ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

The potential at a point is defined as the work done in moving unit positive charge
from infinity to that point.
Smoothing- capacitor connected across SQ. It discharges through load when pd in
load reduces thus maintains the pd across load.
Differences between the forces experienced in an electric and that in magnetic field:
Force due to magnetic field is proportional to speed while that due to electric field is
independent of speed.
Force due to electric field is along the direction of the field while in the case of
magnetic field it is normal to the direction of the field.
Gravitational Potential is the work done is moving a unit mass from infinity to the
point.
Gravitational Potential at infinity is zero. Forces are always attractive so work is got
out when moving to the point so values of gravitational potential near to an isolated
mass are all negative.
How electric field causes an atom in the air to become conducting? Field causes
forces on the electron and nucleus in opposite direction resulting in the atom being
lost from the atom. (J03)
A serious error was evident in a significant number of scripts. Candidates stated,
quite correctly,
that E = -_V/_x but then went on to state that, based on this equation, the field due
to a spherical
charge is given by E = V/r. (J03) *Remember to use V= kQ/r and NOT V = E x r!
1 Tesla is that magnetic field which produces a force of 1.0N per metre on a wire
carrying a current of 1.0A normal to the field.
Magnetic Flux Density
(numerically equal to) force per unit length
on straight conductor carrying unit current
normal to the field
= BA [ = magnetic flux (Wb) ; B = magnetic flux density (T) ; A = crosssectional area (m2)]

flux through coil = BA sin .. B1

flux linkage = BAN sin (N05)

Magnetic Flux is the number of magnetic field lines which is Phi.

Magnetic Flux Linkage is the product of the magnetic flux and the number of
turns of the coil. which is N x Phi.
Difference between the patters of the gravitational field lines of a small and a large
sphere: there is no difference or that there would be a greater density of lines at the
surface of the smaller sphere.[NOT more lines] (Nov 2003)
Series, power 1/P = 1/P1 + 1/P2; Parallel, power P=P1 + P2
Electric field = region/area where a charge experiences a force
Gravitational field = (region of space) where a mass experiences a force
Electric Field Strength at a point = negative of the potential gradient at that point
r.m.s value of ac : the value of steady / constant voltage that produces same power
(in a resistor) as the alternating voltage

Faradays law of electromagnetic induction: e.m.f. induced is proportional / equal to

rate of change of (magnetic) flux (linkage)

Capacitance = Q/V with symbols explained.

How capacitor stores energy?
on a capacitor, there is charge separation/there are + and - charges M1
either to separate charges, work must be done
or energy released when charges come together

Similarity between electric and gravitational potential

either ratio of work done to mass/charge
or work done moving unit mass/charge from infinity
or both have zero potential at infinity B1 [1]
Why gravitational potential always negative while electric potential may
be positive or negative?
gravitational forces are (always attractive) B1
electric forces can be attractive or repulsive B1
for gravitational, work got out as masses come together
/mass moves from infinity B1
for electric, work done on charges if same sign, work got out if opposite sign
as charges
come together