 1979, pp. 231-323.
cMeBaHkarviPaKlti lnm; y
Y GMB\I riyabfrbs;RbeTscin cMeBaHkarbRgbbRgmRbeTsevotNam

32

sRtvbgbng

474

33
34
35
36
37

EtmYy sUmGanesovePA CemaHcin-evotNam rbs;elak Eugne K. Lawson, New York,

Praeger, 1984, pp. 52-69.
Roxane Witke, smmitnarI cag Qij/ Little, Brown, 1977, p. 271.
Mohamed Heikal, Nasser: ksarRkgEKr/ London, New English Library, 1973, p. 269.
escksI arPaBrbs;elakCMTav Wang Guangmei cMeBaHelak David G. Marr, eb:kaMg/ fT7I ExkBaa
qaM1980. GKuNcMeBaHelak David G. Marr EdlbBanmk[nUvkMNt;xIrbs;elak.
Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, pp. 58-59.
RtvsaksYredayGkniBnenATIRkgevogcn enAfTI26 Ex]sPa qaM1978 nayTahanevot
Nammak;)anRbkasR)ab;fa CnCatiLavkat;cinmak;KW ]tmesnIy_ PUm:a Rtv)ansmab;
kgkarRbyuTenAqaM1971 b:uEneK)anbMepIsfa Kat;RtvkMcat;edayevotNam edayeFVI[eK
eCOfa BakccamGar:amRbEhlCamUlehtumYyehIyemIleTA.
Pierre Mends France, Tl;muxKaCamYynwgGasuI/ New York, Liveright, 174, pp. 107-108. kare)aHBum<
pSaytamsMeNAedIm/ Pierre Mends France, karsnnaCamYynwgGasuIfenH/ esovePAkMNt;
ehtunkareFVIdMeNIr/ Paris, Gallimard, 1972.
Pierre Mends France, op. cit., p.189.
Etienne M. Manach, RbeTsmYyEdlqgkat;edaybNaGanuPaBminGacTb;Tl;)an cin-\Nc
ni
qaM1972-1973 Paris Fayard, 1982, p. 575.
Porter, evotNamnigvibti\Ncin , pp. 74-75.
TsSnavdI F.E.E.R., fTI15 Exmifuna qaM1979, p. 39.
Lawson, op. cit., pp. 193-194.
karkt;smal;rbs; tag Tang Rtv)anGHGagbBaak;edaymnICan;x<s;mak;enARkghaNUy
nigdkRsg;ykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Stanley Karnow kgesovePA evotNam/ GMBI
RbvitsasmYy/ N.Y., Viking, 1983, p. 638.. bYnExmunkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;RbFanaFibtI nicsun
eTAkan;RbeTscin Exkum qaM1972 RbeTscin)anTUnan[RbeTsevotNamTukbBaaRbFana
FibtI FIv mYyduMsin ehIyseRmc[xagEt)annUvkicRBmeRBgmYysMedA[mankardkkgTB
GaemrikcugeRkayecjBIRbeTsevotNam.
Franois Missoffe, karRbyuTttYrvagRkmneya)ayxageqVg/ Paris, Ramsay, 1977, p. 128.

38

39
40
41
42
43
44

45

RbPBksarsMGag

46

475

Thanh Nam,

eb:kaMgsegaHRkgRBnKr ebkaMgCYyRkgRBnKr/ Tinanub,vtievotNam/ Ex

mifuna qaM1979; Philippe Richer, El,gelgbYnnak;enAGasuIGaeKy_/ Paris, Presses Universitaires
de France, 1982, p. 49.
47 Joyaux, la Chine, p. 355.
48 Lawson, op. cit., p. 242.
49 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkarTUtevotNammak;enAfTI14 Exkum qaM1983 naTIRkg
)agkk.

CMBUkTI5
1 Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House, New York, Summit Books,
1983, pp. 623-625.
2 tamkicRBmeRBgRkg):arIs RbeTsevotNam)ansna CYysRmldl;karbBaneTAmatu
RbeTsvijnUvsaksBTahanTaMgLayEdl)at;kgxnkarRbyuT ehIyshrdGaemriksna
CYypSHmuxrbYssgam .
3 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak eLGUNad_ vUdxUk enAfTI17 ExsIha qaM1984naTIRkg
v:asuInetan.
4 kariyalyGnuBnBtmanrbs;estviman/ Presidential Commission on Americans Missing and

Unaccounted for in Southeast Asia: A Report on Trip to Vietnam and Laos March 16-20, 1977,
Washington, D.C.,

fTI23 ExmIna 1977/ p. 11.

5 W.P., fTI18 ExmIna qaM1977.
6 fVIebImtiPaKeRcInelIslubmYynrdaPi)alshrdGaemrik bgajPaBGmitcMeBaHRbeTsevot
NamenAqaM1975keday kmanGkxHlMeGogeTArkkarpSHpSaKaEdr. elakvresnIy_RtIy_
m:xWl GILin EdlRbLkyUrmkehIykgkarRbwgERbgeFVIsgamrbs;GaemrikaMgenA\Ncin
)ansresrGnusSrNmYyeTAGnurdmnIkarBarRbeTsenAfTI5 Exmifuna edayENnaMBIkareFVI
[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRkghaNUy eTaHbICaTRmg;dCak;lak;mYynCMnYyEpkesdkicRtvbg;
Catmkeday. sRmab;Kat;yl;fa karraMgxb;Epkesdkic KWCaTegVIrMelaPbMBanmYyEfmTaMg
CaTegVIRceLatetattUgmYypg EdlminsmrmTaMgRsugkgneya)ayGnrCatirbs;RbCaCati

sRtvbgbng

476

eCOnelOnmYy . edaypyeTAvij GILin )anpl;CaGnusasn_[Rbkan;ykviFankarlitln;

nigemaHmutepSgTl;nwgtfPaBnRbeTsevotNamfI.
N.Y.T., fTI19 Exvicika qaM1975.
dkRsg;mkniyayCasMGagedayelak Murray Hiebert, Playing Politics with the MIAs ,
Southeast Asia Chronicle, N85, fTI12 ExsIha qaM1982.
N.Y.T., fTI25 Exemsa qaM1976.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak rIqad hUlRbk enAfTI5 Exmifuna naTIRkgeb:kaMg.
tamkar[dwgrbs;RksYgkarBarRbeTsfa kgcMnYnsrubmnusS)at;xnenA\Ncin2>546nak;
man753nak;)anRtvcat;Tukfa)at;xnkgkarRbyuT/ 33nak;Rtvcab;CaeQIysgam/ 647
nak; TMngCasab; ehIy1>113)anRtvsmab;kgeBlRbyuT edayeKminGacnaMsaksBmk
)an. sUmGacesovePArbs;elak Bill Herod, The Unfinished Business of Americas MIAs ,
Indochina Issues, N17/ mifuna qaM1981/ rYmTaMg Americas Missing: A Look behind the Numbers ,
Indochina Issues, N54/ Exkum qaM1985pg.
W.P., fTI17 ExF qaM1976.

7
8
9
10
11

12
13

Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in American Foreign Policy, New York, Simon and Schuster,

.
snisITkaEstrbs;RbFanaFibtI xaFr enAfTI24 ExmIna qaM1977/ Rkgv:asuInetan.
S.W.B., fTI29 ExmIna qaM1977.
kgkarsnnamYyenATIRkghugkug nafTI3 ExmIna qaM1983elak mIEsl GUkesnbWk Gk
keTsxagbBaaGasuIenARkmRbwkSasnisuxCati )anniyayR)ab;Ca]TahrN_fa ebskkm
rbs; vUdxUk RbRBwteTAmin)anleLIy. tamkarBit GkxH)anxMRbwgeFVIdMeNIrmYysRmab;Et
erOgTahanGaemrik)at;xnsuTsaF/ kasnkare)aHtRmydMbUgsRmab;kareFVI[manRbRktI
PaBmYyCamYyRbeTsevotNamkMBugnaM[evotNamyl;RcLM. enAcMeBaHmux vUdxUk evotNam
)anbgajlkNTn;Pn;GMBIbBaaCYsCulkarxUcxatedaysarsgam. rhUtTal;EteRkaymk
eTIbevotNamElgbnn;CMhr ehIyxaMRkajcMeBaHsMeNIsuMCMnYyesdkicrbs;eK .
karsnnarbs;Gk niBnCamYy egVn LaM RbFanKNkmaFikarEpnkarrbs;evotNamenAfT3I 1
Exmkra qaM1981naTIRkghaNUy. TsSnavdI F.E.E.R, fTI28 Exkum qaM1981.
1983, 450

14
15
16

17

RbPBksarsMGag

477

18 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYy rIqad hUlRbk enAfTI5 Exmifuna qaM1983 naTIRkgeb:kaMg.

19 C.Vance, op. cit., p. 122.. xaFr )ansEmg[dwgBITwkcitrbs;Kat;fa eRtmRbkYtRbECgnwgBYk
sUevotkgtMbn;CayuTsasTaMgLay CaBiessenARbeTsevotNam . N.Y.T., fTI12 Ex
mifuna qaM1977.
20 Zbigniew Brzezinski, GMNacnigeKalkarN_ kMNt;RbvtiGMBIRkmRbwkSasnisuxCati (1977-1981),
New York, Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1983,p. 197.
21 saFardsgmniymevotNamr)aykarN_esdkicmYy/ FnaKarBiPBelak/ Washington, D.C.,
August 1977, p. 66.
22 TUrelxrbs;kGKrdTUtshrdGaemrikRbcaMRkg)agkk Charles Whitehouse, N09191-2717442,
fTI27 Exemsa qaM1977.
23 Asian Wall Street Journal, fTI5 Ex]sPa qaM1977.
24 karerobrab;litln;enHKW)anmkBIkarsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGnurdmnIkarbreTs pan; ehon
enATIRkg):arIs nafTI21 Exmifuna qaM1977 nigCamYyGtItGnurdmnI rIqad hUlRbk/
Rkgv:asuInetan>DI>suI>/ fTI24 Exkkda qaM1981.
25 F.B.I.S-A.P.A., fTI7 Exmifuna qaM1977, K-5.
26 Arkady N. Shevchenko, Ebk)ak;CamYynwgRkgmUs/ New York; Knopf, 1985, p. 265. kare)aHBum<
pSay CaPasa)araMg karpac;mitPaBCamYyRkgmUs (Rupture avec Moscou), Paris, Payot,
1985.
27 Marc Menguy, haNUyRbqaMgnwgeb:kaMg/ mCmNlsRmab;kickarGnrCati/ Harvard University,
1979, p. 36.
28 Ibid., 40.
29 Ibid., 41.
30 Information-Documents, N3, fTI1 Exemsa qaM1982/ e)aHBum<pSayeday C.V., RkghaNUy,
p. 11.

CMBUkTI6
1 karerobrab;GMBI]bTvehtuenAsNaKarfaMgLenH KWsMGagelIkarsnnaCamYyGkkarTUtCaeRcIn

sRtvbgbng

478

EdlmanmuxenAkgBiFIbdisNarkic. ]bTvehtu)anRtvelIkykmkniyayedayelak Marc

Menguy GkkarTUt)araMg EdleBlenaHbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkghaNUy haNUyRbqaMgnwg
eb:kaMg/ mCmNlsRmab;kickarGnrCati/ 1979, p. 33.
2 hU CImij ehtuGVIeRCIserIslTieLnInniym / skmPaBnigkarbdivtn_ Action et Rvolution
1920-1967, GtbTCeRmIs nigerobcMedayelak Colette Capitan -Peter-Paris, shPaBTUeTAn
kare)aHBum<pSay/ coll. 10/18, 1968, p.18.
3 GMBIdMeNIrCIvitrbs; hU CImij sUmGanesovePArbs;elak Jean Lacouture: Ho Chi Minh, Paris,
ditions du Seuil, 1977. GMBc
I lnakumy
nIse votNam sUmGanesovePAmYykg cMeNamesovePA
nanaEdllCageKKW lTikumynIsevotNam 1925-45 rbs;elak Huynh Kim Khanh,
Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press, 1982.
4 Gareth Porter, Vietnam and the Socialist Camp: Center or Periphery , Vietnamese Communism in
Comparative Perspective, William Turley d., Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1980, pp. 228-231.
5 Bernard Fall, esovePA evotmij saFarNrdRbCaFibetyevotNam 1945-60, Paris, Presses
de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1960, p. 116-119.
6 Jean Lacouture nig Philippe Devillers, End of a War: Indochina 1954, New York, Praeger, 1969, pp.
291-293. kare)aHBum<c,ab;edIm TIbBab;nsgammYy/ \Ncin qaM1954, Paris, ditions du
Seuil, 1960.
7 Porter, op. cit., p. 247.
8 elIkykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Douglas Pike: \TiBlnCemaHcin-sUevotcMeBaHGasuI
GaeKy_ , CemaHrvagcin-sUevot/ Herbert Ellison d., Scattle, University of Washington Press, 1982,
p. 196.
9 Donald S. Zagoria, Vietnam Triangle: Moscow, Peking, Hanoi, New York, Pegasus, 1967, p. 127.
10 sRmab;karviPaKsuICeRmAmYyGMBIneya)ayrbs;evotNamcMeBaHshPaBsUevot nigRbeTs
cin sUmGanesovePArbs;elak W.R. Smyser, PaBminBwgEpkrbs;evotNam lTikumynIs
evotNamenAcenaH rusSI nigcin/ 1956-69, Papers on International Studies, Southeast Asia Series,
N55, Athens, Ohio, Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1980.
11 David Butler, kardYlrlMrbs;RkgRBnKr/ New York, Simon and Schuster, 1985, p. 299.

RbPBksarsMGag

12

479

Daniel S Papp.,

evotNam mtimkBIRkgmUs/ eb:kaMg/ v:asuInetan/ Jefferson, N.C., Mc Farland,

.
Shevchenko, Ebk)ak;CamYynwgRkgmUs/ pp. 262-263.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYymnImak;nRksYgkarbreTsrbs;evotNamenAfTI24 Exmkra
qaM1981 naTIRkghaNUy.
Joseph Alsop, Showdown Over Southeast Asia , TsSnavdI Readers Digest, elxecjExF qaM
1975/ TMBr128.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYy v:ag Tug enAfTI25 Exkkda qaM1975 naTIRkghaNUy.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYymnICan;x<s;mak;nRksYgkarbreTsevotNam enATIRkghaNUy
nafTI26 Exkkda qaM1975.
Q.D.N.D., fTI7 Extula qaM1974/ dkRsg;mkniyayCasMGagkg Asian Analyst, fTI4
Exvicika qaM1975/ p. 4.
Btmanpal;xnrbs;elak Peter Limqueco, fTI11 Exkum qaM1976.
vicarNkfarbs;kaEst Giaiphong fTI28 Exvicika qaM1975 dkRsg;mkniyayCasMGag
eday Le Thi Tuyet, evotNam sgmniymkgkarEsVgrkmUlFn/ Washington, D.C., Center of
Strategic and International Studies, 1976, p. 9.
Nayan Chanda, Hanoi Opts For a Broad Approach , TsSnavdI F.E.E.R, fTI25 Exkum qaM
1977.
kareqIy[karN_rbs;elak Evelyn Colbert GtItGnurdelxaFikarTTYlbnkkickarGasuIxagekIt
nig):asuIhVik enAcMeBaHmuxGnuKNkmkarsPaTTYlbnkkickarGasuInig):asuIhVik/ fTI26 Ex
kkda qaM1983/ muxgarrbs;sUevotenAGasuI/ Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1983, p. 193.
Sevchenko, op. cit., p. 263.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkarTUtGWr:ubmak;enAfTI25 Exvicika naTIRkghaNUy. kar
snnarbs;GkniBnCamYymnICan;x<s;mak;nGgTUtrbs;sUevot enATIRkgeb:kaMgnafTI6
Exmifuna qaM1983.
GkeqIyqgBtmanGnamik/ Le Duan backs the loners , TsSnavdI F.E.E.R., fTI19 ExmIna
1981, p. 195

13
14
15
16

17
18
19

20
21

22
23

24

sRtvbgbng

480
25
26
27
28
29

qaM1976.
Btmanpal;xnrbs;elak Massimo Loche, GkeqIyqgBtmankaEst lUnit enATIRkghaNUy/
ExF qaM1976.
I.M.F., I.B.R.D., Tools of Imperialist Exploitation , TIPak;garBtman Tass, fTI6 Exemsa qaM
1983/ F.B.I.S., U.S.S.R., fTI8 Exemsa qaM1983/ C.C.2.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkarTUt\Namak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenARkghaNUy nafTI2
Exmkra qaM1977 enATIRkghugkug.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkarTUtevotNammak;enATIRkgevogcn nafTI9 ExmIna qaM
1977.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkaTUtGasuImak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkghaNUy nafTI4 Ex
vicika qaM1976 enATIRkghugkug. karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYymnImak;nRksYgBaNiCkm
GUsalIenATIRkghugkugnafTI4 Ex]sPa qaM1977. sUmGanGtbTrbs;elak Nayan
Chanda, Hanoi Opts For Broad Approach cuHpSaykgTsSnavdI F.E.E.R. elxecjpSay
fTI25 Exkum qaM1977 pg.
Robert Ross, Chanas Vietnam Policy, 1975-1979; The Politic of Alliance Termination,
niekbbTfak;bNit/ Colombia University, 1984, p. 140.
Nayan Chanda, Vietnams Economy: New Priorities , F.E.E.R., fTI19 Exvicika qaM1976.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkarTUtGasuImak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkghaNUy nafTI5
Ex]sPa qaM1977enATIRkghugkug.
S.W.B., fTI17 ExF qaM1976.
karsnnarbs;Gk niBnCamYyGkkarTUt\Namak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkghaNUy nafT1I 9
ExsIha qaM1977 enATIRkghugkug.
karsnnaCamYyelak Philippe Richer GtItkGKrdTUt)araMgRbcaMTIRkghaNUy enAfTI13
Exmifuna qaM1982 enATIRkg):arIs.
esckIraykarN_GMBIkarcrcasUevot-evotNamenH KWsMGagelIkarsnnarbs;GkniBnCa
mYyGkkarTUtCaeRcInrUb TaMgxagbsimRbeTskdUcxagbkkumynIs rYmTaMgCamYyGkkaEst
GWr:ubxagekItenATIRkghaNUy naExvicika qaM1977pg. karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGk

30
31
32
33
34
35
36

RbPBksarsMGag

481

TTYlxusRtvCan;x<s;EpkkarTUtrbs;sUevotenAfTI6 Exmifuna qaM1983 naTIRkgeb:kaMg.

37 Ross, op., cit., 211.
38 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkarTUtsUevot nig GWr:ubxagekIt enATIRkghaNUy naExvicika
qaM1977. karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkarTUt\Namak; eFVIkarGmBYksUevotenA
fTI17 Exmkra qaM1986 naTIRkgv:asuInetanDI>suI>.
CMBUkTI7
1 Btmanpal;xnrbs;elak Sandor Gyori, fTI12 Extula qaM1985.
2 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak Stephen Heder enATIRkg)agkk nafTI30 Exmifuna qaM
1983.
3 karBiBNnaenHsMGagelIkarsnnaCakCnmYyCamYyGkTTYlxusRtvevotNambIrUbkgenaH
manmak;CavresnIy_k rYmTaMgCamYyGkkarTUtnbNaRbeTsminEmnkumynIs enATIRkg
haNUy naExmIna qaM1978pg.
4 esovePAexA ehtukarN_nigPstagepSgnGMeBIQanBannigkarPab;TwkdIrbs;evotNam
RbqaMgnwgkm<Ca/ PMeBj/ RksYgkarbreTs/ qaM1978/ TMBr99.
5 sMNuMerOgkm<Ca/ Vol. 2. C.V., Hanoi, 1979, pp. 63-65.
6 karsnnarbs;elak Stephen Heder CamYyelak hun Esn/ PMeBj/ Exkkda qaM1981.
7 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak Stephen Heder enATIRkg)agkk nafTI30 Exmifuna qaM
1983.
8 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkarTUt\Namak;EdlbMeBjmuxgarenATIRkghaNUy naExsIha
qaM1978 enATIRkghugkug.
9 karbkRsayRsbKa Rtv)anpl;dl;elak Stephen Heder edayelak hun Esn nig ehg sMrin
kgkasnkarsnnadac;edayELkBIKaenAExkkda qaM1981.
10 tamelak ehg sMrin Edlkan;muxtMENgsMxan;enAkgprNsirSsamKIsegaHCatikm<Ca
enAqaM1979 nigEdlkayeTACaRbFanRkmRbwkSaRbCaCnbdivtn_extkNal)an[dwgfa Rkm
GkbegItrNsirSenHdMbUgKWmanR)aMbInak; Kat;/ elak hun Esn/ nut fn/ jwk hYn/ mas Rkc/
mas hYn/ Gug pn nig eb:g ):at; karsnnaCamYyelak Heder, fTI8 Exkkda qaM1981

sRtvbgbng

482

enARkgPMeBj.
11 karsnnaCamYyGkkarTUtevotNamnigGasuIenARkghaNUy naExmIna qaM1978.
12 CemaHRBMEdnrvagcin-evotNam manlkNCanimitehtumYyeRcInCagCabuBVehtumYyn
CemaHEdlmanenAeBlxagmux. CemaHenH)ancab;epImenAedImTsvtSr_1970 enAeBlEdl
plRbeyaCn_ CatinigCayuTsasrbs;RbeTsTaMgBIrcab;epImExVgKa. cMeBaHkarbkRsay
rbs;evotNam sUmGanGnusSrNrbs;RksYgkarbreTsnsaFarNrdsgmniymevotNam
Tak;TgeTAnwgkarbgehtu nigkarrMelaPRBMEdnrab;minGs; EdlBYkGaCJaFrcinenAtambeNay
RBMEdncin-evotNam CaGkTTYlxusRtv/ haNUy/ RksYgkarbreTs/ qaM1979/ pp. 17-22.
sRmab;PaB c,as;las;epSgTak;TgnwgRBMEdnEdneKakenH sUmGanGtbT China-Vietnam
Boundary, International Boundary Studies, N38, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, U.S. Department
of State, Washington, D.C.,

fTI29 Extula qaM1964. tamGtbTenHfa KankarvivaTEdndI

NamYyBmkdl;eyIgeT .
A.V.I., fTI10 Extula qaM1977.
hg v:an;hn )ancuHcUlnwgBYkcinenAExkkda qaM1979 b:uEn TMnak;TMngdCitsiTrbs;Kat;Ca
mYyBYkcin RtveKdwgBCasaFarNtaMgBImunkalbriecTenHem:H. vaGacfa RkghaNUyxMRbwg
eRbIR)as;TMnak;TMngepSgrbs;Kat;CamYyBYkemdwknaMcin edIm,ITTYl)ankarKaMRTBIRkgeb:kaMg
cMeBaHeKalbMNgrbs;xnEdr. BYkcinRbEhlCa)anTTYlBIKat;nUvBtmandmantmCaeRcInsIBI
CMhrrbs; evotNameTAelIbBaasMxan;. eTaHbICaKat;pal;RtvTuk[manmuxtMENgCapvkar
manEtsMbkeRkA keday kkUnrbs;Kat;)ankan;kab;TItaMgdsMxan;mYykgbkSkumynIs
evotNamEdr ehIyGacesuIb ykkarN_tamrymitPkinigGkmansmancitCaeRcInrbs;Kat;
EfmeTot.
sMeNAnkicRBmeRBg )anRtvRbmUl)anedaykgTBrbs;evotNamenARkgPMeBj enA
Exmkra qaM1979.
S.W.B., fTI14 Exvicika qaM1977.
esckIseRmccitEdlsntfaCarbs;elak eL yn; Rtv)annaMmkniyayedayTIPak;gar
BtmancinfI(A.C.N.)enAfTI23 Exvicika qaM1979bnab;BIkarcab;epImGriPaBrvagcinevotNam enAqaM1978 kgeKalbMNgbriharBIkarbrKMnitPamrbs;evotNam. kb:uEn

13
14

15
16
17

RbPBksarsMGag

18
19
20
21
22

23
24

483

vaTMngCasMedARbqaMgnwgesckIesaHRtg;rbs;evotNamcMeBaHRbeTscineTAPaBminesaHRtg;
rbs;Rkgeb:kaMgcMeBaHRbeTsevotNampgEdr.
S.W.B., fTI22 Exvicika qaM1977.
S.W.B., fTI22 Exvicika qaM1977.
F.B.I.S.-P.R.C., fTI22 Exvicika qaM1975/ A-18-19.
Keng Piaos r)aykarN_GMBIsankarN_enA]bTVIb\Ncin Issue and Studies, tbui/ Exmkra
qaM1981/ p. 85. mnIcinfak;x<s;mak;)anbBaak;R)ab;BIlkNBitnksarenH.
GkTTYlxusRtvcinCaeRcInrUb EdlRtvsaksYrenATIRkgeb:kaMg nigTIRkghugkug kalBIqaM
1979)anniyayGMBIPaBExVgKMnitKaEdlenAmanbnkgpfak;dwknaMcin rhUtmkdl;cugqaM
1978 sIBIbBaaRbeTskm<Ca. enAkalbriecTenH CemaHrvagkm<Ca-evotNam)aneLIgdl;
kRmitminGacRtLb;eRkaymYy edayKMramkMEhgdl;TItaMgCayuTsasTaMgLayrbs;RbeTs
cin enAGasuIGaeKy_ ehIy etg savBIg Rtv)anCMruj[begInkarKaMRTrbs;cindl;RbeTskm<Ca
TaMgeTIsTal;.
N.Y.T., fTI23 ExF qaM1977/ p.5.
edayelIkyksmIsnnaTaMgenHmkniyaysMGag RbBnpSBVpSayrbs;evotNam)ankt;
smal;fa vagayyl;Nas;fa GkNaEdleRbIsmIbBaitbeBagEdlmaneKalbMNgTaMg
enH / CemaHevotNam-km<Ca ksarmYy/ haNUy/ GKare)aHBum<pSayCaPasabreTs/
1979, p. 23.
F.B.I.S.-A.P.A, fTI16 ExF qaM1977/ H-3.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak can;epg sIupaPMu CamnICan;x<s;enARksYgkarbreTsLav/
fTI28 Exkkda qaM1983 enATIRkgevogcn.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYy v:ag Tug enAfTI22 ExmIna qaM1978 naTIRkghaNUy.
briyakasEdlkMBugRKbdNb;RkgPMeBjnaeBlenaH KWRtv)anBiBNnaedayCnbreTsCaGk
taMglMenAeRkARsukmak; kgcMeNamCnbreTsdkRmmanbMput KWGkRsI Lr:g;Bic CaPriyarbs;
kmaPi)alfak;dwknaMExrRkhmmak; EdlGkRsI)anrs;enARbeTskm<Cacab;BIqaM1975 dl;
1979 munnwgcakecjBIsVamInigRbeTsEdlTTYlsal;Kat;TukdUcCakUn. sUmGanesovePA
qayhYs eCIgemX R)aMqaMCamYyExrRkhm / Paris, Barrault, 1984, p. 116.

25
26
27
28

sRtvbgbng

484

29 Ibid., p. 115.
30 F.B.I.S.-A.P.A., fTI1 Exmkra qaM1978.
31 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYy Kieu Ming enAfTI16 Exmkra qaM1981 naTIRkgPMeBj.
32 kgkasnsnisITmYy enATIRkgeb:kaMg fTI31 ExF kGKrdTUtkm<CaRbCaFibety biuc
Cag )anRbkasfa kareRCIserIsEtmYyKt;rvaglTPaBBIrrbs;eyIgKWvayRbyuT edIm,ITak;
TajkarykcitTukdak;BIbNamitrbs;eyIgTaMgCitTaMgqayelITVIbTaMgR)aM edIm,IdeNImkarKaMRTBI
saFarNmtiGnrCati . elIkykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Douglas Pick kg GtbTCemaH
evotNam-km<Ca/ r)aykarN_EdleFVIsRmab;GnuKNkmkarGMBIGasuI nigkickar):asuIhVik/
Committee on International Relations, Washington, D.C., U.S. Congress, fTI4 Extula qaM1978/
p. 11.
33 TIPak;garBtman A.F.P., f21 Extula qaM1977.
34 enAsmyRbCuMeBjGgrbs;bkSkumynIscinnaExkkda qaM1977 etg savBIg )anEfg
sunrkfamYyEdlriHKn;edayRtg;bMputcMeBaHneya)ayeRkARbeTsrbs;cinedayecaTRbkan;
fa EpkeTAelIkartsUvNxaMgeBk (Issues and Studies, Taipei, mai 1979, p. 55). mYyExeRkaymk
cMnYnsmaCikBak;kNalnKNkmaFikarmCim suTEtCamnusSCitditnwg etg EdlBImunFab;
RtveFVIvisuT kmcMeBaH PaBlMeGogeTArksaMniym rbs;xn ehIyRtveFVI[mannItism,Tavij
sRmab;kaleTsenH. enAcugqaM1977 kare)assmatTUeTAmYy)ancab;epImsMedARbqaMg
nwgsabniymeqVgrbs;bkS. sUmGanesovePA naK nig xaXM/ London, Pall Mall, 1982, pp. 226229 rbs;elak Philip Short. eKGacsnidanedaysmehtuplfa sanTUtrbs;km<CaenATIRkg
eb:kaMg)antamsegtemIledayykcitTukdak;nUvkarnfykitisBnRkmeqVgniymenARbeTs
cinenH.
35 F.B.I.S., Trend in Communist Media , fTI11 Exmkra qaM1978, pp. 10-11, elIkykmk
niyayCasMGagedayelak Ross, Chinas Vietnam Policy , p. 286.
36 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkarTUtmak;nRbeTsttiyelakmYyenAfTI4 ExmIna qaM
1978 naTIRkghaNUy.
37 Laurence Picq, Au-del du ciel, p. 52.
38 S.W.B., fTI21 Exmkra qaM1978.

RbPBksarsMGag

485

39 S.W.B., fTI20 Exmkra qaM1978.

40 F.B.I.S-A.P.A., fTI20 Exmkra qaM1978/ H-2.
41 S.W.B., fTI23 Exkum qaM1978.
42 tamRkmesuIbkarN_smat;elakxaglicfa karpt;pg;kaMePIgFMnigGavuFRbqaMgrfeRkaHrbs;cin
)ancab;epImmkdl;dkm<CaenAcugExmkra-edImExkum. sUmGanesovePArbs;elak Evelyn
Colbert, Issues of Power, Balance and Security in Indochina , eyabl;enAsnisITsIBIsnisux
enAGasuInigkgmhasaKr):asuIhVik EdlRbRBwteTAenA Palm Springs 8-10 Exmkra qaM1982,
p. 14 nigesovePA \TiBlnCemaHcin-sUevot , p. 11 rbs;elak Douglas Pick.
43 sunrkfarbs;elak v:a KUehVg enAkgmhasni)atCatielIkTIV EdldkRsg;mkniyayCasMGag
edayelak Ross kgesovePA Chinas Vietnam Policy, 1975-1979, p. 290.
44 Ben Kiernan, Khmer Bodies with Vietnam Minds: Kampuchea Eastern Zone, 1975-1978 , p. 31.
45 S.W.B., fTI7 Exmkra qaM1978.
46 karerobrab;BIRBwtikarN_epSgenAPUmiPaKbUBaKWsMGagelIkarsnnaCamYymnusSCaeRcIn enA
kgextkMBg;camnigRBEvg naExmIna qaM1980 nigExmkra qaM1981.
47 karsnnarbs;GkniBn Exmkra qaM1981 CamYymnIevotNamfak;x<s;mak; Edledaysar
Kat;enHehIy Edl)andwgPaKeRcInnPaKlti lnT; ak;TgeTAnwgkarerobcMRbgeRbbeFVGI nraKmn_
rbs;evotNamenARbeTskm<Ca. sRmab;ehtuplEdl[mnilsgSy mnIrUbenHRtvkarrkSa
GnamikPaBrbs;xnmin[eKdwgeLIy.
48 BtmanTaMgenHEdlTak;TgnwgCMrMhVwkhVWnnanarbs;clnatsUkm<Ca KW)anmkBIkareFVIsmasn_
mnIRbmaNCadb;R)aMnak;nrbbelak ehg sMrin enAPMeBj kMBg;cam sVayerog nig kMBg;FMenA
ExmIna qaM1980.
49 fExqaMnkarbegItkgBltUcdMbUgenH Rtv)anniyay[dwgkgkasnkarR)arBxYbkMeNIt
elIkTIbIrbs;kgBltUcenHenAExemsa qaM1981/ F.B.I.S-A.P.A., fTI29 Exemsa qaM
1981, H-4.
50 Kissinger, The White House Years, p. 1414.
51 Richard Dudman, km<CaTl;nwgstVRkeBI , Asian Wall Street Journal, f27 ExF qaM1978.
52 F.B.I.S.-A.P.A., fTI20 ExmIna qaM1978/ H-2.

sRtvbgbng

486

CMBUkTI8
1 S.W.B., f3 Ex]sPa qaM1978.
2 Roland-Pierre Paringaux, kaEstLWm:ug fTI20 Exemsa qaM1978.
3 Tsai Maw-kuey, esovePA CnCaticinenAevotNamxagt,g (Les Chinois au Sud-Vietnam), Paris,
bNalyCati/ 1968 pp. 23-29. sUmGanniekbbTrbs;elak Michael Eiland EdlCitecjpSay
pgEdr(Cornell University) sBI TI nM ak;TnM gepSgrvagevotNam-fenAstvtSr_T1I 8.
4 elIkykmkniyayCasMGagedayelak Alexander Woodside, evotNam nigKMrUrbs;cin
Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 244.
5 Fujiwara Riichiro, Vietnamese Dynasties Policies Toward Chinese Immigrants , Acta Asiatica, N18,
mars 1970, pp. 68-69.
6 Hoa in Vietnam Dossier, Hanoi: Foreign Language Publishing House, 1978, p. 24. mnImak;nKN
kmkarsRmab;kickarCnCaticinenAnaysmuRT )anniyayR)ab;fa karbkERbCaevotNam
nUvkarRBmeRBgedaymat;TeTenH )anePcniyayBaksMxan;mYy edaysRKcit . eday
saksYrBIerOgenH Nguyen Trong Vinh, kGKrdTUtrbs;evotNamenARkgeb:kaMg)anGHGag
nwgfa KWRbeTscinEdlCaGkeFVI[kicRBmeRBgERbcakBIsPaBedIm. sUmGanesovePArbs;
elak Nayan Chanda, Southeast Asia Comes into Focus , TsSnavdI F.E.E.R. fTI7 Exkkda qaM
1978.
7 Pao-min Chang, Beijing, Hanoi and the Overseas Chinese, Berkeley Institute of East Asian Studies,
University of California, 1982, p. 11.
8 dkRsg;mkniyayCasMGagedayelak Charles Benoit, kgesovePA GkePosxntamTUkrbs;
evotNam , kgCemaH\NcinelIkTI3/ David W.P. Elliott d. Boulder, Colo, Westview Press, 1981,
p. 144.
9 Gareth Porter, Vietnam Policy and the Indochina Crisis kgCemaH\NcinelIkTI3/ David W.P.
Elliott, d. Boulder, Colo, Westview Press, 1981, p. 74.
10 sunrkfarbs; To Huu enAsalaRkbxNkmaPi)al Nguyen Ai Quoc, Giao Duc Ly Luan (traduit),
J.P.R.S. Southeast Asia, 1 ExmIna qaM1985.
11 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak Nguyen Trong Vinh, kGKrdTUtevotNamRbcaMRkgeb:kaMg/

RbPBksarsMGag

12

487

eb:kaMg Exmifuna qaM1978.

esckIraykarN_segbsIBIkarsnnarbs;]bnaykrdmnI lI sannan CamYy paM v:an;dug
enAfTI10 Exmifuna qaM1977 / A.C.N., fTI22 ExmIna qaM1979.
P.I., fTI18 ExsIha qaM1978/ p. 28. Ibid. fTI16 Exmifuna qaM1978/ p. 15.
cMeBaHesckIraykarN_mYyGMBIkarBi)akEpkesdkicenARbeTsevotNamnaedImqaM1978
sUmGanGtbTrbs;elak Nay:an; can;da Hanoi Takes the Campaign behind the Lines kg
TsSnavdI F.E.E.R. fTI3 ExmIna qaM1978 nigGtbT Hanoi Takes a Grip on the South ,
kgTsSnavdI F.E.E.R. fTI26 Ex]sPa qaM1978.
F.B.I.S., fTI5 Exmkra qaM1978/ E-11-21.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYymnIevotNammak;enATIRkghUCImij naExkkda qaM1979.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkarTUtevotNammak;enAfTI2 ExmIna qaM1978 naTIRkg
evogcn.
S.W.B., fTI28 ExmIna qaM1978.
Nayan Chanda, Peking Says It Out Loud to Hanoi , F.E.E.R., 12 mai 1978.
GMBIRbeTsevotNameFVIkarbeNjGaNikCncinecj/ eb:kaMg/ GKare)aHBum<pSayesovePA
CaPasabreTs/ 1978, pp. 2-6.
Benoit, kgCemaH\NcinelIkTI3/ p. 151.
sRmab;PaBCak;EsgsIBIkardkCMnYyrbs;cin sUmGanesckIEfgkarN_rbs;RksYgkarbreTs
evotNamcuHfTI17 Exmifuna/ S.W.B., fTI18 mifuna qaM1978.
karsnnarbs;Gk niBnCamYyGkkarTUtevotNamenATIRkgevogcnn afT2I ExmIna qa1M 978.
F.B.I.S.-A.P.N., fTI6 Exmifuna qaM1978/ K1-7.
S.W.B., fTI27 Exmifuna qaM1978. karRsavRCavmYyrbs;es>GuI>Ga> )anvaytmeRkay
mkfa CnCaticinRbEhl200>000nak; )anRtvsmab;enARbeTskm<CaeRkamrbb b:ul
Bt. A Demographic Catastrophe, Washington, D.C., C.I.A., 1980, p. 14.
S.W.B., fTI7 Exkkda qaM1978.

13
14

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

26
27

Michael Godley, A Summer Cruise to Nowhere: China and the Vietnamese Chinese in Perspective, The

Australian Journal of Chinese affairs, N4, July 1980, p. 41

sRtvbgbng

488

28 Pao-Min Chang, Beijing, Hanoi and the Overseas Chinese, p. 40.

29 Benoit, op. cit., p. 153.
30 esckIraykarN_lCageKGMBIRbtibtikarxaghirBavtKWesckIraykarN_rbs;elak Barry Wain,
The Refused: The Agony of Indochina Refugees, Hong-Kong, Dow Jones, 1981, pp. 85-106.
31 The Boat People: An Age Investigation, introduction de Bruce Grants, Victoria, Australia, Penguin,
1979, pp. 80-81.
32 Stephen Heder, BI b:ul Bt eTA Eb:n suvN/ Bangkok, Chulalongkorn University, 1980, p. 16.
33 tamsakSImak;EdldkRsg;smImkniyayCasMGagedayelak Michael Vickery: esa Pwm
Fab;)anRbkasfa eKaledAnkareFVIbdivtn_ KWelIkkm<s;CIvPaBrs;enA BuMEmneFVI[fybbgM[
mnusSmaeTArkPaBevTnaetaky:akkgeKalbMNgEtmYyKt; edIm,IeFVI[GkTaMgenaHsal;fa GVI
eTACaPaBRkIRkeLIy EdlenHCaneya)ayrbs; b:ul Bt. Michael Vickery, Cambodia, 19751982, Boston, South End Press, 1984, p. 137.
34 sRmab;karviPaKKYr[cab;GarmN_mYyGMBIPaBTITBIKanPUmiPaKenARbeTskm<Ca sUmGan
esovePA Cambodia rbs;elak Vickery TMBr65-188 CaBiess TMBr131-138. cMeBaH
skIPaBmYysIBIdMeNIrrs;enAkgPUmiPaKbUBa sUmGanesovePA man;RB>>> pp. 136-196
rbs;elak Ben Kiernan pg.
35 tamRbEhl karb:unb:glYcsmab;mYykgcMeNamkarb:unb:glYcsmab;dMbUgeTAelIbuKl b:ul
Bt KWkarb:unb:glYcsmab;rbs; can; cRkI CaGkTTYlxusRtvdmanRbCaRbiymak;enAPUmiPaK
bUBa. bnab;BIbraCy Kat;Rtv)ancab;xnnigsmab;enAfTI19 Ex]sPa qaM1976. bBaI
eQaH BYkemdwknaMEdlRtvsmab;KmW anenAkg EpnkarrYmcugeRkay , esckrI aykarN_Rbticar
kmrbs; km<CaEdlrkeXIjCafIenAmNlsYrcemIyTYlEsg. sUmGrKuNelak Murray
Hiebert Edl )anpl;GtbTbkERbCaPasaGg;eKsmYymk[.
36 Kiernan, man;RB>>> , p. 187.
37 S.W.B., f15 Ex]sPa qaM1978.
38 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYy Stephen Heder enATIRkgjvy:kfTI20 ExkBaa qaM1980.
Heder )ansMGagelIkareqIysarPaBrbs;bNashkarIxHrbs; esa Pwm man PYg CaedIm
nigkar snnaCamYyemdwknaMExrRkhmCaeRcInrUbEdlsal;Kat;c,as;.

RbPBksarsMGag

489

39 esovePAexA/ TMBr101-104. ksarxHEdlrkeXIjeRkaymkenAkgKukTYlEsgbgaj

farbb b:ul Bt eCOBIGtiPaBnkarYmKMnitk,t;minBitCaeRcIn EdlBak;BnminRtwmEtRkmesuIb
karN_smat;evotNamb:ueNaHeT b:uEnshPaBsUevot GalWm:g;xagekIt shrdGaemriknig
tv:an;pgEdr.
40 karerobrab;GMBIkarsab;rbs; esa Pwm KWsMGagelIesovePArbs; Kiernan, op. cit. TMBr168172/ elIkarRsavRCavrbs; Heder nigelIkarsnnapal;xnrbs;CamYykmaPi)al CaeRcIn
rUbrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa enAkMBg;cam nigsVayerog enAExmIna qaM1980 nigExmkra qaM1981.
cemIyCasakSITaMgGs;)anniyayRtvKaGMBIkarN_fa esa Pwm )aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan; RkgPMeBj
b:uEn PaBExVgKMnitKaxHenAEtmanGMBITIkEngdCak;lak;nigkaleTsnkarsab;rbs;Kat;.
GkxHGHGagfa Kat;)anRtvsmab;edaykgTBrbs; b:ul Bt b:uEn eKTTYlRsbCaTUeTAfa Kat;
sab;edaykareFVIGtXad.
41 karniTanrbs; Run Dun embBaakarkgvresnatUc/ A.V.I., fTI21 Exmifuna qaM1978.
42 rUbmnenHmanmktaMgBIqa 1M 971 enAeBlEdlcab;epmI kareFVvI si Tu k mBkY kmaPi)al EdlRtLb;
mkBIRkghaNUyvijCasmat;. karsnnarbs; Heder CamYyelak ehg sMrin enAfTI8 Ex
kkda qaM1981.
43 enAExmkra qaM1979 enAeBlEdlKNkmaFikarmCimbkSkumynIskm<CafImYyRtvbegIt
eLIg KWkgcMeNamsmaCik20rUb man16rUbCaGkmanedImkMeNItBIbNaextrbs;km<Ca Edl
manRBMEdnCab;CamYyevotNam ehIykgcMeNamextTaMgenHPaKeRcInKWenAPUmiPaKbUBa.
44 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak ehg sMk enAsVayerognafTI15 Exmkra qaM1981.
PaKlitln;nsmyRbCuMEdlnaMeTAlTplcugeRkayenH Rtv)anpl;mk[edaymnIrbs;
evotNamfak;x<s;mak;.
45 elIkykmkniyayCasMGageday Branning Garrett, The China Card and Its origins: U.S.
Bureaucratic Policies and the Strategic Triangle , niekbbTfak;bNit Brandeis University, 1983, p.
132.
46 BtmanepSgsIBIbNakarCYbKaCasmat;rvagevotNamnigsUevot Rtv)anpl;mk[eday
mnIevotNamfak;x<s;mak;enAExmkra qaM1981/ edaykareKarBcMeBaHRbvtisas ehIy
fVId,itEtkarlatRtdagTaMgenH BuM[cMeNjdl;buBVehturbs;RbeTsevotNamEfmTaMgcMeBaH

sRtvbgbng

490
GaCIBpal;rbs;Kat;keday.
47

Who is the Instigator?, R.R.,

e)aHBum<pSayCafIkg On Vietnams Expulsion of Chinese Residents,

Pkin, 1978, p. 131

.
48 S.W.B., fTI12 Exkkda qaM1978.
49 Michael Pillsbury, Strategic Acupuncture , Foreign Policy, N41, hiver 1980-81, p. 56. enAqaM1975
Pillsbury CaGkkeTsTImYyrbs;GaemrikaMgxagvisykarBarRbeTsEdlniyayENnaMCa
saFarNBIkarRbKl;eRKgsBVavuF[RbeTscin. sUmGanesovePA U.S.-Chinese Military
Ties? rbs;GkniBndEdl/ Foreign Policy, automne 1975.
50 Michel Oksenberg, mYyTsvtSr_nTMnak;TMngcin-GaemrikaMg , foreign Affairs, automne 1982, p.
185.
51 Jiji Press, TajehtusMGagBIRbPBmYyenAhugkug/ fTI26 Exkkda qaM1978. dkRsg;mk
niyayCasMGagmgeTotedayelak Masa hi Nishihara, The Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979: Only
the First Round? , GtbT)ane)aHBum<pSay.
52 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYy\sSrCnpvkarrbs;cinmak;enAfTI12 Ex]sPa qaM1980
naTIRkghugkug. cMeBaHkarviPaKdlitln;mYyGMBICMhrrbs;cincMeBaHRbeTsevotNamenACMnan;
enaH sUmGanesovePArbs;elak Robert G. Sutter, Chinas Strategy Towards Vietnam and Its

Implications for the United States, David W.P. Elliott d. The Third Indochina Conflict, Boulder, Colo,
Westview Press, 1981, pp. 175-190

.
53 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkTTYlxusRtvcinmak;enAfTI10 Exemsa qaM1979 naTIRkg
hugkug. kgsunrkfamYyEdlmanlkNenAEtsmat; EfgenAfTI16 Exmkra qaM1979
ecn )av smaCikkariyalyneya)ayrbs;cin )anniyayGMBIkarRbwgERbgrbs;cinedIm,I
elIksemc sIhnu [esayraCeLIgvij . sUmGanesovePA Keng Piaos r)aykarN_GMBI
sankarN_]bTVIb\Ncin , Issues and Studies, Taipei, Exmkra qaM1981/ p. 83.

CMBUkTI9
1 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak r:UbWt GUklI bcb,nCardelxaFikarTTYlbnkRbqaMg
ePrvkm/ fTI19 ExF qaM1984/ v:asuInetanDI>suI>.

RbPBksarsMGag

491

2 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYy\sSrCnpvkar\Namak;enAfTI22 ExmIna qaM1978 naTIRkg

haNUy.
3 esckIcmgnsnisITkaEstEdlpl;eday pan; ehon enAfTI10 Exkkda qaM1978.
TUrelxrbs;RksYgkarbreTs manRbPBmkBIRkgtUk/ fTI14 Exkkda qaM1978.
4 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak Gan;RD PIxUk enATIRkgkg;Ebr:a nafTI26 Exvicika qaM
1982.
5 esckIcmgmYynkarsnnarvagelak hSI>PI>mWrfa nig pan; ehon enHRtv)anpl;[ eday
GkcUlrYmGaemrikaMgmak;nbNaGkcUlrYmrbs;GaemrikaMgkgkarCYbKa.
6 Congressional Record Times, fTI22 ExsIha qaM1978.
7 kaEst Los Angeles Times, fTI23 ExsIha qaM1978.
8 Daniel Southerland, US Wary Over Vietnams Overtures , Christian Science Monitor, fTI29
ExsIha qaM1978.
9 Zbignew Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 224.
10 Ibid., p. 562.
11 Teng Hsiao-pings speech on Foreign Policy at the Third Plenum, July 20 1977 , Issue and Studies,
Taipei, mai 1979, p. 55.
12 Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, Memoirs of a President, London, Collins, 1982, p. 189.
13 Cyrus Vance, Hard Choice: Cristal Years in American Foreign Policy, New York, Simon and Schuster,
1983, p.81.
14 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak sIurus v:an;s_ enATIRkgjvy:k nafTI15 ExsIha qaM
1980.
15 William Gleysteen EdleKsgSybnicbncBIkarpab;citelak RbhSInsI yl;eXIjfa karelc
erOgsmat;KWCapln karsb,ayrIkrayxaMgmYyEdlxuskaleTsCaCagKitfa CakarXub
XitKaedaysmat;mYysMedAeFVI[braCy karRbCuMcrcaEdldwknaMeFVIeday v:an;s_. karsnna
rbs;GkniBnCamYyelak William Gleysteen enATIRkgv:asuInetan DI>suI> nafTI27 Ex]sPa
qaM1985.
16 Brzezinski, op. cit. p. 197.

sRtvbgbng

492
17
18
19
20

.
Oksenberg, mYyTsvtSr_nTMnak;TMngcin-GaemrikaMg , p. 183.
Vance, op. cit., p. 116.
Ibid. p. 560

Jonathan D. Pollack, The Lessons of Coalition Politics: Sino-American Security Relations, Santa Monica,

Rand, 1984, p. 29

21 Brzezinski, op. cit., annexe 1, pp. 1-3.

22 Garrett, The China Card and Its Origins , p. 46.
23 kgkasnkarsnnamYyCamYyGkniBn smaCikmak;rbs;KNRbtiPUelak RbIhSInsI )an
niyayR)ab;edaybdiesFminpl;BtmanepSgsIBIkarsnnaKaenaHfa esckIsnidanTaMg
Layrbs;elak minpynwgGVIEdl)andwgeT . tam Electronic Warfare/Defense Electronics,
ExsIha qaM1978/ p. 23-24 fa RbhSInsI )anpl;eTA[BYkcinnUv EPknigRtecokrbs;elak
xaglic . GtbTe)aHBum<dEdlenH Exmkra qaM1979 manBtmanmYyEdlRbEhlCaeFVI
[PJak;epIl y:agBitR)akd shrdGaemrik)anerobcMnigdak;[dMeNIrkarnUvsanIysegtBinit
(S.I.G.I.N.T.) CaeRcInenAtambeNayRBMEdnsUevot-cin. erOgenHRtv)anGHGagbEnmenA
qaM1981.
24 RbhSInsI, Power and Principle, p. 212.
25 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak sIurus v:an;s_ enATIRkgjvy:k nafTI15 ExsIha qaM
1980.
26 Vance, op. cit. p. 117.
27 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGtItsmaCikmak;nRkmRbwkSasnisuxCati enAfTI19 Exvicika
qaM1981 naTIRkghugkug.
28 karsnnarbs;Gk niBnCamYyelak Michel Oksenberg enAfT3I ExmIna qa1M 983 enARkghugkug.
29 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak Michel Oksenberg enATIRkghugkug nafTI3 ExmIna qaM
1983.
30 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak Raphael Iungerich enAfTI22 ExF qaM1984 naTIRkg
v:asuInetan DI>suI>.
31 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak Raphael Iungerich enATIRkgv:asuInetan DI>suI> nafTI22 ExF

RbPBksarsMGag

32
33
34
35
36
37

38

493

qaM1984.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak Andrew Peacock enAfTI26 Exvicika qaM1982 naTIRkg
kg;Ebr:a.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak rIqad hUlRbk, enAfTI11 Exkkda qaM1985 na
TIRkgv:asuInetan DI>suI>.
Brzezinski, op. cit., p. 228.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak bkj RbhSInsI enAfTI27 Exkkda qaM1981.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak eLGUNad_ vUdxUk enAfTI4 Extula qaM1984 naTIRkg
v:asuInetan DI>suI>.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak rIqad hUlRbk enAfTI11 Exkkda qaM1985naTIRkg
v:asuInetan DI>suI>. eyabl;Edlfa kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTscinKWminRtveFVIRsb
KaCamYykareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNam )aneBIbRbTHnwgkarRbqaMgy:agxaMg
kamYyBIsMNak;bNamnIxHnRksYgkarbreTsGaemrikenATIRkgeb:kaMg nigv:asuInetan. kar
KitmmGMBIRbtikmrbs;RbeTscin KWeRcInEtCaGMeBIrbs;GkTaMgLay dUcCaelak GUesnbWk
nig elak r:UehS sUlIv:an; CaedIm EdlbM)at;nigBnat;smIsnnatictYcrbs;cinrhUtdl;eFVI[
Kat;GHGagfa karxitcUlCitKaCamYyRbeTsevotNameFVI[rMxandl;karxitcUlCitKaCamYy
RbeTscin.
J. Carter, op. cit., p. 195. R)aMBIrqaMeRkaymk bnab;BITsSnkicmYyenACMrMCnePosxnExr tam
RBMEdnkm<Ca-f xaFr )anRbkasR)ab;GkkaEstfa shrdGaemrikRtvEtEfrkSaTMnak;
TMngepSgCamYyRbeTsevotNam. enHCabBaaRKwHmYy. eTaHCakarExVgKMnitKa sitenAman
keday kvamanRbeyaCn_Cag EdleyIgenArkSakarTak;TgKa / Philadelphia Inquirer, 5 mifuna
qaM1985.
Btmanpl;edaymnImak;nRksYgkarbreTsGaemrikaMg. karlak;erOgtUctacTaMgenHrbs;
estvimanenAEtCabBaaresIbmYy. R)aMmYyqaMeRkaymk mnIrUbenH)anTTUcfa kuM[erobrab;
eQaHrbs;Kat;bBaleTAkgGVIEdlTak;TgeTAnwgesckIbgab;bBaaTaMgenaHrbs;estviman.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYy paM bj (Pham Binh) RbFannaykdanRsavRCavGnrCati n
RksYgkarbreTsevotNam enAfTI28 Exmkra qaM1981 naTIRkghaNUy.

39

40

sRtvbgbng

494

41 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkarTUt\Namak;enAfTI17 Exkkda qaM1979. taMgBIedIm

qaM1978 evotNam)aneRbIkan;EteRcIneLIgnUvExSehaHehIrmYyrbs;\Na edIm,IeFVIdMeNIreTA
kan;RkgmUs. sMeNIsuMkarGnuBaateFVIkarehaHehIr )anpl;dl;BYk\NanUvPstagdmantm
mYykgkarvivtn_nTMnak;TMngepSgrvagsUevot-evotNam.
42 eRkABIehtukarN_Edlfa eKrkyl;mineXIjfa ehtudUcemc)anCasnisBaaeTVPaKImYyCamYy
RbeTsttiyelakmYy KYrEtman\TiBleTAelIkarseRmccitTTYlsal;RbeTsevotNamrbs;
GaemrikaMgenaH eKRKan;Etkt;smal;fa snisBaasUevot-evotNamRtv)ancuHhtelxaenAf
TI3 Exvicika qaM1978. karlukluyRbeTskm<CaedayevotNamcab;epImenAfTI25 ExF
qaM1978 KWvaRKb;RKan;ehIy.
43 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak rIqad hUlRbk enATIRkgv:asuInetan DI>suI> nafTI11 Ex
kkda qaM1985.
44 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak r:UbWt GUklI enAfTI19 ExF qaM1984 naTIRkgv:asuInetan
DI>suI>.
45 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak rIqad hUlRbk enAfTI11 Exkkda qaM1985naTIRkg
v:asuInetan DI>suI>.
46 Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, A Case of Soviet Disinformation , W.P., fTI13 Exvicika
qaM1978.

vKneratm sIhnu rYcputBIeRKaHfak;

1 S.W.B., fTI15 Ex]sPa qaM1978.
CMBUkTI10
1 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYy
k]tmkGKrdTUt xaMpan vILaCit (Khamphan Vilachit) enAfTI9 Exkum qaM1983
naTIRkgevogcn.
GkkarTUtLavbMeBjmuxgarenARkgPMeBjmak; enAfTI7 Exkum qaM1983 naTIRkg
evogcn.
X

RbPBksarsMGag

495

\sSrCnpvkarrbs;yUehasavImak;enAfTI22 Exmkra qaM1979.

vresnIy_k bYy Tin (Bui Tin) enATIRkghaNUynafTI28 Exmkra qaM1981.
BYkkmkrrbs;RkmhunsuraKarenAPMeBjfTI23 Exmkra qaM1981.
semcRBH neratm sIhnu enAfTI5 Exemsa qaM1980naTIRkgeb:kaMg. sUmGanesovePA
karvilRtLb;mkPMeBjvij rbs;elak GuI pan;dara/ Mtaili, 1982/ pp. 183-186.
N.D., fTI1 ExF qaM1971.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkarTUtm:aeLsuImak;enATIRkghugkug nafTI12 Extula
qaM1978.
Vietnam-Economic Situation , Washington, D.C., World Bank, 1979, p. 3.
TsSnkicenAshPaBsUevotrbs;KNRbtiPUbkSnigrdaPi)alnsaFarNrdsgmniym
evotNam/ mUs/ TIPak;garBtmanNUvUsI (Novosti), 1978, p. 17.
Ibid.
Gareth Porter, Vietnams Soviet Alliance: A Challenge to US Policy Indochina Issues, N6, ]sPa
1980/ p. 4.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkeTsGaemrikaMgmak; enAkgrdFanIGasuImYy nafTI13 Ex
kkda qaM1983. Don Oberdorfer, Reds vs. Reds In Indochina: A New, Confusing Kind of War ,
W.P., fTI1 emsa qaM1979.
esckIsegbnkarsYrcemIymYy mankalbriecTfTI30 Exemsa qaM1982 Rtv)anpl;
mk[edayGkkeTselakxaglicmak; EdlsMNUmBrrkSaGnamikPaB. karykcitTukdak;
rbs;eTAelItYnaTIrbs; Wei enARbeTsevotNamRtv)anTak;TajcitedaynayTahancinmak;
kgkarsnnamYyenAfTI25 ExsIha qaM1979.
TsSnavdI F.E.E.R., fTI17 Exvicika qaM1978.
karsnnarbs; Michael Chinoy CamYy\sSrCnpvkarfak;elImak;enATIRkg)agkk nafTI11
Exvicika qaM1978. sUmGKuNelak Chinoy EdlbBanmk[nUvkMNt;xIrbs;elak. etg
)anrMBkCasaFarNpgEdr BIyfaPaBmYynkardYlrlMrbs;RkgPMeBj eTaHbICaKat;RbEhl
mincg;fadUecHkeday. munTsSnkicrbs;Kat;eTAkan;RbeTsf Kat;)anRbkasR)ab;Gk
kaEst fmYyRkmfa ebIsinCakar):an;sanTukCamunrbs;RtwmRtv RbeTskm<CanwgRtv
X
X
X
X

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

10
11

sRtvbgbng

496

bMpaj[sabsUnTaMgRsug. RbkarenHnwgbgaj[BiPBelakeXIjBIsarCatiBitR)akdnrbb
rbs;evotNam. enAeBlenaH vanwgCakassRmab;GasanEdlRtvsEmgtYnaTIdsMxan;mYy
kgkaredaHRsaybBaaehIy . Nayan Chanda, Cambodia: Waiting for the Inevitable , TsSnavdI
F.E.E.R., f24 Exvicika qaM1978.
12 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYymnImak;nRksYgkarbreTsf Edl)ancUlrYmy:agCitsiT
kgkarsnnarvageRKgsak;-etg. karsnnarbs;KWmaneLIgenAfTI21 ExF qaM1981naTI
Rkghugkug.
13 Chanda, Cambodia: Waiting for the Inevitable .
14 tamksarsmat;mYyrbs;cinfa rdaPi)alkm<Ca)anbeBaj[dwgsMeNIenH. sUmGan Keng

Piao s Report on the situation of the Indochinese Peninsula, Issues and Studies, Tapei, January 1981,
p. 85

. karGHGagbEnmBIerOgenHRtv)anbgajkg esovePA qayhYseCIgemX>>> TMBr 141

rbs;GkRsI Lr:g; Bic.
15

Jurgen Domes, The Government and Politics of the P.R.C.: A time of Transition, Boulder, Colo. Westview
Press, p. 163

16

Parris Chang, Elite Conflict in the Post Mao China, Baltimore, University of Maryland, Occasional
Papers/Reprint Series in Contemporary Asian Studies, N2, 1983, pp. 10-11

17

King C. Chen, Politics and Process of Peipings Decision to Attack Vietnam, Taipei, Institute of
Internation Relations, 1983, p. 81.

sUmGanesovePA

Keng-Piaos Report on the Situation of the

Indochinese Peninsula, pp. 85-86

18 Keng Piaos Report , op. cit., pp. 88-89.

19 Chen, Politics and Process, pp. 86-87.
20 Oksenberg, A Decade of Sino-American Relation , p. 187.
21 Ibid.
22 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelakkGKrdTUt eLGUNad_ vUdxUk enATIRkghugkug nafTI8
Extula qaM1980.
23 Carter, Keeping faith, pp. 198-199.
24 Ibid., p. 197.

RbPBksarsMGag

497

25 Vance, Hard Choices, p. 118-119.

26 karsnnarbs;Gk niBnCamYyelakkGKrdTtU eLGUNad_ vUdxUk enATIRkghugkug fT8I Extula
qaM1980 nigenATIRkgv:asuInetanDI>suI> fTI4 Extula qaM1984.
27 karminTukcite Kg bkarPan;RcLMnRkmPak;garesubI karN_smat;rbs;evotNamhak; dUcCa)an
RbmaNhYsBIvtmanrbs;CnCaticinenARbeTskm<Ca. PaKeRcInnGkkeTsEdlTTYl)an
BtmanRtwmRtvKitfa cMnYnBitR)akdmanminelIsBI5>000nak;eLIy. eRkaymk vresnIy_
kmak;nkgTBrbs;evotNam )anGHGagR)ab;fa QrelImUldannGVIEdlKat;segteXIj
enAPMeBj TIRbwkSacinKWmancMnYn8>000nak;. karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyvresnIy_k bYy
Tin enAfTI28 Exmkra qaM1981naTIRkghaNUy.
28 Daniel Burstein, On Cambodia: But, Yet , N.Y.T., fTI21 Exvicika qaM1978.
29 B.P., fTI9 ExF qaM1978.
30 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak qatq Qunhav:an (Chatchai Choonhavan),fTI14 ExF
qaM1984 naTIRkg)agkk.
31 S.W.B., fTI2 Extula qaM1978.
32 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyRBHGgmas; neratm rNbTi/ fTI26 Extula qaM1982
enATIRkgkg;Ebr:a.
33 cemIyCasakSIrbs; Dij kan sIBIsmyRbCuMEdlbegItrNsirSsamKIsegaHCatikm<Ca
Rtv)anTTYledaymnIGUsalImak; naExvicika qaM1979 eRkayeBlEdl kan ePosxneTA
RbeTsm:aeLsu.I sUmGKuNmnrI bU enH Edl)anbBan mk[nUvkMNt;xI rbs;Kat;. PaKeRcIn
nkarniyayR)ab;erOgGafkM)aMgrbs; kan )anRtvGHGagbEnmR)ab;edaykmaPi)alExr
CaeRcInrUbEdl)ancUlrYmkgkarRbCuMenH.
34 rNsirSsamKIsegaHCatikm<Ca/ RkmBtmannrNsirSsamKIsegaHCatikm<Ca/ qaM1979/
31ff., TIkEnge)aHBum<pSayBuMmanbBaak;.
35 rNsirSkPaB\sSrRtv)anbegIteLIgbnab;BImhasni)atCatiTI1rbs;clnatsUExrfTI
17 Exemsa qaM1950. enAqaM1952 ksarExrmYy)ansnteCaKCyrbs;clnatsUfa
mkBI\TiBlnigkarKaMRTrbs;RbCaCnevotNam.
36 Timothy Carney, Heng Samrins Armed forces and a Military Balance in Cambodia . karbBan

sRtvbgbng

498
37

38
39
40
41
42
43

BtmaneTA[snisITenA Princeton sIBIkm<Ca/ fTI12-14 Exvicika qaM1982, p. 4.

smaCikdb;bnY rUbnrNsirSsamKsI egaHCatikm<C aKW ehg sMrni GtItExrRkhm bExrRkhm/
Ca suIm ExrRkhm/ rs; smy Exr\sSr/ m:at; lI ExrRkhm/ bun mI ExRkhm/ hun
Esn ExrRkhm/ elakRsI man sMGan ExrRkhm/ mas sMNag ExrRkhm/ enA sam:un
Exr\sSr/ m:ug LgsuIm/ Ehm samin Exr\sSr/ elakRsI Cy kBaa/ can; Ev:n nig R)aCJ
sun.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYy\sSrCnpvkarevotNammak;/ fTI29 Exmkra qaM1981
enATIRkghaNUy.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyvresnIy_k bYy Tin/ fTI28 Exmkra qaM1981 enATIRkg
haNUy.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYysemc RBHneratm sIhnu enATIRkgeb:kaMg nafTI5 Exemsa
qaM1980.
esovePA karRtLb;mkPMeBjvij rbs;elak GuI pan;dara/ TMBr180.
Btmanpal;xnrbs;elak Ben Kiernan, fTI30 ExkBaa qaM1982/ RkgEm:lbn.
Van Tien Dung, Our Great Spring Victory, New York, Monthly Review Press, 1977, kare)aHpSay
CaPasa)araMgedayelak Camille Scalabrino nig Nguyen Ngoc Giao, Et nous primes Saigon. Le

Sycomore, 1979. Tran Van Tra, Vietnam: history of the Bulwark B-2 Theatre, Vol.5. Concluding the 30
Years War, Washington, D.C., Joint Publication Research Service, 1983

. GtbTRsg;CaPasa
)araMgmYyEdlbkERbedayelak Georges Boudarel KWmanenAkgesovePA kariyaFibety
enARbeTsevotNam kariyalyenAevotNam/ Asie-Dbat 1, L Harmattan, 1983.
Dung, op. cit., p. 25.
karsnnarbs;elak Stephen Heder CamYyelak Ca suT enARkgPMeBj nafTI6 Exkkda
qaM1981 esckIcmg.
karsnnarbs;elak Stephen Heder CamYyelak Ehm samin/ fTI8 Exkkda qaM1981
enATIRkgPMeBjesckIcmg.
Stephen Heder, GtbTminTan;e)aHBum<pSay. tam Heder fa mhasni)at)aneRCIstaMgKN
kmaFikarGciny_mYymansmaCikR)aMBIrrUbdwknaMeday Eb:n suvN. smaCikdTeTotKW hun

44
45
46
47

RbPBksarsMGag

48
49

499

Esn/ bU fg/ can; KirI/ v:an; sun/ ehg sMrin/ nig Ca suT. kgcMeNamenaH mansmaCikEtBIrrUb
b:ueNaH hun Esn nig ehg sMrin-EdlCaGtItExrRkhm cMENksmaCikdTeTotsuTEtExr
\sSr.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkeTsmak;xagbBaa]bTVIb\Ncin enAsanTUtGaemrikaMg
RbcaMRkg)agkk nafTI11 Exkum qaM1983.
esckIdkRsg;nkMNt;ehtuenH manenAkg Record of a conversation between Deng Xiaoping and
Ieng Sary, le 13 Janvier , C.V., octobre 1979. sgat;GtbTmMEdlxVHRtv)ane)aHBum<pSayenA
eBleRkaykg The Chinese Rulers Crimes Against Kampuchea, 1984. Pstagsm,reBarBas
manenAkgGtbTedImnkarsnnaKaTaMgRsug. m:ageTot lkNBitnkMNt;ehtuenH minEdl
RtvCMTas;edayRkgeb:kaMgesaHeLIy.
The Chinese Rulers Crimes Against Kampuchea, p. 111.
GtbTdkRsg;nsmyRbCuMenHKWmanenAkgesovePA The Chinese Rulers Crimes Against
Kampuchea, p. 112.
Ibid.
Don Oberdorfer, Reds vs. Reds , W.P., fTI1 Exemsa qaM1979.
Newsweek, fTI5 Exkum qaM1979.
Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 409.
U.S. State Department Bulletin, kum qaM1979/ pp. 7-11.
Brzezinski, op. cit., p. 409.

50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58

Zbigniew Brzezinski, East Asia and Global Security: Implications for Japan The Journal of International

.
elak xaFr niyayfa TsSnkicrbs; etg )anrYmbgCa kasEdlnaM[rIkraybMputmYy
kgcMeNamkasEdlnaM[rIkraybMputnGaNtiCaRbFanaFibtIrbs;. rIkrayxaMgNas;
ehIyemdwknaMcinkdUecHEdr Keeping faith, p. 202.
Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 408.
Vance, Hard Choices, p. 122.
Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 408.enAfTI2 Exkum v:an;s_ )andak;[ xaFr BinitesckIEfg

Affairs, Vol. 37, N1, t 1983, p. 8

59

60
61
62

sRtvbgbng

500

karN_mYyEdlRtvpSayenAkgryeBlnTsSnkicrbs; etg. tamesckIEfgkarN_enaHfa

TMnak;TMngrvagcin-GaemrikaMgKWCalkxNdsMxan;nsniPaByUrGEgVgmYy dUckareFVI[kan;Et
RbesIrCagmunnUvTMnak;TMngepSgCamYyshPaBsUevotEdr. munnwgGanesckIEfgkarN_
xaFr )anrGUrTaMfa mankarsuMeTasEfmeTotpgb? . RbIhSInsI )anbBaHbBalKat;fa
RbePTnesckIEfgkarN_enH )anpl;[shrdGaemriknUvrUbPaBmindac;eRsc nigminR)akd
mYy. seRmcsRmceTA KWBuMmanesckIEfgkarN_NamYyeLIy.
Carter, op. cit., p. 209.
Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 412. muneBlmankarvaylukrbs;cin kGKrdTUtGaemrikaMg
enARkgmUs Malcolm Toon )an[elak hmIkU dwgBIesckIsgwmrbs;Kat;GMBIkarminRbRBwtGVI[
hYsehturbs;seU vot enAeBlEdlkarvaylukenHekItman. Christian Science Monitor, fT2I 6
Exkum qaM1979.
karsnnarbs;Gk niBnCamYyelak eLGUNad_ vUdxUk/ fT8I Extula qa1M 980enARkghugkug.
P.I., fTI9 Exkum qaM1979/ pp. 13-14.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYymnICan;x<s;mak;nRksYgkarbreTsCb:un/ fTI31 Ex]sPa
enATIRkgtUk.
kg kasnkarRbCueM dayELkmYyCamYyelak hYg hY elak sN
U aGU sUNdU a rdmnkI arbreTs
Cb:un )anRbkasR)ab;Kat;fa RbeTscinminRtvBwgelIkareRbIkmaMgkgCemaHRBMEdnrbs;xn
CamYyRbeTsevotNameLIy>>>. kgnamnRbeTseyIg RbeTscinRtvEteFVIGVImYy eday
RbytRbEyg . kaEst Mainichi Daily News, fTI8 Exkum qaM1979.
karsnnarbs;Gk niBnCamYyGkTTYlxusRtvcinmak;enATIRkghugkug nafT7I ExmIna qa1M 979.
Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 140. karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYymnICan;x<s;mak;nRksYg
karbreTsCb:unenATIRkgtUk nafTI31 Ex]sPa qaM1983.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkarTUt)araMgmak;enATIRkg):arIs/ fTI3ExkumqaM1985.
enAeBldwgBIkarvayRbharrbs;cin v:a):ayI naykrdmnI\Na)anbMRBjdMeNIrTsSnkic
rbs;Kat;ehIyRtLb;mkRbeTs\Navij. paM v:an;dug )anbndMeNIrTsSnkicrbs;Kat;.
N.Y.T., fTI25 Exkum qaM1979.
Time, fTI12 ExmIna qaM1979.

63
64

65
66
67
68

69
70
71
72
73
74

RbPBksarsMGag

75
76
77
78

501

Daniel Tretiak, Chinas Vietnam War and Its Consequences,

karbBanBtmaneTAkan;sikasala
mYysIBIRbeTscin/ saklviTalyrbs;cinenAhugkug/ fTI5-7 ExF qaM1979/ p.7.
Garrett, The China Card and Its Origins , p. 156.
Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 414.
kgBtmanmYymancMNgeCIgfa Major Power Interest in the Asia Pacific Region enAkgkar
RbCuMsnnarvagGkneya)ay\Ncin-GUsalI EdlRbRBwteTAenAekaH)alI nafTI5-8 ExF
qaM1982-karpSayCasaFarNEtmYyKt;EdlniyayBICMnYysmat;enH-T.B. Miller )an
elIkykmkniyayBI CMnYybeckeTsEdlRbEhlCapl;[edayshrdGaemrikeRkamTRmg;
CarUbftepSgEdlft)anedaypayrNb . sasacar Miller naykmCmNlnkar
RsavRCavEpkyuTsasnigkarBarrbs;GUsalI )anseRmcyk)anBtmansmat;CaeRcIn.
Kat;)anEfgR)ab; enATIRkgkg;Ebr:a nafTI17 ExF qaM1982fa tam RbPBBtman
epSg EdlminGacbdiesF)an fa shrdGaemrik)anpl;eTA[BYkcinnUvBtmanCaeRcInTak;Tg
eTAnwgkareFVIclnarbs;kgTBsUevot.
Li Man Kin, Sino Vietnamese War, Hong Kong, Kingsway International Publications, 1981, p. 61.
Ibid, 60.
karvaytmrbs;cin. KantYelxNamYyRtv)anpl;[edayevotNameLIy. F.B.I.S.-A.P.A.,
fTI22 mIna qaM1979/ L1.
cMeBaHkarviPaKGMBItmEdlRbeTscinRtvbg;eTAelIEpnkarkgRbeTssUmGanesovePArbs;
elak Daniel Tretiak, op. cit.. Gkrt;cUlxagsRtvmak;Edlmanzanx<s;nkgTBRbCaCnrMedaH
)anRbkaseRkaymkcMeBaHGkTTYlxusRtvmak;nRkmesuIbkarN_smat;bsimRbeTsfa
kareFVIRbtibtikarRbqaMgevotNam)anbNal[manmhnrayy:agFM . kgcMeNamkgTB
300nak;nkgvresnatUcrbs;Kat;man45nak;Rtvsab;nigrbYs95nak; KWkar)at;bg;man
RbEhlCit50PaKry.

79
80
81
82

CMBUkTI11
1 kaEst Le Matin, fTI19 Exmkra qaM1979.
2 Elizabeth Becker, Sihanouk Center Stage , W.P., fTI15 Exmkra qaM1979.

sRtvbgbng

502

3 kaEst N.Y.T., fTI15 Exmkra qaM1979.

4 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYy r:UehS sUlIv:an; , fTI17 Exkkda qaM1985enARkgv:asuInetan
DI>suI>.
5 kgesovePA GkeTasExrRkhm / TMBr365 semc sIhnu )anGHGagfa enAcMeBaHmux
PaBesmsat; [rbs; v:an;s_] enH mehsI )anpl;eyabl;[eFVIkarTak;TgCamYyRbeTs
)araMgkuMbgg; edIm,IsuM[RbeTs)araMgyl;RBmpl;nUvsiTiRCkekanxagneya)aydl;eyIg
eRBaHfa shrdGaemrikhak;dUcCabdiesFsMeNIrbs;eyIgeTAehIy .
6 karbriyayBIkarCYbKatamkarNat;rbs;semc sIhnu CamYy etg savBIg KWsMGagelIkar
CYbsnnaBIrelIkCamYysemcenAfTI5 Exemsa qaM1979 naTIRkgeb:kaMg nigExsIha
qaM1979 karsnnatamTUrsBBITIRkgBgy:ag.
7 Nayan Chanda, The Ballot-box Response , F.E.E.R., fTI8 Ex]sPa qaM1981.
8 80PaKrynKNkmaFikarmCimbkSRbCaCnbdivtn_km<CasuTEtCaGtItyuTCn kgkar
RbyuTRbqaMg-)araMg Exr\sSr nigFab;eFVIsm<nmiRtCamYyevotNam ehIy20PaKry
CaGtItExrRkhm. Stephen Heder, BtmanEdlmancMNgeCIgfa The Elite of the People Republic
of Kampuchea eTA Cornell University, fTI12 Exvicika qaM1981. Heder )ansgt;bBaak;fa
80PaKrynsmaCikKNkmaFikarmCimmanedImkMeNItBIextnanaEdlmanRBMEdnCab;nwg
evotNam ehIyfa 60PaKryFab;rs;enA20qaMbelIsBIenH enARbeTsevotNam.
9 Timothy Cerney, Kampuchea in 1982: Political and Military Escalation , Asian Survey, mkra
qaM1983, p. 82.
10 Ibid., p. 79.
11 karsnnarbs;Gk niBnCamYyGkkarTUtmak;nRbeTssgmniymmYy/ fT2I ExmIna qa1M 980
enATIRkgPMeBj. sUmGanGtbTrbs;elak John McBeth, Bureaucrats from B68 cuHpSay
kgTsSnavdI F.E.E.R. fTI15 Extula qaM1982pg.
12 Ibid., p. 82.
13 F.B.I.S.-A.P.A., fTI4 Exmkra qaM1985/ K-6.
14 Paul Quinn-Judge, View From the Front , TsSnavdI F.E.E.R, f9 Exemsa qaM1982.
15 Nayan Chanda, Making of a Bloc , TsSnavdI F.E.E.R., fTI30 Ex]sPa qaM1980.

RbPBksarsMGag

503

16 v: v:an;eKot/ enAsnisITelIkTImYynkarerobcMeFVIEpnkarsRmab;\Ncin enAExkum qaM1984

Edlerobrab;bBalGtbTmYyKancuHhtelxa The Vietnamisation of Kampuchea: A New Model
of Colonialism , Indochina Report, Extula qaM1984/ RbeTssigburI.
17 pdIksikmEdleRbIR)as;enARbeTsevotNamGaceLIgBI 0/09hikta enAqaM1985 dl;
0/13hiktasRmab;RbCaCnmak;enAqaM2000 luHNaEtRtvbegInpdIksikmEdleRbI
R)as;enH85PaKry nigdMeLIgva[dl;10lanhikta. enAeBlenH RbCaCnevotNam
RbEhlCaeLIgdl;75lannak;y:agTabbMput. Stewart E. Fraser, Vietnam Struggles with
Exploding Population , Indochina Issues, N57, Ex]sPa qaM1985/ p. 5.
18 F.B.I.S-A.P.A., fTI25 Exkum qaM1983, p. I.6.
19 kaEfgrbs;GkTTYlxusRtvCan;x<s;evotNammak;cMeBaHelak W.S.Turley kgkasnkar
snnamYyenATIRkghaNUy nafTI31 ExmIna qaM1983. Btmanpal;xnrbs;elak Turley.
20 Policy of the Peoples Republic of the Kampuchea with Regard to Vietnamese Residents, PMeBj ExkBaa
qaM1983/ p. 12. enAExmifuna qaM1983 egVn kUfac; rdmnIkarbreTsevotNam )an
RbkasR)ab;smPaKIGUsalI bl hedn fa niKmCnevotNamenARbeTskm<CamanminelIs
BI500>000nak;eT edaybBaak;fa bnab;BIkarsab;rbs;evotNamEdlmanedImkMeNItenATI
enaH sBVfenHmanmitPkibbgbnsac;jatixHrbs;BYkeK)ancUleTAtaMgenACMnYs. karsnna
rbs;Gk niBnCamYyelak bl hedn (Bill Hayden) enAfTI27 Exmifuna qaM1983 naTIRkg
hugkug.
21 Fraser, op. cit., 6.
22 Marie-Alexandrine Martin, nItiRkmevotNamUbnIykmenAkm<Ca / neya)ayGnCati/ niTaXrdUv
qaM1984/ p. 184.
23 enAqaM1981 saracrmYyrbs;RksYgkarbreTs )anhammin[GkTTYlxusRtv GaemrikaMg
cab;dnwgExrRkhmeLIy. kgkasnBiFIbdisNarkicmYyenAGgkarshRbCaCati naEx
mifuna qaM1981 rdmnIkarbreTsGaemrikaMg GaLichSg;dr ehk (Alexander Haig) )ancab;
dGkkarTUtEdlrevosrvmak;y:agENn edaymindwgfa GkenaHCa eGog sarI eLIy.
24 GkTTYlxusRtvmak;nRksYgkarbreTsrbs;Cb:unenATIRkgtUk )anbBanmk[nUvesckI
cmgkarsnnarvag GUhuIr:a-etg enH tUk fTI10 ExF qaM1979. sUmGanGtbTrbs;

sRtvbgbng

504

elak Nayan Chanda, Japans Kampuchea Diplomacy kgTsSnavdI F.E.E.R. elxecjpSay

fTI10 Exemsa qaM1980.
vasnacugeRkaysRmab;ExrRkhm , TsSnavdI F.E.E.R., ecjfTI18 Exemsa qaM1980.
Gkrt;ecalCYrLavmak; )anbBaak;R)ab;BIGtiPaBnCMrMhVwkhat;mYyrbs;clnatsURbqaMg
evotNamenARbeTsLavfa KWsitenARbeTscinPaKxagt,g. karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYy
sasacar xaMesgEkv esgsaFIt(Khamsengkeo Sengsathit)enATIRkgeb:kaMgnaExkum qaM
1982. sasacarsaklviTalyGaemrikaMgmYyRkm)anCYbCnCatifCaeRcInnak; Edl
kMBugbgat;beRgnGktsULav enAkgtMbn;mYynextyunNan (Yunnan). edIm,I[rwtEtCak;
c,as;sIBIkarKaMRTrbs;Rkgeb:kaMgcMeBaHsgamqk;RbqaMgkumynIssUmGanGtbT Fancy
meeting you here rbs;elak Nay:an; can;da kgTsSnavdI F.E.E.R. elxecjpSayfTI24
Exkkda qaM1981/ TMBr14-15.
karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYymnImak;nRksYgkarbreTsGaemrikaMg enAfTI20 ExsIha qaM
1980 naTIRkgv:asuInetanDI>sIu>.
]tmesnIy_ Saiyud Kerdphol embBaakarCan;x<s;nkgTBPUminf/ dkRsg;mkniyayCa
sMGagkg The Nation Review, fTI19 Exkkda qaM1982.
Fab;BniyayBI siTi enHBImat;rbs;GkCUndMeNIrCaExrRkhm kdUcBImat;BYkemnclna
tsUExrminEmnkumynIsEdr.

25
26

27
28
29
30

Stephen Heder, Democratic Kampuchea: The Regimes postmortem, Indochina Issues, N13, Janvier

.
31 RbeTsGUsalI)anQb;TTYlsal;km<C aRbCaFibetyCapv karenAfT1I 4 Extula qa1M 980.
sUmGanGtbTrbs;elak Frank Frost, The Conflict over Cambodia: Implications of the Khmer
Coalition Agreement , Canberra, Department of the Parliamentary Library, 1982, Basic Paper N14.
32 lI xVan; yU/ Rsg;mkniyayCasMGagkgTsSnavdI F.E.E.R., fTI26 ExkBaa qaM1980.
33 eqIytbnwglixitmYyrbs; exov sMpn cuHfTI21 ExsIha qaM1979 EdlesI[RBHGgTTYl
tMENgCaRbFanrNsirS semc sIhnu )anbeBajRBHraCeyabl;fa rNsirSfIkdUckmviFI
neya)ayfI EdlbgajedayExrRkhm Cak;Esg KWCakarlak;ButfImYyEdlnwgTak;Tajcit
)anEtBYkmnusSPIePInigeqatlg;b:ueNaH .
1981, p. 5

RbPBksarsMGag

505

34 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkarTUtCan;x<s;rbs;fmak; enAfTI14 Exmkra qaM1986

naTIRkgv:asuInetan DI>suI>.
35 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkarTUtCan;x<s;mak;rbs;shrdGaemrik EdlGmdMeNIrelak
Mondale eTATIRkgeb:kaMg/ fTI23 Exkkda qaM1985 enATIRkgv:asuInetanDI>suI>.
36 karerobrab;BIdMeNIrrbs;elak eRBm eTARbeTscin KWsMGagelIbNakarsnnarbs;CamYy
GkTTYlxusRtvcinmak; enAfTI15 Exvicika qaM1980 nigCamYyGkTTYlxusRtvmak;n
RksYgkarbreTsf enAfTI29 Exvicika qaM1980 naTIRkg)agkk.
37 karerobrab;BIdMeNIrrbs;elak lI xVan;yU enATIRkgeb:kaMg KWEpkelIkarsnnamYyCamYy
GkTTYlxusRtvcinmak; enAfTI3 ExF qaM1980 naTIRkghugkug nig CamYymnImak;nRksYg
karbreTssigburIenAfTI5 ExF qaM1980. kgkasnkarsnnamYyenAExkum qaM1983
naTIRkg)agkk elakrdmnIkarbreTssigburI sUBIy:as; daNa)aLan; )anGHGagR)ab;fa
)anTTYlkarFanaBIBYkcinfa BYkeKnwgRbtibtitamkarvinicymYyrbs;RbCaras edaye)aHbg;
BYkExrRkhmecal.
38 kgkasnkarsnnamYy enAfTI5 Exemsa qaM1980 naTIRkgeb:kaMg semc sIhnu )an
manRBHraCbnlR)ab;fa CaCnCatiExrnigCaGkeshaCatimak;. mincg;eFVIxnCa sIhnu
Edlsab;enAelITwkdIbreTsmYyeLIy. cg;cUlTivgtenAkgRbeTsrbs;dUntanigRbCaCn.
RsLaj;RbeTscinnigkUer:xageCIg b:uEnRbeTsTaMgenaHBuMEmnCamatuPUmiRsukkMeNItrbs;
eT. matuPUmirbs; KWRbeTskm<Ca ehIymanEtmYyKt;>>>. ebIniyay[esaHRtg;eTAmunnwg
cUlTivgt R)afacg;mancMENkkgRbvtisaskgzanCaGkksagRbeTskm<Ca CaBiess
kgvisysgmkicnigvb,Fm. RbCarastUctacCaGkRkIRk/ RbCaCnsamBaEtgEtCamnusS
sRmab;Canic. munnwgcUlTivgt RtvEteFVIGVIEdlmanplRbeyaCn_dl;GkTaMgenaH. evot
Nam nigelak ehg sMrin RbEhldwgfa BYkeKnwgeqtTajKuNRbeyaCn_y:ageRcInBIkar
yagRtLb;eTAvijrbs;. GVInwgRtvcb; sgamRbqaMgExrRkhmnwgRtvQH .
39 lkxNTaMgR)aMbYnKWmandUcxageRkam
k> karseRmccUlrYbrYmnwgExrRkhmkgrNsirSrYbrYmmYynigkgrdaPi)albRgbbRgmCati
mYy KWRtvmanlkxN. ebIsinCalkxNNamYykgcMeNamlkxNTaMgenHRtvRcanecal
edayExrRkhmbRbeTscin semc sIhnu nwgminGacshkar)aneLIy.

sRtvbgbng

506

x> km<CaRbCaFibetyRtvEtERbkayCaRbeTskm<CadUcBImun. Tg;CatinigbTePgCatimunqaM

1970 nwgRtverobcM[dUcedImvij.
K> kgTBsIhnuniymnwgRtvbMBak;GavuFedayRbeTscin[esIKanwgkgTBExrRkhmEdr ehIy
nwgenAEtsitenAeRkamGMNacbBaakarkraCdEdl.
X> edayTTYlbnkmuxtMENgCaRbFanrNsirS semc sIhnu nwgminTTYlxusRtvelIrdaPi)al
rbs;RBHGgeLIy.
g> RBHGgnwgRtvGnuBaat[eFVIkargarnigyageFVIdMeNIrCamYynwgGktMNagsMxan;rbs;rdaPi)al.
c> RBHGgnwgmansiTibeBajmtidUcGkkaEstnigGkniBnEdr.
q> karbBaak;[dwgnwgRtvpl;[sIBIeCaKvasnarbs;RBHjativgSnigshkarIrbs;RBHGgEdl
)at;xneRkamrbbExrRkhm.
C> bnab;BIkardkfyrbs;evotNam RbeTskm<CaRtvEtRbkasxnCaRbeTsGBaRkwt ehIy
kgTBTaMgGs;rbs;xnRtvdkhUtGavuF. munkardkfyenH kgTBGnrCatirkSasniPaB
mYynwgRtvdak;BRgay.
Q> kare)aHeqatsklnwgRtverobcMeLIg. kgTBrkSasniPaBnwgRtvCMnYsedayKNkmkar
RttBinitGnrCatimYy.
40 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkarTUtmak;nRbeTsmYyCasmaCiksmaKmGasan Edl
manmuxenAsmyRbCuMnaTIRkgjvy:k/ fTI15 Exkkda qaM1981.
41 han nanLg )anrMBkR)ab;BIkarkt;smal;enHedaypal;kgGMLgnkarsnnamYyEdlKat;
)anyl;RBm[CYbBIrbIExeRkaymk Han Fire a Warning Volley , TsSnavdI F.E.E.R. elx
ecjpSayfTI12 ExmIna qaM1982.
42 Alexander M. Haig, Caveat: Realism, Reagan, and foreign Policy, New York, Mcmillan, 1984, p. 194.
43 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkTTYlxusRtvCan;x<s;mak;nsmaKmGasan enAfTI20
Ex]sPa qaM1985 naTIRkgv:asuInetan.
44 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak m:ukta KUsUm:aGatm:ada enATIRkgjvy:k nafTI17
Exkkda qaM1981.
45 Ibid.

RbPBksarsMGag

507

46 edayerobrab;BIehtukarN_bnab;bnSMenH GkkarTUtmak;nRbeTsmYyCasmaCiksmaKm
Gasan )anniyayR)ab;fa y:agehac snisITenH)aneFVI[eyIgdwgerOgr:avmYycMnYn
tUcEdr. enAeBlRbkan;ykesckIseRmccit RbeTstUcElgmanmiteTotehIy .
PaKeRcInnbNaRbeTselakxaglic)anbdiesFmincUlrYmCamYysmaKmGasankgkar
RbQmmuxCamYynwgRbeTscineLIy.
47 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkarTUtCan;x<s;mak;rbs;f enAfTI11 Exvicika qaM1985
naTIRkgv:asuInetanDI>suI>.
48 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak tan;RsIuhahSalI enATIRkghugkug nafTI25 ExF
qaM1981.
49 Sabam Siagian, Potentials of Conflict and Potentials of Peace in Southeast Asia , BtmanTak;Tgnwg
karRbCuMelITI3rvag\NensuI-saFarNrdshBnGalWm:g;/ Hambourg, 15-17 Avril 1985.
50 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYysemcRBH neratm sIhnu enATIRkgjvy:knafTI14 Extula
qaM1984.
51 Nayan Chanda, Sihanouk Stonewalled , TsSnavdI F.E.E.R., elxecjpSayfTI1 Exvicika
qaM1984.
52 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak Garun panuBgS enATIRkg):arIsnafTI31 Exmkra
qaM1985.
53 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyGkkeTsxagBtmanrbs;GaemrikaMg enAfTI17 Exmkra
qaM1986 naTIRkgv:asuInetanDI>suI>. The U.S.S.R. in Indochina, Report N334, Bureau of
Intelligence and Research, Department of State, Washington, D.C., mars 1982.
54 W.P., 10 mars 1979.
55 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYyelak rIqad GarmIefc GnurdmnIRksYgkarBarCati TTYl
bnkEpksnisuxGnrCatienAfTI28 ExF qaM1985 naTIRkgv:asuInetanDI>suI>.
56 cMeBaHkarBinitemIldRbesIrmYyGMBIshRbtibtikarrvagcin-GaemrikaMgxagvisysnisux
enAqaM1979-80 sUmGanesovePArbs;elak Jonathan D. Pollack, The Lesson of Coalition
Politics: Sino-American Security Relations, Santa Monica, Rand Corporation, 1984, pp. 39-72.
57 Banning N. Garrett and Bonnie S. Glaser, War and Peace: The view from Moscow and Beijing, Policy

sRtvbgbng

508

Papers in International Affairs N20, Institute of International Studies, Berkeley, University of California
Press, 1984, pp. 48-49

58 Richard Nations, Great Leap Sideways , F.E.E.R., 30 mai 1985.

59 karsnnarbs;GkniBnCamYysasacarsaklviTalydeqImmak;rbs;sUevotCaGk
keTsxagbBaaGasuIPaKGaeKy_enA Bellagio nafTI7 ExF qaM1985.

509

esckIEfgGMNrKuNBIGkERbsRml
Cabzm sUmEfgGMNrKuNCaBnwkcMeBaHelak Nay:an; can;da Edl)anpl;siTi[ERbsRml
esovePArbs;elakeRkamcMNgeCIgfa sRtvbgbng tamryelak qaMg yu naykmCmNl
ksarkm<Ca. esovePAenH Fab;)anERbsRmlcuHpSaykgkarEstrsIkm<CamgrYc mkehIykal
BIcugqaM1997. b:uEn enAeBlEdlmCmNlksarkm<CaTTYl)ansiTiERbsRmlBIGkniBn nig
seRmc[e)aHBum<sadenH kcab;epImBinit nigEksRmleXagXaeLIgvijedaylitln; edIm,IeFVI[
xwmsaresovePAenHmanlkNkan;EtsuRkwteLIg. eTaHCay:agNakeday karERbsRmlBIPasa
breTsmkCaPasaExrBitCamankarlM)aknigkarxVHxatxHminxan. GaRsyehtuenH )aTsUm
GFaRsycMeBaHkarxVHcenaHmYycMnYnEdlBitCamanenAkgesovePAenH.
)aTsUmEfgGMNrKuNCaGenkb,karcMeBaHelak qaMg yu naykmCmNlksarkm<Ca
Edl)anxitxMxHExgRKb;Ebby:agrhUtdl;esovePAenHseRmcecjCarUbrageLIg. )aTksUmEfg
GMNrKuNpgEdrcMeBaHelak sum man GtItTIRbwkSanaykrdmnIhunEsn elak pg qMu naykRKb;RKg
nigelak Eb:n smiTi niBnnaykkaEstrsIkm<CaEdl)anCYyeRCamERCg nigKaMBarrhUtdl;man
fenH. elIsBIenH )aTsUmEfgGMNrKuNcMeBaHmitrYmkargarTaMgGs;enAmCmNlksarkm<Ca
EdlxitxMbMeBjkargarCaFgmYyeFVI[seRmc)aneCaKCyFMCabnbnab;.
sUmEfgGMNrKuNpgEdrcMeBaHmitGkGanEdlFab;)anpl;kmaMgcit nigelIksresIreday
pal;kIbminpal;kI RBmTaMgGkniymkarGanesovePARKb;rUb sUmTTYl)anesckIsux nigeCaKCyRKb;
RbkarkgkarbMeBjParkicedIm,IsuPmgrbs;xnerogeTA.
CIEh/ fTI9 Exmkra qaM2006
eTB em:gXan ehA TIXayu

510

RbvtiGkbkERb
eTB em:gXan ekItenAExkum qaM1947 enAPUmiCIEh XuMBamRbeFaH RsukekaHsUTin
extkMBg;cam. elak)anCab;sBaabRtmFmsikSaTutiyPUmi enAqaM1967 enATIRkgPMeBj. enAqaM
1968 elak)anTTYlsBaabRtKruekaslBImhaviTalyKruekaslRkgPMeBj. BIqaM1997
dl;qaM2002 elakeFVIkarCabuKlikbkERbPasa)araMgenAkaEstrsIkm<Ca bcb,nelakKWCaGk
bkERbPasa)araMgenAmCmNlksarkm<Ca.

esckI]Tis
sUm]TissadenHCUncMeBaHelakBuk eTB xVg nigGkmay Cam TI nigbnRbs-RsIrbs;
bYnnak; RBmTaMgRbCaCnkm<CastRtg;RbmaN2lannak;Edl)ansab;)at;bg;CIvitTaMgminGs;cit
eRkamkarkab;smab;y:agsahavRBpSkgrbbkm<CaRbCaFibetyBIqaM1975 dl; qaM1979.