rUbFatuFmC

ati

kareRbIR)as;rUbFa
tusMNg;
taMgBIyUlg;Nas;mkehIy/ mnusSeyIg
)aneRbIR)as;rUbFatuFmCati edIm,I
sg;TICMrknigeFVICasMNg;epSg
CaeRcIneTot dUcCa
CRgksksMPar/ Gag/ TMnb;/
yan/>>>>.l.
rUbFatuTaMgenaHrYmman Twk/ dI/
f/ xSac;RKYs/ eQI/ rwsSI////

TwknigdI
Twk KW Ca rUbFatu Edl minEmn sMrab;
sMNg;edaypal;eT EtvaCa
GkeFVIeGay l,ayrvagrUbFatu BIrrWeRcIn
ekItmaneLIg
vaCaGksMrYl eGayrUbFatu
manlkNgay eFVIkardUYcCa vaGacbnn;
dIkgkarcak;Bum< rW sUnrUb.
etI TwkmanRbeyaCn_GVI xH? nigetI
eyIgykTwkRbePTNa mkeRbI kgsMNg; ?

KuNPaBTwk
snidan

karseg viFIBiesaF
t
n

GaceRbIP RtUvBini minGa

am
tbEn ceRbI)
m
an

1-BN segteda Kan BN

yEPk eBl
rWk
Edlvargkk BNelOg
kgEkvf
a

RbepH
rW
BNepS
g

2-eRbg segt
rW
eday

RsTab;x
aj rW

sam rW
dan

KuNPaBTwk
snidan

karseg viFIBiesa
t
Fn

6-tMl

pH

7-krY
ebtug
buerBl
rW

Rkdasbn
al;

GaceRbI RtUvBi minGa

Pam
nitbE ceRbI)
nm
an

>=4

KuNPaBTwk
karseg viFIBies
t
aFn

snidan
GaceRb RtUvB minG
IPam initb aceR
Enm bI)an

11CatiGa
sSt
12sgsI

<=500 mg/l

>500 mg/l

<=100 mg/l

>100 mg/l

PaBkxVk;nigkkrkg
Twk

Twk FmCati minEmn suTEt satenaHeT/ va Gac

man pkFatu nana Edl bg mhnray dl; sMNg;.
FatusMxan; nig gayrk Edl eyIg EtgBiesaFn_rk KW
GMbilrlay nig kkr kgTwk Edl kMritGtib,rma rbs;va
kt;kgtarag xageRkam

RbePTsMNg;ebtu kMritGnuBaati
Ca RKl
g
Fatukkr GMbilrlay

PaBFn;x<s;
2
15
sMNg;ebtug
TUeTA

karBiesaFrkbrimaN
nPaBkxVk;

PaBkkr
eyIg yk Rkdas;eRcaHst mYy eday
dwg TMgn; rbs;va
eRcaH Twk Edl eyIgcg;eRbI kgsMNg;
2 lIRt edayeRbI Rkdas;eRcaH
ykRkdas;eTAhal/ rYc fwgsarCafI
kMhusrvagTMgn;st
munnwgeRkayeRcaH
KWCam:as;nFatukkr.

karBiesaFrkbrimaN
nPaBkxVk;

GMbilrlay

eRcaH
Twk2lIRtedIm,IdkecjnUvFatukk
r
ykTwkeTAsMgYtrhUtdl;sl;kkrG
MbilenA)atqaM
fwgsMNl;

kareRbIR)as;Twk
TTYlTan
lagrWepSImeRKOgcRk
Pak;garbegItl,ay
karciBawm
rWkarrkSavy

TwkBiess
Twkrwg KWCaTwkEdlmanCati kal;sm
rW maej:smeRcIn dUcCaTwk GNgecj
rW TwkPMCaedIm.
vaCaRbePTTwkEdlminsmRsbkgsMNg;
BIeRBaH Catikal;sm nigmaej:sm
gayeFVIRbtikmCamYynwgbriyakas/
RbtikmenH nwgeFVI eGaymankarrebHpuy
m:ageTot vaCaRbtikm Edl RbRBwteTA
edayrIkmaD dUecH ebIvaenAkg ebtug
vanwgeFVIeGayebtug pH.

TwkBiess
TwksmuRT
eyIgdwgRKb;KafavaCaRbePTTwkRb/ b:uEnetI
TwkRbenH GacGnuBaati eGayeRbI
kgsMNg;EdrrWeTebIsinCa eyIgeFVIsMNg; enA
mat;smuRT ?
eyIgRtUvdwgfa TwksmuRTbgPaKeRcIn BI GMbil
sUdmkrY Edl vaCa GkeFVI
eGaymankarERcHEdkkgebtugehIy nwg
mankarxatecj nbMEnkebtug.
dUecH eKham kareRbIR)as;TwksmuRT kg
karplitebtugEdk/ b:uEn ebIebtugenaH Caebtuglat
eyIgCaGac eRbITwk smuRTsMrab;lay)an.

kardwkCBa
nTwk

bMBg; KWCameFa)ay EdleKeRbIeRcIn

bMput kgkarEckcay nig beBajecalTwk.
RKb;sMNg;enAkgRkug EtgeRbI
kardwkCBan TwktamviFIenH ehIyTwk
EtgCaTwkEdlGaceRbI)an.
Lan kalNasMNg; eFVIenATIdac;Rsyal rW
TIkEng Edlkarpt;pg;TwkBuM eTAdl;.
kardwkCBan enHRtUveFVIecj
BIRbPBepSg EdlcaM)ac; RbPBTaMgenaH
CaRbPBEdlGaceRbI)an.

kardwkCBa
nTwk
kardg/ karErk CBanedayd
KWCakardwkCBanEbbRbBNI
EdlFmta eFVI)anEt sMrab;cMgaypvxI
dUcCakgkardanCaedIm.
rkSaTuk eRkayBI kardwkCBan/
TwkRtUvEtrkSaTuk eGay)an l
enAkgGag manKMrb
karBarkarhuycUlFUlI rW FatuKWmI epSg
Edl rMxandl;kareRbIR)as; kgsMNg;.

dInigmCdandI
GasuIt KWCa mCdan Edl pH tUcCag 7/
vaeFVIeGayEdkqab;ERcH nigebtug fyGayu
eRBaHsuIm:g; ebtug CamCdan)as;
kalNaCYbnwgGasuIt Rbtikm nwg kayCaGMbil
EdlCa mUlehtunkarBukpuy.
)as; KWCamCdan Edl pH FMCag 7/ vaeFVIeGay
Edkqab;ERcH nigeFVIRbtikm
CamYynwgxSac;rWRKYs EdlmanCatiGasuIt.
GMbil nig FatuKWmI FmtaRbtikm
EtgmanenAkgdI eRkamTMrg;Rtlb; sarcuHeLIg Edl
kardak; CaGuIyug eBlCYbnwg TwkGac eFVIeGaydI
pas;prBI GasuIt eTA)as; rw BI )as; eTAGasuIt.

kareRbIR)as;dI
RKwH dIRtUveRCIssMrab;RKwHkalNa
vaGacRTnwgTMgn;)an eday KansMrut
ehIydIRbePTenH eRcICadI EdlKanFatusrIrag.
pv KWCasMNg; EdlrgbnkcltncracrN_
dUecH vaRtUv hab;ENn
kalNaRsTab;pvkan;EtxitmkelI enaH vaRtUv
Etbgab;eGaykan;Etl.
TMnb; eday vamantYnaTITb;sat; rW
bnyCMrab/ eKEtgniymeRbI dIGid.
kgkrNINa EdldIGid minsMbUr eyIgRtUveRbI
dIxSac; Et sl enAEtCa dIGid dEdl.

xSac;RKYs
niymny
xSac; KWCa dI Edl man
r)ayRKab; sitenA cenaH
BI 0/08 mm eTA 5 mm.
RKYs KWCa dI Edl man
r)ayRKab; BI 5 mm
eLIgeTA.

xSac;RKYs
RbePT
xSac;relag KWCa xSac;FmCati Edl
rgkarsikkkit kg dMeNIrvivtn
PUKBsaRs/ vaEtgsitenAtam
mat;TwksabrW Rb. vaman r)ayRKab;
tamFmCati Edl manRKab;FMenAeRkam
ehIyRKab;tUcenA elI.
xSac;bMEbk KWCaxSac;
Edl)anBIkarbMEbknfPM. eyIgGac)an
r)ayTMhMRKab; tamRtUvkar. xSac;RbePT
enHeRcIn plitenAEk,PM.

xSac;RKYs
m:as;maDRtsuH mantMlGaRsynwg
sMenIm/ kgtaragxag eRkamenH Ca
m:as;maDst.

xSac;

m:as;m m:as;m
aDtan; aDRtsu
H
2,60

1,50

xSac;RKYs

TMrg;FrNImaRt

TMrgrbs;RKab; xSac; rWRKYs maneRcIn rab;minGs;

EteyIg EckvaCaBIrRbePTFM. eyIgehA TMrg;mYy
faCaKUb rWmUlkalNa vamanvimaRtTaMgbI RbEhl
Ka ebImindUecHeT vaehA fasMEb:t.
etITMrg;RbePTNa EdlmanRbeyaCn_ ?
TMrg;KUbrWmUlRtUveKGnuBaatiykmkeRbIkg
sMNg;edaysarvagaybgab;/ manPaBFn;l
TMrg;sMEb:t vij minGnuBaati
ykmkeRbIR)as;kg sMNg;eTeRBaH vaxVH
PaBhab;ENn ehIyvagay)ak; eRkam\TiBl
nkMlaMgsgt; rWkac; EdlekItecj
BIkMlaMgFmtaeFVIGMeBIelIrUbFatu.

xSac;RKYs

r)ayRKab; xSac; xageRkamCaRbePT

xSac;RbRktI EdleyIgnwgyk mkeRbI
kgkarrklkNepSgrbs;suIm:g;.

plErgRCu
vimaRt
HbUkt
plErgeTI
kERB Gacm plErgeTIrb redayEL
ag
kERjg
Ukt
k
Edn
Edne
Edn Ed
eRk Edn Rka Edn eRk nel

am elI
m
elI am I
0,08

100

96

13

0,16

17

93

83

21

21

r)ayRKab;RbRktI

kardak;eQaHeGayExSekag
cMeBaHkardak;eQaH[ExSekageK
kMnt;eTAtamtMl d nig D Edl
- d < 0.5mm enaHeyIgehA 0/D
- d >= 0.5mm/ enaHeyIgehA d/D

ehIykarkM
nt;rk d nig
D

eTAtamtar

tMln T
D
> 5mm
< 5mm

T
3%
5%

kardak;eQaHeGayExSekag
tMln R nwg
D
d

R=T

> 1.56

15%

< 1.56

20%

kardak;eQaHeGayExSek
ag
cMeBaHkareRbIR)as;taragxagelIKW
dMbUgeyIgRtUvPab; plErgRCuH 100
mkelIRkahIVk ehIyTMlak;cMeNalEkg
enHCatMl 1,56D
yktMl 1,56D enHeTAEck nig 1,56
eyIgnigeXIjtMl D
yktMl D
enaHeTAepgpat;kgtaragtMln T
edIm,IrktMl T EdlRtUvcMeNal KW 0,63d

kardak;eQaHeGayExSek
ag
yktMlcMeNalrbs; T enaHeTAEck
nig 0,63 eyIg nwgeXIjtMl d
yktMl d nig D eTAepgpat;
enAkgcenaHBI 0-15% nig 85-100%
rWkenAcenaHBI 0-20% nig 80-100%
k)an.
ebIminenAkgcenaHenaHeT
eyIgeRbItarag tMl n R et T

lkNrbs;xSac;
kgkarKNnarkPaBm:t; KWeKeFIVeLIgedIm,Icg;
dwgnUvTMhMRKab;CamFm enAkg
l,ayxSac; rW
RKUsenaHEdlGaceGayeyIgdwgfavalkgkarla
yebtug Edr rWeT?
ma:geToteKeRCIserIsykcMeBaHEtkERBa
gEdlmanGgt;pwt : 0.16 , 0.315 , 0.63 , 1.25 , 2.5 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 40 , 80mm
Etbu:eNaHmkKNna.
karKNna PaBm:t;eFIVeLIgtamrUbmn

plErgeTIrb
Ukt

MF
100

lkNrbs;xSac;
PaBsatrbs;xSac; xSac;
EdlykmkeRbIkgsMNg; minRtUvmanFUlIeRcIn
eBkeTeRBaHFUlI CaGkbg
mhnraydl;karcab;sm<n rvag suIm:g;
nigxSac;. FmtacMnuHFUlIminRtUvFMCag 0/5
PaKryeT. eyIgGacvaytMl vaedayeRbI
smmUlxSac;tageday ES Edl CapleFob
nkMBs;xSac; nwgkMBs;srub kgbMBg;Rkit
eRkayBIRklukCamYy TwksUlvg; rYcehIy.
ES >= 80 :
xSac;l
80>ES >= 70
:
eRbI)an EtCamYy suIm:g; b:ktg;
ES < 70 :
caM)ac;RtUvlag

f
paMgf paMgf KWCaRKwHy:agl
EdlPaKeRcInnsMNg; RtUvQrelI.
b:uEnRtUvdwgfafEdlRKwHQelI
KWCafKankareRbHRsaM.
fbMEbk paMgfFMRtUv)anbMEbkCa
fRKab;tUcEdlGacCaxSac; rW RKYs
EdleyIgeTIbnwgsikSarYc.
flMG karbMEbkfGaceFVICaflMG
dUcCaf maRb/ mUlug/>>>>.

eQI/ kNbs,v/
etat///

eQI KwCaCalikaekItBIekasika Pab;Ka

kgTMrg;bMBg; manmuxkat;kaer rW rgVg;
EdlFatupSMrbs; vaKWCaEslulUs. sMrab;eQIswk/
RbEvgekasika KWBI 2eTA4mm
ehIyGgt;pittUcCag 100 dg/
sMrab;eQICrRbEvg ekasikaKWmantMlEtRtwm
2 rW 3 PaKdb;nmmb:uenaH.
ebIeyIgkat;TTwgnedImeQI/
eyIgsegteXIjcMEnkepSgdUcteTA
sMbk CaRsTab;eRkAbgs; neQIehIy
vaCaGkkarBarsac;eQITl;nwg briyakas
dUcCakMedA/ xl;/ karTgic/>>>

eQI/ kNbs,v/
etat///

sac;xI CaEpkEdlkMBuglUtlas;neQI/
vamanBNRsElt ehIy
minsUvmanPaBhab;ENn edaysar
vaeTIblas;fI.
xwm Casac;eQIcas;cMbgEdl )anlUtlas;
munsac;xI/ vaman BNcas;
nigmanPaBhab;ENn l CageQIEdl
eKykmkeRbI kg sMNg;edaysar
vamanPaBFn;l.
slBuk cMeBaHeQI RbePTxH/
enAcMkNal manEpkBukpuy Edl
manGgt;pit tUcCYnkal vaCaRbehagEtmg.

lkNrUbeQI
m:as;maD va ERbRbYlminRtwmEt BIRbePT
mYyeTAmYyeTot b:uenaH eTEt sMrab;eQI
EtmYy kvamantMlxusKaEdrkalNaeyIg
yksac; kgnig eRkAmkvas;. m:ageTot
vaGaRsynwg sMeNImneQIpgEdr. pleFob
rvagm:as;maD brmaKWBI 1 eTA 3. CaTUeTA
sMeNImrbs;eQI KW 15PaKry.
GuIsuRtUBI FatubgssneQI eFVIeGayeQI
kayCarUbFatu minesIsac;/ minCab;
nigmanTisedAkMnt; dUecH
vaCaGanIsURTUBehIyman lkNemkanIk
xusKaBI TismYyeTA TismYyeTot.

lkNrUbeQI
Twk manenA kgeQItamrUbPaBBIr dUcCa TwkesrI
nigTwkbWt. cMnuHTwk ERbRbYl tambriyakas
xageRkAedayeKarB tamc,ab;lMnwgsMeNIm.

suItuNPaB xl;

sMeNIm
eFob

10C

20C

30C

60%

11,6

11,3

10,8

70%

15,2

14,8

14,3

90%

22,0

21,2

20,5

lkNrUbeQI
bMErbMrYl vimaRt n eQI
bMErbMrYl ncMnuHTwk
kgeQIbNaleGayman PaBrIkmaDkalNa
va bWt Twk rW
rYmmaDkalNavafycMnuHTwk.
karpas;brmaD enHehAfa
PaBRbTajneQI.
eyIg segteXIjPaBRbTajmaD
nigPaBRbTajRbEvg tamGkS/ tamkaM
nigtamTisbBait .

lkNrUbeQI
ebIeyIgyk
PaBRbTajmaD

a;r;t

PaBRbTajRbEvg kareRb
erogKa tamGkS/IR)as;
tamkaM nig

tamTisbBait.
sgarw
enaH eyIg)an
m
v=a+r+t
nigeRK
Og

emKuNRbTaj
r

lkNrUbeQI
PaBcMlgkMedA
eQI
manPaBcMlgkMedA
exSaydUecH eTIbeK
favaCaGuIsULg;
Edll/ PaBcMlgkMedA
rbs;vaERbRbYl
eTAtamm:as;maD
neQIdUcmankg
tarag

m:as;m PaBcMl
aD KitCa gkMed
A KitCa
KRk vm/
m3
k (W/m.K)
350-450 0/12
450-550 0/15
600-750 0/23

lkNrUbeQI
PaBlUtkMedA
PaBlUtkMedA neQIexSayCagebtugnigEdk.
sMrab;eQIst/ emKuNlUtkMedA esInwg
50.10 C tamTisb:H nwgkaMehIy 5.10 C
tamTisGkS.
PaBFn;nwgePIg
eQICarUbFatugay eqH b:uEn vaFn;nwg
ePIgrWkMedA )anlCagrUbFatu
epSgeTotedaysar vamanPaBcMlgkMedA
nigPaBlUtkMedAexSay.
-6

-1

-6

-1

lkNrUbeQI
eBleRKOgbgMRtUrgcMehH/
el,n ncMehHKW
ssr 0/7 mmnaTI
Fwm 0/8mmnaTI
cMeBaHmuxedk
0/7mmnaTI cMeBaHmuxQ

lkNrUbeQI
criklkNemkanIk
eQI Ca RbePT rUbFatu Edl man lkN
sVit pgnig RsYy pg eTA
tamGMeBIxageRkA. va Gac eRbICa
FatuEdlrgkMlaMg sgt;/ kMlaMgTaj
nigkMlaMgkac;.
eBlEdl vargkMlaMgTaj enaH
va)ak;eday KankarR)ab;sBaa
CamuneBal KWvamanlkNRsYy

lkNrUbeQI
criklkNemkanIk
EteBlEdl vargnUv kMlaMgsgt;
vabgajnUvbMlas;TImYy EdlCa
sBaan kar)ak;
dUecHvamanlkNsVit.
lkNsVitnigRsYynwgekItman
CamYyKa eBlEdlFatubgMeQI
rgnUvkMlaMgkac;.

lkNrUbeQI
criklkNemkanIk
lkNemkanIk rbs;vaGaRsy
TaMgRsugeTAnwg TisedAnss nigTis
nkMlaMgEdleFVIGMeBI.

TisedayeFob
nwgsseQI

PaBFn;

cMeBaHsg cMeBaHkar
t;
Taj

tambeNay
l
lNas;

PaBxUcxatnigkark
arBareQI

karxUcxat edaypSit/ kalNa sMeNImFMCag 20PaKry

nigsItuNPaB tUcCag15 dWeRkes ehIy mankgVH
BnW nigcrnxl; enaHpSit nigmankasbMpajeQI .
pSitEdl eyIg CYbRbTH jwkjab;CageKKW
emrUl vaeRcInduHbMpajeQICr
kUnIyUhVr
pSitRbePTenHeRcInbMpajsMNg;eRkamdI
b:UlIhVr
KWCaRbePTpSitEdlcUlcitduHbMpajeQIswk.
eyIg GackarBareQI eGayputBI pSitcRg)aneday
bnysMeNIm tamrycrnxl; rW eFVI karkarBar
edaykarRtaM rW cMhuykg L edayGMbilEr:
rWk_faMsMlab;pSit.

PaBxUcxatnigkark
arBareQI

karxUcxatedaystVlit stVlitEdlsMbUurN CageKKW

kaRBIkn RbEvgBI 2eTA3sm/
vabMpajEteQICrehIy kUnrbs;vakaysac; eQICa
bNaj rntUcEdlbNaleGay eQIfyPaBFn;y:aggay.
RvIEyt RbEvgBI 2 eTA 9 mm/
vasuIbMpajeQIRKb;RbePTTaMgGs;/
kUnrbs;vakeksac; eQI CaRbBn
rUgRKb;TisTaMgGs;.
keNo vaCastV EdlbMpajeQIenArdUv
ekACaBiessenA kgGakasFatu ekAehIyesIm.
lIktUs KWCastVEdl suIbMpajEtsac;
xIrbs;edImeQI.

PaBxUcxatnigkark
arBareQI
karrkSaTuk eQI eyIgGacrkSaTukeQI
tamviFICaeRcIn eTAtamRbePTeQI
b:uEn CaTUeTA eyIgRtUvTukkgTI
EdlktaTaMbInbriyakas
kMnt;dUcxageRkam
sMeNImtUcCag 20PaKry
suItuNPaBFMCag15 dWeRk
mancrnxl;RKb;RKan;nigBnW

PaBxUcxatnigkark
arBareQI
karkarBar eQI
RbkarsMxan;mYykgkareRbIR)as; rUbFatuKW
karecHkarBarvaedIm,IPaByUrGEgVg. eyIg
segteXIj man viFIcMbgBIr
KWkareRbIfaMsMlab;stVlitnig
kareRbIfaMsMlab;pSit. vIFIepSg
CaeRcIneTotsuTEtbMeBjlkNn viFITaMgBIr
enH.
eTaHCay:agNak_edaykarkarBar RtUvEtsmRsb
nigkarrkSaTuk. karkarBar nwg KanRbsiTPaB
eT ebIsinCakarrkSaTuk minKitKUrRtwmRtUv l.

kareRbIR)as;kgs
MNg;

eQI RtUveKeRCIsCa eRKOgsMNg;Fn; nigbMBak;.

m:ageTotvaGac eRbICa eRKOglMG kg
eKhdan.
xageRkamenHKWCakareRbIR)as;rbs;eQI
eRKag dMbUl sMrab;sMNg;eQIrWebtug/
eKGacykeRKagdMbUlCaeQI
ssr eKykeQI eFVICassr
EtkgsMNg;GMBIeQI. eQITb;nwgsgt;)anl.
Fwm vaRtUveRbIkgsMNg;eQI/
manpHxH ssrCaebtugEt FwmCaeQI. eQI
Tb;nwgkarkac;l.

kareRbIR)as;kgs
MNg;

kMral vaeRbI kgsMNg;eQI Etvak_GaceRbI

kgsMNg;epSgeTot dUcCa ebtugrW Gid.
vaRtUveKeRCokCabnH munnwg ykmkdak;Rkal.
CBaaMg eQI EdlykmkeRbI KWCabnHbBa/
edayvasitenAxageRkA b:HnwgsMeNIm
eRcIdgeRcInsarbNaleGay
vaqab;BukpuydUecH kareRbIR)as; CaCBa
aMgminsUvleT.
eRKOgsgarwm eKniymeRbI
eQIeFVICasgarwmeRBaH vaRsalnigman
PaBRbNIt kgkartubEtg.