Phase is a form of matter that is uniform throughout the chemical

composition and physical state.

Allotrope is a particular molecular form of an element (O2 and O3)
Polymorph is one of a number of solid phases of an element or
compound.
Phase transition is the spontaneous conversion of one phase into
another phase, occurs at a characteristic temperature for a given
pressure.
Transition temperature (Ttrs) is the temperature at which the two
phases are in equilibrium and Gibbs energy is minimized at the
prevailing pressure.
Thermal analysis detects a phase transition by nothing temperature
does not change even though heat is being added/removed.
Metastable phases are thermodynamically unstable phases that
persist because the transition is kinetically hindered.
Chemical potential is a measure of the potential that a substance
has for undergoing change in a system.
Phase diagram of pure substance shows the regions of pressure and
temperature at which its various phases are thermodynamically stable.
Phase boundaries (coexistence curves) show the values of p and T
at which phases coexist in equilibrium and their chemical potentials
are equal.
Vapor pressure is pressure of vapor in equilibrium with the liquid.
Sublimation pressure vapor pressure of the solid phase.
Boiling is the condition of free vaporization throughout the liquid.
Boiling temperature is the temperature at which the vapor pressure
of a liquid is equal to the external pressure.
Normal boiling point (Tb) is temperature of boiling point at 1 atm.
Standard boiling point is the temperature of boiling point at 1 bar.
Critical temperature (Tc) is the temperature where the liquid phase
does not exist.
Critical pressure (Pc) is the vapor pressure at the critical
temperature.
Supercritical fluid occurs at and above the critical temperature as a
uniform phase.
Melting/freezing temperature is when the solid and liquid phase
coexist in equilibrium.
Normal/melting freezing point (Tf) is the temperature of
freezing/melting at 1 atm.
Standard freezing point is the temperature of freezing/melting at 1
bar.
Triple point is a point at which the three phase boundaries meet.
Component is chemically independent constituent of a system.
Constituent of a system is the chemical species that is present.

Variance of a system is the number of intensive variables that can be

changed independently without disturbing the number of phases in
equilibrium.
Bivariant two degrees of freedom.

Partial vapor pressure is pressure of substance when pressure is

exerted onto the condensed phase.
Gas solvation is the attachment of molecules to gas-phase species.
Ehrenfest classification uses the behavior of the chemical potential
to classify phase transitions into different types.
First-order phase transition is a transition for which first derivative
of chemical potential with respect to temperature is discontinuous. (H
changes by a finite amount for an infinitesimal change of
temperature.)
Second-order phase transition is a transition in which the first
derivative of chemical potential with respect to temperature is
continuous but its second derivative is discontinuous. Implies that
volume and entropy do not change at the transition.
Lambda transition

First derivatives of chemical potentials with respect to pressure and

temperature are discontinuous at transition

Binary mixtures are a mixture of 2 components A and B.

Molar concentration (molarity, [J], c) is the amount of solute divided
by the volume of the solution.
Molality (b) is the amount of solute divided by the mass of the
solvent.
Partial molar volume of a substance A in a mixture is the change in
volume per mole of A added to a large volume of the mixture.
Ideal solutions are mixtures that obey Raoults law throughout the
composition range from pure A to pure B. (structurally similar
components)
Ideal-dilute solutions are mixtures for which the solute B obeys
Henrys law and the solvent A obeys Raoults law.
Raoults law provides relation between vapor pressure of substance
and mole fraction in a mixture, basis of definition of ideal solution.
Henrys law provides relation between vapor pressure of solute and
its mole fraction in a mixture, basis of the definition of an ideal-dilute
solution.

Excess functions are the difference between the observed

thermodynamic function of mixing and the function for an ideal
solution.
Regular solution a solution for which excess H is not 0, but excess
S=0.
Colligative properties only dependent on the amount of solute
present.
Semipermeable membrane is a membrane that is permeable to the
solvent but not the solute.
Osmotic pressure is he pressure that must be applied to the solution
to stop the influx of solvent.
Osmometry is the determination of molar mass by the measurement
of osmotic pressure.

System under high pressure that it contains only liquid phase (applied
pressure is higher than the vapor pressure)
Points below the lower curve correspond to system under such low
pressure only contains a vapor phase (applied pressure is lower than
vapor pressure)

Starting from a and moving down isopleth, system consists of a single

liquid phase.
At a1 liquid exists in equilibrium with vapor, vapor has composition of
a1
At a1 composition of liquid is initially same as a, so at pressure p1
there is small amount of vapor present with the composition a1
If pressure is reduced to p2
Isopleth is a vertical line where changes to the system do not affect
the overall composition.
Tie lie is a horizontal line joining two points in equilibrium.