December, 1986

ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL FLOOR SLABS-ON-GROUND FOR DESIGN PURPOSES
by
KANCHEEPURAM N. 6UNALAN, B.E., M.E.
A DISSERTATION
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted to the Graduate Faculty
of Texas Tech University in
Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements of
the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
December,
1986
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author expresses his deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Warren
K. Wray for his encouragement and guidance throughout the course of
this work.
He also thanks Dr. C.V.G. Vallabhan, Dr. James R.
McDonald, and Dr. Necip Guven for their valuable guidance.
Thanks
are also due to Dr. K.C. Mehta for willing to be an examiner and to
Dr. D. Chou for all his help.
The author is indebted to Dr. E.W.
Kiesling, Chairman of the Department of Civil Engineering, for the

financial assistance throughout the course of his study at Texas
Tech University.
The author thanks his parents for their constant encouragement,
guidance and moral support.
He also thanks his wonderful wife,
Duru, for her unselfish support, patience and encouragement.

The author wishes to thank everyone at Terra Testing, Inc. for
their encouragement and assistance.
Finally, thanks are also due to
Mrs. Sherry Smith for the wonderful job of typing this manuscript.
ABSTRACT
Slab-on-ground foundations refer to ground supported floor
slabs used to transfer loads safely to the subgrade without undergoing distress themselves.
These foundations have been used in
residential, light commercial and industrial buildings for many

years.
Since the loading conditions and magnitudes in industrial
buildings are wery different from those in residential and light

commercial buildings, their design must be approached differently.
Various design procedures have evolved for the thickness design of
industrial floor slabs, but most of them have been developed for a
specific use or have certain limitations.
Therefore, there is still
a need for a rational design procedure which will eliminate some of

these limitations.
In order to develop a rational design or analysis procedure, a
parametric study involving slab length, slab width, slab thickness,
modulus of elasticity of soil, aisle width between stacks, stack
loading, and forklift loading was conducted to study their influence
on deflections, bending stresses, bending moments, and shear forces
occurring in the slab.
The study was conducted by considering the
influence of stack and forklift loadings, both separately and

together.
The values used in the study were over a realistic range.
Regression analysis was performed on the results of 618 individual

problems and equations for the thickness design of industrial floor
ii i
slabs were developed.
Correlation coefficients for these equations
ranged from 0.78 to 0.99.

As the modulus of elasticity of the soil is an important
parameter in the design of industrial floor slabs, a survey of eight
practicing engineers and commercial testing laboratories was conducted to determine the most practical and economical means of
evaluating the modulus of elasticity of soil.
Equations rather than nomographs have been developed for
maximum bending stresses, maximum shear forces and maximum differential deflection for each loading condition.
These equations permit
solving for the required slab thickness to resist the imposed loads.
TV
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
ii i
LIST OF TABLES
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
1.
2.
ii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Concrete Floor Slabs
1.2 Winkler Foundation
1.3
Previous Work
1.4
Scope of Research
22
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO APPLICABLE THEORY
24
2.1
24
Introduction
2.2 A Brief Review of

the Theory of Plates
25
2.3
Finite Element Method
26
2.4
Finite Element Computer

Program, SLAB4
3.
27
EVALUATION OF MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF SOIL
32
3.1
32
Introduction
3.2
Characteristics of the Modulus

of Elasticity of Soil
3.3 Testing Procedures for Determining
Modulus of Elasticity of Soil
3.4 Evaluation of the Most Practical
and Economical Testina Procedure
33
37
^4
4.
5.
PARAMETRIC STUDY
49
4.1
Introduction
49
4.2
Material Parameters
50
4.3
Structural Parameters
53
4.4
Utility Parameters
55
4.5
Accomplishment of
Parametric Study
66
DEVELOPMENT OF REGRESSION EQUATIONS

Introduction
74
5.2
Regression Analysis
74
5.3
Development of
Regression Equations
75
Discussion on
81
Limitations of Using
the Regression Equations
83
Analysis of the
86
5.5
5.6
7.
74
5.1
5.4
6.
"..
DESIGN PROCEDURE USING

THE REGRESSION EQUATIONS
92
6.1
Introduction
92
6.2
Soils Investigation
92
6.3
Safety Factor
93
6.4
Design Procedure
94
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
98
7.1
Introduction
98
7.2
Conclusions
98
7.3
Recommendations
101
VI
LIST OF REFERENCES
103
APPENDICES
A.
USER' S GUIDE FOR COMPUTER PROGRAM SLAB4
108
B.
LISTING OF PROGRAM SLAB4

WITH SAMPLE OUTPUT
122
C.
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR SURVEY
184
D.
VALUES OF DESIGN PARAMETERS DUE TO

FORKLIFT LOADING AT 15 LOCATIONS
USED IN QUASI-STATIC ANALYSIS
188
COMPARISON OF RESULTS FOR DIFFERENT

ASPECT RATIOS OF FINITE ELEMENT
205
STRESS, MOMENT, SHEAR, AND

DIFFERENTIAL DEFLECTION RESULTS
FROM PARAMETRIC STUDY
207
G.
MOMENT EQUATIONS
237
H.
DESIGN EXAMPLE USING EXISTING PROCEDURES
238
I.
DESIGN EXAMPLE USING

THE REGRESSION EQUATIONS
243
A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PCA METHOD

AND THE REGRESSION EQUATIONS
252
E.
F.
J.
vn
LIST OF TABLES
1.1
Vehicle Categories
17
1.2
Traffic Categories for Design Index
18
3.1
Means of Weights of Relative

Importance Assigned to Variables
46
3.2
Computed Weights and Their Sums
47
4.1
Variation in Values of Design

Parameters Due to Variation in E
Maximum Deflection Values
Correspondi ng to E Val ues
4.2
4.3a
52
54
Comparison of Values of Design

Parameters with Stacks Oriented
Along the Long and Short Directions
of a Slab with an Aspect Ratio of 1.33
57
Comparison of Values of Design

Parameters with Stacks Oriented
Along the Long and Short Directions
of a Slab with an Aspect Ration of 4.0
58
4.4
Details of Forklifts Used in the Analysis
60
4.5
Ratios of Values of Design Parameters for

Forklift Loading Alone at Locations Where
Maximum Values Occurred with Respect to
Values at Position 1
63
Ratios of Values of Design Parameters for

Stack and Forklift Loadings at Locations
Where Maximum Values Occurred with Respect
to Values at Position 1
64
Ratios of Values of Design Parameters with

Forklift Truck Oriented Perpendicular to
the Aisle with Respect to Values with
Forklift Truck Oriented Along the Aisle
67
Values of Parameters Used in the Parametric Study
70
4.3b
4.6
4.7
4.8
viii
5.1
5.2
6.1
R-Squared Values from Regression

Analysis for Principal Equations
84
Increase in Design Parameters

Due to Increase in Slab Thickness
91
Comparison Between Regression

Equations and Existing Procedures
97
IX
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1
Subgrade and Slab Stiffness Relationship
1.2
Uniform Load Design and Slab
Tensile Stress Graphs
1.3
Wheel Loading Design
1.4
Design Graph for Axles

with Single Wheels
Design Graph for Axles
1.5
wi th Dual Wheel s
10
1.6
Design Graph for Post Loads
12
1.7
Effective Load Contact Area

Depends on Slab Thickness
Design Curves for Concrete Slabs: Warehouse
Fl oors and Open Storage Areas
Design Curves for Concrete Slabs:
Warehouse Floors and Open Storage
Areas (Category VI, Forkl i fts)
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
Design Curves for Slabon-Grade - Central Loadi ng
13
15
16
19
Design Curves for Slabon-Grade - Edge Loading
20
2.1
Def 1 ecti ons Due to Loadi ng
29
2.2
Stresses Due to Loading
30
3.1
Gibson Soil Model
35
3.2
Mixed Stratigraphy Model
36
3.3
Load-settlement Curve from Plate Bearing Tests
39
3.4
Variation of f. with Plasticity Index
42
3.5
4.1
Impact Value versus Elastic

Modulus from Theory and Tests
43
Locations of Forklift for

Quasi-Static Analysis
62
4.2
Forklift Along and Perpendicular to Aisle
65
4.3
Combination of Parameters for

Stack Loading Condition
Forklift Loading Condition
72

Stack Plus Forklift Loading Condition
73
Comparison Between Computer

Analysis and Regression Equations
87
4.4
4.5
5.1
XI
71
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Concrete Floor Slabs
A need for an economical foundation for residential and light

commercial buildings following World War II led to the use of ground
supported slabs, usually referred to as slab-on-ground, or slab-ongrade if the subgrade has been prepared.
The term "slab-on-ground"
is applied to both unreinforced and reinforced floor slabs.
These
slabs have been grouped (7)* into four categories based on the
amount of reinforcement provided.
The four categories are:
1.
Plain concrete slabs.
2.
Plain, nonstructurally reinforced slabs.
3.
Structurally reinforced slabs.
4.
Post-tensioned slabs.
Although plain concrete slabs have the advantages of economy

and ease of construction, it has become a practice to provide a
minimal percentage of reinforcement in all plain concrete slabs to
compensate for shrinking effects.
Thus, in practice the first two
categories complement one another and therefore when plain concrete

floor slabs are referred to both here and elsewhere, it implies
concrete slabs with shrinkage reinforcement.
Plain, nonstructurally
*Numbers in parentheses refer to entries in the List of References

1
2
reinforced slabs have also been found to be economical and have been
successfully used for a wide variety of loading and site conditions.
Structurally reinforced and post-tensioned slabs have been used
where unusual loading or very poor site conditions were anticipated.
In general, a concrete floor is expected to give good service
for many years without deteriorating.
In particular, large area
concrete floors for industrial buildings must be designed and

constructed with the greatest possible economy to give trouble free
service.
However, in spite of these requirements and in spite of
being in use for many years, their design has been more of an art
than a science.
Various design procedures have evolved in recent
years for slab-on-ground foundations in residential and light

commercial buildings (7,15,25,46,53).
On the contrary, less atten-
tion has been paid to the development of a design procedure for

these foundations in industrial buildings.
The few procedures
available to assist in the thickness design of industrial floor

slabs have a shortcoming in common, i.e., the inappropriate modeling
of the soil.
All of them model the soil as a Winkler foundation.
Why modeling the soil as a Winkler foundation is inappropriate is

explained in the following section.
1.2
Winkler Foundation
Winkler, in 1867 (52), proposed that the deflection of the soil

surface can be modeled by a simple equation:
p = kw
where
p = pressure acting on the soil surface, psi
(1.1)
k = proportionality constant called modulus of subgrade

reaction, pci
w = deflection of loaded region, in.
Over the years engineers have made use of Winkler's model because of
its simplicity in representing the soil in soil-structure interaction analyses. Many empirical formulae were proposed for k, even
though there is no unique value of k for soil.
The modulus of
subgrade reaction is not a property of the soil alone; it also

depends on the rigidity of the structure, duration of loading,
loading type and depth of soil medium.
Other limitations of
modeling the soil as a Winkler foundation are discussed below.

For instance, in the field when a load is applied on a semiinfinite elastic half space the surface deflects not only under the
load but it also deflects in the neighborhood of the load with the
magnitude of deflections diminishing with distance away from the
load. With the Winkler model only the surface under the loaded
region will deflect.
The differential equation for slab on elastic foundation is:
Dv w + kw = p(x,y)
where D is the flexural rigidity of the plate.
(1.2)
Consider a uniform
slab carrying a constant uniform load, p , over the entire slab.

The solution of the governing equation (1.2) for a free edge condition (zero bending moments and shear forces) is a constant displacement indicating that there is no bending moment or shear force in
the slab.
We know that this is not true because under any given
loading, the slab will experience some bending moment and shear
4
force.
Therefore, the design of slabs on ground with the Winkler
assumption will yield unsafe results if the slab carries fairly

large and uniformly distributed loads.
1.3
Previous Work
Design procedures for industrial floor slabs-on-ground were

primarily based on experience or they were accomplished using one of
the following:
1.
The Corps of Engineers method (12).
2.
The American Concrete Institute method (2).
3.
The Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute method (10).
These methods were found to be more empirical (based on performance experience) than rational by researchers in this area
(29,30) and that there was a need for a rational design procedure.
As a result, a number of attempts have been made and there are a few
procedures available today to assist in the thickness design of
industrial floor slabs.
These procedures are briefly discussed
here.
1.3.1
Panak's Method (29,30)
The first reported rational design procedure was that of Panak.

He studied deflections, stresses, and moments in large area concrete
slabs using the discrete element slab theory (21) over a range of
practical variables.
From the analysis, he developed graphs shown
in Figures 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3.
The graph shown in Figure 1.1 provides
a ratio of the slab stiffness to the modulus of subgrade reaction

D/k, required in subsequent graphs.
It is based on assumed
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LOADED DIAMETER -
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Wheel Loading Design (after [29])
8
thickness of the slab and known values of concrete modulus and
effective subgrade modulus.
The graph shown in Figure 1.2 provides
design bending moments in terms of aisle width, D/k ratio, and

magnitude of uniform loading.
The graph shown in Figure 1.3 pro-
vides design bending moments for a loaded forklift on the slab in

terms of single wheel load, distance between load wheels, effective
tire footprint diameter and D/k ratio.
The work of Panak was the
first step towards developing a rational design procedure for

industrial floor slabs-on-ground and has been incorporated into the
Wire Reinforcement Institute (WRI) and the American Concrete Institute (ACI) methods.
Though still considered to be the most rational design procedure available, Panak's method has shortcomings.
The primary
shortcoming is that the soil has been modeled as a Winkler foundation.
The other limitation of this method is that short term values
of m.odulus of subgrade reaction have been used in the analysis and

even if long term value (needed in the case of clayey soils) can be
determined, the design graphs do not permit their use in design.
Also, it has been reported by Wray (53) that the length and width of
the slab influence the values of design parameters such as moments
which have not been considered by this and other procedures discussed in the following sections.
1.3.2
Portland Cement Association

(PCA) Method (28)
The design graphs included in Figures 1.4 and 1.5 are based on
computerized solutions by Packard (27) and on Pickett's formulae
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Figure 1.4 Design Graph for Axles with

Single Wheels (after [28])
10
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(31).
The graphs were developed for a Poisson's ratio of 0.15 and a
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factor of safety, wheel spacing, effective wheel contact area and
modulus of subgrade reaction.
Post load graphs, such as the one
shown in Figure 1.6, were developed for other modulus of subgrade

reaction values of 100 pci and 200 pci, based on Hetenyi's method
(17).
Figure 1.7 provides effective contact area which is based on
load contact area and assumed thickness of the slab.
When analyzing
for dual wheels. Figure 1.5 is used to obtain an equivalent load

factor which is based on dual wheel spacing, effective contact area,
and assumed thickness of the slab.
The equivalent load factor is
multiplied with the dual-wheel axle load to obtain the equivalent

single-wheel axle load, which is then used with other values in
Figure 1.4 to arrive at the required thickness of the slab.
In this procedure, the soil beneath the slab is modeled as a
Winkler foundation and also, long term values for the modulus of
subgrade reaction have not been included.
Panak (30) reports in his
work that the negative moments in the middle of the aisle for a
uniform loading condition with aisleways approximately 10 ft or less
in width were found to control the design, indicating that the aisle
width and uniform loading are important parameters that need to be
considered.
But these parameters have not been considered in
developing this procedure.
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LOAD CONTACT AREA, sq in.

Figure 1.7: Effective Load Contact Area
Depends on Slab Thickness (after [28])
14
1.3.3
Corps of Engineers Design

Curves (4,13,14)
The design curves shown in Figures 1.8 and 1.9 were produced
from computer solutions based on Westergaard's formula (48) for free
edge stress with some joint transfer ability.
The curves were based
on a transfer coefficient of 0.75, an impact factor of 25 percent, a

concrete modulus of elasticity of 4000 ksi and a Poisson's ratio of
0.20.
The variables considered are:
modulus of rupture at 28 days,
wheel spacing, axle loading, wheel contact area and modulus of

subgrade reaction.
To account for different types of vehicles and
traffic volumes. Category I, II, III, IV, V and VI have been expressed in terms of equivalent operation of a basic axle loading.
The basic loading was assumed to be a 25,000 lb single-axle load
with two sets of dual wheels spaced 52 inches apart with 11 inches
between dual wheels.
These categories are included in Table 1.1.
Also, a parameter called "design index" has been included to express

various axle loads and traffic volume in terms of relative severity.
Table 1.2 contains these design index values.
In developing the curves, the soil beneath the slab has been
modeled, as a Winkler foundation and, therefore, requires a modulus
of subgrade reaction value.
The procedure considers only the wheel
loading condition and even for this, the categories used are based
on some arbitrarily selected loading.
1.3.4
Corps of Engineers Curves (34,35)
The curves shown in Figures 1.10 and 1.11 were developed by

Ringo using Westergaard's formula (48). These curves were plotted
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Slabs: Warehouse Floors and Open
Storage Areas (after [13])
16
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Figure 1.9: Design Curves for Concrete Slabs:
Warehouse Floors and Open Storage Areas
' (Category VI, Forklifts) (after [13])
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DL
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un
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11 11
LD i n
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m ro
19
S A F E T Y FACTOR A N D M O D U L U S O F
RUPTURE NOT INCLUDED WITHIN

THE GRAPH
CONTACT AREA 25 sq in.
SHRINKAGE COMPESATING
CEMENT CONCRETE
SOLID TIRES; TWO PER AXLE
<
O
-J
UJ
-J
X
SUBGRADE MODULUS
K 50. pel
100.
<
u.
O
Q.
"^
c
S=30 in.
3^
S=30ln.
CO
CO
en
S=40in.
UJ
oc
60
40 30 (4)
WHEEL
SPACING,in.
SLAB T H I C K N E S S H , in.
Figure 1.10: Design Curves for Slab-onGrade - Central Loading (after [34])
20
THE GRAPH
SUBGRADE MODULUS
K 50. pc
100.
200.
300.
S=30 in.
5=40 in.
S=60 in.
6
60
40
30 (4)
WHEEL
SPACING, in.
le
SLAB THICKNESS H, in.

r.irvps for Slab-on-
(14)
21
for specific use and were based on a transfer coefficient of 0.25,
Poisson's ratio of 0.20, wheel area of 25 sq in. and a concrete
modulus of elasticity of 4000 ksi.
The variables that were con-
sidered are allowable concrete tensile stress per 1000 lbs of axle
load, wheel spacing, and modulus of subgrade reaction.
The curves have been developed by modeling the soil as a
Winkler foundation and do not include the long term values.
Also,
the curves consider only one contact area, namely, 25 sq. in.,
implying that they have been developed only for a specific use.
The
curves further consider only the wheel loading condition and do not
include uniform (stack) loading condition.
1.3.5
Interactive Computer Solution (36)
The program has been developed by Ringo and Steenken on a soft

disk for a microcomputer.
Westergaard's six loading cases (48,49)
based on the classical Hertz solution have been programmed.
The
variables that were considered are modulus of rupture, factor of

safety, joint transfer coefficient, Poisson's ratio, axle load,
wheel spacing, wheel area, aspect ratio of wheel area, and modulus
of subgrade reaction.
The program provides the thickness required
for the concrete slab based on the above variables.

The solution is based on modeling the soil as a Winkler foundation and requires a value for the modulus of subgrade reaction.
also considers only the wheel loading condition.
It
22
1.4
Scope of Research
Although there are a number of design procedures already

available to assist in the thickness design of large area or industrial type floor slabs, most of these procedures have been developed
for a specific application or by considering only a limited number
of variables over a limited range of values.
Therefore, the purpose
of this dissertation is to analyze the slab-on-ground used for

industrial appilcations and to develop a more rational design or
analysis procedure which will overcome the shortcomings of the
existing design procedures.
Based on extensive literature review, it was found that slab
length, slab width, slab thickness, modulus of elasticity of soil,
aisle width between stacks, stack loading and forklift loading are
considered to be important in the design of an industrial floor
slab.
So, in order to develop a rational design or analysis
procedure, it was proposed to conduct a parametric study involving

the above parameters to study their influence on deflections,
bending stresses, bending moments, and shear forces occurring in the
slab.
The study would be conducted over a realistic range of values for
the parameters mentioned above.
The soil was modeled as an elastic
continuum and a finite element FORTRAN program called SLAB4 was used
for the analyses.
The theory and structure of this program is
discussed in Chapter 2.
In order to model the soil as an elastic continuum, the values
of Poisson's ratio and the modulus of elasticity of the soil are
23
used in the analysis.
To enable the design engineer to decide on a
method of evaluating the modulus of elasticity of the soil to be

used for the analyses, a survey was conducted on some of the commonly available testing procedures.
Based on the survey, the most
practical and economical means of evaluating this property is

recommended.
Details of the testing procedures considered, the
survey, the analysis, and the recommendation are presented in

Chapter 3.
Details of the parametric study, such as parameters considered,
combinations of these parameters, and range of values used for these
parameters are presented in Chapter 4.
Discussion on the regression
analysis used to develop the regression equations and the equations

themselves are presented in Chapter 5.
A different design procedure
based on regression equations rather than nomographs is presented in

Chapter 6.
Finally, conclusions regarding the results of this study
and how well the principle objectives were achieved, along with some
recommendations, are presented in Chapter 7.
CHAPTER 2
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO APPLICABLE THEORY
2.1
Introduction
Application of the principles of soil mechanics to the behavior

of structures in practice has explained the behavior of structures
supported on soil reasonably well. The reason for this is that the
behavior of a structure and the underlying soil are interdependent
and, therefore, they need to be analyzed together.
This understand-
ing has changed the approach to solving soil-structure interaction

problems.
For instance, slab-on-ground foundations are being
analyzed by representing the problem as a plate resting on an

elastic foundation (8,19,20,47,53).
The problem of bending of a
plate resting on an elastic foundation can be solved in closed form

only for a relatively small number of boundary conditions and,
therefore, approximate numerical methods have to be used.
A finite element program (a numerical method) was developed
(8,19,20,47,53) to analyze concrete slabs-on-ground by representing
the problem as a plate on an elastic continuum.
As the objective of
the study reported herein was to develop a rational design procedure

for thickness design of industrial floor slabs and not to develop a
numerical procedure to conduct the parametric study, the existing
finite element program, with suitable modifications and now called
SLAB4, was used.
The structure of the program is explained in

24
25
Section 2.4.
Also, a brief introduction to the theory of plates and
the finite element method are given in the following sections.

2.2
A Brief Review of the Theory of Plates
To a large extent, bending properties of a plate depend on its

thickness.
plates.
There are two types of plates:
thin plates and thick
A plate is said to be thin if its ratio of thickness to the
smaller span length is less than 1/20; otherwise it is said to be a

thick plate.
Associated with these two types of plates are three
types of problems, namely:

1.
Thin plates with small deflections.
2.
Thin plates with large deflections.
3.
Thick plates.
By small deflections it is meant deflections that are smaller than

or equal to the thickness of the plate.
Analysis of thin plates subjected to lateral loads (loads
applied perpendicularly to the plane of the plate) are commonly
accomplished by using the linear theory which assumes that the
lateral displacements due to loads are small in comparison to its
thickness.
This theory has been found to apply very well to rein-
forced concrete slabs (43,55).

The linear theory, sometimes referred to as the classical
Kirchoff's theory of plates, is based on the following assumptions:
1.
The middle plane is free from deformation.
2.
Forces normal to the middle plane of the plate before
deformation remain normal after deformation.
26
3.
The normal stresses in the direction perpendicular to the
plane of the plate can be disregarded.

Based on the above assumption, Kirchoff developed a theory in
which all stress components can be expressed by a single variable,
w, the deflection of the middle surface of the plate.
The develop-
ment and final equations for both isotropic and orthotropic plates
can be found in any standard textbook, (e.g., 43).
2.3
Finite Element Method
The advent of high speed digital computers with the aid of

approximate numerical methods have made it possible to solve problems which were once not possible to solve by hand.
Of the various
numerical methods known, the finite difference and the finite

element methods have been used extensively for plate bending problems.
The philosophy of the finite element formulation is consid-
erably different from that of the finite difference formulation.
In
the finite difference method, a numerical approximation is made to

the exact mathematical differential equation governing the problem
by concentrating on a number of selected values of the unknown
function at specified mesh points.
In the finite element method,
the plate is divided into a series of small elements and these

elements are assumed to be joined only at specified nodal points.
Continuity, together with equilibrium, are established at these
points.
Of the two methods, the finite element method is often found to
be more adaptable because of such things as variations in material
properties, geometry, etc., can be more conveniently handled.
The
27
formulation of this method can be found in any standard textbook
(e.g., 55).
2.4
Finite Element Program, SLAB4
After the development of the finite element method, it did not

take yery long to find applications for this method in the field of
civil engineering.
The simplicity of formulation with capabilities
of handling odd geometric shapes and varying material properties has

made this method quite popular.
Also, the systematic way in which
the procedure reaches a solution makes it well suited for programming on a digital computer.
The method of finite elements has been extended to the problems
of bending of slabs and a computer program was developed by
Zienkiewicz and Cheung (54) to analyze elastic, isotropic and orthotropic slabs.
Later it was used by Cheung and Zienkiewicz (8) to
analyze plates and tanks on an elastic (semi-infinite half space)

foundation.
For their analyses, they assumed that the plates
remained in contact with the subgrade at all times.
They demon-
strated that there was very little additional difficulty in modeling

the subgrade as an elastic continuum.
Boussinesq's equation (44) is
used to obtain the flexibility matrix of the subgrade, which is then

inverted to obtain the stiffness matrix.
The stiffness matrix of
the subgrade is added to the stiffness matrix of the plate and the
unknown displacements are solved for, first and then the stresses
obtained.
The program was then used by Wang, Sargious, and Cheung
(47) for the analyses of rigid pavements.
The program was modified
to analyze two slabs (simulating two lanes of pavement)
28
simultaneously which were assumed to be connected by dowels that
were 100 percent efficient.
Effects of temperature differentials
such as warping (cupping) were also included.
This modified program
can handle loss of contact between slab and subgrade due to warping
and pumping.
However, a major difficulty in terms of large computer
storage (memory) was required because the overall stiffness matrix

was not banded (due to the stiffness matrix of the subgrade).
Huang
(19) developed an iterative scheme which makes the stiffness matrix

banded and solves the excessive storage problem.
Huang (20) also
incorporated a scheme which makes use of symmetry, thereby further

reducing the storage required and also the time required to solve a
problem.
The reliability of the results of an analysis using this
program was compared by Huang (19) with analytical and experimental

results.
Based on the comparison, Huang reports that the deflec-
tions predicted by the program checked reasonably well with experimental measurements and that the edge stresses checked within 6% of
analytical solution (Figs. 2.1 and 2.2). Wray (53) used the program
for analyzing slab-on-ground foundations for residential and light
commercial buildings supported on expansive soils.
He modified the
program to be able to handle non-constant rectangular sections

(slab-on-ground foundations with stiffening beams), and also included a subroutine to calculate bending moments and shear forces.
The program with the above features was named SLAB2 by Wray (53).
Although all of the features described above are not required
for the analysis of an industrial floor slab, additional modifications were made by the writer to make this program more efficient
29
'I
LOAD y-FREE EDGE
LOAD
UONGITUDINAL
JOINT
^H4iW4^
O
0.1
0.2
E
E
Iui
_i
0.3 o
04
0.5
bliJ
O
7in.(l80mm)SLAB, 7,000 lb (31 kN) LOAD

'O
UJ
-J
UJ
o
lO
'O
z
o
8 in.(200mm) SLAB, 12,000 lb (53 kN) LOAD

0
o 10
UJ
A7^
u. 15 ô
-I
20
>
wr
Ôin.
<
^^^
1î>, i
/ (51 cm)
1
0 .
kf
E
E
0.1
0.2 O
I-
0.3
0.4
05
9 in.(230mm)SLAB, 15,000 lb (67 kN) LOAD

FULL CONTACT
-PARTIAL CONTACT
o EXPERIMENTAL
Figure 2.1: Deflections Due to Loading (after [19])
-I
b.
UJ
30
UJ
CM
200
&> CO
ir-^ ^ ^ ^
_-a ~ 0t-'N . "fc
>
CO CO
CO
-a_
^
^
200
400
to
(/>
<
20 jr1.
2
3
(51 cm)
J
600
Q CO
H CO
200
> <o
( O CO
z ^
9' fo- ^"oi-"*"
'^ ^
Q -SL,
200
400
Bco'
600
q OT
-rr-
- CO
iCM
V^
î
S^"'1
20i! 1.
1
CM
UJ^
JOO
ii
2
3 O S
gco
4 t(!) CUJO
(51 cm)
t - CO
UI
- t CO
v"
/ f
I*
7 in. (180 mm) SLAB, 9,000 lb (40 kN) LOAD
Ui - s
CO 2
UJ >
-ICJ
....
8 in. (200 mm) SLAB, 12,000 lb(53 kN) LOAD
Z cc
UJ - ^
UI
&
i2
UJ CO
> CO
CO UJ
Z IT
9_C - Q
Q:
lO
rr^
'''
^ CO
O CO
3 Ui
o CO
u
Tf
0
I
^ /
^1
z
L,^
< h:
UJ
2
3
4
9 in. (230mm) SLAB, 15,000 lb (67 kN) LOAD

THEORETICAL
- FULL CONTACT
- PARTIAL CONTACT
EXPERIMENTAL
o TRANSVERSE
'^ LONGITUDINAL
Figure 2.2: Stresses Due to Loading (after [19])
^ ^
t
CO
_l<^
il
I - CO
31
when used in a parametric study such as the one being reported
herein.
In order to study the behavior of a slab under both the
stack loadings representing the stored materials and the forklift

loadings, the program was modified to permit two loading conditions
of different intensities to be imposed simultaneously.
Differential
deflections are an important aspect of the analysis and so an

additional routine to calculate the twenty greatest differential
deflection over distance ratios (A/1) has been added.
These results
are now printed along with deflections, bending stresses, bending

moments and shear forces.
Deflections, bending moments and shear
forces are printed both in the order of the finite element nodes and
also in ascending order of magnitudes.
named SLAB4.
This program has now been
A user's guide for program SLAB4 is included as
Appendix A and the program source listing with a sample output is

included as Appendix B.
CHAPTER 3
EVALUATION OF MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF SOIL
3.1
Introduction
Analysis of slab-on-ground foundations have been carried out in

the past by representing the soil beneath the slab by a system of
springs (a Winkler foundation) having a constant modulus of subgrade
reaction, k^.
Because of the simplicity of the model, it has been
quite popular and is still used by many engineers.
Even though the
concepts of elasticity apply to soils only in a wery approximate

range, it would be more appropriate to model the soil as an elastic
continuum rather than modeling it as a Winkler foundation, for
reasons discussed in Section 1.2.
To represent the soil as an elastic continuum, the two basic
elastic properties, modulus of elasticity of soil, E
ratio of soil, v^ aJê required.
and Poisson's
Despite trying to represent the
soil more realistically, the results of an analysis are only as

meaningful as the values of E
chosen.
Unfortunately, tabulated
values based on simple correlation are too often used.
Therefore,
in order for any analysis to be meaningful, the value of the modulus

of elasticity of the foundation soil needs to be evaluated for the
site rather than assumed.
A number of testing procedures have evolved by which the value
of E
can be estimated.
Thus, an engineer is faced with the task of

32
33
choosing the type of testing procedure to make this empirical
evaluation.
An attempt is made below to present the characteristics
of the modulus of elasticity of soil, some of the commonly available

testing procedures and, in a general way, to recommend the most
practical and economical way of evaluating E .
3.2
Characteristics of the Modulus

of Elasticity of Soil
Although in many situations soil is assumed to be homogeneous,

isotropic and linearly elastic, in reality it is far from being so.
It is very difficult to represent the soil with all its complexities
and even with the assumptions, the complexity of the material has
its influence on E
in the form of (22):
1.
Stress history.
2.
Stress level.
3.
Soil type.
4.
Time (thixotropic, aging and strain-rate effects).
5.
Type of loading.
6.
Soil disturbance.
Thus, it is clear that there can be no general value of E^ and,

hence, the modulus needs to be evaluated on a site-by-site basis.
The evaluation of E
factors.
is not an easy task because of the above
Associated with the complexity is its variability in both
the horizontal and vertical directions.
The variation of E^ with
depth was first considered by Gibson (16). He considered the

influence of variation of E with depth on the stresses and displacements in an isotropic elastic half-space subjected to loading
34
normal to its plane boundary.
The model proposed by Gibson, now
called Gibson's model, is given by:

E3 = E^ + n,.z
(3.1)
where
E
= modulus of elasticity of soil
E^ = modulus of elasticity of soil at the surface

m
= slope
= depth
The model is represented in Figure 3.1.
Recently a study of fifteen
buildings in the Houston area for foundation settlements during

construction showed that the Gibson model successfully provided
elastic solutions for a soil (overconsolidated Beaumont clay)
exhibiting increasing undrained modulus with depth (50,51).
study, an equivalent constant modulus value was used.
For the
The equiv-
alent constant modulus value will tend to increase with foundation

size, which is supportive of the Gibson model.
However, large mat
and combined footings impact deeper soil masses and, typically,

require higher values of normalized modulus as a function of
increasing footing size.
This concept of equivalent Gibson model,
which has shown to be useful for cohesive foundation media in the

Houston area, has subsequently been expanded to consider the
presence of sand layers within the supporting layers (Fig. 3.2).
At the present, variations in the horizontal directions cannot
be handled in any way but to use judgment tempered with experience.
35
//?/y/////////
f f / ^ /
EQUIVALENT
CONSTANT Eg
MODEL
GIBSON MODEL
Ec= EQ+m-z
CLAY
Figure 3.1:
Gibson Soil Model (after [16])
36
CLAY
wzm^
SAND
CLAY
Eg FOR CLAY
MODEL
Eg FOR
MIXED
MODEL-
GIBSON MODEL
Figure 3.2:
Mixed Stratigraphy Model (after [51])
37
3.3
Testing Procedures for Determining

Modulus of Elasticity of Soil
Generally, sophisticated testing procedures are used for

research purposes; on the other hand, simple and commonly available
testing procedures are typically used for obtaining soil properties
to be used for design purposes.
Therefore, only the commonly
available testing procedures have been considered here.
These
procedures include uniaxial compression test (triaxial test),

unconfined compression test, plate bearing test, California bearing
ratio test, pressuremeter test, static cone test, standard penetration test, and vane shear test.
The results of these various tests
have been correlated by others in earlier work to the modulus of

elasticity of soil.
The various correlations with references are
given below.
3.3.1
Uniaxial Compression Test
The modulus of elasticity of soil is obtained from the stressstrain relationship of the soil.
The slope of the tangent drawn to
the initial point is called the initial tangent modulus and the
slope of the line joining any two separate points is called the
secant modulus.
The initial tangent modulus is reported to be used
quite often, but it has been recommended (22) that the secant
modulus value obtained by picking the initial point and a point
corresponding to 1/2 or 1/3 of the peak deviator stress be used.
38
3.3.2
Unconfined Compression Test
The modulus of elasticity value from this test is said to

correspond to one-half the ratio between the failure stress and its
corresponding strain (38).
3.3.3
Plate Bearing Test
From a series of plate load tests using plates of the same

shape but of different size, a curve is drawn between measured
settlement and loading (Fig. 3.3). Then the slope of this line is
related to E
by (5):
[(1 - v^s^/^s^ ^w = '/^^
(^^'
where
s = settlement, in.
q = loading on footing, psi
B = width of footing, in.
E
= modulus of elasticity of soil, psi
= Poisson's ratio of soil

s
I = influence factor which depends on shape of footing and
w
its rigidity (refer to Table 5.4 in Ref. 5)
3.3.4
California Bearing Ratio Test
In situ California bearing ratio value is approximately related

to E^ by (11):
E
= 500 X CBR
s
where
E

s
CBR = California Bearing Ratio
(3.3)
39
i
qB
^ Es >^ w
0
0
qB
Figure 3.3: Load-Settlement Curve from
Plate Bearing Tests (after [5])
40
3.3.5
Pressuremeter Test
The modulus of elasticity of soil is obtained from the pressuremeter test using the following relationship (24):
h = ^^sp
(3.4)
where
a = structural coefficient = 2/3 for clays
= 1/2 for silts
E^ = modulus of elasticity of soil, tsf
E^
= spherical modulus of elasticity, tsf

3.3.6
Static Cone Test
The static cone results are related to E
by (37):
E3 = 2q^
(3.5)
where
E
q
= modulus of elasticity of soil,, Kg/crr

kg/cm'
2
= cone resistance value, kg/cm
3.3.7
Standard Penetration Test
The blow count values of the standard penetration test are

specifically related to E
by (5):
= 10 (N + 15) for sands
(3.6)
(3.7)
6 (N + 5) for clayey sands
where
E
= modulus of elasticity of soil,ksf

N = field blow count/foot
and is generally related to E
by (41):
E^ = 130 f. N
(3.8)
41
where
E
= modulus of elasticity of soil, kN/m
f. = constant value
2
The value of f. ranges from 4.0 to 6.0 kN/m , based on the plasticity of the soil.
The relationship between f. and plasticity index
is illustrated in Fig. 3.4.

3.3.8
Vane Shear Test
The relationship between the results of the vane shear test and
E
is given by (26):
E, = (T/e I d^)
(3.9)
where
T = torque required to generate a rotation of
e = angular rotation
d = diameter of blades
IQ = 2/N H/d ([S^]"^{r*})^r*}
The undrained modulus of a saturated soil is said (26) to be easily
obtained from T vs. e plot.
3.3.9
Clegg Impact Test
The relationship between the results of the Clegg impact test

and E
is given by (9):
s
EL
= 0.07
u.u/ (CIV)"^
^Liv;
where
E
= modulus of elasticity of soil, MPa
CIV = Clegg impact value

The above relation is illustrated in Fig. 3.5.
(3.10)
42
8i
o
o
D
-I
_.
4H
2-
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
PI(%)
A OXFORD CLAY
AKIMMERIDGE CLAY
WOOLWICH a READING
SUPPER LIAS CLAY
^. 4
(kN/tn^)
lo
20
30
40
50
LONDON CLAY
BOULDER CLAY
LAMINATED CLAY
BRACKLESHAM BEDS
KEUPER MARL
FLINZ
60
70
PI(%)
Figure 3.4: Variation of f| with

Plasticity Index (after [41])
43
10^ psi
500
o
CL
200
FROM VAN TIL et aL

(45)
#
100
CO
-107/psi / /
FROM U.C. TESTS

ON CEMENT STAB,
CRUSHED ROCK.
50
O
O
FROM THEORY
Es = .07(IV)'
20
O
CO
<
-J
Ld
10
E2'=1.66(IV)^-2.97
16* psi
(AVE. CONFINING
STRESS 85kPa)
20
40
IMPACT
60
'
80
100
VALUE
Figure 3.5: Impact Value versus Elastic

Modulus from Theory and Tests (after [9])
44
This procedure, which is relatively new in the United States,
came to the attention of the writer much after the survey, explained
in Section 3.4, was conducted. Therefore, this procedure will not
be found in the survey but has been included here to enable the
reader to be up to date on the procedures available to evaluate the
modulus of elasticity of soil.
3.4 Evaluation of the Most Practical
and Economical Testing Procedure
The testing procedures described above have their advantages
and disadvantages, but their relative merits are not apparent to
most users when choosing one testing procedure over another.
Therefore, to enable the design professional to choose an appropriate testing procedure, a survey was conducted among eight geotechnical testing laboratories located across the state of Texas and
four competent individuals from universities.
The survey included an evaluation procedure based on the
following variables (a) availability, (b) reliability, (c) familiarity, (d) cost of equipment, (e) cost of test, (f) interpretation
of results, and (7) ease of performance. The relative importance of
each of these seven variables was weighted by three knowledgeable
individuals according to the following scale:
1. Very important.
2.
Important.
3. Neither important nor unimportant.

4.
Unimportant.
5. ye.ry unimportant.
The means of these weights were computed and tabulated.
45
The results
are shown in Table 3.1.

The individual variables considered in the evaluation procedure
were weighted on a scale of 1 to 5 in relation to a testing procedure as shown in the sample questionnaire survey included in
Appendix C.
For example, this writer would weigh the availability
of unconfined compression test as "1", since it is very likely that

most geotechnical testing laboratories will have the capability to
conduct this test.
On the other hand, this writer would weigh the
availability of the pressuremeter test as "5", since it is wery

unlikely that everybody will have the facility to conduct this test.
The results of the survey were compiled and the means of the
weights of all the variables corresponding to each testing procedure
were calculated.
These means were then multiplied by the corres-
ponding means of weights of relative importance given in Table 3.1.

For example, the mean of weights corresponding to availability of
unconfined compression test was found to be 2.400.
This was mul-
tiplied by 1.333, which is the mean of weights of relative importance of availability in the evaluation procedure, to give a value
of 3.199 (which can be rounded off to 3.2). The values thus
obtained were tabulated and are included in Table 3.2. The values
obtained for each variable were numerically added for each testing
procedure.
The lowest sum obtained corresponded to the most practical and
economical testing procedure.
46
Table 3.1:
Means of Weights of Relative

Assigned to Variables
Variable
Importance
Means of Weights
of Relative Importance
Availability
1.333
Reliability
1.333
Familiarity
2.667
Cost of Equipment
3.667
Cost of Test
2.333
Ease o f Interpretation
2.333
Ease of Performance
2.667
47
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48
From this analysis, the unconfined compression test was found
to be the most practical and economical testing procedure.
The
standard penetration test and the uniaxial compression test ranked

second and third, respectively.
However, it should be understood
that the findings are based on the survey which reflects the common
practices in this geographic region (southwestern U.S.).
Therefore,
even though any one of these procedures could be used to evaluate

the modulus of elasticity of soil, it is recommended that their
respective applicabilities and reliabilities in relation to existing
conditions be clearly understood.
For instance, the unconfined
compression test can be performed only on samples with some

cohesion.
In addition, disturbance resulting from sampling
procedures in slightly cohesive soils can result in large errors in

the value of E .
s
CHAPTER 4
PARAMETRIC STUDY
4.1
Introduction
The parameters involved in designing an industrial floor slab'

on-ground can be grouped into:
(1) material parameters, (2) struc-
tural parameters, and (3) utility parameters.
Specifically, these
parameters include:
1.
Material parameters
a.
c.
Modulus of elasticity of concrete, E^

"c
Poisson's ratio of concrete, V
c
Modulus of elasticity of soil, E^
d.
Poisson's ratio of soil, v
b.
2.
3.
Structural parameters
a.
Slab length, L
b.
Slab width, W
c.
Slab thickness, h
Utility parameters
a.
Stack loading, p^
b.
Forklift loading, p^
c.
Aisle width between stacks, A^
In accomplishing this study, three of the material parameters

were assumed to be constant throughout the analysis.
These three
parameters were the modulus of elasticity of concrete, Poisson's

49
ratio of concrete, and Poisson's ratio of soil.
50
The values of these
three parameters, together with other assumptions made regarding the

range values and the reasoning behind them, are explained below.
4.2
4.2.1
Material Parameters
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, E

c
A minimum compressive strength of 4,000 psi at 28 days is

usually recommended for any type of industrial or commercial floors
(40).
Although lower strengths have been found to be adequate for
supporting the loads on these floors (40), the additional strength

is required to provide satisfactory resistance to wear.
But to
account for variations in weather conditions at time of placing,

poor placing or finishing practices, variations in gradation of
aggregates, etc., a low value of 2,770 psi for compressive strength
was used in Eq. (4.1) to determine the modulus of concrete (3):
E
= 57,000 VT
(4.1)
where
f
= compressive strength of concrete, psi
This provided a modulus of elasticity value of 3,000,000 psi for the

concrete used in the analysis model.
The empirical formula given by
Eq. (4.1) can be used for general construction grade concrete,

usually exhibiting a 28 day compressive strength of 2,500 psi or
more (3).
A study involving other modulus of elasticity values namely,
3,600,000 psi and 4,000,000 psi, indicate higher values of design
parameters as compared to those obtained with a modulus of
51
elasticity of 3,000,000 psi.
These values are normalized with
respect to values obtained with E

in Table 4.1.
E
The equations presented in Chapter 5 are based on an
value of 3,000,000 psi.
values of E
= 3,000,000 psi and are reported
However, to enable the use of other
in the range between 3,000,000 psi and 4,000,000 psi, a
modulus factor, E
or E
has been introduced in the equations for
maximum bending stresses, maximum bending moments and maximum shear

forces.
The modulus factor, E
or E , can be calculated from Eqs.

X
y'
^
4.2a and 4.2b for the range, 3000 psi ^ f' ;^ 5000 psi:
= 0.0167 W
E
X
+ 0.1208
(4.2a)
E = 0.0141 ^
+ 0.2565
(4.2b)
y
c
However, it should be recognized that its application will be
appropriate only within the range of E discussed.
4.2.2
Poisson's ratio of concrete.
c
Poisson's ratio of concrete is known to range between 0.15 and
0.20 (32). A conservative value of 0.15 was used in this study.
4.2.3
Modulus of Elasticity of Soil, E^
A wide variation of this property is reported in the literature

(5,22), ranging from 50 psi to 2,000,000 psi.
In order to narrow
this range, a study of maximum slab deflection was conducted by

varying only the value of the modulus of elasticity of soil while
holding all other parameters constant.
Percent change in maximum
deflection due to changes in E^ were computed.
For example, percent
change in maximum deflection due to change in E^ from 2000 psi to

10,000 psi was calculated as (2.84 in. - 0.57 in.)/2.84 in. x 100 =
52
Table 4.1:
Variation in Values of Design

Parameters Due to Variation in E
E^. psi
3,000,000
3,600,000
4,000,000
Maximum
Differential
Deflection
1.00
1.00
1.00
Maxmum Stress
in x-direction
1.00
1.18
1.29
Maximum Stress
in y-directi on
1.00
1.15
1.24
Maximum Moment
in x-directi on
1.00
1.18
1.29
Maximum Moment
in y-directi on
1.00
1.15
1.24
Maximum Shear
Force in
x-direction
1.00
1.18
1.29
Maximum Shear
Force in
y-Directi on
1.00
1.14
1.22
NOTE:
Results were obtained using

slab length, L = 150 ft
slab width, W = 100 ft
slab thickness, h = 6 in.
modulus of elasticity, E = 7500 psi
aisle width, A = 5 ft ^
stack loading,^p = 8.0 psi
53
80%.
These results are given in Table 4.2.
The values of other
parameters used in this study are noted at the end of the table.
For values of E
lower than 1,500 psi, the total deflections
were found to exceed 5 in. which were considered to be unreasonable.

Although the percentage change in maximum deflection values appeared
to be significant for values of E
greater than 15,000 psi, there
really was no practical change in magnitudes of maximum deflection.

Consequently, as a result of this study, values of 1,500 psi and
15,000 psi were selected as the lower and upper bounds, respectively.
A value of 7,500 psi was also used as an intermediate
value.
4.2.4
Poisson's Ratio of Soil, v
Poisson's ratio of soil is known to range typically (42) from

0.15 to 0.50, where a value of 0.50 corresponds to a compressible
medium.
For similar analysis, values of 0.35 or 0.4 have been used
(5,22,53).
Because the magnitude of computed deflections are not
highly sensitive to changes in Poisson's ratio, a constant value of

0.40 was adopted in this study.
4.3
4.3.1
Structural Parameters
Slab Length, L, and Slab Width, W
Slab length and width are usually governed by the requirements

of the user.
For industrial warehouses, the width may sometimes
exceed 300 ft and the length may exceed 1000 ft.
These dimensions
are much larger than those for slabs in residential and light
commercial buildings.
However, in this study, clear dimensions
54
Table 4.2:
Modulus of
Elasticity
of Soil, E
(psi)
'
1,000
Maximum Deflection Values

Corresponding to E Values
Maximum
Deflection
(in.)
Maximum Change in
Deflection due to
Change in E
'
(%)
5.00
43
2,000
2.84
1
10,000
80
0.57
51
20,000
0.28
32
30,000
0.19
42
50,000
NOTE:
0.11
Results were obtained using

slab length, L = 150 ft
slab width, W = 50 ft
slab thickness, h = 10 in.
aisle width, A = 5 ft
stack loading,^p = 4 psi
n
''^-
I,
tm
55
ranging from 50 ft to 250 ft, which commonly occur in practice, are
considered.
The specific combinations of lengths and widths are
assumed to cover the range of aspect ratios (1 to 5) normally

encountered.
4.3.2
Slab Thickness, h
Slab thickness contributes to the stiffness of the system and

is therefore an important parameter in the design of floor slabs.
Generally, the preliminary design involves determination of the
optimum uniform thickness of the slab-on-ground for a specific
loading condition.
Based on this information, the decision is then
made as to whether the slab needs to be stiffened by grade beams to

reduce the uniform thickness or to structurally reinforce it.
Because a uniformly thick slab is usually the design objective., in
this study only a constant thickness slab is considered.
Even
though a minimum thickness of 6 in. has been recommended (3) for

plain concrete floor slabs-on-ground in industrial warehouses, slab
thicknesses of 4 in. have also been found in the literature (33).
Therefore, in order to cover the ranges most likely to occur in
practice, slab thicknesses of 4 in. and 10 in. were selected as the
lower and upper bounds, respectively, for this study.
Slab thick-
nesses of 6 in. and 8 in. were also used as intermediate values.

4.4
Utility Parameters
4.4.1
Stack Loading
Stack loadings are due to stored materials.

and locations are usually determined by the user.
Their magnitudes
However, for this
56
study, the following assumptions were made:
1.
Stacks are 5 ft wide when access is from one side alone,
and/or 10 ft wide when access is from both sides.

2.
Stacks are assumed to be continuous and parallel to the
long dimension of the slab.

3.
Concentrated loads due to rack posts cause only a punching
shear problem (34), which can be readily analyzed using conventional

reinforced concrete design procedures.
The lower and upper bounds of the loading intensity due to stacks
were computed based on information obtained from local warehouses.
The values used were 2 psi and 8 psi, respectively.
An intermediate
value of 4 psi was also used.

In order to compute the difference in values obtained between
having the stacks oriented parallel to the long dimension of the
slab and parallel to the short dimension of the slab, a separate
analysis was conducted.
The values obtained for the various design
parameters with stacks oriented along the long and short directions
of the slab, respectively, are reported in Tables 4.3a and 4.3b.
The analysis indicates that there will be a significant change
(increase and decrease) to the order of about 500% in the values of
design parameters between having the stacks oriented along the long
side of the slab and along the short side of the slab.
Therefore, if any layout other than having the stacks along the
long direction of the slab is contemplated, care should be exercised
in applying the results of this study.
57
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59
4.4.2
Forklift Loading
The types and rated capacities of forklifts used in this study

are based on manufacturer's information obtained from local warehouses and forklift truck dealers and are given in Table 4.4.
Forklifts with rated capacities of 2,000 lbs and 15,000 lbs are used
as lower and upper bounds, respectively.
To avoid the problem of
colinearity (which means that a nearly exact linear relation among

the predictor variables exists, causing coefficient estimates to be
inflated and to predict unreasonable values), a third type of
forklift with an intermediate rated capacity of 4,000 lbs was used
in sixteen cases, the details of which are also included in Table
4.4.
It is recommended (28) that if information regarding wheel
contact area is not available, it can be roughly approximated for

solid or cushion tires by using:
contact area = tire width x 3 or 4
(4.3)
Therefore, the contact area of the rear tires of the forklift was
calculated by multiplying the tire width by 4.
The contact pressure
is then obtained by dividing the single wheel load by the contact

area of the tire.
In order to obtain uniform contact pressure under
all four wheels, the contact area of the front wheels was adjusted.
Additionally, forklifts are assumed to operate only along the aisles
between the stack locations, even when the slab is not loaded with
stack loadings.
4.4.3
"Worst Case" Forklift Truck Location
A separate, quasi-static analysis was carried out by systematically placing the forklift loading at different points on one
60
Table 4.4: Details of Forklifts Used

in the Analysis
2,000
4,000
15.000
in.
16 .25
18 .00
28 .00
I.D., in.
11 .25
12 .12
22 .00
.00
7.00
12 .00
in.
13 .00
16 .00
22 .00
I.D., in.
8 .00
10 .50
16 .00
Width, in.
4 .50
5.00
8 .00
Front
Wheels
2, 700
3, 350
8, 500
Rear
Wheels
2, 700
4. 150
11.-100
Front
Wheels
4, 700
7,1 350
32, 500
Rear
Wheels
2, 700
4, 150
11.'100
Front
Wheels
31 .35
35 .42
91 .23
Rear
Wheels
18 .00
20 .00
32 .00
Axle Width, in.
34 .60
39 .10
54 .00
Distance between Axles, in.
43 .00
53 .50
70 .00
119 .00
130 .00
164 .50
Rated Capaci ty, lbs

O.D.,
Front
Cushion
Tires
Width, in.
O.D.,
Rear
Cushion
Tires
Loads, lbs:
Empty
Condition
Loads, lbs:
Fully Loaded
Condition
Contact Area,
sq. in.
1
Basic minimum aisle for

right angle stacking, in.
NOTE:
Details obtained from manufacturer's

provided by local dealers.
specifications
61
quadrant of a slab and assuming it to be symmetrically loaded in
order to determine the location of the loaded forklift truck that
produced the most severe or "worst case" loading condition.
locations studied are shown in Fig. 4.1.
The
As the maximum values of
deflection, stress, bending moment and shear force are critical for
the design, locations where maximum values of these design parameters occurred were identified.
The values were then converted into
fractions with respect to values obtained at the first or

"benchmark" location.
Because of their relevance, only these
maximum values from the "benchmark" location were tabulated and are
included in the text (Tables 4.5 and 4.6). However, the values of
the design parameters obtained at all 15 locations shown in Fig. 4.1
are included in Appendix D for reference by the interested reader.
These results were then carefully analyzed to arrive at the most
critical location which will produce the largest combination of
values for all the design parameters.
Based on the analysis for
aisle width of 10 ft, location 12 was used for forklift loading

alone, and location 14 was used for the combined (stack plus forklift) loading.
Similarly, for aisle width of 15 ft, location 6 was
used for forklift loading alone, and location 5 for the combined
(stack plus forklift) loading.
A separate study was also accomplished with the forklift
directed or oriented along the aisle, as well as oriented perpendicular to the aisle as in loading or unloading from the stack (Fig.
4.2).
The results of this study were then normalized with respect
to values obtained with the forklift oriented along the aisle, and
62
posi"noN
I
AISLE
10
O
-J
CO
AISLE
-15
-14
-Lizl
II
13-
<
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CO
AISLE
<
50 ft
AISLE WIDTH = 10 ft
Figure 4 . 1 : Locations of Forklift for

Quasi-static Analysis
63
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65
AISLE
STACK LOADING
UJ
-J
AISLE
en
|1
i2,
AISLE
11
STACK LOADING
AISLE
STACK LOADING
1 ALONG AISLE
2 PERPENDICULAR T O AISLE
Figure 4.2: F o r k l i f t Along and

Perpendicular to Aisle
are included in Table 4.7.
66
As can be seen, the values obtained with
the forklift truck oriented perpendicular to the aisle (as if it

were loading or unloading the stack) are greater than when the
forklift is oriented along the longitudinal axis of the aisle.
Therefore, the study was conducted with the forklift truck perpendicular to the aisle.
It was also found that the values obtained
for forklift trucks facing the stack with both sides of the aisle
loaded was lower than when there was no load behind the forklift due
to stacks; however, analysis for forklift loadings was carried out
with both sides of the aisle being loaded as it is wery difficult to
generalize such a situation.
4.4.4
Aisle Width Between Stacks
An aisle is a passage between stacks, provided to permit

movement of forklift trucks which are used to handle the material
stored.
The width of the aisle provided is governed by the turning
radius of the forklift in use and also by the storage requirements.

Aisle widths of 5 ft, 10 ft, and 15 ft were used in the study
because they are known to be commonly used in warehouses.
Although
an aisle width of 5 ft does not permit passage of most forklifts, it

was used in this study as a lower bound to understand the influence
of aisle width on results for stack loading conditions alone.
4.5
Accomplishment of Parametric Study
The parametric study was accomplished with the aid of the

finite element program SLAB4, described in Chapter 2. The study was
conducted in three phases:
(1) analysis with stack loading alone.
67
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68
(2) analysis with forklift loading alone, and (3) analysis with
stack plus forklift loading.
These assumptions were made for the study:
1.
The slab is monolithic and of constant thickness.
2.
The slab is in full contact with the subgrade at all times.
3.
The slab is subjected to maximum loading and symmetry could
be used.
4.
Since the slab will not be exposed to severe weather, there
will be no significant temperature differential across the thickness

of the slab.
Also, perimeter (structural) loading was not con-
sidered in this study.
The reason it was not considered because the
exterior wall loads are typically carried directly by continuous

perimeter footings and generally the slab is isolated from these
footings by isolation joints.
Because of symmetry, only the top
right quadrant of the slab was analyzed.
The longest (length)
dimension of the slab was always assumed to be along the y-axis.

The slab was discretized into rectangular elements with aspect
ratios less than three, as larger aspect ratios gave unreasonable
values for the design parameters.
Comparison of results for similar
problems with different aspect ratios of element is included in

Appendix E.
For more details on computer code, input information,
the reader is referred to the user's guide to SLAB4, given in

Appendix A.
With these basic assumptions, the parametric study was conducted in a systematic manner.
Although the reasons for and
selected ranges of values of parameters have already been discussed,
69
they have been summarized for convenient reference in Table 4.8.
The parametric study was conducted over the range of values for
parameters indicated in Table 4.8.
It was accomplished by varying
one parameter at a time in a specific manner for the three loading

conditions, thereby including all possible combinations.
This is
indicated schematically in Figures 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5.

The scope of the study used in the overall problem analysis and
subsequent development of the equations was quite extensive.
The
study included a total of 618 cases for all three loading

conditions.
The values of the several design parameters as cal-
culated by the computer code for each of the 618 cases studied are
included in Appendix F.
The results of this analysis included
values of deflections, bending stresses, bending moments and shear

forces.
Deflections, bending moments and shear forces were listed
both in the order of finite element nodes and in the ascending order
of magnitude in the computer output for each problem.
The results
also included the twenty greatest ratios of differential deflection

over distance (distance between corresponding nodes).
However, only
the absolute maximum values of these design parameters were used in

the regression analysis described in Chapter 5.
70
Table 4.8:
Parameter
Values of Parameters Used

in the Parametric Study
Symbol
Modulus of Elasticity
of Concrete
Poisson's Ratio
of Concrete
psi
psi
V
Value
3,000,000
0.15
Modlulus of Elasticity
of Soil
Poisson's Ratio of Soil
Unit
1500, 7500 ,15000

0.40
Slab Length
s
L
ft
50, 150,
250
Slab Width
ft
50, 100,
200
Slab Thickness
in.
4, 6, 8, 10
ft
5, 10, 15
Aisle Width
Wheel Spacing
Stack Loading
Ps
Forklift Loading
Pf
ft
psi
psi
2.5, 3.26,
3.5
2, 4, 8
75, 103,
178
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t3
CHAPTER 5
DEVELOPMENT OF REGRESSION EQUATIONS
5.1
Introduction
The results of the parametric study described in Chapter 4

included deflections, bending stresses, bending moments and shear
forces.
Having acquired all of this information, the next step was
to relate the design parameters as dependent variables to other

parameters involved, such as slab length, slab width, slab thickness, etc., as independent variables.
To do this, a regression
analysis, which is a statistical technique for modeling and

investigating the relationship between two or more variables was
used.
The details of the regression analysis are described in the
following sections.
5.2
Regression Analysis
Regression analysis was accomplished using a select calling

computer program (18,23).
The program is designed for variable
selection in least squares regression models.
The selection proce-
dure is the Hocking-LaMotte-Leslie method as implemented in

LaMotte's select subroutine.
Select subroutine is the core of this
program and the method used guarantees selection of the minimum mean
square error (MSE) model.
The program may read or generate a
variable pool not to exceed 80 variables.

74
Variables may be
75
generated or ^read directly by a user written subroutine named
"INPUT."
Various output options are available to the user.
The
result is either a linear equation of the form:
y = a^ + ^^1 ^ h \
^ S-î
f^-^'
or a logarithmic equation of the form:

By = a^x^
Bp
X2
B.X3
B.
x^. "
(5.2)
For more information on the regression analysis, the reader is

referred to References 18 and 23.
5.3
Development of Regression Equations
The regression analysis was carried out by representing the

following parameters as independent variables:
1.
Slab length, L, ft
2.
Slab width, W, ft
3.
Slab thickness, h, ft
4.
Modulus of elasticity of soil, E , ksf
5.
Aisle width between stacks, A , ft
6.
Stack loading, p , ksf
7.
Forklift loading, p., ksf
8.
Wheel spacing, S, ft
and the following design parameters, one by one, as dependent

variables:
1.
Maximum differential deflection, A
2.
Maximum bending stress in x-direction, a^
3.
Maximum bending stress in y-directi on, o
76
4.
Maximum shear force in x-direction, V,
5.
Maximum shear force in y-directi on, V
The variables are read directly with the aid of an INPUT

subroutine.
study.
The logarithmic regression, Eq. (5.2), was used in this
The magnitude of variables ranged from about 10
-3
to 10 .
If the linear regression (Eq. 5.1) was used, the importance of

_3
variables with magnitudes of 10
would be very much suppressed by
variables with larger magnitudes.
In order to avoid this problem,
the logarithm of the variable value was used to bring the magnitude
of each variable to within a unit, whereby the importance of one
variable will not override the importance of another just because of
magnitude.
Correlation coefficients for a linear regression were in
the order of 0.55 compared to 0.98 for a logarithmic regression,

indicating that the logarithmic regression is more suited for the
data on hand.
Therefore, in the INPUT subroutine, the variables
were first converted to a consistent system of units (kips and feet)

and then converted in terms of their logarithms (base 10) before
being used for the regression analysis.
The results of the regression analysis include regression on
the full model, along with optimal regression for a specified number
of subset sizes.
For this study, as an input parameter, the number
of subset sizes was specified as four.
This means after regression
on the full model, the program will eliminate variables one by one
in a specific manner up to four variables and regress on the remaining variables.
These results, along with the corresponding corre-
lation coefficients are used in deciding on an appropriate model to
77
represent the data.
Analysis of all these results for this study
indicated a decrease in the value of correlation coefficient with

fewer variables, reinforcing the fact that all variables considered
are important in the thickness design of industrial floor slabs and
need to be included.
Therefore, the results of the regression on
the full model alone have been taken into account.

Regression equations (stack loading condition alone) were
developed by considering (1) ratio of loaded area to area of slab
instead of aisle width, (2) ratio of loaded area to area of slab for
cases with stacks back to back, (3) aisle width for cases with
stacks back to back, (4) lesser data sets (deleting data sets with
radical values of design parameters), (5) thickness h, in inches,
(6) no thickness, etc.
These equations were not superior (based on
correlation coefficient) to those reported in this section; on the

contrary, in some cases they were found to be far less superior.
Therefore, none of these equations have been included here.
For the
design procedure, stress equations were found to be suitable and

easy to compare directly with the allowable value.
Therefore, only
the stress equations have been included in the text.
However,
equations for bending moments for all three loading conditions were
developed and are included in Appendix G.
Also, if a reinforced
floor slab is contemplated, the moment equations could be used to

determine the design moments.
The study was carried out for the three loading conditions and,
therefore, there are three sets of equations involved.
Equations
78
are listed by the loading condition and in turn by the dependent
variables in the following sections.
(L)0.44 ()0.62 (^,0.20 ^^ ^0.78
A = (0.47)
5
(E ,0.99 (^ )0.29
^ s'
(5.3)
^ w'
(L)0.14 (y)O.Ol (^,0.30 (^ )0.27 ( ,0.97

a = (EJ(1026)
!!!
5
(5.4)
(,^,0.74
()0.18 (^,0.59 (
o = (EJ(30,045)
y
,0.91
5
(L}0-*s
(E/-^^
(5.5)
(Ajo-18
(,)0.30 (,)1.82 ( ,0.02 ( ,0.98

V^ = (E J(15.14)
^^
5
()0.09(,)1.83( )0.74
V = (E )(1467)^
y
y
(,)0.83 (,^)0.57 (,^,0.44
(5.6)
(5.7)
(L)-21 (W)O-" (h)-^l
(,,)'''
A= (0.12)
(5-8)
(,^,0.98 (,y.21 (s)1.81
79
(L)-l^ {h)0-30 (pj2-04

a = (E )(22.25)
1
{W)0-OÊjO-72 (A )0-02 (s)2.04
J
/ c QX
^^'^^
(W)-0^ (h)0-34 (pj2-39

a = (E ){347.71)
1
^
{L)0-15 (EjO-72 (A )0-51 (s)3.48
w
(5 J Q )
(,)0.28 (,^1.80 ( )0.52 ( ,2.80

V^ = (E )(13.33)
"H
'J.
(L)0-21 (E )0-57 (s)3.96
(5.11)
(L)C.03 (,)0.11 (,)1.90 (^ .0.22 ( ,2.13

\ = (EJ(0.19)
i^
f
'
'
(E^)^-^^ (S)2-64
(5.12)
(,^0.41 (,^0.62 (,)0.19

)0.15 ( 0 . 7 0 (^ ^0.19
(0.12)
^
5
^
( )0.97 (3)0.26
(L)0.25(,)0.02(,)0.14()1.02()0.55 (3)1.81
a^ = (EJ(10.17)
"^
^
(,^)0.69 (p^)0.08
(,)0.06 (,)0.18 ( )0.70 ( ,0.50 (^0.68 (3^0.42

a = (E )(131.92)
"^
^
'y
y
(L)-28 (E^)0-'2
(5.13)
(5.14)
(5.15)
^
^
80
)0.39,0.23)1.77(,0.81(,0.66(
V, = (EJ(C.03)
,0.21,5,1.29
(5.16)
(,0.01 (,,1.79 (, ,0.84 ( ,0.59 , ,0.84 ,s,0.19
V = (EJ(3.09)
y
!!
(5.17)
,,,0.48(^^,0.59
where
L = length of slab, ft
W = width of slab, ft
h = thickness of slab, ft
A
= aisle width between stacks, ft

w
E = modulus of elasticity of soil, ksf
s
p = stack loading, ksf
p^ = forklift loading, ksf
S = wheel spacing, ft
E = modulus factor in x-direction
x
E = modulus factor in y-directi on
A = maximum differential deflection, ft
a
= maximum bending stress in x-direction, kips/ft

X
= maximum bending stress in y-direction, kips/ft
2
2
V = maximum shear force in x-direction, kips/ft

X
V = maximum shear force in. y-direction, kips/ft

y
x-direction corresponds to short direction (width) of slab
y-direction corresponds to long direction (length) of slab
81
5.4
Discussion on Regression Equations
Regression equations in terms of independent parameters have

been developed based on studies conducted.
A brief discussion
relating to the importance of a parameter in an equation, its

position in the equation, and the reasoning behind it, are included
here.
The relative significance of a parameter in an equation is
measured by the magnitude of its regression coefficient or exponent
in the equation.
For example, in Eq. (5.3) the most significant
variable would be the modulus of elasticity of soil with an exponent

of 0.99 and the least significant parameter would be the thickness
of the slab with an exponent of 0.20. Although exponents of magnitude less than 0.1 can be considered to be insignificant and the
corresponding parameters excluded from the equations, they have been
included so that the user will feel that all the variables of
significance have been considered and included.
Therefore, the user
does not have to contemplate on the relative significance of a

parameter, but could directly use it in the equation.
The position
of the parameter (whether it is in the numerator or in the denominator) relates whether it would increase or decrease the magnitude
of the design parameter, corresponding to an increase or decrease in
its magnitude.
In Eq. (5.3) slab length, slab width, slab thickness
and stack load are in the numerator, implying that an increase in

their magnitude will cause the magnitude of maximum differential
deflection to increase, whereas an increase in the magnitude of
modulus of elasticity of soil and aisle width would tend to decrease
82
the maximum differential deflection.
The reason for this is that
larger slabs are more flexible, i.e., deflect more; thicker slabs
contribute to greater deflection (due to different model responses
involved), and stack loadings add to the deflection.
On the other
hand, as the soil gets stiffer, i.e., greater modulus of elasticity,

the magnitude of deflection decreases.
Also, as the stacks are
placed further apart, i.e., greater aisle width, the magnitude of

deflection midway of aisle width decreases.
Equations for design parameters in the x and y directions
exhibit a certain trend due to plate action.
For design parameters
in the x-direction (short direction), an increase in slab length

would increase the magnitude of the design parameters; whereas for
parameters in the y-direction (long direction), an increase in the
magnitude of slab length would decrease their magnitude.
This
appears to be logical as the aspect ratio of the entire slab increases, magnitudes of design parameters in the x-direction would
increase and those in the y-direction would decrease.
However,
there appears to be exceptions to this general rule in Eqs. (5.4),

(5.11), (5.12), (5.14) and (5.16).
In Eqs. (5.4), (5.12) and
(5.14), the exponents of variables (W, L and W, respectively) are

less than 0,1, indicating that they very well could be in the
denominator.
Also, an exponent less than 0.1 indicates that the
variable is of no great significance to the equation and that it

would not change the magnitude of the design parameter significantly
(in Eq. (5.4) when W = 100 ft, (W)-^ = 1.047 and when W = 300 ft,
(H)O-Ol = 1.059), so as not to cause any serious error.
However, in
83
Eqs. (5.11) and (5.16), this could be attributed to data used from
the analysis of slabs with aspect ratio of 1.
In Eq. (5.14) the forklift loading appears in the denominator
instead of the numerator, implying that an increase in its magnitude
would decrease the magnitude of the design parameter.
This is due
to the reduction in deflections and bending moments in aisles as a

result of forklift loading at the same location in certain cases.
An identical finding is reported by Panak (30).
The correlation coefficient, expressed as "R-squared," measures
how well the regression model fits the data.
R-squared values near
zero are expected for completely random data, whereas an R-squared

value of 1.0 would imply all data to fall evenly about the curve of
best fit.
R-squared values for the regression equations resulting
from the analysis of the various SLAB4 data sets are listed in Table
5.1 and indicate equations provide a good to very good fit.
5.5
Limitations of Using the Regression Equations
The equations presented in Section 5.3 are for thickness design

of industrial floor slabs subjected to normal loadings anticipated
in a warehouse.
These equations have been developed based on
certain assumptions and considerations.
Therefore, it is essential
that the limitations on the validity of these equations be clearly

understood before attempting to use them.
The assumptions made in
developing these equations are:

1.
Stacks are 5 ft wide when access is from one side alone,
and/or 10 ft wide when access is from both sides.
1 m 'I
84
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85
2.
Stacks are assumed to be continuous and parallel to the
long dimension of the slab.

3.
Concentrated loads due to rack posts cause only a punching
shear problem which is not considered here.

4.
Stresses caused at edges due to moving loads and high stack
loads are recognized but have not been considered here (as these
could not be considered on an individual basis).
5.
Aisle width is considered to be uniform.
6.
Forklift truck is assumed to operate only in the aisles,
even when the slab is unloaded.

Other features that need to be recognized are:
1.
A unit analysis on these equations will not yield conven-
tional units for bending stress, shear force or differential

deflection.
This appears to be an inherent problem when using
regression analysis to develop equations, but the unit "problem" is

accommodated in the coefficient of regression equation.
2.
Input values of all parameters must be in consistent units
of kips and feet.
Substituting parameters into equations in any
units other than in kips and feet will produce incorrect results.
However, if units of pounds and inches, for example, are desired,
the conversion must be made after obtaining solutions to the
regression equations.
3.
It should be recognized that the equations have been
developed using parameters over a range of magnitudes typically

encountered in warehouses.
Therefore, the equations will only
predict reliable values for ranges given in Table 4.8.
For values
86
outside the ranges indicated in Table 4.8, the equations may not
give reasonable results.
5.6
Analysis of the Regression Equations
A number of examples were worked out using the regression

equations presented in Section 5.3.
The results obtained and the
observations made during this exercise are discussed in detail

below.
As a first step, the reliability of the regression equations
was established.
As was reported in Section 2.4, the reliability of
the results of an analysis using the finite element program SLAB4

was established by Huang (19) by comparing results predicted by the
program to field measurements.
The results obtained by Huang using
the program were shown to compare reasonably well with experimental

measurements.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the results from
the analyses used in developing the equations reported in this study

also can be considered to be reasonable reliably and that the
equations themselves will be equally reliable.
However, as a check
on the ability of the regression equations to reproduce the data

used in their formulation, results (deflections, moments and shear
forces) from approximately fifteen cases (formed 3 to 18 percent of
the total cases analyzed for the different loading conditions) of
computer analyses were compared to those predicted by the regression
equations.
The results were then plotted as shown in Fig. 5.1.
As
can be seen, the points plot reasonably well about the 1:1 line
indicating that the equations represent the results of the analyses
reasonably well.
Thus, having shown the equations to produce
87
CO
<
<
cr
LiJ
h-
o
o
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
REGRESSION EQUATION
FOR MAXIMUM DIFFERENTIAL DEFLECTION
1000
2000
3000
4000
REGRESSION EQUATION
FOR MAXIMUM STRESS IN X-DIRECTION
Figure 5.1:
Comparison Between Computer

Analysis and Regression
Equations
T^
88
acceptable results, examples were worked out to analyze the
predictions from these equations.
An example used to analyze the
equations is discussed below.

Magnitude of the various parameters used are as follows:
Slab length, L = 250 ft
Slab width, W
= 125 ft
Aisle width, A
= 10 ft
Modulus of elasticity
of soil, E = 1805 psi = 260 ksf
s
Stack loading, p = 8 psi = 1.152 ksf
Forklift loading, p^ = 110 psi = 15.84 ksf
Wheel spacing, S = 37 in. = 3.08 ft
Concrete compressive
strength, f' = 5000 psi
Factor of safety, FS = 1.5
Allowable tensile
stress, F. = 7.5 ^
= 353.55 psi = 50.91 ksf
FS
Allowable shear stress, v = 4 \ ^
= 188.56 psi = 27.15 ksf
Concrete modulus of elasticity factors:

E
= 0.0167 V 5 0 M + 0.1208 = 1.30

X
= 0 . 0 1 4 1 VFOOO'+ 0 . 2 5 6 5 = 1.25
y
The design parameters for the three loading conditions, assuming a
slab thickness, h, of 4 in. were found to be:
a
= 76.42 ksf > 50.91 ksf
N.G.
= 26.04 ksf < 50.91 ksf
O.K.
a
y
'^m
89
V =
0.23 ksf < 27.15 ksf
O.K.
Forklift Loadino Condition

a^ = 16.39 ksf < 50.91 ksf
O.K.
a, = 13.12 ksf < 50.91 ksf
O.K.
V =
6.65 ksf < 27.15 ksf
O.K.

a
a
= 74.37 ksf > 50.91 ksf

= 39.63 ksf < 50.91 ksf
V = 0.20 ksf < 27.15 ksf
N.G.
O.K.
O.K.
As the 4 in. thick slab was found to be insufficient for the stack
loading condition and stack plus forklift loading condition, the
slab thickness was increased to 6 in.
The stresses in a 6 in. thick
slab for the three loading conditions were found to be greater than
those in the 4 in. thick slab.
This will appear to be contrary to
what one would intuitively expect, but Panak reported an identical

finding (30). Panak reports that as the slab thickness increases,
bending moments and stresses also increase (bending moment being a
product of bending stiffness and curvature).
One reason for this is
at the stack-aisle interface there is a reversal in bending moments

and, as the slab gets thicker, the values of the bending moments
increase.
To the contrary, a thinner or more flexible slab will be
able to accommodate this reversal better.
Panak (30) reports that
while the phenomenon of moment and stress reductions seems to lead

to the conclusion that a very thin slab is ideal for uniform
loading, the necessity for forklifts and trucks to operate on the
slab and the presence of cracks due to shrinkage and other causes
90
limit the advantage to be gained.
But he does not discuss the
effect of increasing thickness for forklift loading on the stresses

due to uniform loading.
Results of other procedures discussed in
Section 1.3 indicate that for the forklift loading (which do not
discuss uniform loading condition either), as the slab thickness
increases, stresses decrease.
modeling of the subgrade.
This is due to the difference in
The other procedures model the subgrade
as a Winkler foundation rather than an elastic half-space and use a

single value for the modulus of subgrade reaction.
With such a
model, as the slab becomes more rigid, the deflection becomes more
uniform (tending toward rigid body motion) and, therefore, result in
lower bending moments and stresses.
It is also not known if the
other procedures take into account the additional load due to the
increased weight of the slab (due to increased thickness) or consider the additional thickness for stiffness calculations alone.
This increase in values of design parameters with an increase
in thickness was observed in all the examples attempted.
However,
for every problem, there is a certain "threshold" value of soil

modulus below which even slab thicknesses in excess of 10 inches
will not provide acceptable results for the given loading.
For
values of soil modulus above this "threshold" value, any thickness

(4 <^h i l O in.) of slab will provide acceptable stresses.
above findings with the example problem discussed above are
summarized in Table 5.2.
The
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CHAPTER 6
DESIGN PROCEDURE USING THE REGRESSION EQUATIONS
6.1
Introduction
A step-by-step procedure is presented in this chapter to assist

the user in using the regression equations.
Parameters considered
to be important in the thickness design of industrial floor slabs

are presented in Chapter 4 and the regression equations for maximum
bending stresses, maximum shear forces, and maximum differential
deflection for stack loading, forklift loading, and stack plus
forklift loading conditions are presented in Chapter 5.
The design process begins with the determination of field
conditions and the required site preparation.
As this step is
critical to a successful design of an industrial floor slab, a brief

introduction to a soils investigation is presented in the following
section.
6.2
Soils Investigation
A soils investigation at the proposed site should be conducted

to determine:
(1) type or types of soil at the site, (2) depths and
distribution of each soil type, (3) consistency of clay soils and

density of granular soils, and (4) modulus of elasticity of the
soils.
92
93
The modulus of elasticity of soil which was shown in Chapter 5
to be the most important of the parameters, can be determined by
using the unconfined compression test which has been recommended in
Chapter 3 as the most practical and economical means of evaluating
this property of the soil.
If cohesionless soils are encountered,
then the second choice, namely the standard penetration test, may be
used.
However, it is left to the judgment of the geotechnical
engineer to decide on a testing procedure based on availability,

types of soil present and site conditions.
It is also left to the
judgment of the geotechnical engineer to decide on the locations and

types of soil to be tested so as to provide realistic values for the
design. Further, it is recommended that special preparation of the
site be carried out if unstable soil conditions are present.
6.3
Safety Factor
A safety factor is incorporated into a design procedure to

account for deviations that are bound to occur between conception
and completion.
The selection of a value to use as safety factor
depends on other assumptions, but should result in a design that is

reasonably conservative but not excessively so.
With this concept, various design procedures use different
values for safety factors for different loading conditions.
But all
of the values fall within the range between 1.25 and 2.0 (32), where
a safety factor of 2 is generally used for unlimited repetitions of
wheel loads.
For normal warehouse conditions, safety factors in the
range between 1.4 to 1.7 are used.
In the design examples using the
94
regression equations in Appendix I and Appendix J, a safety factor
of 1 has been assumed.
6.4
Design Procedure
The first step towards design would be to gather information

regarding the soil, structural and utility parameters described in
Chapter 4.
Also, the compressive strength of concrete, f , and the
allowable tensile stress of the concrete, f., need to be specified.

Slabs of irregular shape (e.g., L-shaped) should be divided into
rectangles and each rectangle designed individually.
The design process begins by first considering the stack
loading condition.
1.
The design steps are as follows:
Assume a trial slab thickness.
Based on construction
practices, it is recommended that it would not be practical to

construct such a floor slab less than 4 in. thick (33). Therefore,
as a starting point, the trial slab thickness could be assumed as 4
in.
2.
Calculate the allowable tensile stress from (1),
f. 11
KT = 7.5^71
t allowable
c
where f ' = compressive strengh of concrete, psi
3.
(6.1)
Maximum shear force was found to occur under the load and
toward the middle of the slab.
Therefore, it can be assumed to be a
two-way action and the maximum allowable shear stress for two-way
action is determined using (1)
= ^ \rr'
y
c
where
V
= maximum allowable shear stress, psi
(6.2)
95
f^ = compressive strength of concrete, psi
4.
Calculate the stress that the slab would experience in both
directions due to the known imposed loads using Eqs.(5.4) and (5.5.)
If the allowable value is exceeded, then consider improving the
subgrade (with higher modulus of elasticity value) or increasing the
required strength of concrete, namely, f;.
Analysis presented in
Chapter 5 showed that if the soil modulus is inadequate, that even

slab thicknesses in excess of 10 in. will not satisfy bending stress
requirements.
5.
Calculate expected maximum shear force in each direction in
the section using Eqs. (5.6) and (5.7).

6.
Calculate the maximum design shear stress using

V
1000
v = b;d^-l44
(6.3)
where
V = maximum design shear stress, psi
V = maximum shear force, kips/ft
b
= minimum perimeter = (1 + 2d) x 4, ft
d = effective depth = 0.8h, ft

h = thickness of slab, ft
If the maximum design shear stress value is greater than the maximum
allowable shear stress, then consider improving the subgrade or
increasing the required strength of concrete, namely, f'.
Analysis
presented in Chapter 5 showed that increasing the slab thickness

will not solve the problem.
96
7.
Following the same procedure, check the adequacy of the
section for forklift loading condition and stack plus forklift

loading condition.
8.
If there is a limit on the allowable differential deflec-
tion for the floor slab, calculate the maximum differential

deflections for the three loading conditions using Eqs. (5.3),
(5.8), (5.13) and compare it to the allowable value.
If this
allowable value is exceeded, then consider improving the subgrade,

as increasing the thickness will not solve the problem.
A design example illustrating the procedure is included in
Appendix
I.
Also, a comparison of the required slab thickness
resulting from the equations to the required slab thicknesses from

three other methods has been made and shown in Table 6.1.
Details
of design steps of the other procedures are included in Appendix H.

The design example used to illustrate the PCA method (28) has been
worked out using the regression equations in Appendix J to make a
one-to-one comparison between the two.
However, such a one-to-one
comparison was not possible with Panak's method (29,30) and the
Corps of Engineers method (4,13,14) because some of the variables in
the examples fell outside the ranges indicated in Table 4.8.
The design procedure presented here is for the required thickness of the slab section to satisfy the expected service loading
conditions.
However, to control shrinkage cracking it is often
recommended (13) to provide 0.10 percent (of the cross-sectional

area) distribution steel in both directions.
97
l/t
C l/t o
1-
l/ ! -
l/t 0) !->
3
L. (O
CT 3
o
o
o
m
tn
o
o
o
in
tn
a O"
Qg
to
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
*
in
00
1-4
o
a-
fO
LU
l/t
e
o
o
o
o
o a>
91
l/t c
Q.'ri~ CT
r-
-M
ro
CSJ
>
I
tn
o c
r^
CO
CT
0)
lO
<-> t l J
cr
i.
o
LU
c:
o
cn cu
OJ iQi 3
-o
cu
u
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2 s_
tn
IO
tl
O
O
*
CM
o
o
om
o
4,00
to
to
CU
S- to
tn
(O
00
o.
o
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r"*
^^.^
tn
VO
Moment
wheel
1t
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-l->
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E c
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. ^
tJ
IO
!->
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w
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3
u
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O
<-
s o
IO
O OJ
**-
t
l / t O)
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CT
C
cr
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U
lO
s_
<
1/1
->
U
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*->
c
o
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o.
ID
OJ
OJ
"O
c
IO ' ^
_ i
4->
c
.a c
c r IO - f l/t r
"
to
>
m
0) ^ "O l/t
O) O) 0)
IO <-> i . c
> a; !- . ^
-- e 3 o
3 IO cr-cr-i- 01 . c
tu o a: h-
Chapter 7
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1
Introduction
The principal objective which initiated the work presented here

was to develop a design or analysis procedure which would:
1.
Be rational.
2.
Be capable of producing values of bending stress, shear
force, and differential deflection resulting from expected service

loads.
3.
Be applicable to all industrial floor design in general.
4.
Be easy to use.
There are certain limitations to the work presented here. A

brief discussion of these limitations are included.
Conclusions
based on analysis of the regression equations presented in Chapter 5

are also summarized here.
7.2
7.2.1
Conclusions
Rational Procedure
All the properties needed for the equations presented in

Chapter 5 can be either directly measured or computed and none have
to be assumed.
98
. .
99
7.2.2
Specific Design Values
The design equations developed in Chapter 5 and incorporated

into the design procedure in Chapter 6 will produce values of
bending stress, shear force, and differential deflection. By this it
is meant that these values can be directly compared with the allowable values, whereas in the other existing procedures it is not
possible to study the variation in any of these design parameters
corresponding to a change in any of the parameters discussed in
Chapter 4.
These procedures yield only the thickness required for a
particular set of parameters.

7.2.3
General Application
The procedure presented herein was not developed for a specific

problem or by considering only specific values for parameters and,
therefore, facilitates its use for a wide range (within those
indicated in Table 4.8) of parameters.
These values (values of
design parameters) are not dependent on any type of reinforcing

system and therefore can also be used to design a reinforced or a
post-tensioned floor slab.
7.2.4
Ease of Use
The equations are simple, easy to use, and can be easily programmed for a personal computer or a hand calculator.
7.2.5
Limitations
As discussed in section 5.5, the equations developed here have

been based on certain assumptions, which were made in order to
facilitate the analysis.
The assumptions made should be clearly
1 in
100
understood before attempting to use the equations.
Also, the
equations were developed by considering a wide range of values for

parameters.
Therefore, it should be recognized that the use of
these equations for values of parameters outside the limits given in

Table 4.8 will likely yield unreasonable results.
7.2.6
1.
Conclusions Based on Analysis

of the Regression Equations
At any given value of soil modulus, with all other
parameters held constant, bending stress is shown to increase as

slab thickness increases.
2.
Above some "threshold" value of soil modulus, any thickness
of slab will prove to be acceptable with respect to bending stress

(4 h l O in., E^ 15,000 psi).
3.
Below this "threshold" value of soil modulus, no slab
thickness ( 4 ^ h 10 in.) will provide acceptable results.

4.
Conclusions 2 and 3 are contingent upon the given set of
parameters, i.e., the "threshold" value of soil modulus varies with

the magnitudes of the parameters and, thus, the "threshold" value is
not a constant value from one problem to the next.
5.
Conclusion 1 is consistent with the previously reported
findings of Panak.
6.
With all other parameters held constant, as the value of
soil modulus increases, the resulting bending stresses decrease.

Further, as the value of soil modulus increases, the magnitude of
the resulting bending stress becomes less sensitive to variations of
the ratio of E /h.
101
7.
From analyzing the same problem where the only varying
parameters are slab thickness and soil modulus, increasing slab

thickness will not result in an acceptable design if the problem
exceeds the allowable bending stress at a given value of soil
modulus.
This is due solely to the increase in section stiffness
resulting from an increase in slab thickness.
The only way to
reduce bending stress at any given slab thickness (assuming all

other parameters are held constant) is to improve the value of soil
modulus.
7.3
Recommendations
As with any research work, the work presented here has room for
improvement.
Based on the experience gained from this study, the
following recommendations are made:

1.
Units of design parameters, namely bending stress, shear
force and differential deflection produced by the regression equations are not of the conventional form typically expected, i.e., a
2
dimensional analysis would not strictly result in units of F/L for
stress, e.g. kips/ft^.
This is due to the use of regression
analysis to derive the equations (which considers only the numerical

values and not the units for the solution).
It should be recognized
that the unit "problem" is accommodated (or accounted for) in the

coefficient of the regression equation.
Thus, it is y/ery important
that only the units specified in Chapter 5 be used in solving the

equations.
If other units are desired, the conversion must be made
following the solution of the equation and not before.
If this
inconsistency in units is not desired, then it is recommended that
102
the design equations be developed in terms of nondimensional parameters.
2.
Constant thickness monolithic slabs alone were considered
and, therefore, the design parameters at an edge need to be fully

analyzed.
This analysis would improve the flexibility of this
procedure.
3.
The forklift loading analysis was a quasi-static analysis.
This approach was taken to save computer time without sacrificing

principles of statics or dynamics.
However, for future use in a
similar analysis, it is recommended a table of values of design

parameters be developed for various loadings, locations, dimensions,
soil conditions and properties.
4.
The work presented here needs to be extended to include
larger stack and forklift loading.
LIST OF REFERENCES
1. American Concrete Institute, "Building Code Requirements for
Reinforced Concrete," ACI Committee 318, September 1983.
2.
American Concrete Institute, "Recommended Practice for Concrete

Floor Slab Construction," ACI Committee 302, August 1968.
3.
American Concrete Institute, "Manual of Concrete Practice,

"Floor and Slab Construction," Part 1, 1978, pp. 302-303.
4.
American Concrete Institute, "Design of Slabs on Grade:

of the Art," Preliminary Draft, 1984.
5.
Bowles, J.E., Foundation Analysis and Design, McGraw-Hill Book

Co., New York, 1968.
6.
Brown, P.T. and Gibson, R.E., "Surface Settlement of a Deep

Elastic Column Whose Modulus Increases Linearly with Depth,"
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4, 1972, pp.
467-476.
7.
Building Research Advisory Board, "National Research Council

Criteria for Selection and Design of Residential
Slabs-on-Ground," U.S. National Academy of Sciences,
Publication No. 1571, 1968.
8.
Cheung, Y.K. and Zienkiewicz, O . C , "Plates and Tanks on

Elastic Foundations--An Application of Finite Element Method,"
International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 1, 1965,
pp. 451-461.
9.
Clegg, B., "Design Compatible Control of Basecourse

Construction," Australian Road Research 13(2), June 1983, pp.
112-22.
State
10.
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute Design Handbook, 1968, pp.

426.
11.
Crossley, Robert W. and Beckwith, George H., "Subgrade Elastic

Modulus for Arizona Pavements," Executive Summary submitted to
Arizona Dept. of Transportation, Highways Division, March 1978.
103
104
12.
Department of the Army, "Rigid Pavement for Roads, Streets

Walks and Open Storage Areas," Technical Manual No. 5-822-6
April 1969.
13.
Department of the Army, "Concrete Floor Slabs on Grade Subjected to Heavy Loads," Technical Manual 5-809-12, Construction
Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, Illinois, April
14.
Department of the Army, "Engineering and Design of Pavement for

Roads, Streets, Walks and Open Storage Areas," Technical Manual
TM 5-822-6, April 1977.
15.
Frazer, B.E. and Wardle, L.J., "The Analysis of Stiffened Raft

Foundations on Expansive Soil," Proceedings, Symposium on
Recent Developments of the Analysis of Soil Behaviour and Their
Application to Geotechnical Structures, University of New South
Wales, Kensington, N.S.W., Australia, July 1975, pp. 89-98.
16.
Gibson, R.E., "Some Results Concerning Displacements and

Stresses in a Non-Homogeneous Elastic Half Space," Geotechnique
17, 1967, pp. 58-67.
17.
Hetenyi, M., "Beams on Elastic Foundations," The University of

Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1946.
18.
Hocking, R.R. and Leslie, R.N., "Selection of the Best Subset

in Regression Analysis," Technometrics, Vol. 9, 1967, pp.
531-540.
19.
Huang, Y.H., "Finite Element Analysis of Slabs on Elastic

Solids," Transportation Engineering Journal, May 1974, pp.
403-416.
20.
Huang, Y.H., "Analysis of Symmetrically Loaded Slab on Elastic

Solid," Technical Notes, Transportation Engineering Journal,
May 1974, pp. 537-541.
21.
Hudson, William R. and Hudson, M., "Discrete Element Analysis

for Discontinuous Plates," Proceedings of the American Society
of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE,
October 1968, pp. 2257-2279.
22.
Lambe, T. W. and Whitman, R. V., Soil Mechanics, SI Version,

2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons.
23.
LaMotte, L.R. and Hocking, R.R., "Computational Efficiency in

the Selection of Regression Variables," Technometrics, Vol. 12,
1970, pp. 83-93.
IF^
24.
105
Lukas, R.G. and de Bussey, B. L., "Pressuremeter and Laboratory
Test Correlations for Clays," Proceedings of the American
Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Geotechnical
Engineering Division, No. GT9, Vol. 102, September 1976, pp.
945-962.
^^
25.
Lytton, R.L., "Design Criteria for Residential Slabs and

Grillage Rafts on Reactive Clay," Report for the Australian
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization,
Division of Applied Geomechanics, Melbourne, Australia,
November 1970.
26.
Madhav, M.R. and Ramakrishna, K.S., "Undrained Modulus from

Vane Shear Test," Technical Note, Proceedings of the American
Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Geotechnical
Engineering Division, Vol. 103, No. GTll, November 1977, pp.
1337-1340.
27.
Packard, R.G., "Computer Program for Airport Pavement Design,"

SR029P, Portland Cement Association, 1967.
28.
Packard, R.G., "Slab Thickness Design for Industrial Concrete

Floors on Grade," IS 195.OlD, Portland Cement Association,
1976.
29.
Panak, J.J., McCullough F.B. and Treybig, H. J., "Design

Procedure for Industrial Slabs Reinforced with Welded Wire
Fabric," an interim report prepared for the Wire Reinforcement
Institute by Austin Research Engineers, Inc., March 1973.
30.
Panak, J.J. and Rauhut, J.B., "Behavior and Design of

Industrial Slabs on Grade," American Concrete Institute
Journal, May 1975, pp. 219-224.
31.
Pickett, G., "A Study of Stresses in the Corner Region of

Concrete Pavement Slabs Under Large Corner Loads," Concrete
Pavement Design, Portland Cement Association, 1951, pp. 77-86.
32.
Pierce, D.M., "A Numerical Method of Analyzing Prestressed

Concrete Members Containing Unbonded Tendons," Dissertation
presented to the University of Texas at Austin, Texas in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy, 1968.
33.
Rice, P.F., "Design of Concrete Floors on Ground for Warehouse

Loadings," Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol. 29,
No. 2, August 1957, pp. 105-113.
34.
Ringo, B.C., "Desian, Construction and Performance of Slabson-Grade for an Industry," American Concrete Institute Journal,
1978, pp. 594-602.
>< '
106
35.
Ringo, B.C., "Planning, Design and Construction of Slabs on

Grade," Design of Industrial Floors, American Concrete
Institute, SCM-5, 1983.
36.
Ringo, B.C. and Steenken, J.M., "Industrial Floor Slabs: A

Thickness Solution," American Concrete Institute, COM 1/83,
1983.
37.
Schmertmann, J.H., "Static Cone to Compute Static Settlement

Over Sand," Proceedings, American Society of Civil Engineers,
Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations, Vol. 96, SM3, 1011,
May 1970.
38.
Simons, N., "Settlement Studies on Two Structures in Norway,"

Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Soil
Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, London, 1957, p. 431.
39.
Singer, F.L., Strength of Materials, 2nd Edition, Harper and

Row, New York, 1962.
40.
Spear, R.E., "Concrete Floors on Ground," Portland Cement

Association Journal, 1978.
41.
Stroud, M.A., "Standard Penetration Test in Insensitive Clays

and Soft Rocks," Proceedings of the European Symposium on
Penetration Testing, Stockholm, June 1974, pp. 367.
42.
Terzaghi, K. and Peck, R.B., Soil Mechanics in Engineering

Practice, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1948.
43.
Timoshenko, S. and Woinowsky-krieger, S., Theory of Plates and

Shells, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1968.
44.
Timoshenko, S. and Goodier, J.N., "Theory of Elasticity,"

McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1951.
45.
Vantil, C.J., McCullough, B.F., Vallerga, B.A. and Hicks. R.G.,

"Evaluation of AASHO Interim Guides for Design of Pavement
Structures," NCHRP Rep. 128, Highway Res. Board, 1972.
46.
Walsh, P.F., "The Design of Residential Slabs-on-Ground,"

Division of Building Research Technical Paper No. 5,
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization,
Highett, Victoria (Australia), 1974.
47.
Wang, S.K., Sargious, M.A., and Cheung, Y.K., "Advanced

Analysis of Rigid Pavements," Proceedings of the American
Society of Civil Engineers, Transportation Engineering Journal,
February 1972, pp. 37-44.
48.
107
Westergaard, H.M., "Computation of Stresses in Concrete Roads,"
Proceedings, Highway Research Board, Vol. 5, Part I, 1925, pp.
90-112.
49.
Westergaard, H.M., "Stress Concentrations in Plates Loaded Over

Small Areas," American Society of Civil Engineers,
Transactions, Paper No. 2197, 1943.
50.
Williams, C.E. and Focht, J.A. Ill, "Initial Response of

Foundations on Stiff Clay," ASCE National Convention, New
Orleans, Louisiana, October 1982.
51.
Williams, C.E. "Initial Response of Foundations on Mixed

Stratigraphies," Transportation Research Board Meeting,
Washington, DC, January 1986.
52.
Winkler, E., "Die Lehre von Elastizitat und Festigkeit,"

Prague, The Netherlands, 1867, pp. 182.
53.
Wray, W.K., "Development of a Design Procedure for Residential

and Light Commercial Slabs-on-Ground Constructed Over Expansive
Soils," Dissertation presented to Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 1978.
54.
Zienkiewicz, O.C. and Cheung, Y.K., "The Finite Element Method

for Analysis of Elastic Isotropic and Orthotropic Slabs,"
Proceedings, Journal of Institute of Civil Engineers, Vol. 28,
1964, pp. 471-488.
55.
Zienkiewicz, O . C , The Finite Element Method in Engineering

Science, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., London, 1971.
APPENDIX A
USER'S GUIDE FOR COMPUTER PROGRAM SLAB4
108
109
A.l Comments on the Use of the Guide

for Uata Input for Program S L A M
A.1.1
General Program Notes
1. The data cards must be stacked in the proper order for the
program to run.
2.
A consistent set of units must be used for all input data,
e.g., pounds and inches, except where specified otherwise.

3.
The input data cards, or sets of data cards, are presented
in the order in which they would be required to be arranged if the

analysis option selected (Option 1, 2, 3 or 4) required that particular data.
For example. Option 2 would require the nodal numbers
at which subgrade reaction is assumed to be zero as input data; this

data would be Data Set 7. Option 1 does not require nodal numbers of
zero reaction and, thus, the input data deck for this option would
not contain a Data Set 7.
Data Set 1
Defines the number of problems to be solved (data decks to read
in) without recompiling the source deck.
Data Set 2
Defines the rated capacity of the forklift used in the analysis
and the aisle width in which the forklift operates.
Data Set 3
This data set identifies the problem:
slab length and width,
beam depth, edge moisture variation distance, maximum amount of soil
110
movement, the swelling mode, the exponent in the exponential equation
that describes the shape of the swelling soil profile, whether the
structural stiffness will be determined as a stiffened slab section
or as a constant depth section, and if there is a second loading on
the slab.
Data Set 4
1.
Provides dimensions of the stiffening beams and their
spacing, dimensions of the slab portion of the total cross-section,

and moments of inertia in both directions.
2.
This data set is not included if a constant-depth section is
being analyzed.
Data Set 5
1.
The first card of this two-card data set identifies the
number of slabs to be analyzed (1 or 2 ) , material properties

(Poisson's ratio and modulus of elasticity of soil and concrete), and
several programming constants, e.g., type of symmetry, if any;
presence of non-contact locations; if pre-calculated deflections are
to be input; and if punched output is desired.
2.
The second card defines the number of x and y coordinates
occurring in each slab, the number of iterations to be allowed in

establishing subgrade contact, the number of nodes and the nodal
numbers at which output calculations are to be printed.
3.
The coordinates in the x-direction begin at zero and in-
crease from left to right.
Coordinates at the joint must be counted
twice if two slabs are being analyzed.
Y coordinates also begin at
zero and increase from bottom to top.
The number and coordinates of
im
111
the y-direction nodes is the same whether one or two slabs are being
analyzed.
Data Set 6
The coordinates of the x- and y-direction nodes are read in
according to F8.3 format.
If two slabs are being analyzed, coor-
dinates for the nodes at the joint must be read in twice. More than
one card may be necessary to read in all of the coordinates.
Data Set 7
If NOTCON is not zero, the nodal numbers at which there is no
soil-slab contact are input in accordance with 15 format.
More than
one card may be necessary to define all nodal numbers.

Data Set 8
This single card data set identifies the total number of nodes
at which a gap exists between the soil and the slab, the number of
elements experiencing loading, the amount of loading (as a pressure,
e.g., psi or psf), whether temperature is to be considered in the
solution, the temperature difference between the slab top and bottom,
the number of nodes at which convergence will be checked, and iteration and tolerance limits.
Data Set 9
Input the nodal numbers at which convergence will be checked in
accordance with 15 format.
More than one card may be required to
input all check nodes.

Data Set 10
This Data Set reads in the amount of gap previously calculated
as existing between the slab and subgrade at each node where a gap
112
More than one data card may be required to read in all gap
exists.
data.
If NREAD = 0, there are no previously calculated gaps and this
Data Set will not be included in the problem data deck.

Data Set 11
If gaps exist at specified nodes, this Data Set identifies those
nodes in 15 format.
More than one card may be necessary to identify
all nodal locations.
If NREAD = 2, this Data Set is not needed and
will not be included in the problem data deck.

Data Set 12
This Data Set assigns the magnitude of the gap at each location
specified in Data Set 11. The input format is F8.4 and more than one
card may be required to input all data.
There must be as many gap
values as there are gap locations in Data Set 11.
If NREAD = 2, this
Data Set is not needed and will not be included in the problem deck.
Data Set 13
If a uniformly distributed load acting over the entire slab
surface in addition to any live loading specified in Data Set 8 is to
be considered in the analysis, set NWT = -1 and the uniformly distributed load will be read in on a single card in F8.3 format.
Data Set 14
1. The elemental numbers which are to receive some loading 0 are
identified in 15 format.
More than one card may be necessary to
identify all loaded elements.

2.
to right.
Elemental numbers increase from bottom to top and from left

There are (NX-1) x NY-1) elem.ents.
113
Data Set 15
1.
The area being loaded by Q is described by XDA and YDA.
The
load is distributed over the elemental area from the center of the
rectangular element on a fractional basis in both directions ranging
from -1.00 to +1.00.
For example, if the load were to be applied
over the rightmost 75 percent of the element in the x-direction, the

input values would be:
XDA(l) = -0.50 and XDA(2) = +1.00.
If the
same load were to cover only the bottom half of the element in the
y-direction, the input values would be:
0.00.
YDA(l) = -1.00 and YDA(2) =
If the entire element is to be loaded, the load distribution
would be -1.00 and +1.00 in both directions.

2.
The distribution cards must be stacked in the proper order
to ensure distribution of load over the corresponding element, NL(I).

Data Set 16
Defines the number of elements on which the second loading Q2,
acts in 15 format and the loading intensity in F10.5 format.
Data Set 17
The elemental numbers which are to receive the second loading Q2
are identified in 15 format.
More than one card may be necessary to
identify all loaded elements.

Data Set 18
1.
The area being loaded by Q2 is described by XDA2 and YDA2.
The load is distributed over the elemental area from the center of
the rectangular element on a fractional basis in both directions
ranging from -1.00 to +1.00 (Refer to data set No. 15).
2.
114
The distribution cards must be stacked in the proper order
to ensure distribution of load over the corresponding element,

NFL(I).
115
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APPENDIX B
LISTING OF PROGRAM SLAB4 WITH SAMPLE OUTPUT
122
123
/ / JOB
lMKyV0,U^9,2O,30,09l,6UNALAN,CLASS=^,le6ION=5120IC
/ / EKEC FORTGCLPARM,FORT=MOSOURCE
/ / S V S I N 00 *
C
C'
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c<
c
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c
c
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c
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c
c
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c
r*00000010
00000020
r*000O003O
*00000040
THE O R I G I M A L A P P L I C A F I O N OF T H I S PROCtAN I S DESCRIBED I N
*OO00O0SO
TWO PAPERS BV THE AUTHOR, V . H U A N G :
111
- F I < I I T ELEHENT A N A L r S I S
#00000060
OF SLABS ON E L A S T I C S O L I D S * .
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING JOURNAL
*00000070
OF ASCEf VOL 1 0 0 , N O . T E 2 8 , H A V , 1 9 7 4 , PAGES 4 0 3 - 4 0 6 ; AND C 2 I -REC- *00000080
TANGULAR PLATES P A R T I A L L Y SUPPORTED ON AN E L A S T I C HALF S P A C E - , PRO- *0 0000090
C E E D I N G S t 1ST I N T E R N A T I O N A L CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL METHODS I N *00000100
NONLINEAR ^tECHANICSt 1 9 7 4 , PAGES 4 0 5 > 4 1 4 .
*00000110
*00000120
THE O R I G I N A L PROGRAM BY HUANG WAS M O D I F I E D AND GIVEN THE
*00000130
HUANG WAS M O D I F I E D AND GIVEN THE NAME - S L A B 2 " BV W. K. WRAV AND
*00000140
R. L . LYTTON, J U L Y , 1 9 7 7 .
*000001S0
*00000160
T S L A B 2 " WAS n O O I F I E D TO I T S PRESENT F3RM AND GIVEN THE NAME *00000170
- S L A B 4 - BY K. N . GUNALAN AND W. K. WRAY* DECEMBER, 1 9 8 6 . A
*00000180
D E S C R I P T I O N OF THE M O D I F I C A T I O N S AND EXAMPLE PROBLEMS ARE G I V E N
*00000190
I N K. N . GUNALAN'S DOCTORAL D I S S E R T A T I O N E N T I T L E D :
- ANALYSIS OF
*00000200
I N D U S T R I A L FLOOR SLABS-ON-GROUND FOR DESIGN P U R P O S E S - , AT TEXAS
*00000210
TECH U N I V E R S I T Y , LUBBOCK, T E X A S , 1 9 8 6 .
*00000220
*00000230
*00000240
*000002SO
*00000260
T H I S PROGRAM PROVIDES SOLUTIONS FOR THE D E F L E C T I O N S , S T R *00000270
E S S E S , BENDING MOMENTS, AND SHEAR FORCES DUE TO LOADING AND/OR
*00000280
WARPING I N A S I N G L E RECTANGULAR S L A B , OR TWO SLABS CONNECTED BY
*00000290
DOWEL BARS AT THE J O I N T , R E S T I N G ON A F O U N D A I I O N OF THE E L A S T I C
*00000300
SOLID TYPE.
*00000310
*000 00320
THE SLAB S ARE DIVIDED INTO RECTAN GULAR FINITE ELEMENTS OF
*00000330
VARIOUS S I Z E S .
HOWEVER* FOR ASPECT RAT IO*S SREATER THAN THREE FOR
THE F I N I T E ELE MENTt THE SOLU TIONS WOULD BE ERRONEOUS AND THEREFORE *00000340
*000003S0
THE SOLUTION I S TERMINATED.
THE ELEMEN TS AND NODES ARE NUMBERED
*00000360
CONSECUTIVELY FROM BOTTOM TO TOP ALONG THE Y AXIS AND FROM LEFT
*00000370
TO RIGHT ALONG THE X AXIS.
IF TWO SLAB S ARE CONNECTED BY DOWEL
*00000380
ELLED
JOINT
MUST
BE
NUMBERED
BARS AT THE JO INT, EACH NODE AT THE DOW
*00000390
T W I C E , ONE FOR THE LEFT SLAB AND THE OT HER F3R THE RIGHT SLAB.
*00000400
THE DOWELS ARE ASSUMED loot EFFICIENT, SO THAT THE DEFLECTIONS AT
*00000410
THE J O I N T ARE THE SAME FOR B OTH SLABS. LOADS MAY BE APPLIED TO
*00000420
E I T H E R OR BOTH SLABS, AND TH E STRESSES AT ANY NODE IN EITHER
*00000430
SLAB MAY BE CO MPUTED.
THE P ROGRAN CAN DETERMINE THE STRESSES AND *00000440
D E F L E C T I O N S DU E TO DEAD LOAD V TEMPERATU RE WARPING* OR LIVE LOAD*
*00000450
E I T H E R COMBINE D OR SEPARATEL Y.
*00000460
124
r
C
I
I.e. w
I " ! '"OSRAM
" S L Y * E . G . , STACK
LOADING.
CAN NOW HANDLE TWO L 3 A D I N G

LOADING C O N D I T I O N TOGETHER
CONDITIONS S I H U L T A N E O - 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 0
WITH A F O R K L I F T
*00000480
*00000490
,,
C
C
C
C
THE PROGRAM L I S T S D E F L E C T I O N S * MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCES BOTH

I N THE ORDER OF NODES AND I N THE ASCENDING ORDER OF N A G N I T U D E .
T H I S I S DONE WITH THE A I D OF A I H S L LIBRARY CALLED VSRTR AVAILABLE
AT TEXAS TECH U N I V E R S I T Y .
C
C
C
THE >ROSRAM NOW PROVIDES THE TWENTY MAXIMUM D I F F E R E N T I A L

D E F L E C T I O N R A T I O ' S TOGETHER WITH NODE NUMBERS* DISTANCE BETWEEN
N O D E S , D I F F E R E N T I A L D E F L E C T I O N BETWEEN THE N3DES E T C .
*00000500
*00000S10
00000S20
*00ft00530
*00000540
*00000550
*00000560
THE*00000S70
*00000580
c
*00000S90
C
THE PROGRAM PROVIDES THE FOLLOWING FOUR O P T I O N S :
*00000600
C
OPTION 1 :
SLAB AND SUBGRADE ARE I N FULL CONTACT* AS
*00000610
C
O R I G I N A L L Y ASSUMED BY P I C K E T T . > SET N O T C O N 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 0
C
TO 0 * NWT TO 0 * AND CYCLE TO 1 .
*00000630
C
OPTION 2 :
SLAB AND SUBGRADE ARE I N FULL CONTACT AT
*00000640
C
SOME P O I N T S BUT COMPLETELY OUT OF CONTACT AT * 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0
C
THE R E M A I N I N G P O I N T S BECAUSE OF LARGE GAPS
*00000660
C
BETWEEN THE SLAB AND TME SUBGRADE. > SET
*00000670
C
NOTCON TO THE NUMBER OF P O I N T S NOT I N C O N *00000680
C
TACT* NGAP TO 0 * NWT T3 0 * AND NCYCLE TO 1 .
*00000690
C
OPTION 3 :
SLAB AND SUBRAOE MAY OR MAY NOT BE I N C O N *00000700
C
TACT BECAUSE OF WARPING OF THE S L A B .
WHEN
*00000710
C
THE SLAB I S REMOVED* T) E SUBGRADE WILL FORM
*00000720
C
A SMOOTH SURFACE WITH 0 DEPRESSIONS OR I N I - * 0 O 0 O 0 7 3 O
C
T I A L G A P S . > SET NOTCON TO 0 * NGAP TO 0 *
^00000740
C
NCYCLE TO MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CYCLES FDR C H E C K - * 0 0 0 0 0 7 S O
C
ING CONTACT*
*00000760
C
OPTION 4 :
WHEN THE SLAB I S REMOVED* THE SUBGRADE WILL
*00000770
C
NOT FORM A SMOOTH SURFACE BUT SHOWS I R R E G U L A R * 0 0 0 0 0 7 8 0
C
D E F O R M A T I O N . > SET NOTCON TO 0 * NGAP TO
*00000790
C
NUMBER OF NODES WITH I N I T I A L GAPS* NCYCLE TO * 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0
C
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CYCLES FOR CHECKING C a N T A C T * 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 0
C
*00000820
C
*00000830
C***********************************************************************000
00840
C
*00000850
C I W P U T DATA:
*00000860
C
NORMALLY* I N P U T DATA I S I N CONSISTENT U N I T S OF POUNDS*
*00000370
C
I N C H E S * POUNDS PER SOUARE I N C H ( P S I l * E T C .
HOWEVER* SLAB WIDTH A N O * 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 0
C
LENGTH OF THE SLAB AND T H E I R RESPECTIVE NODAL DISTANCES ARE INPUT
*00000890
C
I N FEET.
THE I N P U T D I M E N S I O N S I I N F E E T I ARE CONVERTED INTERNALLY
*00000900
C
TO INCHES FOR PROGRAM C A L C U L A T I O N S .
*000009I0
C
*00000920
C * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ^ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0 0 0 0 0 9 30
C
*0000a940
C
NOTES ON D I M E N S I O N S TO BE S P E C I F I E D BY THE USERS:
*00000950
125
THE
OF C AND G SHOULD NOT BE LESS T H A N :

N 0 B ( 2 I = INX14-NX2I*NY*NB
THE DIMENSION OF H AN HD SHOULD NOT BE LESS T H A N :
NOO s C N O N Y 4 - l l * N O N Y / 2 ; I F N S L A B ^ l * NONY = N X l * N Y ;
N S L A B 2 * NONY =
INX1^NX2-1I*NY
THE DIMENSION OF CO SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN N r * N B * 3
THE DIMENSION OF F SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN N 0 2 * WHERE:
N02 INX1-NX2I*NY*3
THE D I M E N S I O N OF D F * GAP* P P F * PF* CURL* F O * D E F * AB* AND NCC
SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN INX1-<I X2 l * N Y
*00000960
*00000970
*00000980
*00000990
DIMENSIONS
THE D I M E N S I O N S I N D I C A T E D
I O N S MAY BE R E Q U I R E D .
PRINCIPAL
NOTATION
ABI I
AOB
ADB2
AISLWD
ASPACE
ATB
ATB2
B
BDA
BDA2
BEAML* BEAMS
BEAMLL
BEAMLW
BEAMSL
BEAMSW
BSPACE
CC
C0( I
CURLtNGAPI)
FOR
ABOVE
ARE
A MINIMUM*
THOUGH LARGER
*00001000
*00001010
*00001020
*00001030
*00001040
*000O10S0
*00001060
*00001070
D I M E N S - *00001080
IF
*00001090
SLAB2
*00001100
*00001110
00001120
00001130
00001140
00001150
DISTAN CE BETWEEN MIDPOINTS OF ADJACENT

00001160
ELEMEN TS* IN X - D I R E : T I O N
00001170
SLAB A REA INFLUENCED BY EACH NODE
00001180
Af I DIVIDED BY B( I
00001190
ADB SO UARED
00001200
AISLE WIDTH IN FEET
00001210
CENTER - T O - C E N T E R SPACING OF L O N G I T U D I N A L
00001220
STIFFE N I N 6 BEAMS
00001230
Af I M U L T I P L I E D BV B(
I
00001240
ATB SO UARED
00001250
DISTAN CE BETWEEN M I D P O I N T S OF ADJACENT
00001260
ELEMEN TS* I N Y - D I R E C T I O N
00001270
B( I D I V I D E D BY A l
I
00001280
BOA SO UARED
LONG 0 IMENSION AND SHORT D I M E N S I O N OF GRAD E 0 0 0 0 1 2 9 0
00001300
BEAM* IN I N C H E S .
LONG D I M E N S I O N OF L O N G I T U D I N A L BEAM CROSS- 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 0
00001320
SECTIO N
00001330
IMENSION
OF
TRANSVERSE
BEAM
CROSSLONG 0
00001340
SECTIO N
00001350
SHORT D I M E N S I O N OF L O N G I T U D I N A L CROSS00001360
SECTIO N
SHORT DIMENSION OF TRANSVERSE BEAN CROSS- 0 0 0 J ) 1 3 7 0
00001380
SECTIO N
00001390
CENTER - T O - C E N T E R SPACING OF TRANSVERSE
00001400
STIFFE NING B EAMS
(It SL AB S T I F F N E S S M A T R I X * OR 1 2 1 OVERALL 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 0
00001420
STIFFN ESS MATRIX OF SYSTEM
00001430
STIFFN ESS C O E F F I C I E N T S AT THE J O I N T
00001440
AMOUNT OF GAP BETWEEN SLAB AND SUBGRADE
126
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
OEFI
OEFF
DEL
DELF
OFI
OKI
OXYFAC* DVFAC
DYI
EIX
EIY
Fl 1
FLRCAP
FOI 1
FRX
HI
ICL
ICLF
lER
ISOTRY
LIFT
MOIX
HOIY
MMM
MXOIFI
UNIT DEFLECTIONS FROM SUBGRADE FLEXIBILITY 0 0 0 0 1 4 5 0

MATRIX
00001460
WORKING VARIABLE WHOSE VALUE IS DEPENDENT
00001470
UPON DEF(
I ANO LOCATION IN FINITE ELEMENT00001480
6RID
00001490
TOLERANCE TO CONTROL CONVERGENC* GENERAL00001500
LY USE 0 . 0 0 1 FOR COARSE CONTROL
00001510
TOLERANCE TO CONTROL CONVERGENCE* GENERAL- 0 0 0 0 1 5 2 0
LY USE 0 . 0 0 0 1 . FOR FINE CONTROL
00001530
DIFFERENCE IN DEFLECTIONS AT THE SAME NODE 0 0 0 0 1 5 4 0
BETWEEN TWO CONSECUTIVE ITERATIONS
00001550
DISTANCE BETWEEN ADJACENT NODES IN THE
00001560
X-DIRECTION
00001570
FORMS OF THE ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF AN ORTHO-00001580
TROPIC SLAB IWHOSE PRINCIPAL DIRECTIONS OF 0 0 0 0 1 5 9 0
OF ORTHOTROPY COINCIDE WITH THE X- AND Y00001600
AXESI
00001610
DISTANCE BETWEEN ADJACENT NODES IN THE
00001620
V-OIRECTION
00001630
FLEXURAL RIGIDITY IN LONGITUDINAL 0 I R E C T I O N 0 0 0 0 1 6 4 0
FLEXURAL RIGIDITY IN TRANSVERSE DIRECTION
00001650
DEFLECTION AT A NODE
00001660
FORKLIFT'S RATED CAPACITY IN POUNDS
00001670
FORCE DUE TO WEIGHT OF SLAB AND/OR U N I 00001680
FORMLY DISTRIBUTED LIVE LOAD ON ELEMENT
00001690
FLEXURAL RIGIDITY PER UNIT WIDTH* IN L 0 N G I - 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0
ITUOINAL DIRECTION
00001710
SUBGRADE STIFFNESS MATRIX
00001720
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS ALLOWED* GEN- 0 0 0 0 1 7 3 0
ERALLV USE 1 0 FOR COARSE CONTROL.
00001740
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS ALLOWED* GEN- 0 0 0 0 1 7 5 0
ERALLV USE 3 0 FOR FINE CONTROL
00001760
INSTABILITY ERROR OCCURRING DURING MATRIX
00001770
INVERSION
00001780
SWITCH TO DETERMINE IF STIFFNESS OF CON00001790
STANT THICKNESS SLAB OR OF STIFFENED SLAB
00001800
IS TO BE USED IN PROBLEM SOLUTION> A S S I G N 0 0 0 0 1 8 1 0
0 IF CONSTANT THICKNESS; ASSIGN 1 IF
00001820
STIFFENED SLAB
00001830
DETERMINES MODE OF SOIL SWELLING:
ASSIGN
00001840
1 IF CENTER LIFT* AND ASSIGN 2 IF EDGE L I F T 0 0 0 0 1 8 5 0
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF STIFFENED SLAB S E C T I O N 0 0 0 0 1 8 6 0
IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION
00001870
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF STIFFENED SLAB SECTION00001880
IN TRANSVERSE DIRECTION
00001890
EXPONENT OF EXPONENTIAL EOUATIDN DESCRIBING00001900
PROFILE OF SWOLLEN SUBGRADE.
EQUATION IS
00001910
OF THE FORM V=C*X**M
00001920
NUMERICAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MOMENTS AT
00001930
127
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c
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c
c
c
MXVDIFI
MYDIFI
1
1
MYXOIFI
NB
NCK
NCYCLE
NELEM
NFLINFLOADI
NFL OAD
NGAP
.
NGINGAPI
NKENT
NLINLOADI
NLOAD
NO! 11
N0I2I
NOB! 11
N08t2l
NONY
NOO
NOOCKINCKI
NOTCON
NOl
N013
N02
N023
NPINPRINTI
NPRINT
ADJACENT NODES IN THE X - O I R E C T I O N

00001940
NUMERICAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWISTING
00001950
MOMENTS AT ADJACENT NODES
00001960
NUMERICAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MOMENTS AT
00001970
ADJACENT NODES I N TME Y - D I R E C T I O N
00001980
NUMERICAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN T W I S T I N G
00001990
MOMENTS AT ADJACENT NODES
00002000
HALF BAND W I D T H * EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN
00002010
I NY 2 1 * 3
00002020
NUMBER OF NODAL POINTS FOR CHECKING THE
00002030
CONVERGENCE
00002040
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CYCLES FOR CHECKING SUB- 00002050
00002060
GRADE CONTACT* GENERALLY USE 10
00002070
NUMBER OF ELEMENTS I N F I N I T E ELEMENT GRID
00002080
ELEMENT NUMBERS OVER WHICH SECOND LOAD I S
00002090
APPLIED
NUMBER OF ELEMENTS ON WHICH SECOND LOAD I S 00002100
00002110
APPLIED
TOTAL NUMBER OF NODES AT WHICH A GAP E X I S T S000021.20
BETWEEN SLAB AND SUBGRADE.
ASSIGN 0 I F NO 00002130
GAP E X I S T S OR THE GAP I S VERY LARGE
00002140
NODAL NUMBER OF THE NODE AT WHICH THE GAP
00002150
GAP BETWEEN SLAB AND SUBGRADE I S S P E C I F I E D 00002160
COUNTER TO CALL SUBROUTINE SHEAR*
00002170
ELEMENT NUMBER OVER WHICH LOAD I S APPLIED
00002180
NUMBER OF ELEMENTS 3N WHICH LOAD I S A P P L I E 0000 02190
USE 0 I F THERE I S NO LOAD
00002200
TOTAL NUMBER OF COMPONENTS CONTRIBUTING TO 00002210
00002220
INTERNAL WORK I N SLAB t l
TOTAL NUMBER OF COMPONENTS CONTRIBUTING TO 00002230
00002240
INTERNAL WORK I N BOTH SLABS
00002250
N0I1I*NB
00002260
N0I2)*NB
00002270
NUMBER OF NODES I N SLAB S i OR NUMBER OF
00002280
NODES I N BOTH SLABS LESS NY
00002290
INONY I I * ( N O N Y ) / 2
00002300
NODAL NUMBER OF THE POINTS FOR CHECKING
00002310
CONVERGENCE
00002320
TOTAL NUMBER OF NODES AT WHICH REACTIVE
PRESSURE I S PRESUMED TO BE 0 .
I F N C Y C L E - 1 *00002330
00002340
THESE NODES W I L L NEVER BE I N CONTACT; I F
00002350
NCYCLE > 1 * THESE N3DES MAY OR MAY NOT BE
I N CONTACT* DEPENDING ON CALCULATED RESULT S00002360
00002370
NX1*NY*3
00002380
OF
NODES
IN
SLAB
tl
TOTAL NUMBER
00002390
NX*NV3
00002400
TOTAL NUMBER OF NODES IN BOTH SLABS
00002410
NODAL NUMBER OF THE PRINTED POINTS.
NUMBER OF NODES AT WHICH STRESSES ARE TO B E00002420
128
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c
NPROB
NPUNCH
NREAD
NSLAB
NSLOAD
NSVM
NTEMP
NWT
NX
NXl
HK2
NY
NYNB
NZINOTCONI
PA
PB
PFf
PPF I
PR
PRS
Q
1
1
PRINTED
00002430
NUMBER OF PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED.
I NOTE:
00002440
O P T I O N S 3 AND 4 MAY BE SOLVED I N TWO S E P A - 0 0 0 0 2 4 5 0
RATE PROBLEMS.
THE F I R S T PROBLEM COMPUTES 0 0 0 0 2 4 6 0
THE GAPS ANO PRECOMPRESS IONS DUE TO WEIGHT 0 0 0 0 2 4 7 0
OF SLAB ANO TEMPERATURE BY SETTING NWT TO
00002480
1 * ANO THE SECOND PROBLEM COMPUTES
000024 90
STRESSES AND DEFLECTIONS DUE TO L I V E LOAD
00002500
ONLY BY S E T T I N G NWT TO 0 . 1
00002510
ANY GAPS OR PRECOMPRESSION TO BE PUNCHED7
00002520
ASSIGN 1 I F YES AND ASSIGN 0 I F NO.
000 02530
ANY GAPS OR PRECOMPRESSIONS TO BE READ I N 7 0 0 0 0 2 5 4 0
ASSIGN 1 I F Y E S * ASSIGN 2 I F GAPS ANO P R E - 0 0 0 0 2 5 5 0
COMPRESSIONS ARE FROM THE PREVIOUS PR0BLM*00002560
AND ASSIGN 0 I F O T H E R W I S E .
000025 70
NUMBER S L A B S * EITHER 1 OR 2
00002580
SWITCH TO DETERMINE I F THERE I S A SECOND
00002590
LOADING ON THE SLAB. ASSIGN 0 WHEN THERE I S 0 0 0 0 2 6 0 0
NO SECOND LOADING AND ASSIGN 1 WHEN THERE
00002610
I S A SECOND LOADING ON THE SLAB
00002620
C O N D I T I O N OF SYMMETRY.
ASSIGN 1 WHEN NO
000026 30
SYMMETRY E X I S T S * 2 WHEN SYMMETRIC WITH R E - 0 0 0 0 2 6 4 0
SPECT TO Y A X I S * 3 WHEN SYMMETRIC WITH R E - 0 0 0 0 2 6 5 0
SPECT TO X A X I S * 4 WHEN SYMMETRIC WITH R E - 0 0 0 0 2 6 6 0
SPECT TO BOTH X ANO Y AXES* ANO 5 FOR FOUR 0 0 0 0 2 6 7 0
SLABS SYMMETRICALLY LOADED.
00002680
C O N D I T I O N OF W A R P I N S .
ASSIGN 0 I F T E M P E R A - 0 0 0 0 2 6 9 0
TURE GRADIENT I S 0 AND ASSIGN 1 I F GRADlENTOOO02700
I S NOT 0
00002710
METHOD EMPLOYED.
ASSIGN 0 WHEN WEIGHT IS
00002720
NOT CONSIDERED* ASSIGN 1 WHEN WEIGHT IS
00002730
CONSIDERED FOR SLAB OF NON-CONSTANT CROSS- 0 0 0 0 2 7 4 0
S E C T I O N * ANO A S S I G N - 1 WHEN SLAB I S OF C 0 N - 0 0 0 0 2 7 5 0
STANT* RECTANGULAR CROSS-SECTION
00002760
00002770
TOTAL NUMBER NODES I N THE X D I R E C T I O N
NUMBER OF NODES I N X D I R E C T I O N FOR SLAB H 0 0 0 0 2 7 8 0
NUMBER OF NODES I N X D I R E C T I O N FOR SLAB 1 2 . 0 0 0 0 2 7 9 0
00002800
ASSIGN 0 WHEN THERE I S ONLY ONE S L A B .
00002810
NUMBER OF NODES I N Y D I R E C T I O N
00002820
NY*3*NB
NODAL NUMBER OF THE NODES AT WHICH R E A C T I V E 0 0 0 0 2 8 3 0
00002840
PRESSURE I S I N I T I A L L Y SET TO ZERO
00002850
WORKING V A R I A B L E * EaUAL TO A
00002860
WORKING V A R I A B L E * ERUAL TO B
00002870
A PREVIOUS NODAL D E F L E C T I O N
00002880
A PREVIOUS NODAL D E F L E C T I O N
00002890
P O I S S O N ' S R A T I O OF THE CONCRETE
00002900
P O I S S O N ' S RATIO OF THE S O I L
00002910
LOADING ON S L A B * EXPRESSED AS A PRESSURE
129
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c
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c
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c
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c
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Q2
OK
QK2
QO
QSLAB
RFJ
RM
SMI
STRI
T
TEMP
TEX
TEY
TRBL
TRBW
VL*
VM
VXI
1
VXMAXN
VXMAXP
VVI
1
VYMAXN
VVMAKP
XT!
1
YTI
1
WK
XINK1^NX2I
XOAINLOAO*
XOAINLOAO*
1)
21
X0A2INFL0AD*1>
XDA2(NFL0AD2I
AND
ANO
SECOND LOADING ON SLAB* EXPRESSED AS A

00002920
PRESSURE
00002930
FORCE DUE TO A P P L I ED LOAD ON AN ELEMENT
00002940
FORCE DUE TO A P P L I ED SECOND LOAD ON AN
00002950
ELEMENT
00002960
WK
00002970
WEIGHT OF SLAB EXP RESSED AS A UNIFORMLY
00002980
D I S T R I B U T E D LOAD.
( T H I S INPUT I S USED W H E N 0 0 0 0 2 9 9 0
SLAB I S NOT CONSTA NT DEPTH RECTANGLULAR
00003000
C R O S S - S E C T I O N ANO N t f T s l . l
00003010
RELAXATION FACTOR AT THE J O I N T * USUALLY 0 . 5 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0
R I G I D I T Y MODULUS
0 0 0 0 3 0 30
S T I F F N E S S MATRIX F OR A RECTANGULAR ELEMENT 0 0 0 0 3 0 4 0
OF AN ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL
00003050
CALCULATED STRESSE S DUE TO LOADING AND
00003060
SUPPORT C O N D I T I O N S
00003070
THICKNESS OF THE C ONSTANT DEPTH SLAB
00003080
D I F F E R E N C E I N TEMP EKATURE BETWEEN TOP AND
00003090
BOTTOM OF S L A B .
U SE P O S I T I V E I F CURLED
00003100
UPWARD AND NEGATIV E I F CURLED DOWNWARD.
00003110
EQUIVALENT CONSTAN T THICKNESS SLAB DEPTH I N 0 0 0 0 3 1 2 0
L O N G I T U D I N A L DIREC TION
00003130
EQUIVALENT CONSTAN T THICKNESS SLAB DEPTH I N 0 0 0 0 3 1 4 0
TRANSVERSE D I R E C T I ON
00003150
TORSIONAL R I G I D I T Y OF BEAM I N L O N G I T U D I N A L 0 0 0 0 3 1 6 0
DIRECTION
00003170
00003180
TORSIONAL R I G I D I T Y OF BEAM I N TRANSVERSE
00003190
DIRECTION
00003200
LOAD MATRICES USED TO DETERMINE ELEMENTAL
00003210
S T I F F N E S S MATRIX
00003220
SHEAR FORCE IN THE X - O I R E C T I O N
MAXIMUM NEGATIVE S HEAR FORCE I N X - 0 I R E C T I O N 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 0
MAXIMUM P O S I T I V E S HEAR FORCE I N X - 0 I R E C T I O N 0 0 0 0 3 2 4 0
SHEAR FORCE I N THE Y - D I R E C T I O N
00003250
MAXIMUM NEGATIVE S HEAR FORCE I N V - 0 I R E C T I O N 0 0 0 0 3 2 6 0
MAXIMUM P O S I T I V E S HEAR FORCE IN V - D I R E C T I O N 0 0 0 0 3 2 7 0
TEMPORARY STORAGE F I L E FOR X I
00003280
1
TEMPORARY STORAGE F I L E FOR V I
00003290
1
WEIGHT OF CONCRETE I N P S I
00003300
X COORDINATES STAR TING FROM 0 ANO I N C R E A S - 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 0
ING FROM L E F T TO R I G H T .
INOTE:
X MUST BE 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0
READ TWICE AT J O I N T IF TWO S L A B S .
COOROI- 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0
NATE DISTANCES ARE I N P U T I N F E E T . I
00003340
LOWER AND UPPER L I H I T S OF LOADED AREA I N X 0 0 0 0 3 3 5 0
X DIRECTION.
USE - 1 TO I I F THE LOAD C O V - 0 0 0 0 3 3 6 0
ERS THE WHOLE LENG TM OF ELEMENT.
00003370
LOWER AND UPPER L I H I T S OF LOADED AREA FOR
00003380
SECOND LOADING IN X - O I R E C T I O N . USE - 1 TO - 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 9 0
I F THE LOAD COVERS THE WHOLE LENGTH OF THE 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 0
130
c
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c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c<
c
c
XEC
XMOM
XYMOM
XXIll
XXI2I
XXL
xxs
XYMX
YINYI
VDAINLOAD*
YOAINLOAD*
II
21
YDA2INFL0A0*1I
Y0A2(NF.0AD*2I
YM
YMOM
VMS
W i l l
YYI2I
ANO
AND
ELEMENT
00003410
EDGE PENETRA T I O N OIS TANCE* I N F E E T .
00003420
BENDING NOME NT I N X - D I R E C T I O N
00003430
T W I S T I N G MOM ENT
00003440
X-COORDINATE S OF CENITROIO OF SLAB B l
00003450
X-COORDINATE S OF CENITROIO OF SLAB C2
00003460
SLAB LENGTH* I N FEET
00003470
SLAB W I D T H * I N FEET
00003480
AMOUNT OF DI FFERENTIAL SHRINK OR SWELL* I N 00003490
INCHES
00003500
V COORDINATE S STARTING FROM ZERO AND I N 00003510
CREASING TO TOP* I N FEET
00003520
LOWER ANO UP PER L I M I T S OF LOADED AREA I N V 00003530
DIRECTION.
USE - 1 TO -1-1 I F THE LOAD COVER S00003540
WHOLE WIDTH OF ELEMENT.
00003550
LOWER ANO UP PER L I M I T S OF LOADED AREA FOR
00003560
SECOND LOADI NG I N Y - D I R E C T I O N . USE - 1 TO * 100003570
I F THE LOAD COVERS THE WHOLE WIDTH OF THE
00003580
ELEMENT
00003590
YOUNG'S MODU LUS OF THE CONCRETE
00003600
BENDING NOME NT IN V-OIRECTION
00003610
YOUNG'S MODU LUS OF THE S O I L
00003620
V-COORDINATE S OF CENTROID OF SLAB !
00003630
V-COORDINATE S OF CENTROID OF SLAB 1 2
00003640
00003650
*00003660
00003670
00003680
D I M E N S I O N S N ( 9 0 1 * S M 1 ( 9 0 ) * S M 2 ( 9 0 I S N 3 ( 9 0 I * S M 4 ( 9 0 I * X M O M 1 6 5 0 I * V M O M I 6 500003690
* 0 I * X Y M O M ( 6 S 0 I * M X O I F I 6 5 0 1 * M Y D I F I 6 5 0 1 f N X Y O I F I 65 01 * M Y X D I F I 65 01 * X ( 6 5 0 100003700
* V I 6 5 0 t * X T I 6 S 0 l * Y T I 6 5 0 1 * 0 X 1 6 5 0 1 * DYI 6 5 0 1 * H D I 2 0 8 0 0 0 1 * O F I 6 5 0 1 N L I 6 5 0 100003710
* * N O O I 4 I * N O B ( 2 I * C ( 1 5 0 0 0 0 I * G A P I 6 5 0 I * H ( 2 0 8 0 0 0 I * P P F ( 6 5 0 I * F I 2 1 0 0 I * 6 I 1 5 000003720
* O O O I f C O ( 5 5 0 0 l P F ( 6 5 0 l * C U R L ( 6 5 0 l * N O D C K I 7 5 l * X X I 2 I * Y V I 2 I * Y Y Y I 2 1 I * F 0 I 600003730
00003740
*SOI
D I M E N S I O N X D A ( 5 0 0 * 2 I * V D A ( 5 0 0 * 2 1 * K O I 4 1 t V O I 4 1 * N P I 6 5 0 I * N 0 I 2 I * Z Z I 2 1 I * 00003750
00003760
*DCFI650I*AB(650I*NCC(650I*NZI650I*STRI650*6 l*NG1650l*YXnOM(650l*
* V X I 6 5 0 1 * V V I 6 5 0 1 * I R I 6 5 0 1 * G U N A ( 6 5 0 1 * X D A 2 I 5 0 0 * 2 1 * Y 0 A 2 ( 5 0 0 * 2 1 * N F L ( 6 5 0 100005770
00003780
00003790
COMMON C F * G N 0 * N 8 * X V * S T R N P * X M 0 M * V M 0 M * X Y M 0 M * X T * V T * D X * D Y M X 0 I F *
00003800
* M V 0 I F M K Y O I F M Y X D I F * V X M O M * V X * W * N X Y * N Y X * VXMAXN* VXMAXP*
00005810
*VVMAXNVYMAXP
00003820
00003830
REAL n X D I F * M Y D I F f M X Y D I F * M V K O I F * M O I X * MO l Y
00003840
00003850
FOR REFERENCE ON DATA BLOCKS* SEE Z I E N K I E W I C Z * O . C * - T H E F I N I T E
00003860
ELEMENT METHOD I N E N G I N E E R I N G S C I E N C E " * CHAPTER 1 0 * MCGRAW-HILL
00003870
BOOK C O . * 1 9 7 1 .
00003880
00003890
DATA SMl/60.* 0.* 30.*5*0.* 20.* 30.* 0.* 15.* 3*0.* 15.* 0.*
131
* 10.* - 6 0 . * 0.* 30.* 30.* - 3 0 . * 0.* 10.* - 3 0 . * 0.* 15.* 3*0.*

00003900
* - 1 5 . * 0.* 5 . * 6 0 . * 0 . * 3 0 . * 5*0.* 20.* - 3 0 . * 0.* I S . * 3*0.* -15.*00003910
* 0 . * 5 . * - 6 0 . * 0 . * 3 0 . * 3 * 0 . * - 3 0 . * 0 . * 1 0 . * 6 0 . * 0 . * - 3 0 . * 5 * 0 . * 00003920
* 2 0 . * 30.* 0 . * - 1 5 . * 5*0.* - 1 5 . * 0.* 10.* 6 0 . * 0 . * - 5 0 . * 5*0. *20./00003930
00003940
DATA S M 2 / 6 0 . * - 5 0 . * 0 . * 0 . * 2 0 . * 4 * 0 . * - 6 0 . * - 5 0 . * 0 . * 5 0 . * 1 0 . *
00005950
* 4 * 0 . * 5 0 . * - l S . * 0.* - 1 5 . * 10.* 4*0.* - 5 0 . * - 1 5 . * 0.* 15.* 5.*
00005960
* 4 * 0 . * 6 0 . * 5 0 . * 0 . * 0 . * 2 0 . * 4 * 0 . * - 5 0 . * I S . * 0 . * - 1 5 . * 5 . * 4 * 0 . *00003970
* 5 0 . * 1 5 . * 0 . * 1 5 . * 1 0 . * 4 * 0 . * 6 0 . * - 5 0 . * 0. 0 . * 2 0 . * 4 * 0 . * - 6 0 . * 0 0 0 0 5 9 8 0
* - 5 0 . * 0.* 50.* 10.* 4*0.* 60.* 50.* 0.* 0.* 20.* 4*0.^
00003990
00004000
DATA S M 5 / 5 0 . * - 1 5 . * 1 5 . 0 . * 0 . * - 1 5 . * 5 * 0 . * - 5 3 . * 0 . * - 1 5 . * 5 * 0 . * - 1 5 . 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 0
* * 0 . * 0 . * - 5 0 . * 15.* 0 . * 1 5 . * 5 * 0 . * 5 0 . * 8 * 0 . * 5 0 . * I S . * 15.* 0.*00004020
* 0 . * 1 5 . * 5 * 0 . * 5 0 . * 8 * 0 . * - 5 0 . * - 1 5 . * 0 . * - 1 5 . * 5 * 0 . * 5 0 . * - 1 5 . * 00004050
* - 1 5 . * 0.* 0 . * 15.* 5 * 0 . * - 5 0 . * 0.* 15.* 5*9.* 15.* 0.* 0.* 50.*
00004040
* 15.* - 1 5 . * 0.* 0.* - I S . * 5*0./
00004050
00004060
DATA SN4/ 8 4 . * - 6 . * 6 . * 0 . * S . * 5 * 0 . * 8 . * - 8 4 . * - 6 . * - 6 . * 6 . * - 2 . * 0 0 0 0 4 0 7 0
* 0.* - 6 . * 0.* - 8 . * - 8 4 . * 3*6.* - 8 . * 0.* - 6 . * 0.* - 2 . * 84.* 6.*
00004080
* - 6 . * - 6 . * 2 . * 0 . * 6 . * 0 . * 2 . * 84.* 6 . * 6.* 0 . * 8 . * 5*0.* 8 . * 84.*00004090
* 6.* - 6 . * 6 . * 2 . * 0 . * 6.* 0 . * 2 . * - 8 4 . * - & . * 6 . * - 6 . * - 8 . * 0 . *
00004100
* - 6 . * 0 . * - 2 . * 8 4 . * - 6 . * - 6 . * 0 . * 8 . * 5*0.* 8 . * - 8 4 . * - 6 . * 6 . * 6.*00004110
* - 2 . * 0 . * 6 . * 0 . * - 8 . * 8 4 . * 6 . * - 6 . * 0 . * S. * 5 * 0 . * 8 . /
00004120
00004130
101 FORMAT l / * 4 0 X * ' F I N I T E ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL FLOOR S L A B S ' * 0 0 0 0 4 1 4 0
* / 4 0 X * 4 9 ( ' - ' l / / 5 l X * ' S L A B 4 * BY K.N.GUNALAN* 19 8 5 . ' * / 5 1 X * 2 7 ( - ' I I
00004150
102 FORMAT l / / 5 X * ' T H I S INDUSTRIAL FLOOR SLAB PROBLEM H A S : ' *
00004160
*/5X*39l'-'ll
00004170
103 FORMAT (//*SX*'SUMMARY OF VAR I A B L E S ' * / 5 X * 2 1 ( ' - 1 1
00004180
104 FORMAT I 1 4 I 5 I
00004190
105 FORMAT l 4 F l 0 . 4 * 4 l 5 t
00004200
106 FORMAT I 9 F 8 . 5 I
00004210
107 FORMAT I 6 E 1 5 . 6 I
00004220
108 FORMAT I I 5 9 2 F 1 0 . 4 * 2 E 1 0 . 5 * F I 0 . 4 S I 5 I
00004250
109 FORMAT l / * 5 X ' S L A 6 L E N G T H * ' * 1 7 X * F 7 . 2 * 7 X * ' F T ' * / / 5 X * ' S L A B WIOTHxt,
00004240
* 1 8 X * F 7 . 2 * 7 X * ' F T ' * / / 5 X * ' T H I C K N E S S OF S L A B = * 9 X * F 1 0 . 4 * 6 X * ' I N ' * / / 5 X * 0 0 0 0 4 2 5 0
*'MODULUS OF C O N C R E T E s ' * 1 0 X * E 1 0 . 5 * 2 X * ' P S I ' * ^ / 5 X * ' P O I S S O i l S RATIO O F ' 0 0 0 0 4 2 6 0
* * CONCRETE-F10.4*//5X**V.MODULUS OF S U B . R A D E ' ' * 8 X * E 1 0 . 5 *
00004270
* 2 X * ' P S I ' * / / 5 X ' P O I S S O N S RATIO OF SUBGRADE" * F 1 0 . 4 I
00004280
110 FORMAT l / / 5 X * ' D I M E N S I 0 N OF GRADE BEAMS IN I N C H E S ' / 5 X * 5 4 l ' - *
00004290
*//40X*'0PTH'*10X*'WIDTH'*10X*'SPACING'*/40X*5l'-'l10K*5l'-'l*
00004500
* 1 0 X 7 ( ' - ' I * / / 1 0 X * T R A N S V E R S E GRADE B E A M ' * 6 X * F 1 0 . 5 * 5 X * F 1 0 . 5 * 7 X *
00004310
* F 1 0 . 5 . / / 1 0 X * ' L O N G I T U D I N A L GRADE B E A M ' * 4 X * F 1 0 . 5 * 5 X * F 1 0 . 5 * 7 X *
00004320
*F10.5,//I
00004350
111 FORMAT I 6 I 5 * 4 F 1 0 . 5 * F 5 . 2 * 1 5 1
00004540
112 FORMAT l / / * 5 X * ' P R 0 G R A M C0NSTANTS'*/5X* 1 7 1 ' - ' I I
00004550
115 FORMAT l / / 5 X * ' N S V M ' * 2 X * I 5 * / / 5 X * ' N B ' * 4 X * I 5 l
00004560
114 FORMAT | / / 5 X * N X 1 ' * 5 K * I 5 * / / 5 X , ' N V - ' * 4 X * I 5 * / / 5 X * ' N C Y C L E = ' * I 5 * / / 5 K * 0 0 0 0 4 5 7 0
*'NPRINT.'*I5I
00004380
132
115
* s ? ? 2 i T ^ ^ 5 I ' * 7 ' - ? / c : * * ' " ' ^ ^ ' * ' " ' ' " "'^5X*'NCK='.5X*I5*/,
//00004590
wi:l"^^
" " ' ^ * * ' '*
* * ^ " * 5 ' 2 X * ' P S I ' * / / 5 K * ' 0 E L . ' * 2 X * F 1 0 . 5 * 00004400
//5K*'0ELF='*1X*F10.5,//5X*'RFJ='*2X*F10.5*//5X,'ICLF'*1X*I5I
00004410
116 FORMAT l / / 5 X * ' V A L U E S
OF
X
I
N
INCHES
ARE:
*
/
*
1
1
I
4
X
*
F
8
.
5
I
I
00004420
117 FORMAT l / / 5 X * ' V A L U E S
OF V I N INCHES ARE: ' * / * 1 1 I 4 X * F 8 . 5 1 1
00004430
118 FORMAT l / / 5 X * ' T H E
FOLLOWING
NODES
ARE
USED
TO
CHECK
CONVERGENCE:'*00004440
//*12I10I
00004450
119 FORMAT I 9 F 8 . 4 I
00004460
120 FORMAT I F 7 . 5 I
00004470
121 FORMAT ( 7 F 1 0 . S I
000044 80
122 FORMAT ( / / * 5 X * ' L 0 A D S ARE APPLIED ON THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS'*
00004490
* ' A N D COORDINATES:'!
00004500
123 FORMAT I l O X * I 5 * 4 F 1 5 . 5 1
00004510
124 F 0 R M A r ( / / 5 X ' D E F L E C T I O N S I I N C H E S I I N THE ORDER OF N 0 D E S ' * / 5 X
00004520
*42('-'ll
00004550
125 FORMAT I / / * & X * ' N O D E ' * 7 X * ' D E F L E C T I O N ' * 6 X * ' N O D E ' * 7 X * ' D E F L E C T I O N ' *
00004540
*6X*'NODE'*7X*'DEFLECTION'*6X*'NODE'*7X*'DEFLECTION*I
00004550
126 FORMAT 1 4 1 4 X * I 5 * 5 X * E 1 3 . 6 I I
00004560
127 F 0 R M A T I / / 5 X * ' D E F L E C T I O N S I I N C H E S I I N THE ASCENDING ORDER O F * *
00004570
*
MAGNITUDE'*/5X*S5l'-'II
00004580
128 FORMAT l / / 3 5 X * ' M I N I M U M DEFLEC T I O N s ' E 1 5 . 6 * 2 X* * I N ' * / / 5 5 X *
00004590
* MAXIMUM D E F L E C T I 0 N s ' * E 1 5 . 6 * 2 X * ' I N ' I
00004600
129 F 0 R M A T I / / 5 X * ' S T R E S S E S I L B S / S O . I N I I N THE ORDER OF N 0 0 E S ' * / 5 X *
00004610
*42l'-*ll
00004620
130 FORMAT I / / * 6 X * ' N 0 0 E * * 8 X * * S T R E S S X * * 1 0 X * ' S T R E S S V ' * 1 0 X *
00004630
*'STRESS X Y ' *
12X*'MAJ0R'*15X**MIN0R**15X**SHEAR**/I
00004640
151 FORMAT I 5 X * I 5 * 6 I 5 X * E 1 5 . 6 I I
00004650
152 FORMAT I / / / / / I
00004660
155 F0RMATI//5X**M0MENTS ( I N . L B S I I N THE ORDER OF NODES * / 5 X * 2 9 l ' - ' I I 0 0 0 0 4 6 7 0
154 F 0 R M A T ( / / 6 X * ' N 0 0 E ' * 8 X * ' M 0 M E N T X**10X*'MOMENT Y'*9X*'MOMENT X Y ' * / ) 0 0 0 0 4 6 8 0
00004690
155 F0RMAT(//5X*'MOMENTS I I N . L B S ) K AND Y IN TNE ASCENDING ORDER**
00004700
* * OF M A G N I T U 0 E ' * / 5 X * 6 0 ( * - * I )
0
0004710
136 F 0 R M A T I / / 6 X * * N0DE**8X**M0MENT X* *6X * NODE **8X**MOMENT X * * / l
00004720
157 FORMAT(//6X*NODE*8X**MOMENT Y**6X**NO0E**8X**MOMENT Y * * / )
00004730
138 F 0 R M A T ( 2 ( 5 X * I 5 * 5 X v E 1 3 . 6 l l
00004740
139 FORMAT!'1*1
00004750
140 F 0 R M A T ( / / 5 X * * S H E A R FORCES I N THE ORDER OF N O D E S * * / 5 X * 5 3 l * - * l l
141 FaRMATI//10K**CALCULATED SHEAR IN LONG DIRECTION I L B S / I N I * * / / * 6 I 6 0 0 0 0 4 7 6 0
00004770
*X*'INCR'*3X*'SHEAR X ' l * / I
00004780
142 F 0 R M A T I 6 ( 6 X * I 5 * 5 X * F 8 . 5 I I
145 FORMAT(//10X*'CALCULATED SHEAR IN SHORT DIRECTION ( L B S / I N I * / / * 6 ( 0 0 0 0 4 7 9 0
00004800
*6X*'INCR**5X**SHEAR Y * l * / I
0
0004810
144 F 0 R M A T I / / 5 X * * S H E A R FORCES I N THE ASCENDING ORDER OF MAGNITUDE'*
00004820
*/5X*47('-*l)
145 F O R M A T ( / / 5 5 X * ' M A X NEGATIVE SHEAR FORCE IN K - 0 I R E C T I O N * ' * F 8 . 5
00004830
* L 8 S / I H * * / 5 5 X * * M A X POSITIVE SHEAR FORCE IN K-D IRECTION** *F 8 . 5 *
00004840
000048 50
* L B S / I N * * / / 5 5 X * * M A X NEGATIVE SHEAR FORCE I N Y - D I R E C T I O N * * * F 8 . 3 *
00004860
* L B S / I N * * / 3 5 X * * M A X POSITIVE SHEAR FORCE IN Y - D I R E C T I O N = * * F 8 . 5 *
00004870
* LBS/IN* I
133
146
FORMAT
(F7.1*F10.4I
00004880
00004890
00004900
14? FSSMJT aslFfi'.s?"**'"" ' ""*"* ^''''*'^ CONDITION.,/5X*37(.-.)100004910
00004920
}?? IZltl
;^^V*^'^*-'*=*''^^^5*'*^=*'5X*Fia.5*2X*.pSI.|
00004930
1 5 1 FORMAT ( / / * 5 X * * S E C 0 N 0 LOADING A P P L I E D ON THE FOLLOWING E L E M E N T S * . 00004940
** ANO C O O R D I N A T E S : * , / 5 X * 6 5 ( * - * I * / I
.-."-*. C L t n t n i b
,
00004950
00004960
00004970
READ I N THE NUMBER OF PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED ON T H I S RUN
00004980
00004990
READ ( 5 * 104 1 NPROB
00005000
^00005010
00005020
READ 1 5 * 1 4 & I FLRCAP* AISLWD
00005030
WRITE ( 6 * 1 0 1 1
00005040
WRITE ( 6 *
132)
00005050
WRITE ( 6 * 1 4 7 1 FLRCAP* AISLWD
00005060
00005070
WRITE ( 6 * 1 0 3 )
00005080
00005090
B E G I N PROBLEM SOLUTION
00005100
00005110
DO 9 5 0 LLL - 1* NPROB
00005120
R E A D I N SLAB DIMENSIONS AND OTHER D E S C R I P T I V E VARIALBE OF SLAB-ON- -00005130
00005140
GROUND TO BE ANALYZED
00005150
00005160
READ ( 5 * 1 0 5 J XXL* XXS* XEC* XYMX* MMM, I S 3 T R Y * L I F T * NSLOAO
'00005170
00005180
00005190
NKENT = 0
00005200
I F ( I S O T R Y . E Q . O ) GO TO 8
00005210
00005220
-READ I N D I M E N S I O N S OF GRADE BEAMS AND GRADE BEAM SPACINGS
00005230
00005240
00005250
READ ( 5 * 1 0 6 ) BEAMLW* BEAMSW* BEAMLL* BEAMSL* ASPACE* BSPACE
00005260
00005270
- R E A D I N MOMENT OF INERTIA I N LONG AND SHORT DIRECTIONS
00005230
READ 1 5 * 1 0 7 1 MOIX* MOIY
00005290
*****************************************************************i
00005300
00005310
READ I N SLAB GEOMETRY* E L A S T I C CONSTANTS* ANO OTHER CONSTANTS
00005320
00005330
3 READ ( 5 * 1 0 8 1 NSLAB* PR* T* YM* VMS* P R S * NSYM* NOTCON* NREAD*
00005340
* N P U N C H * NB
00005350
00005360
'''*Â;;LTirD?;::;j5x'!^;.;:jj;.p"Tr;'="^=-"'^^-^'''''-^-'^'"-
c
c
c
c
c<
c
c
cc
c
ccc
c
c
cc
c*
c
cC
C
C
C
C*
134
WRITE
cc
c
cc
cc
C
C-
z*
c
16*109)
XXL*
XXS*
T*
YM* PR*
VMS*
PRS
00005370
00005380
CALCULATE R I G I D I T Y MODULUS
00005390
00005400
RM *
YM*T**3/(12*(1-PR**2)I
00005410
00005420
CALCULATE E L A S T I C I T Y OF S O I L
00005430
00005440
YMSPRS = Y M S / I 1 . - P R S * * 2 I
00005450
00005460
I F I I S O T R Y . E Q . O I GO TO 9
00005470
WRITE ( 6 * 1 1 0 1 BEAMLW* BEAMSW* BSPACE* BEAMLL* BEAMSL* ASPACE
00005480
00005490
CALCUALTE FLEXURAL R I G I D I T Y
00005500
00005510
EIX = YM*MOIX
00005520
EIY = YM*MaiY
00005530
FRX = E I X / ( 1 2 . * X X L I
00005540
00005550
CALCULATE CONCRETE WEIGHT CONSTANT FOR SLAB OF CONSTANT THICKNESS 00005560
00005570
9 WK = 0 . 0 3 7 * T
00005580
IF IISOTRY.EQ.OI GO TO 7
00005590
00005600
00005610
CALCULATE T O R S I O N A L R I G I D I T Y OF TEE SECTION
00005620
00005630
TRANSVERSE GRADE BEAM
00005640
TRBW - ( B E f t M L W * B E A M S W * * 5 / 1 6 . 1 * ( ( 1 6 . / 5 . I - ( 5 . 3 6 * B E A M S W / B E A M L W I
00005650
**(1.-(BEAMSW**4/I12.*BEAMLW**4IIII/BSPACE
00005660
- L O N G I T U D I N A L GRADE BEAM
00005670
TRBL = I B E A M L L * B E A M S L * * 5 / 1 6 . l * l l l 6 . / 5 . 1 - 1 5 . 5 6 * B E A M S L / B E A M L L )
00005680
**I1.-(BEAMSL**4/(12.*BEAMLL**4))II/ASPACE
00005690
DXYFAC s
II6.*XXL*RM*(1.-PR||4^TRBL-TRBW1IÊIX
00005700
OVFAC (XXL/XXSI*(MOIY/MOIXI
00005710
00005720
CALCULATE AN EQUIVALENT SLAB DEPTH
00005730
00005740
TEX = ( ( l . - P R * * 2 l * M O I X / X X L I * * 0 . 5 5 5 5 5 5
00005750
TEY TEX*(0YFAC**0.555555I
00005760
READ IN NUMBER OF NODES IN EACH DIRECTION ANO NODAL PRINTING INFO 00005770
00005780
00005790
7 READ (5* 104 1 NXl* NX2* NY* NCYCLE* NPRINT, (NP(I)*I-1* NPRINTl
'00005800
00005810
00005820
NX - NX14-NX2
00005830
N0(2I * NX*NY*5
000058 40
N02 = NOl 21
00005850
N025 - Na2/3
135
NOIll =
NX1*NY*3
N O l = NOl I I
N015 s NOl/3
00005860
00005870
00005880
c
00005890
c R E A D I N COORDINATES OF F I N I T E ELEMENT GRID SYSTEM
00005900
C
00005910
READ 1 5 * 1 0 6 1 I X I I I * 1 = 1 * N X l * f V C I l * 1 = 1 * N Y I
00005920
*00005930
C
00005940
C
00005950
C C O N V E R T GRID SYSTEM COORDINATES FROM FEET TO INCHES
00005960
c
00005970
DO 1 6 0 I = 1 * NX
00005980
X(I) = X(II*12.
00005990
1 6 0 CONTINUE
00006000
0 0 1 6 1 1 = 1 * NY
00006010
Y d ) = Y( 1 1 * 1 2 .
00006020
1 6 1 CONTINUE
00006030
00006040
:
CALCULATE THE VARIOUS CONSTANTS USED THROUGHOUT THE SOLUTION
00006050
00006060
LA = N B - 1
00006070
N O B d l = N0( 1 ) * N B
00006080
N0B(2I = N0(2I*NB
00006090
00006100
NOBl N O B d )
00006110
N0B2 3 N0B(2 )
00006120
N013P = N013-l
00006130
N O I P = N014-1
00006140
N015NY = N015*NY
00006150
:
I N I T I A L I Z E AND SET TO ZERO THE MATRIX OF NODES NOT I N CONTACT I N I T00006160
00006170
00006180
0 0 5 2 0 0 1 = 1 * N025
00006190
5200 N C C d l = 0
00006200
I F ( N O T C O N . E Q . O I 6 0 TO 5 2 2 0
00006210
:
READ IN THE NODAL NUMBERS AT WHICH SUBGRADE REACTION IS PRESUMED 00006220
00006230
:
TO BE ZERO
00006240
00006250
READ (5* 1341 ( N Z d l * 1 = 1* NOTCONI
*00006260
000062 70
00006280
DO 5210 1 = 1 , NOTCON
00006290
5210 NCC(NZ(I1I = 1
000 06300
5220 IF (NSLAB-ll 11* 11* 15
00006310
11 NONY Nai3
00006320
GO TO 15
00006330
13 NONY s N023-NY
00006340
15 NOO = ( NQNY-ll*N0NY/2
136
c
C
C
00006350
00006360
00006370
00006380
ICC = 0
00006390
ICCC = 0
00006400
NIC - 0
00006410
DO 9 5 5 1 = 1 * N 0 2 3
00006420
F((I-11*3>1I = 0
00006430
00006440
DETERMINE NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN FINITE ELEMENT MESH
00006450
00006460
NELEM = ( N Y - l ) * ( N X - N S L A B t
00006470
N Y I = NV-1
00006480
I F THE SLAB AND SUBGRADE ARE NOT ASSUMED IN FULL CONTACT* ITERATE 0 0 0 0 6 4 9 0
00006500
UNTIL THE SAME CONTACT CONDITIONS ARE OBTAINED
00006510
00006520
00006530
NIC = NIC4-1
00006540
00006550
INITIALIZE SUBGRADE STIFFNESS MATRIX
0
0006560
0 0 16 I = 1* NOO
00006570
Hill s 0
00006580
IC = 0
00006590
0 0 5 5 I = 1* N023
00006600
P P F d ) F(( 1-11*3*11
00006610
ABdl = 0
00006620
00006630
I N I T I A L I Z E SLAB STIFFNESS MATRIX
00006640
00006650
0 0 19 I = 1 * N0B2
00006660
Cdl s 0
00006670
PA s 0
00006680
PB = 0
000066 90
00006700
GENERATE STIFFNESS MATRIX OF EACH ELEMENT
00006710
00006720
DO 2 0 0 K = 1 * NELEM
00006730
11 = ( K - l l / N Y l
00006740
12 = K-I1*NY1
00006750
I F (NSLAB-21 2 1 * 22f 2 2
00006760
N O D d l = K-I1
00006770
GO TO 2 7
00006780
I F I K - N Y 1 * ( N X 1 - 1 ) ) 2 1 * 2 1 * 23
00006790
00006800
I I = 11*1
00006810
N O O ( l ) = K*I14^NY1
00006820
N 0 D ( 2 I = NaD( 1 1 * 1
00006830
N 0 D ( 3 I = N0D(1I4-NY
N 0 D ( 4 ) = N3D(3)-1
I N I T I A L I Z E VARIABLES ANO MATRICES
955
C
C
C
965
16
55
C
19
21
22
23
27
137
A = (Xdl*2)-X(Il4^1)l/2
B = (Vd24-ll-Y(I2}l/2
C
C
C
00006840
00006850
TEST FOR DUPLICITY OF CALCULATIONS

IF (ABS(A-PA).LT.O.OOl.AND.ABS(B-PBI.LT.0.0011
PA = A
PB = B
ATB = A*B
ATB2 * A T B * * 2
AOB = A/B
BOA = B/A
A0B2 = A D 8 * * 2
B0A2 = B 0 A * * 2
C
C
C
COMPUTE THE ELEMENT F L E X I B I L I T Y
MATRIX OF SUBGRADE
XXX = 0
YYYfll = ALa6(2.0l
0 0 24 I = 2 * 2 1
XXX = XXX4-0. 05
24 Y Y Y d l = A L 0 G ( l * S O R T ( l * B D A * * 2 * X X X * * 2 l l
CALL OSF ( 0 . 0 5 * YYY* ZZ* 2 1 1
0EF(KI = ( Z Z ( 2 1 I - A L 0 G ( B D A I * 1 I / ( 4 * 5 . 1 4 1 5 9 5 * A I
XJ s 0
C
cc
FORMULATE LOAD MATRICES VL AND VM

00
00
IJ
DO
95 I = 1* 4
95 J = I* 4
= IJ^l
95 L = 1* 3
IF (L-2) 20* 50* 40

20 ui -
TO 2*B
50
50 GO
VL =
GO TO 50
40 VL = 2*A
50 0 0 95 M = 1* 5
IJLM = M-(L-11*3*(IJ-11*9
IF d . E O . J . A N O . L . G T . M ) GO TO 95
IF (M-2) 60* 70* 80
60 VM = 1
GO TO 90
70 VM = 2*B
GO TO 90
80 VM = 2*A
90 CONTINUE
GO TO 100
00006860
00006870
00006880
00006890
00006900
00006910
00006920
00006930
00006940
00006950
00006960
00006970
00006980
00006990
00007000
00007010
00007020
00007030
00007040
00007050
00007060
00007070
00007080
00007090
00007100
00007110
00007120
00007130
00007140
00007150
JJSJIJJS
00007170
00007190
00007180
00007200
00007210
00007220
00007230
,,.n
AÂliti
00007250
00007260
00007270
00007280
00007290
00007300
00007310
00007320
138
CALCULATE
ISOTRY=l:
THE ELEMENTAL S T I F F N E S S <4ATRIX ( I F SLAB HAS GRADE

I F SLAB I S OF CONSTANT T H I C K N E S S *
ISOTRY=0.)
BEAMS *00007330
I F ( I S O T R Y ) 9 5 0 * 9 2 * 93
S M d J L M ) = R M * ( B 0 A 2 * S M l d J L M ) * A 0 B 2 * S M 2 d J L M I - P R * S N 3 ( IJLM)
**0.5*(1.-PR)*SM4(IJLM))*VL*VM/(60.*ArB)
GO TO 95
93 S M d J L M ) = F R X * ( B 0 A 2 * S M 1 ( I J L N I - 0 Y F A C * A O B 2 * S M 2 ( I J L M l * D X Y F A C * S M 4 (
*IJLM)I*VL*VM/(60.*ATB)
95 CONTINUE
GO TO 189
100 D E F ( K I = D E F ( K - 1 I
189 I J = 0
92
DO 200
1 = 1 * 4
AB(NOOd))
C
C-
cc
AB(N00d))-ATB
SUPERIMPOSE THE ELEMENT

S T I F F N E S S MATRIX
STIFFNESS
MATRIX
TO FORM THE
OVERALL
DO 200 J = I * 4
IJ = IJ^l
00 200 L = 1* 3
DO 200 M = 1* 3
IJLM M*(L-1)*3-(IJ-1)*9
IF (I.EQ.J.ANO.M.LT.L) GO TO 200
IH s (N0D(I)-l)*Na*3*l*(L-l)*NB*(N3D( J)-NO0(I ))*34-M-L
C(IH) = C(IH)*SM(IJLM)
200 CONTINUE
C
SUPERIMPOSE THE ELEMENT FLEXIBILITY MATRIX TO FORM THE OVERALL

FLEXIBILITY MATRIX OF THE SUBGRADE
ccc
1502
502
504
506
508
510
512
DO 541 1 = 1 * NONY
II = d-l)/NY*l
12 = I-(I1-1 )*NY
IF (I.GT.NX1*NY( 11=11*1
IF (NCC(dl-l)*NY*l2).EQ.O) GO TO 1502
H(( I*l)*I/2) = H((I*1I*I/2I*1
60 TO 541
IF (I-(I-1I/NV*NY-1) 512* 502* 512
IF d - 1 ) 506* 504* 506
DEF F = 4*0F(1)
60 TO 600
IF d-NONY-NYl) 510* 508, 5 10
DEF F = 4*DEF((NX-1-NSLAB1*NY1+1)
GO TO 600
DEF
F = 2*(DEF(I-I/NY)*0EF(I-I/HY-NY1))
60
TO
600
IF
(I-(I-1)/NY*NY-NY) 522, 514* 522
00007340
00007350
00007360
00007370
00007380
00007390
00007400
00307410
00007420
00007430
00007440
00007450
00007460
00007470
00007480
00007490
00007500
00007510
00007520
00007530
00007540
00007550
00007560
00007570
00007580
00007590
00007600
00007610
00007620
00007630
00007640
00007650
00007660
00007670
00007680
00007690
00007700
00007710
00007720
000077 30
00007740
00007750
00007760
00007770
00007780
00007790
00007800
00007810
139
514 I F ( I - N Y ) 5 1 8 * 5 1 6 * 518
516 OEFF = 4 * 0 E F ( N Y 1 )
GO TO 600
518 I F d - N O N Y ) 5 1 0 * 5 2 0 * 510
520 OEFF = 4 * 0 E F ( I N X - N S L A B ) * N Y 1 )
?? !? ^? ...
00007820
00007830
00007840
00007850
00007860
00007870
00007880
00007890
<^ TO 600
00007900
526 IF d-NONY* NVl) 550* 600, 52 8
00007910
00007920
528 OEFF = 2*(0EF(I-I/NY-NY1)*0EF(I-I/NY-NY))
GO TO 600
00007950
530 OEFF = DEFd-I/NYI*OEF(I-I/NY-ll*DEFd-I/NY-NYlI*DEF(I-I/NY-NY)
00007940
600 00 542 L = 1, NSYM
00007950
IF (L.EQ.5) 60 TO 542
00007960
IF (L-2) 270* 272* 274
00007970
270 SIGX = 1
00007980
SIGY = 1
00007990
GO TO 290
00008000
272 IF (NSYM.Ea.3l GO TO 542
00008010
SIGX = -1
00008020
SI6V = 1
00008030
GO TO 290
00008040
274 IF (L-3) 276* 276* 278
00008050
276 SIGX = 1
00008060
SI6V = -I
00008070
GO TO 290
00008080
278 SIGX = -1
00008090
SIGV s -1
00008100
290 00 540 J = I* NONY
00008110
Jl = (J-ll^NY-fl
00008120
J2 = J-(J1-1)*NV
00008130
IF (J.GT.NK1*NY) Jl = Jl*l
00008140
IF (L.EQ.1.AN0.I.EQ.J.0R.L.EQ.2.AND.I.LE.NY.AND.I.EQ.J.0R.L.E0.5. 00008150
*ANO.I.EQ. (I-1)/NY*NY*1.AND.I.EQ.J.0R.L.EQ.4.ANO.I.EQ.1.ANO.J.EQ.1100008160
*G0 TO 222
00008170
6 0 TO 224
00008180
222 AAA 3 OEFF
00008190
00008200
GO TO 226
224 AAA = l/(5.141595*SQRT((Xdl)-SIGX*X( J1))**2*(Y(I2)-SISY*Y(J2))** 00008210
*2))
00008220
226 H((J*l)*J/2-J*I) = H((J*l)*J/2-J*I)*AAA
00008230
540 CONTINUE
00008240
542 CONTINUE
00008250
541 CONTINUE
00008260
C
00008270
C
STORE THE FLEXIBILITY MATRIX OF THE SUBGRADE
00008280
C
00008290
00 9541 I = 1* NOO
00008300
522 I F d - N Y ) 5 2 4 * 6 0 0 * 526
524 OEFF = 2 * ( 0 E F d ) * D E F ( I - l ) )
140
9541
C
cc
C
C
C
C
C
HOd)
HID/YMSPRS
00008310
00008320
I N V E R T THE F L E X I B I L I T Y MATRIX T3 OBTAIN THE S T I F F N E S S MATRIX OF
00008330
-THE SUBGRADE
00008340
00008350
CALL S I N V I H * NONY* l . O E - 0 7 * l E R * NOOl
00008360
I F I I E R . N E . O ) GO TO 6 0 0 0
00008370
0 0 5 4 5 1 = 1 * NOO
00008380
H I D = HI I ) * Y M S P R S
00008390
00008400
- S T I F F N E S S MATRIX OF THE SUBGRADE IS ADDED TO THE S T I F F N E S S MATRIX 00008410
-OF THE SLAB TO O B T A I N THE S T I F F N E S S MATRIX OF THE SYSTEM
00008420
00008430
DO 1 7 2 1 = 1 * N 0 2 * 3
00008440
I F ( N C C ( ( I - l ) / 3 * l ) . N E . O ) GO TO 1 7 2
00008450
00008460
I F d . 6 T . N O l . A N O . I . L E . N 0 1 * N Y * 3 ) GO TO 172
00008470
IF d-NOll
1 9 0 * 190* 191
1 9 0 IK = d - l ) / 3 * l
00008480
00008490
GO TO 192
191 IK =
00008500
d-l)/5*l-NY
00008510
1 9 2 DO 1 7 1 J = 1 * NB* -3
00008520
16 = IK*( J - 1 ) / 3
00008530
IF (I.LE.N31.AN0.IG.GT.N013.0R.IG.GT.NONYI
GO TO 1 7 1
00008540
I F (NCCK I - l ) / 3 * l * ( J - l ) / 3 ) . N E . O )
GO TO 1 7 1
00008550
IH = (I-1)*NB*J
00008560
C(IH) = CIIHl*H((IG*l)*IG/2-(J-1)/3)
00008570
171 CONTINUE
00008580
172 CONTINUE
00008590
I F ( N S L A B . E Q . l ) GO TO 2 0 7
00008600
NYNB = N Y * 3 * N B
00008610
00008620
STORE THE S T I F F N E S S C O E F F I C I E N T S AT THE J O I N T
00008630
00008640
0 0 2 0 5 1 = 1 * NYNB
00008650
203 C O d l s C ( N O B l * I
00008660
00008670
ADJUST THE S T I F F N E S S C O E F F I C I E N T S AS A RESULT OF SYMMETRY
00008680
00008690
0 0 2 0 5 I = 1 * NY
00008700
205 C K I - 1 1 * N B * 3 * 1 * N 0 B 1 I = l . O E 2 0
00008710
2 0 7 I F ( N S Y M . E Q . l . O R . N S Y M . E Q . 5 1 GO TO 2 0 3
00008720
I F INSYM-31 1 7 3 * 1 7 5 * 173
000087 30
1 7 3 DO 1 7 4 I = 1 * NY
00003740
1 7 4 C K d - l >*3-2 l * N B * l l = l . O E 20
00008750
I F ( N S Y M . E Q . 2 I GO TO 2 0 8
00008760
175 DO 1 7 6 I = 1 * N 0 2 3 * NY
00008770
176 C(((I-l)*3*l)*NB*1) = l.OE 20
00008780
00008790
APPLY GAUSS ELIMINATION TO FORM AN UPPER TRIANGULAR COEFFICIENT
141
MATRIX*
WHICH W I L L
BE USED
LATER
FOR
ITERATION
00008800
00008810
208 00 215 N = 1, NSLAB
00008820
215 CALL TRIG(N)
00008830
IF (NIC.GT.l) GO TO 931
00008840
00008850
DETERMINE THE COORDINATES OF THE CENTER OF EACH SLAB FOI COMPUTINC00008860
WARPING
00008870
00003880
IF (NSYM-2) 7 0 2 0 * 7030* 7040
00008890
7020 X X d ) = X ( N K l ) / 2 .
00008900
YYll) = YlNY)/2.
00008910
6 0 TO 7070
00008920
7050 X X I l l = 0 .
00003930
YVd) = Y(NY)/2.
00008940
GO TO 7 0 7 0
00008950
7040 I F (NSYM-41 7 0 5 0 * 7 0 6 0 * 7 0 2 0
00008960
7 0 5 0 XX( 1) = X ( N X l ) / 2 .
00008970
YVd) = 0.
00008980
6 0 TO 7 0 7 0
00003990
7060 X X d l = 0 .
00009000
00009010
Y Y d l = 0.
00009020
7 0 7 0 I F ( N S L A B . E Q . l ) 6 0 TO 7 0 8 0
00009030
XX(2) = ( X ( N X I * X ( N X l l l / 2 .
00009040
YY(2) = Y(MY)/2.
00009050
IF (NSYM.E3.3.OR.NSYM.EQ.4)
YY(2)=0.
00009060
C
00009070
C
READ I N GAP, T E M P , AND LOAD DATA
00009080
C
00009090
7 0 8 0 READ ( 5 * H I )
NGAP* NTEMP* NLOAD* I C L * NCK* NWT * TEMP, 0, DELi
00009100
*OELF, RFJ, ICLF
*00009110
00009120
00009130
WRITE ( 6 , 1 1 2 )
00009140
W R I T E 1 6 , 1 1 3 1 NSYM* NB
00009150
WRITE ( 6 * 1 1 4 1 N X l * NY* NCYCLE* NPRINT
00009160
W R I T E ( 6 * 1 1 5 1 NLOAD* I C L , NCK, NWT, Q* D E L * D E L F * R F J , ICLF
00009170
W R I T E ( 6 , 1 1 6 1 ( X ( I 1 , I = 1 * NXl
00009180
WRITE ( 6 * 1 1 7 ) ( Y ( I I * I > 1 * NY)
00009190
C
00009200
C R E A D I N NODE LOCATIONS USED TO CHECK CONVERGENCE
00009210
C
00009220
READ (5* 104) ( N O O C K d l * 1 = 1* NCKl
*00009230
C<
00009240
C
00009250
WRITE (6* 1181 (NOOCKdl* 1=1* NCK)
00009260
If INREAO-1) 678, 677, 981
00009270
C
00009280
READ
IN
LOCATIONS
OF
SPECIFIED
OR
PRE-CALCULATED
CURL
cC
7C
74
142
00009290
00009300
00009310
00009320
6 0 TO 9 8 3
00009330
678 00 680 1 = 1 * N023
00009340
680 CURLII) = 0.
00009350
I F ( N G A P . E a . O ) GO TO 1 0 6 9
00009360
C
00009370
00009380
C'
READ I N GAP LOCATIONS
00009390
c
00009400
READ 1 5 * 1 3 4 ) ( N G d ) * 1 = 1 , N G A P )
'00009410
00009420
00009430
C
READ I N L O C A T I O N S OF S P E C I F I E D OR PRE-CALCULATED CURL
00009440
C
00009450
READ ( 5 , 1 1 9 ) ( C U R L ( N G ( I ) I , 1 = 1 * NGAPI
00009460
00009470
00009430
C
COMPUTE THE CURLING OF SLAB DUE TO TEMPERATURE D I F F E R E N T I A L S AND
00009490
C
ADO I T TO THE CAP TO FORM TOTAL CURLING ANO GAP
00009500
C
00009510
1 0 6 9 I F ( N T E M P . E Q . O ) GO TO 9 8 1
00009520
DO 3 I = 1 * NX
00009530
I F ( I - N X l ) 7 100* 7100* 7200
00009540
7100 N = 1
00009550
GO TO 7 3 0 0
00009560
7200 N = 2
00009570
7 3 0 0 0 0 3 J = 1 * NY
00009580
5 C U R L K I - 1 ) * N Y * J I = O . O 0 0 0 0 2 5 * T E M P * ( (X d ) - X X ( N ) ) * * 2 * ( Y( J ) - Y Y ( N) ) * *
00009590
*2 ) / T * C U R L ( d - l ) * N Y - t - J )
00009600
9 8 1 CONTINUE
00009610
I F (NWT) 2 ? 6 * 9 8 3 * 292
00009620
C
00009630
C
I f NUT I S NOT ZERO* COMPUTE THE V E R T I C A L N30AL FORCES DUE TO THE
00009640
C
WEIGHT OF SLAB
00009650
C
00009660
C
. . . R E A D I N WEIGHT OF SLAB FOUNDATION OF N0N-C3NSTANT C R O S S - S E C T I O N
00009(70
C
AND/OR L I V E LOAD AS UNIFORMLY D I S T R I B U T E D LOADING
00009680
C
00009690
2 9 2 READ ( 5 * 1 2 0 ) QSLAB
'00009700
c ***************************************************************** *****' 00009710
00009720
C
00009750
OQ = QSLAB
00009740
00 295 I = 1* N023
00009750
295 F O d ) = QSLAB*AB( I)
00009760
GO TO 931
00009770
C
DISTRIBUTE WEIGHT OF SLAB OF CONSTANT* RECTANGUALR CROSS SECTION
677
READ 1 5 ,
137)
(CURLII),
1=1,
N023)
143
296
297
c
cc
DO
FO
00
GO
297 I = 1*N023
d I = WK*ABdl
= WK
TO 9 3 1
IF
NWT
IS ZERO*
INITIALIZE
THE NODAL
FORCES
TO ZERO
983 0 0 952 I = 1 * N023

952 F O d I = 0
9 3 1 0 0 1 9 5 1 1 = 1 * N023
1931 P F d ) = 0 .
DO 1 8 I = 1 * N02
18 F i l l = 0
I F I N I C . G T . I ) GO TO 8 7 1
I F I N L O A O . E Q . O ) GO TO 9 3 3
C
COMPUTE
NODAL
FORCES DUE TO A P P L I E D
LOADINGS
c
READ
I N LOCATION
OF A P P L I E D
LOADS
c
READ
15*
134)
(NL(I)*
1=1*
NLOAD)
c****
c
DO 2 0 1
-READ
I. = 1 *
IN
READ ( 5 *
NLOAD
DISTRIBUTION
121)
OF LOAD ON EACH LOADED
XDA(I*1I*
XDA(I*2l*
YDA(I*1)*
ELEMENT
Y0Ad*2)
201
C****
WRITE (6* 122)

00 202 1 = 1 * NLOAO
202 WRITE 16* 123) N L d ) * XDA(I*1)* XDA(I*2)* Y0A(I*1)* YDA(I*2)
cc
FIND FORCE DUE TO APPLIED LIVE LOAD

DO 300 K = 1 * NLOAO
IF (NSLAB.EQ.l) GO TO 803
IF (NL(K)-(NX1-1)*NY1I 803* 803* 801
801 II = (NLIK)-11/NY1*1
12 = NL(KI-(I1-11*NY1
N O D d l = NL(K)*NY1*I1
GO TO 804
803 II = (NL(K)-1I/NY1
12 = NL(K)-I1*NY1
N O O d ) = NL(K)*I1
804 N00(2) = Nao( 1)*1
N00(3) = N0D(1)*NY
00009780
00009790
00009800
00009810
00009820
00009830
00009840
00009850
00009860
00009870
00009880
00009890
00009900
00009910
00009920
00009930
00009940
00009950
00009960
000099 70
00009980
00009990
^00010000
00010010
00010020
00010030
00010040
00010050
00010060
^00010070
00010080
00010090
00010100
00010110
00010120
00010130
00010140
00010150
00010160
00010170
00010180
00010190
00010200
00010210
00010220
00010230
00010240
00010250
00010260
144
N0D(4)
C
^
f*D
= NUD(3)*1
CONTRIBUTING LOADED AREA FOR EACH NODE
A = (X(Il*2)-Xdl*l))/2
B a (Y(I2*l)-Y(I2)l/2
210
220
250
240
250
00010300
DETERMINE FORCE ACTING ON NODE DUE TO APPLIED LOADING
OK = Q*A*B
N0D13 = (N00(l)-ll*3
NOD33 = (N30(3I-11*3
X O d ) = XDA(K*2I-XDA(K,1)
YD(1) = YDA(K,2)-YDA(K,1)
X0(2) = (XDA(K*2)*X0A(K*l))/2
YD(2) = (YDA(K,2)*YDA(K,l))/2
DO 300 I = 1 , 4
IF (1-2) 210, 220* 230
XI = -1
YI = -1
GO TO 260
XI = -1
YI = 1
60 TO 260
IF d - 5 ) 240* 240* 250
XI = 1
YI = -1
60 TO 260
XI = 1
YI 1
00010350
00010360
00010370
00010380
00010390
00010400
00010410
00010420
00010450
00010440
00010450
00010460
00010470
00010480
00010490
00010500
00010510
00010520
00010530
00010540
00010550
00010560
260 FOINOOd))
*yO(l)
300 CONTINUE
C
C
C
00010290
00010310
00010320
00010330
00010340
C
C
00010270
= F O ( N O O ( I ) I * 0 . 2 5 * Q K * ( 1*XI*XD(2I ) * ( 1 * Y I * Y D ( 2 ) 1 * X D ( 1 ) *
CHECK FOR SECOND L0ADIN6 ON SLAB
If (NSLOAO.EQ.O) 60 TO 935
C
00010570
00010580
00010590
00010600
00010610
00010620
00010630
00010640
C C O M P U T E NODAL FORCES DUE TO SECOND LOADING

00010650
C
-READ I N INTENSITY OF SECOND LOADING AND NUMBER OF ELEMENTS LOADED 0 0 0 1 0 6 6 0
C
BV THIS
00010670
00010680
READ ( 5 * 1 4 9 ) NFLOAD* 02
00010690
C***********************************************************************00010700
C
000 10710
WRITE (6* 143)

WRITE (6* 150) NFLOAD* 02
00010720
00010730
00010740
READ IN LOCATION OF SECOND SET OF APPLIED LOADS
00010750
C
C
145
00010760
00010770
^00010780
C
00010790
c- -READ I N DISTRIBUTION OF SECOND LOADING ON EACH LOADED ELEMENT
00010800
c
00010810
DO 4 0 1 1 = 1 * NFLOAD
00010820
00010830
4 0 1 READ 1 5 * 1 2 1 ) X D A 2 ( I * 1 1 * X 0 A 2 ( I * 2 I * Y D A 2 ( I , 1 I , YDA2( 1,21
C * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ^00010840
00010850
c
00010860
WRITE ( 6 * 1 5 1 1
00010870
0 0 4 0 2 1 = 1 * NFLOAD
402 WRITE ( 6 * 1 2 3 1 N F L d I * X 0 A 2 ( I * 1 1 * X 0 A 2 ( I * 2 I * V D A 2 ( I * 1 I * Y D A 2 ( I * 2 1 00010880
00010890
C
00010900
C
FIND FORCE DUE TO APPLIED SECOND LOADING
00010910
C
00010920
DO 4 0 5 K = 1 * NFLOAD
00010930
I F ( N S L A B . E Q . l l 6 0 TO 404
00010940
I F I N F L I K 1 - I N X 1 - 1 I * N Y 1 I 4 0 4 * 404* 405
00010950
405 I I = I N F L I K l - 1 1 / N V l * !
00010960
12 = N F L I K I - I I 1 - 1 1 * N V 1
00010970
NOOdl = NFLIK1*NV1*I1
00010980
6 0 TO 406
00010990
404 I I = I N F L I K l - l l / N Y l
00011000
12 = N f L I K l - I l * N Y l
00011010
NODdl = NFLIKI*I1
00011020
406 N 0 D ( 2 I = N 0 0 ( 1 I * 1
00011030
N00(51 = NOOdl^NY
00011040
N 0 D ( 4 1 = N0DI514-1
00011050
C
00011060
-FIND
CONTRIBUTING
LOADED
AREA
FOR
EACH
NODE
C00011070
c
00011080
A = IKdl*21-Xdl*lll/2
00011090
B IYd2*ll-Y(I211/2
00011100
C
00011110
C
DETERMINE FORCE ACTING ON NODE DUE TO APPLIED LOADING
00011120
C
00011130
0K2 Q2*A*B
00011140
N0015 = ( N 0 D ( 1 I - 1 1 * 5
00011150
N0055 = ( N 0 D ( 5 1 - 1 1 * 5
00011160
X D d l = XDA2(K*2I-XDA2(K*11
00011170
V O I l l = V0A2(K*2)-YDA2IK*1)
00011180
X0I2) = IX0A2IK*2)*XDA2IK*l))/2
00011190
Y0I2) = IYDA2IK*2)*Y0A2IK*lll/2
00011200
0 0 405 1 = 1 * 4
00011210
I F 1 1 - 2 1 4 0 7 * 4 0 8 * 409
00011220
407 X I = - 1
00011230
YI = - 1
00011240
6 0 TO 410
READ ( 5 * 1 0 4 ) ( N F L ( I ( *
1 = 1 * NFLOAOI
146
408 XI = - 1
YI = 1
GO TO 410
409 IF 1 1 - 3 1 4 1 1 * 4 1 1 * 412
411 XI = 1
YI = - 1
6 0 TO 410
412 XI = 1
YI = I
410 FOINOOIIII = F O I N O 0 I I l l * 0 . 2 5 * O K 2 * l l * X I * X D l 2 l l * l l * V I * Y D I 2 l l * X D t l l *
VOID
00011250
00011260
00011270
00011280
00011290
00011300
00011510
00011320
00011350
00011540
00011550
405 CONTINUE
955 I F I N S L A B . E Q . l l 60 TO 8 7 1
DO 875 I = 1 * NY
875 FOIN015-NY4-I1 = F 0 I N 0 1 3 - N Y * I 1 *F 01 N 0 1 3 * I I
00011560
00011570
00011580
00011390
00011400
C
C
FIND D E F L E : T I 0 N
LIVE LOAD
DUE
TO
WEIGHT AND/OR UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED
SLAB
00011410
00011420
00011430
00011440
00011450
871 DO 502 1 = 1 * N025

502 F I ( I - 1 1 * 5 * 1 1 = F O d I
IF
(NLOAD.EO.O.AND.NWT.EQ.O)
GO TO 1505
00011460
00011470
C
C
COMPUTE DEFLECTIONS AS I F ONLY ONE SLAB EXISTS
00011480
00011490
00011500
00011510
CALL LOAOM ( I I
1503 CONTINUE
00011520
C
UNDER A GIVEN CONTACT CONDITION* APPLY ITERATION PROCESS UNTIL
C-DEFLECTIONS CONVERGE
THE00011550
00011540
C
510 IC s IC*1
0 0 2 I = 1* N025
IF ( I C . E Q . 1 . A N 0 . I . G T . N 0 1 3 1
2 P F d l F((I-1I*5*11
1952
IF
INSLAB.EQ.il
IF l i e . E Q . l l
C
C
(.
CO TO 1952
6 0 TO 526
00011550
00011560
00011570
00011580
00011590
00011600
60 TO 511
00011610
0 0 945 I = NOIP* N02

945 F i l l = 0
0 0 947 I = N015P* N025
947 F I ( I - 1 1 * 5 * 1 1 = F O d l
00011620
00011650
00011640
00011650
00011660
If TWO SLABS EXIST* DETERMINE THE NODAL FORCES IN THE RIGHT SLAB
DUE TO THE DEFLECTIONS OF THE SUBGRADE.
DO 797 I = N015P* N025
IF (NCC(I).NE.O) GO TO 797
IF (I.LE. NOl 3*NY) GO TO 797
K = I-NY
00011670
00011680
00011690
00011700
00011710
???ff!??
00011730
147
00
IF
IF
IF
*"
795 J = 1 * N023
( N C C ( J ) . N E . O ) GO TO 795
(J.6T.N015.ANO.J.LE.N015*NYI
( J - N 0 1 5 ) 1050* 1050* 1052
an'ri
,o -
GO TO 795
00011740
00011750
00011760
00011770
i..
00011780
^. IV^
00011790
1052 M J-MY
1054 IF I J . 6 T . I - N B / 5 . A N O . J . L T . I * N B / 3 . A N D . J . 6 T . N 0 1 3 I 60 TO 748
I f IK-M) 7 i 2 * 7 4 2 * 744
742 HH = HIIM*l)*N/2-M*K)
0 TO 754
744 HH = HIIK*l)*K/2-K*MI
754 I f I N T E M P . E Q . O . A N O . N L O A D . N E . O . A N O . C U R L I J I . L E . 0 1 60 TO 746
f K I - l l * 5 * l l s f (II-1I*5*11-(PFIJI-CURL(J))*HH
6 0 TO 795
746 F ( ( I - 1 ) * 5 * 1 ) = F I I I - 1 I * 5 * 1 1 - P F I J I * H H
6 0 TO 795
748 I F I K - M I 7 8 6 * 7 8 6 * 788
786 HH = H ( I M * l l * M / 2 - M * K I
6 0 TO 792
788 HH = H I ( K * l l * K / 2 - K * M l
792 I F I N T E M P . E O . O . A N O . N L O A O . N E . O . A N D . C U R L I J I . L E . 0 1 6 0 TO 795
F I I I - 1 I * 5 * 1 I = F l d - l l * 5 - l l * C U R L I J}*HH
795 CONTINUE
797 CONTINUE
C
00011800
00011810
00011820
00011850
00011840
00011850
00011860
00011870
00011880
00011890
00011900
00011910
00011920
00011950
00011940
00011950
00011960
00011970
00011980
00011990
C E Q U A T E THE DEFLECTIONS OF THE JOINT AT THE RI6HT SLAB TO THOSE AT 00012000

C
THE LEFT SLAB
00012010
C
00012020
511 0 0 512 I = N015P* N015NY
512 F I I I - 1 I * 5 * 1 1 = l . O E 2 0 * I P F I I I * R F J * l f l l I - N Y - l l * 5 * l l - P f ( I l l l
00012050
00012040
C
00012050
C - C O M P U T E DEFLECTIONS OF THE RIGHT SLAB
00012060
C
00012070
CALL LOAOM ( 2 1
00012080
C
00012090
C
DETERMINE THE NDOAL FORCES IN THE LEFT SLAB DUE TO THE DEFLECTIONS00012100
C
Of THE SUB6RA0E
00012110
C
00012120
526 0 0 515 I = 1* NOl
00012150
515 f i l l = 0
00012140
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 = 1 * N015
00012150
1100 F l d - l l * 3 * l l = F O d l
00012160
0 0 1 5 9 5 I = 1* N015
00012170
IF ( N C C ( I ) . N E . O l 60 TO 1395
00012180
DO 395 J = 1 * N023
00012190
I F ( N C C ( J 1 . N E . 0 1 GO TO 595
00012200
I F ( J . G T . N 0 1 3 . A N O . J . L E . N 0 1 5 * N Y I 60 TO 395
00012210
IF ( J - N 0 1 5 ) 2 0 5 0 * 2050* 2 0 3 2
00012220
148
2050 M = J
6 0 TO 2054
2052 M = J-NY
2054 I f ( J . 6 T . I - N B / 5 . A N 0 . J . L T . I * N B / 5 . > A N 0 . J . L E . N 0 1 5 I 60 TO 548
I f d - M ) 5 4 2 , 5 4 2 * 544
542
MM = H((M*l)*M/2-M*II
544 6 0 TO 554
554 HH = H ( ( I * l l * l / 2 - I * M l
00012250
00012240
00012250
00012260
00012270
00012280
00012290
00012500
I f N T E M P . t O . O . A N O . N L O A D . N E . O . A N D . C U R L ( J I . L E . 0 1 60 TO 546
00012510
f 1(1-11*5*11 = F((I-11*5*1I-(PF(JI-CURL(JI1*HH
00012520
6 0 TO 595
00012550
546 f ( d - l l * 5 * l l = f ( ( I - l ) * 5 * l ) - P f ( J | * H H
00012340
6 0 TO 595
00012350
548 I f (I-MI 586* 586* 588
00012360
586 HH = H ( ( M * l l * M / 2 - M * I l
00012570
6 0 TO 592
00012580
588 HH = H ( ( I * l l * I / 2 - I * M l
00012590
592 I f (NTEMP.EQ.O.AND.NLOAD.NE.O.AND.CURL(Jl.LE.O) 60 TO 395
00012400
f ( ( I - l ) * 3 * l ) = f ((I-1I*3*1I*CURLIJ1*HH
00012410
595 CONTINUE
00012420
1595 CONTINUE
00012450
I f I N S L A B . E Q . l ) 6 0 TO 524
00012440
00012450
COMPUTE THE VERTICAL NODAL fORCES AL0N6 THE JOINT I N THE LEfT SLA B00012460
DUE TO THE DEfLECTIONS OF THE RI6HT SLAB
00012470
00012480
0 0 516 I = 1 * NY
00012490
J = II-11*NB*5*1
00012500
N5 = I N 0 1 5 - N Y - 1 * I 1 * 5 * 1
00012510
DO 514 K = 1 * NB
00012520
JLBK = J - I L A * 1 - K 1 * L A
00012550
I f I J L B K . L E . O I 60 TO 514
00012540
00012550
flN5l = FIN51-COIJLBKl*Fld-ll*5-LA*K*N01 I
00012560
514 CONTINUE
00012570
DO 516 K = 1 * LA
00012580
I f I I . E 0 . N Y . A N D . K . 6 T . L A - 5 I GO TO 524
00012590
516 f l N 5 1 F I N 5 1 - C 0 ( J * K 1 * F I I I - 1 I * 5 * 1 * K * N 0 1 1
00012600
C
00012610
cCOMPUTE DEFLECTIONS OF THE LEFT SLAB
00012620
c
00012650
524 CALL LOAOM I I I
00012640
c
00012650
cCHECK CONVERGENCE UNDER A GIVE CONTACT C 0 N 9 I T I 0 N AND REPEAT THE
00012660
c- P R O C E S S I F DESIRED ACCURACY I S NOT OBTAINED.
00012670
551 0 0 540 1 = 1 * NCK
00012680
I F ( F ( ( N O O C K ( I ) - 1 ) * 3 * 1 ) . E Q . 0 . ) 60 TO 340
00012690
If( ABS(OF(NODCKd))/F((NODCK( 11-11* 5*111.6T .OEL.AND. IC. LT.
00012700
*ICLI 60 TO 310
00012710
540 CONTINUE
149
IF
(ICCC.EO.
1.OR.NCYLE.EQ.il 60 TO 9541
00012720
00012730
A S S I 6 N A NEW CONTACT CONDITION
00012740
00012750
DO 5 4 50 I = 1* N025
00012760
C A P d l = F ( ( I-11*5*11-CURLI II
000127 70
IF
( 6 A P ( I 1 1 5410* 5420* 5420
00012780
5410 N C C d l = 1
00012790
6 0 TO 5 4 3 0
00012800
5420 N C C d l = 0
00012810
5 4 5 0 CONTINUE
00012820
00012830
C H E C K C0NVER6 ENCE BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENT CONTACT CONDITIONS AND
00012840
REPEAT THE PR OCESS I F D E S I R E D ACCURACY I S NOT OBTAINED
00012850
00012860
00 5452 I = 1 * NCK
00012870
(
I
I
l
)
*
5
*
l
)
.
E
Q
.
O
.
I
CO
TO
5
4
5
2
00012880
IF (F(INOO:K
NOOCK ( I ) - l ) * 5 * 1 1-PPF ( N O O C K d l I I / F ( I N O O C K d l - 1 1 * 5 * 1 1 1
00012890
IF
lABSKFd
N I C . L T . N C Y L E l 6 0 TO 9 6 5
00012900
*.6T.OEL.AND.
00012910
54 52 C O N T I N U E
00012920
;
UNDER THE F l NAL CONTACT C O N D I T I O N , CHAN6E I C F
TO I C L F AND DEL TO 00012930
;
DELF TO OBTA I N MORE ACCURATE RESULTS
00012940
9541 I f
d C C C . E Q . 11 GO TO 5 4 1
00012950
ICCC = ICCC* 1
00012960
I C L = ICLF
00012970
DEL = DELF
00012980
6 0 TO 510
00012990
00013000
541 I C C 3 I C C * 1
00013010
00013020
IF ( I C C . E Q . l I GO TO 3 5 0
00015050
I f (NUT . E Q . O ) GO TO 5 5 0
00015040
00015050
D E T E R M I N E TH E F I N A L CURL AS THE D I F F E R E N C E BETWEEN THE I N I T I A L
00013060
C U R L ANO THE D E F L E C T I O N AT EACH NODE
00015070
00013080
0 0 958
1 = 1 , N025
00013090
9 5 8 CURL I I I = F l ( I - 1 ) * 5 * 1 ) - C U R L ( I )
00013100
C
cCHANGE SIGN ON VALUE OF CURL: NEGATIVE SIGN I N D I C A T E S GAP BETWEEN 00013110
00013120
SLAB
ANO SUBGRADE
c00013130
c
00013140
DO 5820 I = 1* N025
00013150
5820 CURLII) = -C U R L d l
00013160
550 CONTINUE
00013170
C
00013180
STRESSES
AT
DESIGNATED
NODAL
POINTS
OMPUTE THE
c
00013190
c
00013200
IF (ISOTRY) 950* 8000* 8100
c
cc
150
C
C
CALL SUBROUTINE SOLID I F
SLAB I S CONSTANT THICKNESS SLAB
8000 CALL SOLID ( N P R I N T * NY* N X l * NX* PR* RM* T* NSYM* NKENTl

GO TO 8500
C
C
CALL SUBROUTINE TEE I F SLAB I S STIFFENED SECTION SLAB
C
SlOO CALL TEE ( N P R I N T * NY* N X l * NX* OXYfAC* fRX* TEX* TEY* NSYM*
*OVfAC* NKENTl
8500 NKENT = 1
I f d C C . L T . 2 1 GO TO 510
900 CONTINUE
950 CONTINUE
6000 CONTINUE
C
C
PRINT DEfLECTION RESULTS
C
WRITE 16* 1 2 4 1
WRITE ( 6 * 1251
WRITE ( 6 * 1 2 6 1 ( I * f ( d - l l * 5 * l l * 1 = 1 * N0151
DO 999 1 = 1 * N015
999 C U N A d I = F ( d - l ) * 5 * l l
OEFLMX = 0 . 0
DO 996 1 = 1 * N013
996 I F ( O E F L M X . L T . 6 U N A d l l OEFLMX = 6UNA( 11
OEFLMN = G U N A I l l
DO 997 1 = 1 * N013
I F I D E F L M N . L T . G U N A d l l 60 TO 997
DEfLMN = 6 U N A d l
997 CONTINUE
0 0 998 1 = 1 * N015
998 I R d l - I
CALL VSRTR (6UNA* N015* I R l
WRITE 1 6 * 1 2 7 1
WRITE 1 6 * 1 2 5 1
WRITE ( 6 * 1261 ( I R d l * 6 U N A ( I 1 * 1 = 1 * N0131
WRITE ( 6 * 1281 DEfLMN* DEfLHX
C
cc
-CALCULATE AND PRINT DIFFERENTIAL DEFLECTIONS

CALL MSLP (N0151
C P R I N T STRESS RESULTS
C
WRITE 16* 1291
WRITE (6* 1301
DO 887 1 = 1 * NPRINT
887 WRITE 16* 1311 N P d l * (STR(I*J1* J* 161
00013210
00013220
00013230
00013240
00013250
00013260
00013270
00013280
00013290
00013500
00015510
00015520
00015550
00015540
00015550
00015560
00015570
00015580
00015390
00013400
00013410
00015420
000154 50
00015440
00015450
00015460
00015470
00015480
000154 90
00015500;
00013510
00015520
00015550
00015540
00015550
00015560
00015570
00015580
00013590
00013600
00013610
00013620
00015630
00013640
00013650
00015660
00015670
00015680
00013690
151
c
C
C
PRINT MOMENT RESULTS
WRITE (6* 1321

WRITE (6* 153)
WRITE 16* 154)
DO 886 1 = 1 * NPRINT
886 WRITE (6* 151) NP(I)* XMOM(I)* Y M O M d ) * X Y M O M d )
00 776 1 = 1 * NPRINT
776 I R d ) = I
CALL VSRTR (XMOM* NPRINT* IRl
WRITE (6* 1521
WRITE (6* 1551
WRITE (6* 1561
WRITE (6* 1381 ( I R d l * XMOMIII* 1= 1* NPRINTl
00 775 1 = 1 * NPRINT
775 I R d l = I
CALL VSRTR IYMOM* NPRINT* IRl
WRITE (6* 1521
WRITE (6* 137)
WRITE (6*1531 ( I R d l * YMOMdl* 1= 1* NPRINTl
C
C
PRINT SMEAR RESULTS

WRITE (6* 1591
WRITE (6* 1401
WRITE (6* 14110021130
WRITE (6* 1421 (I* V X d l * I* 1* NXYI
WRITE (6* 1451
WRITE (6* 1421 (I* V Y d l * 1= 1* NYX1
WRITE (6* 1591
WRITE 16* 1441
WRITE 16* 141)
00 888 I 1* NXY
888 I R d l = I
CALL VSRTR I V K * NXY*
WRITE 16* 1421 l I R d l
WRITE 1 6 * 1 4 5 1
DO 777 I = 1 * NYX
777 I R d l = I
CALL VSRTR I V Y * NYX*
WRITE 16* 1 4 2 1 l I R d l
IRl
* VXIIl*
IRl
* VYdl*
1= 1 * HYXl
1 * NXYI
00014040
00014050
00014060
!?!}*!';
00014080
00014090
!tl?
00014110
PRINT MAXIMUM SHEAR VALUES
00014120
?!tlf
00014140
WRITE 16* 1 4 5 1 VXMAXN* VXMAXP* VYMAXN* VYMAXP
JJJJtJ!
cc
00013700
00015710
00015720
00015750
00013740
00015750
00015760
00015770
00015780
00015790
00015800
00015810
00015820
00013830
00015840
00015850
00015860
00015870
00015880
00015890
00015900
00015910
00015920
00015950
00015940
00013950
00013960
00015970
00015980
00015990
00014000
00014010
00014020
00014050
END
00014180
152
SUBROUTINE SOLID INPRINT* NY* NXl* NX* PR* RM* T* NSYM* NKENTl
00014190
00014200
SUBROUTINE CALCULATES STRESSES FOR SLAB OF CONSTANT THICKNESS
00014210
00014220
DIMENSION C 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 1 * F I 2 1 0 0 1 * 6 ( 1 5 0 0 0 0 1 *NOl21*XI6501*YI6501STRI650*00014250
*6>*NPI 6501 *XMOMI6501*YMOMI6501*XYM0M(6501*MXDIF(6501*NYDIF(6501*
00014240
*XT( 6501*VT( 6501*0X16501*DYI6501*MXYDIFI 6501tNVXOIFl6501*VX16501*
000142 50
*VYI6501*YXMOM16501*IRl6501*6UNAI6501
00014260
C
00014270
COMMON C*F*6*N0*NB*X*Y*STR*NP*XM0M*YM0M*XYM0M*XT*YT*DX*0Y*MX0IF*
00014280
*M YD IF*MXYDIF*MYXDIF*YXMOM*VX*VY*NXY*NYX*VXMAXN*VXMAXP*VYMAXN*
00014290
*VYMAXP
00014500
C
00014510
REAL MXOIF* MYOIF* MXYDIF* MYXDIF* MOIX* MOIY
00014520
C
00014330
C
00014540
NOl = NX1*NY*5
00014550
N013 NOl/3
00014560
00014570
C
C B E 6 I N S0LVIN6 STRESS MATRIX FOR INTERNAL MOMENTS
00014580
C
00014590
DO 450 I = 1* NPRINT
00014400
C
C
C
11 = I N P d l - l l / N Y * l
12 = N P I I I - I l l - l l * N Y
IF I N P d l - N 0 l 5 l 555* 555* 557
555 N = 0
Ml = 0
NXX = NXl
NPl = I N P d l - l l * 5
GO TO 558
557 N s NOl
Nl = Nal3
NXX~= NX
NPl = ( N P ( I I - N 0 1 5 - 1 * 5
558 NP2 = NP1*5*NY
NP5 = NP1-5*NY
C
cc
ZERO OUT OLD STRESS MATRIX
0 0 1 3 5 9 J = 1* 5
1559 STR(I*J1 = 0 .
C
DETERMINE IF NODE IS ON PERIMETER OF SLAB
C
CORNER N0DE7
IF (NP(II.Ea.NY*NXXI 60 TO 450
C
TOP ED6E NODE?
IF ( N P ( I l . E Q . ( N P d l - l l / N Y * N Y * N Y l 60 TO 575
C
SIDE ED6E NODE?
I f ( N P ( I ) . 6 E . N V * ( N X X - 1 ) * 1 ) 60 TO 420
C
00014410
00014420
00014450
00014440
00014450
00014460
00014470
00014480
00014490
00014500
00014510
JtHS
SJJlt"?
Tr.^ltr^
00014550
00014570
00014580
00014590
ftnft,i.*.An
"JJlt^?;
OoSiJtJS
J,!t*n
2S2}rl!S
JSJIttto
SSJ}!t!n
SJSutJo
153
I T " ? " " ; ; ? ^ , " ? ! ? " " ^ " ^ * " " ' DIMENSIONS AND SOLVE FOR M( I )
- 1 XI 1 1 * 1 l - X d l ) ) / 2
: ^y[\l*l*'y*l2n/2
*" " <
"O** = B/
S T R d * l ) = (6*(BDA*PR*ADB)*F(N*NP1*1)-8*A*PR*F(N*NP1*2)*8*B*F(N*
*NPl*5l-6*A0B*PR*f(N*NPl*4l-4*A*PR*f(N*NP1*5-6*B0A*FIN*NP2*1I*4*
*B*FIN*NP2*511/I4*A*B1
S T R d 2 1 = (6*(A0B*PR*B0AI*F(N*NP1*1I-8*A*F(N*NPI*21*8*B*PR*FIN*
*NPl*5l-6*ADa*FlN*NPl*41-4*A*FlN*NPl*5l-6*BDA*PR*FIN*NP2*ll*4*B*
*PR*F(N*NP2*5II/(4*A*B1
STR(I*51 = 0.5*(1-PRI*(-2*F(N*NP1*11*4*B*F(N*NP1*2I-4*A*F(N*NP1*
*5I*2*F(N*NP1*41*4*A*F(N*NP1*61*2*FIN*NP2*1I-4*B*FIN*NP2*21-2*FI
*N*NP2*411/I4*A*B1
DETERMINE LOCATION OF NODE IN NODAL 6R ID WORK
I f I N P I I I - 1 - N l l 570* 560* 570
5 6 0 CON = 6
0 TO 4 5 5
I N P I I I . E 0 . I N P I I 1 - 1 I / N Y * N Y * 1 1 6 0 TO 4 2 0
DETERMINE C0NTRIBUTIN6
AREAL DIMENSIONS ANO SOLVE FOR MIJl
A IX(Il*ll-X(Ill}/2
B (Y(I2l-YII2-lll/2
AOB = A/B
BOA = B/A
S T R d * l l = STRII*11*I-6*ADB*PR*FIN*NP1-2I*4*A*PR*FIN*NP1-11*6*I
*B0A*PR*ADB}*FIN*NP1*1I*8*A*PR*FI N*NPl*21*8* B*FI N*NP1*51-6*B0A*FI

*N*NP2*1I*4*B*FIN*NP2*511/I4*A*BI
00014680
00014690
00014700
00014710
00014720
00014730
00014740
00014750
00014760
00014770
00014780
00014790
00014800
00014810
00014820
00014850
00014840
00014850
00014860
00014870
00014880
00014890
00014900
00014910
00014920
00014950
00014940
000149 50
00014960
S T R d * 2 l = STRII21*I-6*ADB*FIN*NP1-2I*4*A*FIN*NP1-11*6*IA0B*PR*
00014970
* B D A I * f l N * N P l * l l * 8 * A * f I N*NP1*2 l * 8 * B * P R * f IN*NP1 *5 1 - 6 * BDA*PR*f I N*NP2*000 1 4 9 8 0
*1I*4*B*PR*FI N*NP2*5II/I4*A*B1
00014990
STRI 1 * 5 ) = S T R l I * 5 1 * 0 . 5 * d - P R l * ( - 2 * F ( N * N P l - 2 1 - 4 * A * F ( N * N P l l * 2 * F (
00015000
*N*NPl*ll*4*B*F(N*NPl*2l*4*A*F(N*NPl*51*2ftF(N*NP2-21-2*F(N*NP2*ll00015010
*4*B*F(N*NP2*21I/(4*A*BI
00015020
C D E T E R M I N E LOCATION OF NODE IN NODAL 6RI0W0RK
00015050
I f ( N P d l . E O . N Y * N l l GO TO 5 6 0
00015040
I F ( N P d l . E a . ( N P ( I I - l l / N V * N Y * N Y I GO TO 4 5 0
00015050
I f ( N P d I - N Y - N l l 410* 410* 420
00015060
4 1 0 CON = 5
00015070
GO TO 4 5 5
00015080
C
00015090
C D E T E R M I N E CONTRIBUTING AREAL DIMENSIONS AND SOLVE FOR M(Kl
00015100
C
00015110
420 A ( X ( I l l - X ( I l - l l l / 2
00015120
B (Y(I2*ll-Yd2l)/2
00015130
ADB A/B
00015140
BOA B/A
00015150
STRII*11 * STRII*11*I-6*B0A*FIN*NP3*11-4*B*FIN*NP5*51*6*IB0A*PR*
00015160
154
*4*A*flN*NPl*61l/l4*A*Bl
I f I N P I I ) . E Q . N V * I N X X - 1 I * 1 1 GO TO 5 6 0
If
lNPdl-lNPIIl-l)/NY*NY-l)
430* 410
00015240
00015250
430
00015260
c
00015270
cDETERMINE C O N T R I B U T I N G AREAL DIMENSIONS AND SOLVE FOR M I L )
00015280
c
00015290
430 B = IY(I2)-V(I2-l))/2
00015300
A = IX(ri)-X(Il-l))/2
00015310
AOB = A/B
00015320
BOA = B/A
00015330
S T R d * l ) = STR(I*1)*(-6*BDA*F(N*NP3*1)-4*B*F(N*NP3*3)-6*A0B*PR*F( 00015340
*N*NP1-2)*4*A*PR*F(N*NP1-1I*6*(BDA*PR*AD3)*F(N*NP1*1)*S*A*PR*F(N*
00015350
*NP1*2)-8*B*F(N*NP1*3))/(4*A*B)
00015360
S T R d * 2 ) = STR(I*2)*(-6*8OA*PR*F(N*NP5*ll-4*B*PR*F(N*NP3*31-6*AOB*00015370
F (N*NPI-2)*4 *A*F(N*NP1-11*6*(A0B*PR*B0AI*F( N*NP1*11*8*A*F(N*NP1* 000153 80
*21-8*B*PR*F( N*NP1*311/(4*A*B1
00015390
STR(I*31 = STR(I*31*0.5*(1-PRI*(-2*F(N*NP3-21*2*F(N*NP3*1I*4*B*F( 00015400
*N*NP5*21*2*F(N*NP1-21-4*A*F(N*NP1I-2*FIN*N*1*1I-4*8*FIN*NP1*21*
00015410
*4*A*FIN*NP1*5)1/(4*A*B)
00015420
DETERMINE LOCATION OF NODE IN NODAL GRID WORK
00015430
IF (NP( I).Ea.NY*NXX) 60 TO 360
00015440
IF (NP(I).EO.(NP(I)-1)/NY*NY*NY.OR.NP(I).GE.NY*(NXX-11*11
00015450
*6 0 TO 410
00015460
CON = 1.5
00015470
00015480
SOLUTION OF STRESS MATRIX COMPLETED
00015490
00015500
CONVERT INTERNAL MOMENT TO STRESS
00015510
00015520
00015530
4 5 5 DO 4 5 6 J = 1 * 5
00015540
456 STR(I*J1 '
RM*C0N*STR(I*J1/T**2
00015550
I F ( N P ( I I . E a . ( N P ( I I - 1 1 / N Y * N Y * 1 . A N 0 . NSYM.NE.5.AND.NSYM.NE.4.aR.
00015560
* N P d l . E Q . ( i l P ( I l - l l / N Y * N Y * NYI S T R d * 2 1 = 0 .
I F ( N P d I . L E . N Y . A N D . N S Y M . N E . 2 . A N D . N S Y M . N E . 4 . 0 R . N P ( I 1 . G T . ( N X 1 - 1 ) * N V 0 0 0 1 5 5 70
* . A N D . N P d I . L E . ( N X 1 * 1 I * N Y . O R . N P ( I I . S T . ( N X - 1 I * N Y ) S T R ( I * 1 I = 0.
00015580
IF (STR(I*1 ).EQ.O.OR.STRd *2).EQ.O) STR(I*3) = 0.
00015590
D E T E R M I N E MAJOR ANO MINOR STRESSES AND HORIZONTAL SHEAR X - Y PLANE 00015600
00015610
STR(I*6) =
SQRr(0.25*(STR(I*1)-STR(I*2)I**2*STR(I*3)**2)
00015620
STR(I*4) = ISTR(I*l)*STR(I*2))/2.-STR(1*6)
00015630
STR(I*5) = ( STR(I*l)*STRd*2) )/2.*STR(I*6)
00015640
CONTINUE
9876
00015650
4 50 C O N T I N U E
155
^
C
^
CONVERT
475
C
C
STRESS
00015660
00015670
00015680
00015690
00015700
00015710
00015720
00015730
00015740
00015750
00015760
00015770
TO MOMENT
PZOP = T * T / 6 .
DO 4 7 5 LP = 1 * N P R I N T
XMOM(LP) = S T R ( L P * 1 ) * P Z 0 P
YHOM(LP) = STR(LP2)*PZQP
XYMOM(LP) = S T R ( L P * 3 ) * P Z Q P
CONTINUE
I F ( N K E N T . E Q . O ) GO TO 6 0 0
CALCULATE
SHEAR
FORCES
00015780
CALL SHEAR (NX* NY)
00015790
00015800
C
600
RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE TEE
* O Y F A C , NKENT)
(NPRINT*
NY*
NXl*
NX*
DXYFAC*
FRX,
TEX,
TEY,
C
C
NSYM,
00015810
00015820
00015830
00015840
00015850
SUBROUTINE
CALCULATES
STRESSES FOR
SLAB WITH
GRADE BEAMS
00015860
00015870
D I M E N S I O N C( 1 5 0 0 0 0 ) , F ( 2 1 0 0 I * G ( 1 5 0 0 0 0 1 * NO(21 *X ( 6 5 0 1 * Y ( 6 5 0 ) S T R ( 6 5 0 , 0 0 0 1 5 8 8 0
*61*NP(650I *XMOM(650)*YMOM(650)*XYMOM(6501*MXOIF(650)*MYOIF(650)*
00015890
*XT(650)*YTI 6501*0X(650)*0Y(65 0)*MXYDIF(650)*MVXDIF(650)*VX(650)*
00015900
*V Y ( 6 5 0 ) , y X M 0 M ( 6 5 0 ) * I R ( 6 5 0 ) * C U N A ( 6 5 . 0 )
00015910
00015920
COMMON C * F * G * N O , N B * X * Y * S T R * N P * X M O M * Y M O N * X Y M O M * X T * Y T * O X , 0 V , M X 0 I F ,
0 0 0 1 5 9 30
*MYD I F * M X Y D I F * M Y X O I F t V X M O M * V X * V Y * N X Y * NY X*VXMAXN*VXMAXP,VYMAXN,
00015^40
*VYMAXP
00015950
00015960
REAL MXOIF* HYDIF* MXYDIF* MYXDIF* MOIX, M3 lY

C
C
NOl = NX1*NY*3
N015 = NOl/5
C
C
C
BEGIN
00
500
SOLVING
1 = 1 ,
STRESS MATRIX
NPRINT
11 = INPI I I - 1 1 / N Y * 1
12 = N P d l - l I1-11*NY
I F ( N P ( I ) - N 0 1 3 1 5 * 5*
5 N = 0
Nl = 0
NXX = NXl
NPl = ( N P d ) - l ) * 3
GO TO 15
10 N = N O l
FOR
INTERNAL
MOMENTS
00015970
00015980
00015990
00016000
00016010
00016020
00016030
00016040
00016050
00016060
10
00016070
00016080
00016090
00016100
00016110
00016120
00016150
00016140
156
Nl = N013
NXX = NX
NPl = (NP(I)-N013-1)*3
15 NP2 = NP1*3*NY
NP3 = NP1-3*NY
C
C
C
C
C
ZERO OUT OLD STRESS MATRIX

00 50 J = 1*
50 STR(I*J) = 0
.,,
DETERMINE IF NODE IS ON PERIMETER OF SLAB
c
C C O R N E R
NODE?
IF ( N P d ) .Ea.NV*NXX) 60 TO 300
C
TOP EDGE NODE?
IF (NP(I).EO.(NP(I)-1)/NY*NY*NY) 60 TO 120
C
SIDE E06E N00E7
IF INP(I).6E.NV*(NXX-1(*1) 60 TO 210
C
C
DETERMINE CONTRIBUTING AREAL DIMENSIONS AND SOLVE FOR M d )
C
A (Xdl*l)-X(Il))/2.
B = (Y(I2*l)-Y(I2)l/2
DENOM = 4.*A*B
ADB = A/3
BDA = B/A
STR(I*11 = I6*BDA*F(N*NP1*1 )*8*B*F(N*NP1*31-6*BDA*F(N*NP2*11*4*B*
*F(N*NP2*3ll/OENOM
STR(I*2I = (6*ADB*F(N*NP1*11-8*A*F(N*NP1*21-6*A0B*F(N*NP1*41-4*A*
00016150
00016160
00016170
00016180
00016190
00016200
00016210
00016220
00016230
00016240
00016250
00016260
00016270
00016280
00016290
00016300
00016310
00016320
00016330
00016340
00016350
00016360
00016370
00016380
00016390
00016400
00016410
00016420
00016430
00016440
* F ( N * N P l * 5 1l*(0YFAC/0ENaNI
000164 50
S T R ( I * 3 1 = D X Y F A C * ( - 2 * F ( N * N P 1 * 1 I * 4 * B * F ( N * N P 1 * 2 I - 4 * A * F ( N * N P 1 * 3 1 * 2 * 00016460
* F ( N * N P 1 * 4 1 * 4 * A * F ( N * N P 1 * 6 ) * 2 * F ( N * N P 2 * 1 ) - 4 * B * F ( N * N P 2 * 2 ) - 2 * F I N*NP2*
000164 70
*4)1/(4*A*B)
00016480
C
D E T E R M I N E LOCATION OF NODE I N NODAL GRIOWORK
00016490
I F ( N P ( I ) - l - N l } 1 1 0 * 1 0 0 * 110
00016500
100 CON = 6
00016510
6 0 TO 400
00016520
110 I F ( N P l I ) . E Q . ( N P ( I ) - 1 ) / N Y * N Y * 1 ) 60 TO 210
00016530
C
00016540
C
DETERMINE CONTRIBUTING AREAL DIMENSIONS ANO SOLVE FOR M I J I
00016550
C
00016560
120 A = ( X ( I l * l ) - X ( I l ) ) / 2
00016570
B = (Yd2)-Y(l2-l))/2
00016580
DENOM = 4 . * A * B
00016590
AOB = A/B
00016600
BOA = B/A
00016610
S T R ( I * 1 ) = S T R d * l ) * ( 6 * B D A * F ( N*NP1*1) * 8 * B * F ( N * N P 1 * 3 ) - 6 * BDA*F ( N*NP2000 16620
**1)*4*B*F(*4*NP2*3))/DENOM
000166 50
157
S r R d * 2 ) = STR(I*2I*(-6*A0B*F(N*NP1-21*4*A*F(N*NP1-1)*6*ADB*F(N*
*NP1*1)*8*A*F(N*NP1*2))*(0YFAC/0EN0M1
STRd*3} = STR(I31*aXYFAC*(-2*F(N*NPl-21-4*A*F(N*NPll*2*F(N*NPl*
00016640
00016650
00016660
*l)*4*B*F(N*NPl*2t*4*A*F(N*NPl*5l*2*F(N*NP2-21-2*F(N*NP2*ll-4*B*
*F(N*NP2*?I1/(4*A*B1
00016670
00016680
C ~ ~
200
DETERMINE LOCATION OF NODE I N NODAL GRIOWORK

I F ( N P ( I l . E a . N Y * N l l GO TO 1 0 0
IF (NP(I).EQ.(NP(I)-1)/NY*NY*NY)
GO TO 5 0 0
I F (NP( I ) - N Y - N 1 ) 2 0 0 * 2 0 0 * 210
CON = 3
5 0 TO 400
C
C
^
DETERMINE
00016740
CONTRIBUTING
AREAL
OIMENSIffiS
ANO SOLVE FOR M ( K )
210 A = ( X ( I l ) - X ( I l - l ) ) / 2
00016750
00016760
00016770
00016780
B = (Yd2*l)-Y(I2))/2
00016790
DENOM = 4 . * A * B
00016i00
AOB = A / B
00016810
BOA = B/A
00016820
STRI 1*1) = S T R d * 1 ) * ( - 6 * B 0 A * F ( N * N P 3 * 1 ) - 4 * B F ( N * N P 3 * 3 ) * & * B O A * F ( N *
00016830
*NP1*1)-8*3*F(N*NP1*3))/DEN0M
00016840
S T R d * 2 ) = S T R ( I * 2 ) * ( 6 * A D a * F ( N * N P l * l ) - 8 * A * F ( N * N P l * 2 ) - 6 * A0B*F ( N * N P 1 0 0 0 168 5 0
**4)-4*A*F(N*NPl*5))*(0YFAC/DEN0Ml
00016860
S I R ( 1 * 5 ) = S T R d * 3 1 * D X Y F A C * ( - 2 * F ( N * N P 3 * 1 1 * ( * B * F ( N * N P 3 * 2 ) * 2 * F ( N * N P 3 0 0 0 168 7 0
**4)*2*F(N*NP1*1)-4*B*F(N*NP1*2)-4*A*F(N*NP1*3)-2*F(N*NP1*4)*4*A*
00016830
*F(N*NP1*6))/(4*A*B)
00016390
IF (NPd).Ea.NY*(NXX-l)*l)
6 0 T3 1 0 0
00016900
I F ( N P d ) - ( N P d ) - l ) / N Y * N Y - l ) 300* 2 0 0 * 300
00016910
00016920
C
C
DETERMINE CONTRIBUTING AREAL DIMENSIONS AND SOLVE FOR MIL)

300
00016930
00016940
B = (Y(I2)-Y(I2-l)l/2
00016950
A = ( X d l l - X ( I l - l l l / 2
00016960
DENOM s 4 . * A * B
00016970
ADB = A / B
00016980
BOA = B/A
00016990
S T R d * l l = S T R d * 1I*(-6*B0A*F(N*NP3*11-4*B*F( N*NP3*5}*6*BDA*F(N*
00017000
*NP1*11-8*S*F(N*NP1*5II/0EN0M
00017010
STR(I*21 = STR(I*21*(-6*A0B*F(N*NP1-21*4*AF(N*NP1-1I*6*ADB*F(N*
00017020
*NP1*11*8*A*F(N*NP1*2II*(OYFAC/DENOMI
0 0 0 1 7 0 50
S T R ( I * 5 I = STRI I * 5 1 * D X Y F A C * ( - 2 * F ( N * N P 3 - 2 I * 2 * F ( N * N P 3 * 1 1 * 4 * B * F ( N * N P 3 0 0 0 1 7 0 4 0
* * 2 ) * 2 * F (N*|P 1 - 2 ) - 4 * A * F I N*NP l l - 2 * F ( N * M P l * l 1 - 4 * B * F ( N * N P l * 2 ) * 4 * A*F I N * 0 0 0 1 70 5 0
*NP1*31I/(4*A*B)
00017060
C
C
C
00016690
00016700
00016710
00016720
00016730
00017070
DETERMINE
LOCATION
OF
NODE
IN
NODAL GRIOWORK
IF INP(II.Ea.NY*NXXl GO TO 100
IF (NP(I).EQ.(NP(I)-1)/NY*NY*NY.0R. NPd).6.NY*(NXX-l)*l)
*C0 TO 200
00017080
00017090
00017100
00017110
00017120
158
CON = 1.5
00017150
C
00017140
C
SOLUTION OF STRESS MATRIX COMPLETED
00017150
C
00017160
C C O N V E R T INTERNAL MOMENT TO STRESS
00017170
C
00017180
400 STR(I*1) = ( FRX*C0N*STR(I*1 ))/dEX**2)
00017190
STR(I*2) = (FRX*CON*STR(I*211/(rEY**21
00017200
450 STR(I*3) = I FRX*CON*SrR(I3))/(TEX**2}
00017210
IF (NP( I).Ea.(NP( I)-1)/NY*NY*1.AN0.NSYM.NE. 3. AND. NS YM.NE. 4.0K. NP( 1000172 20
*I.EQ.(NP( I)-1)/NY*NY*NV) STR(I*2) = 0.
00017230
IF (NPl II.LE.NY.AN0.NSVN.NE.2.AND.NSYM.NE.4.3R.NP(I).CT.I NX 1-1)*NY000172 4O
*.AND.NP(I).LE.(NXl*l)*NY.OR.NPd).CT.(NX-l) *NYI STR(I*1) = 0.
00017250
IF (STR(I*1) .EQ.0.0R.STR(I*2I.EQ.01 STR(I*31 = 0.
00017260
C
00017270
C
DETERMINE MAJOR ANO MINOR STRESSES AND HORIZONTAL SHEAR (X-Y PLANE00017230
C
00017290
S T R d * 6 ) = SQRT(0.25*(STR(I*l)-STRd*2))**2*STR(I*3)**2)
00017300
S T R d * 4 ) = ( STRd*l)*STR(I*2) )/2.-STR(I*6)
00017310
S T R d * 5 ) = ( STR(I*1)*STR(I,2) )/2.*STRd*6)
00017320
9876 CONTINUE
00017330
500 CONTINUE
00017340
C
00017350
C
C
CONVERT STRESS TO MOMENT

0 0 490 1 = 1 * NPRINT
XMOMd) = ( S T R d * l ) * T E X * * 2 ) / 6 .
YMOMd) = ( S T R d 2 ) * T E Y * * 2 ) / 6 .
XYMOMd) = ( STRI I , 5 l * T E X * * 2 ) / 6 .
490 CONTINUE
I F (NKENT.EQ.O) GO TO 600
C
C
CALCULATE SHEAR FORCES
00017360
00017370
00017380
00017390
00017400
00017410
00017420
00017430
00017440
00017450
00017460
CALL SHEAR (NX* NY)
00017470
(.
00017480
600 RETURN
00017490
gÔ
00017500
SUBROUTINE MfSO (A* N* EPS* lER* NT I
00017510
g
00017520
00017540
C
SUBROUTINE IS ALGORITHM TO FACTOR A SYMMETRICAL POSITIVE DEFINITE 00017530
00017550
C
MATRIX
^.'">
^
DIMENSION A(NT)
'!!i\lltl
00017570
DOUBLE PRECISION OPIV* OSUM* DSQRT, 08LE
So017590
C
TEST ON WRONG INPUT PARAMETER N
221It?
00017610
C
159
1
C
C
C
lER
= 0
INITIALIZE
DIAGONAL
00017620
00017630
00017640
00017650
00017660
00017670
00017680
00017690
00017700
00017710
00017720
00017730
00017740
LOOP
KPIV = 0
DO 1 1 K = 1 , N
KPIV = KPIV*K
INO = KPIV
LEND = K - 1
C
C
C
CALCULATE
TOL
TOLERANCE
= ABS(EPS*A(KPIV))
00017750
START
FACT3RIZATI0N
LOOP OVER
THE KTH
ROW
00017760
C
DO 11
I = K,
OSUM = 0 . 0 3
I F (LEND) 2 ,
00017770
00017780
N
4*
00017790
00017800
00017810
START
INNER
LOOP
00017820
00017830
2
DO 3
LANF
LINO
3 OSUM
L = 1 , LEND
= KPIV-L
= IND-L
= DSUM*DBLE(A(LANF)*A(LINOI )
00017840
00017850
00017860
00017870
000 17830
cc
END
C
g
TRANSFORM
OF
4 OSUM =
INNER
TEST
5 IF
6 IF
7 IF
ELEMENT
AIINDI
10* 5* 10
FOR N E G A T I V E
PIVOT
ISN6LI OSUMl-TOLl 6*
(OSUM) 1 2 * 1 2 * 7
( l E R l 8* 8 * 9
8 lER = K-1
C
C
COMPUTE PIVOT ELEMENT
C
9
C
C
00017890
00017900
^^'Î'^l^
00017920
???Î???
08LEI A d N O U - D S U H
IF d - K l
C
C
C
LOOP
O P I V = DSQRTIOSUMl
A(KPIV1 = DPIV
OPIV 2 l . D O / O P I V
GO TO 1 1
CALCULATE
TERMS
I N ROW
ELEMENT
6*
ANO FOR LOSS OF
SIGNIFICANCE
00017940
00017950
00017960
00017970
00017980
00017990
00018000
00018010
00018020
00018030
00018040
00018050
00018060
00013070
00018080
00018090
00013100
160
00018110
00018120
00018130
C
00018140
C E N D OF DIAGONAL LOOP
00018150
C
00018160
RETURN
00018170
C
00018180
C
NEGATIVE PIVOT ELEMENT FOUND
00018190
C
00018200
12 lER = -1
00018210
RETURN
00018220
END
00018230
SUBROUTINE TRIG (Nl
00018240
C
00018250
C
THIS SUBROUTINE APPLIES THE GAUSS ELIMINATION METHOD TO FORM A
00018260
C
UPPER TRIANGULAR BAND MATRIX.
FOR A GIVEN CONTACT CONDITION* T H I S 0 0 0 1 8 2 7 0
C
TRIAN6ULATI0N I S PERFORMED ONLY ONCE AND THE RESULTS CAN BE USED
00018280
C
REPEATEDLY.
000182 90
C
00018300
DIMENSION C( 1 5 0 0 0 0 I * F ( 2 1 0 0 I * 6 ( 1 5 0 0 0 0 I * N O ( 2 1 * X ( 6 5 0 1 * Y I 6 5 0 1 * S T R I 6 5 0 * 0 0 0 1 8 3 1 0
*6l*NP(650)*XMOM(650l*YMOM(6501*XYMOM(650l*MXDIFI650)*MY0IFI650l*
00018320
*XTI 6 5 0 1 * Y T I 6 5 0 1 * O K I 6501*DYI6501*MXVOIF 1 6 5 0 1 * M Y X D I F I 6 5 0 ) * V X 1 6 5 0 ) *
000185 50
*VVI650)*YXM0MI65 0 ) * I R I 6 5 0 ) * 6 U N A I 6 5 0 I
00018540
C
00018350
COMMON C*F*G*NO*NB*X*Y*STR*NP*XMOM*YMOM*XYMOM*XT*YT*OX*OY*MXDIF*
00018360
*M VO IF *MXYDIF* MYXDIF* YKMOM*VX*VY* NXY *NYX* VXMAXN* VXMAXP* VYMAXN*
00018570
*VYMAXP
00018580
C
00018590
REAL MXOIF* M Y O I f * MXYOIf* MYXOIf * MOIX* MOIY
00018400
00018410
NOE - NOINI
00018420
LA = NB-1
000184 50
LB = NOE-LA
00018440
I f I N - 1 1 2* 2 * 4
00018450
2 IB = 1
00018460
6 0 TO 6
00018470
00018480
4 IB = N0(11*1
00018490
6 0 0 50 I = I B * LB
00018500
J = NB*t-LA
10 AIINDI * DSUM*DPIV
11 INO = IND*I
fi'j* ' ciJi

6ij*Ki = c(j*Ki
10 c i j * K i = c i j * K i / 6 i j i
LC = LA
DO 5 0 L = 1* LA
MI = J * L * N B - 1
DO 2 0 K = 1* LC
20 CIMI*KI = C I M I * K 1 - C I J * K * L A - L C 1 * 6 I J * L 1
;;;!!cis
;!;!c?;
???,::
00018550
00018560
00018570
00018580
00018590
161
52
54
56
40
50
1 S ~ ô"I
1J * , \
LO
= LA-1
00 90
I = LB* NOE
J NB*I-LA
6IJ)= CIJI
If (1-LDI 52* 52, 56
DO 54 K = 1* LD
6(J*K1 = C(J*KI
DO 40 K = 1* LA
C(J*KI = C(J*KI/6(J1
LC = LA-1
If (I-NOEI 50* 90* 50
DO 70 L = 1* LD
MI = J*L*NB-1
0 0 60 K = 1 * LC
60 C ( M I * K I = C ( M I * K > - C ( J * K * L A - L C - 1 I * 6 ( J - H . I
LC = L C - 1
I f d - L C l 7 0 * 7 0 * 80
70 CONTINUE
80 LO = LO-1
90 CONTINUE
RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE LOAOM ( N l
00018600
00018610
00018620
00018650
00018640
00018650
00018660
00018670
00018680
00018690
00018700
00018710
00018720
00018750
00018740
00018750
00018760
00018770
00018780
000 18790
00018800
00018810
00018820
00018850
00018840
00018850
SUBROUTINE USED THE TR lANGULARIZ ED MATRIX FROM SUBROUTINE
-TRIG AND COMPUTES THE DEFLECTIONS OF THE SLAB.
00018860
00018870
00018880
C
C
DIMENSION C ( 1 5 0 0 0 0 1 * F ( 2 1 0 0 1 * G ( 1 5 0 0 0 0 1 * N 0 ( 21 * X ( 6 5 0 1 * Y ( 6 5 0 ) * S T R ( 6 5 0 * 0 0 0 1 8 8 9 0
*6l*NP(6S01*XMOMI6S0l*YMOMI650l*XYMOMI650l*MXDIF(6501*MYDIf ( 6 5 0 1 *
00018900
* X T I 6 5 0 I * Y T ( 6 5 0 1 * 0 X ( 6 5 0 1 * D Y ( 65 01 * MXYOIf ( 6 5 0 1 *MYXOIf( 6501 *VX ( 6 5 0 1 *
00018910
* V V I 6 5 0 1 *YXMaMI6S0l*IR(6501 6UNA(6501
00018920
00018950
COMMON C,f,G*NO*NB*X*Y*STR*NP*XMOM*VMOM*XYMOM*XT*YT*DX*DY*MX0IF*
000189 40
*HYD I F *MXVDIF*MYXDIF*VXMOM*VX*W* NXY *NYX* VXMAXN* VXMAXP* VYMAXN*
0001895 0
*VYMAXP
00018960
00018970
REAL MXOIF* MYOIF* MXYDIF* MYXOIF* MOIX* MOIY
00018980
00018990
NOE = NOINI
00019000
LA = NB-1
00019010
LB = NOE-LA
00019020
I F ( M - l l 2* 2 * 4
00019030
00019040
ONLY ONE SLAB TO BE CONSIDERED
00019050
00019060
2 IB = 1
00019070
6 0 TO 6
00019080
162
c
c- T W O SLABS TO BE CONSIDERED
c
4 IB = N0(11*1
6 DO 2 0 I = I B * LB
J * NB*I-LA
f d l = f(It/6(Jl
DO 20 L = 1 * LA
20 f d * L l = F d * L l - F I I I * 6 l J * L 1
LB = L B * 1
LD = L A - 1
0 0 6 0 I = LB * NOE
J = NB*I-LA
F d l s F(I1/G(J1
LC = L A - 1
I F ( I - N O E l 5 0 * 7 0 * 50
50 DO 4 0 L = 1 * LD
F d * L I = F I I * L l - f d l * 6 l J*L1
LC = L C - 1
I f l l - L C I 4 0 * 4 0 * 50
40 CONTINUE
50 LO = LO-1
60 CONTINUE
70 0 0 80 IK = I B * NOE
1 = N0E-IK*1 * I N - l l * N O d l
J s NB*I-NB*2
0 0 8 0 K = 1 * LA
I f I I * K . 6 T . N 0 E 1 60 TO 80
f d l = f(Il-f(I*KI*C(J*K-ll
80 CONTINUE
RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE SINV (A* N* EPS* lER*
NT I
c
C'
T H I S SUBROUTINE
INVERTS A SYMMETRICAL POSITIVE D E f l N I T E
c
DIMENSION
AINTI
DOUBLE PRECISION
c
cC" A
DIN*
WORK* DOLE
fACTORIZE GIVEN MATRIX BY MEANS OF SUBROUTINE MFSD

TRANSPDSE(T1*T
c
CALL MFSD ( A *
c
c-
N* EPS* lER*
NT 1
CHECK FOR INSTABILITY

IF (lERl 9* 1* 1
INVERT UPPER TRIANGULAR MATRIX "T*
MATRIX
00019090
00019100
00019110
00019120
00019150
00019140
00019150
00019160
00019170
00019180
00019190
00019200
00019210
00019220
00019250
00019240
00019250
000192 60
00019270
000192 80
00019290
00019500
00019510
00019520
00019550
00019540
00019550
00019560
00019570
00019580
00019590
00019400
00019410
00019420
00019430
00019440
00019450
00019460
000194 70
00019480
00019490
00019500
00019510
00019520
00019530
00019540
00019550
00019560
00019570
163
c
cc
PREPARE
INVERSION
IPIV N * ( N * l l / 2
INO I P I V
c
c
c- I N I T I A L I Z E
c
LOOP
INVERSION
LOOP
DO 6 I = 1 * N
DIN = 1.00/OBLE( A d P I V l l
A d P I V l = DIN
MIN = N
KEND =
I-l
LANF = N-KEND
I F (KENOl 5 * 5 * 2
2 J = INO
c
cc
INITIALIZE
ROW LOOP
0 0 4 K = 1 * KEND
WORK = 0 . 0 0
MIN = M I N - 1
LHOR = I P I V
LVER = J
c
cc
START
00 5
LVER
LHOR
5 WORK
INNER
LOOP
L = LANF* MIN
LVER*1
s LHOR*L
s W0RK*0BLE(A(LVER1*A(LH0RI1
c
C'
END
OF
INNER
LOOP
c
AIJI
c
cc
4 J
-WORK*DIN
J-MIN
END OF ROW LOOP
5 I P I V * IPIV-MIN
6 INO = IND-1
c
cEMO OF INVERSION LOOP
c
CALCULATE INVERSEIAI BY MEANS OF INVERSEdl* WHERE INVERSEIAI
ccINVERSEdl * TRANSPOSE( INVERSE( Tl 1.
c
c- I N I T I A L I Z E MULTIPLICATION LOOP
00019580
00019590
00019600
00019610
00019620
00019650
00019640
00019650
00019660
000196 70
00019680
00019690
00019700
00019710
00019720
00019750
00019740
00019750
00019760
00019770
00019780
00019790
00019800
00019810
00019820
00019850
00019840
00019850
00019860
00019870
00019880
00019890
00019900
00019910
00019920
00019950
00019940
00019950
00019960
000199 70
00019980
00019990
00020000
00020010
00020020
00020030
00020040
00020050
00020060
164
0 0 8 I = 1* N
IPIV * IPIV*I
J = IPIV
c
c
c
I N I T I A L I Z E ROW LOOP
0 0 8 K = I* N
WORK =
LHOR =
C
C
C
START
0.00
J
INNER
LOOP
0 0 7 L = K* N
LVER = LHOR*K-I
7
C
C-
WORK =
LHOR =
W0RK*0BLE(A(LH0RI*A(LVER1I
LHOR*L
END
INNER
OF
LOOP
c
A I J I - WORK
8 J X J4.IC
c
cc
END OF ROW ANO M U L T I P L I C A T I O N

9
c
ccc
RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE
OSF
(H,
Y*
Z*
LOOP
NDIMI
- - T H I S SUBROUTINE COMPUTES THE VECTOR OF INTEGRAL

6 I V E N E Q U I D I S T A N T TABLE OF FUNCTION V A L U E S .
VALUES
FOR A
DIMENSION YINDIMI* ZINDIMI

HT .5555555*M
C
CC
CC
If INOIM-51 7* 8* 1
NOIM IS GREATER THAN 5.
1 SUMl
SUHl
SUMI
AUXl
AUXl
AUXl
AUX2
SUM2
PREPARATION Of INTEGRATION LOOP

= V(2)*Y(21
= SUM1*SUM1
= HT*(Y(11*SUM1*Y(51I
s Y(41*Y(41
= AUX1*AUX1
s SUM1*HT*(Y(51*AUX1*Y(5 11
= HT*(Y(11*5.875*(Y(21*Y(5I1*2.625*(Y(5I*Y(411*Y(61I
> Y(51*Y(51
00020070
00020080
00020090
00020100
00020110
00020120
00020150
00020140
00020150
00020160
00020170
00020180
00020190
00020200
00020210
00020220
00020250
00020240
00020250
000202 60
00020270
00020280
00020290
00020500
00020310
00020320
00020350
00020540
00020550
00020560
00020570
00020580
00020590
00020400
00020410
00020420
00020450
00020440
00020450
00020460
00020470
00020480
00020490
00020500
00020510
00020520
00020550
00020540
00020550
165
c
cc
SUM2 s SUM2*SUM2
SUM2 = A U X 2 - H T * ( V ( 4 I * S U M 2 * Y ( 6 I I
Z d l = 0.
AUX = V ( 5 1 * Y ( 5 1
AUX = AUX*AJX
Z ( 2 1 = SUM2-HT*( Y ( 2 I * A U X * V ( 4 I 1
Z ( 5 I = SUHl
Z ( 4 1 = SUM2
I f ( N D I M - 6 1 5* 5 * 2
-INTEGRATION LOOP
0 0 4 I = 7* NOIM* 2
SUMl = AUXl
SUM2 AUX2
AUXl = Y ( I - 1 1 * Y ( I - 1 I
AUXl ' AUX1*AUX1
AUXl = S U M 1 * H T * ( Y ( I - 2 ) * A U X 1 * Y ( I I 1
Z ( I - 2 1 = SUMl
I f d - N D I M l 5* 6 * 6
AUX2 = Y( I I * Y d l
AUX2 = AUX2*AUX2
AUK2 = S U M 2 * H T * ( V ( I - 1 I * A U X 2 * Y ( I * 1 1 I
Z d - l l = SUM2
c
c-
END OF INTEGRATION LOOP

5 Z ( N D I M - 1 I = AUXl
Z I N O I M l = AUX2
RETURN
6 Z ( N 0 I M - 1 I s SUM2
Z I N O I M l = AUXl
RETURN
C
NOIM I S LESS THAN 5
c
7 IF
(NOIM-51
12*
11* 8
cc
NOIM
I S EQUAL TO 4 OR 5
SUM2
SUMl
SUMl
SUMl
1.125*HT*(Vdl*Y(21*Y(21*Y(2l*Y(5l*Y(5l*Y(51*Y(41l
= y(2l*Y(21
s SUM1*SUM1
= HT*(Y( 1I*SUM1*YI51I
Zdl
= 0.
AUXl =
Y(5I*Y(5)
AUXl = AUX1*AUX1
ZI2I = SUM2-HT*(Y(21*AUX1*VI41I
If INOIM-51 10* 9* 9
00020560
00020570
00020580
00020590
00020600
00020610
00020620
00020650
00020640
00020650
00020660
00020670
00020680
00020690
00020700
00020710
00020720
00020750
00020740
00020750
00020760
00020770
00020780
00020790
00020800
00020810
00020820
00020850
00020840
00020850
00020860
00020870
00020880
00020890
00020900
00020910
00020920
000209 50
00020940
00020950
00020960
00020970
00020980
00020990
00021000
00021010
00021020
00021030
00021040
Ifi6
AUXl =
AUXl
ZI5I
10 Z d l
Z(41 =
RETURN
C
C
C
ccc
C'
ccc
C
C
C
cc
YI4I*YI41
AUX1*AUX1
SUM1*HT*IVI51*AUX1*VI5I1
SUMl
SUM2
00021050
00021060
00021070
00021080
00021090
00021100
00021110
NOIM I S EQUAL TO 5
00021120
00021150
00021140
11 S U M l
HT*ll.25*Ydl*YI21*Y(2l-.25*Y(511
00021150
SUM2
YI21*Y(21
00021160
SUM2
SUM2*SUM2
00021170
Z(5I
HT*1YI11*SUH2*VI5II
00021180
Zlll
0.
00021190
ZI2I
SUMl
00021200
RETURN
12
00021210
END
00021220
SUBROUTINE SHEAR I N X * NYI
00021250
00021240
SUBROUTINE USES A NUMERICAL I N T E G R A T I O N TEC HNIQUE TO CA LCULATE
00021250
SHEAR f O R C E .
U N I T S ARE fORCE PER LENGTH* E . 6 . * LBS PER INCH.
00021260
00021270
S U B R O U T I N E WAS WRITTEN S P E C I f l C A L L V FOR USE W I T H A RECT AN6ULAR
I T HAS NOT BEEN TE STED00021280
SLAB SYMMETRICAL TO BOTH THE X AND Y A X E S .
00021290
FOR SLABS W I T H OTHER SYMMETRY.
00021500
D I M E N S I O N : i 1 5 0 0 0 0 I * F I 2 1 0 0 I * 6 I 1 5 0 0 0 0 ) * N O I 21 * X I 6 5 0 1 * Y I 6 5 0)*STRI 650*00021510
00021520
* 6 1 * N P I 6 5 0 I * X M O M I 6 5 0 1 * Y M O M I 6 5 0 I * X V M O M I 6 5 0 1 * M X D I F ( 6 5 0 1 * M Y DIFI650 I*
1*
00021550
* X T I 6 5 0 l V T I 6 5 0 l * 0 X l 6 5 0 1 * 0 V I 6 5 0 1 * M X Y D I f l 6 5 01 * M Y X D I F I 6 5 0 1 *VXI650
00021540
*VYI6501*VXM0NI65 0I*IRI650I*6UNAI650I
00021550
F*
00021560
COMMON C * f * 6 * N 0 * N B * X * Y * S T R * N P * X M 0 M * V M 0 M * X Y M O M * X T * Y T * D X * DY*MXDI
00021570
* M Y D I f * M X Y D I F * M Y X O I F * V X M O M * V X * V Y * N X Y * N Y X * V X M AXN*VXMAXP*V YMAXN*
00021580
*VVMAXP
00021590
00021400
REAL MXOIF* MYOIF* MXYOIF* MYXOIF* MOIX* M3 lY
00021410
00021420
STORE NODAL COORDINATES
00021450
00021440
DO 6 0 0 I = 1 * NX
00021450
XTII) = X d l
00021460
6 0 0 CONTINUE
00021470
0 0 6 0 5 I = 1 * NY
00021480
YTdl *
Ydl
00021490
605 CONTINUE
00021500
00021510
ESTABLISH W0RKIN6 VARIABLES
00021520
00021550
NZl = NX*NY
167
NXX = N X - 1
NYY = N Y - 1
NYX = ( N Y - 1 I * N X
NXY = ( N X - 1 1 * N Y
HZl
= (NX-1I*(NY-11
KX = N X * 1
KV = N Y * 1
KZ = KX*KY
KXV = N Y * ( N X * 1 I
KYX = N X * ( N Y * 1 I
00 608 1 = 1 * NZl
YXMOMdl X - l . * X Y M O M ( I l
00021540
00021550
00021560
00021570
00021580
00021590
00021600
00021610
00021620
00021650
00021640
608
00021650
C
00021660
c
00021670
cNUMBER THE COLUMNS AND ROWS OF THE F I N I T E ELEMENT 6 R I D
00021680
c
00021690
0 0 6 1 0 J = 1 * NX
00021700
0 0 6 1 0 I = 1 * NY
00021710
610 Y d * ( J * N Y l - N V l = Y T d l
00021720
L = 0
00021750
00021740
0 0 6 1 5 J = 1 * NX
00021750
DO 6 1 5 I = 1 * NY
00021760
L *
L*l
00021770
615 X ( L 1 = X T ( J I
00021780
JJJ = 0
00021790
C
00021800
cB E 6 I N SOLUTION FROM UPPER R I 6 H T CORNER (NODE N Z I I OF UPPE R RIGHT
M
TOP
TO
00021810
c- Q U A D R A N T .
NUMBERIN6 OF DIFFERENCE ELEMENTS INCREASES FRO
c- T O
BOTTOM OF 6 R I 0 PATTERN* THEN FROM R I 6 H T TO L E F T .
NODE NUMBER- 00021820
00021830
c- I N 6 REMAINS THE SAME.
00021840
c
00021850
C'
C A L C U L A T E DELTA-Y*S
00021860
00 700 I 1* NYY
00021870
700 O V d l YCNZ1-I*1I-V(NZ1-II
IMAGINAR00021880
CDISTRIBUTE OELTA-Y*S THR0U6H0UT 6RI0. ALSO GENERATE
00021890
OF
SYMMETRY.
OELTA-Y*S BELOW HORIZONTAL LINE
C-
00021900
OYINYI = OY(NV-ll
00021910
DO 710 J = 1* NY
00021920
00 710 I = 1* NX
00021930
OYdI*NYYI*J*Il = OVIJI
00021940
710 CONTINUE
00021950
CALCULATE DELTA-X* S
00021960
00 720 J = 1* NXX
00021970
OXIJl = X(NZl-(J*NYl*NYl-X(NZl-(( J*1)*NY)*NY)
00021980
720 CONTINUE
00021990
DISTRIBUTE 0ELTA-X*S THROUGHOUT GRID.
00022000
00 750 J = 1* NXX
00022010
DO 750 I = 1* NY
00022020
OK(I*(J*NV)-NV) = DX(J)
168
730 CONTINUE
740
750
755
760
765
770
775
00022030
GENERATE IMA6INARY DELTA-X*S TO THE LEFT OF VERTICAL L INE OF 00022040

NT = ( N Y * N X X ) * 1
wcKiit*!!. L
00022050
NPP s NT*NYY
00022060
0 0 740 I = NT* NPP
00022070
X d ) = OXd-NV)
00022080
CONTINUE
00022090
CALCULATE OELTA-XMOM'X ANO DELTA-XYMOM'X
00022100
L = 0
00022110
0 0 750 J = 1 * NXX
00022120
00 7 5 0 I = 1 * NY
00022150
L = L*l
00022140
MXDIFIL) = XMOM(NZl-(J*NYI*NV-I*ll-XMOM(NZl-( J * N Y I - I * 1 I
00022150
MXYOIf ( L l = X Y M 0 M ( N Z 1 - ( J * N Y I * N Y - I * 1 I - X Y M 0 M ( N Z 1 - ( J * N Y 1 - I * 1 I
00022160
CONTINUE
00022170
CALCULATE IMA6INARY DELTA-XYMOM'S
00022180
DO 755 I = NT* NPP
00022190
MXYDIfdl = MXYOIfd-NYl
00022200
CONTINUE
00022210
CALCULATE DELTA-VMOM'S
00022220
L = 0
00022250
DO 765 J = 1 * NX
00022240
DO 760 1 = 1 * NYY
00022250
L = L*l
00022260
000222 70
MYDIFILI = YMOM(NZl-(J*NY)*NY-I*ll-YMOM(NZl-( J*NVI*NV-II
CONTINUE
00022280
M V O I f ( J * N Y l = MYOIf ( ( J * N Y 1 - 1 1
00022290
L = L*l
00022300
CONTINUE
00022310
00022320
CALCULATE DELTA-YXMOM'S
L * 0
00022350
00022540
DO 775 J = 1 * NX
00022550
0 0 770 I = 1 * NYY
00022560
L L*l
00022570
MYXOIf ( L l Y X M 0 M ( N Z 1 - ( J * N Y I * N Y - I * 1 I - Y X M 0 M ( N Z 1 - ( J * N Y I * N V - I 1
00022380
CONTINUE
00022590
MYXOIf(J*NYl = M Y X O I f l l J * N V l - l l
00022400
L L*l
00022410
CONTINUE
00022420
000224 30
00022440
-INCREMENTS OVER WHICH SHEARS ARE CALCULATED ARE NUMBERED BE6 INNIN600022450
-AT THE UPPER RIGHT CORNER Of THE SLAB PORTION IN THE UPPER R I6HT 00022460
-OUAORANT. INCREMENT NUMBERING INCREASES fROM TOP TO BOTTOM ANO
00022470
-fROM RIGHT TO LEfT. NODAL NUMBERING REMAINS UNCHANGED.
00022480
00022490
C A L C U L A T E SHEAR IN X-DIRECTION AND WRITE RESULTS
00022500
867 DO 870 1 = 1 * NXY
00022510
CALCULATE
SHEARS
169
870
VXIIl
= IMX0IFIIl/OXIIll*lMYX0IFdl/DYIIll
CALCULATE SHEAR IN Y-DIRECTION
K = 0
L = 0
0 0 875 J = 1 * NX
0 0 875 I = 1 * NY
L L*l
I f d . E Q . N Y l 60 TO 875
K =K*l
VYIKl = (MYDIF(LI/DY(L11-(MXYDIF(LI/DX(L11
875 CONTINUE
JJJ = 1
c
cc
SORT TO FIND MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE I N EACH DIRECTION

VXMAXN = 0 . 0
VXMAXP = 0 . 0
VYMAXN = 0 . 0
VYMAXP = 0 . 0
DO 880 1 = 1 * NXY
I F ( V X M A X N . 6 T . V X ( I I 1 VXMAXN
880 I F ( V X M A X P . L T . V X d l l VXMAXP
0 0 885 1 = 1 * NYX
I F ( V Y M A X N . 6 T . V Y ( I 1 1 VYMAXN
885 I F ( V Y M A X P . L T . V Y d l l VYMAXP
RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE MSLP ( N 0 1 5 I
=
=
VXdl
VXIIl
= VV(I1
= VYdl
00022520
00022550
00022540
00022550
00022560
00022570
00022580
00022590
00022600
00022610
00022620
00022650
00022640
00022650
00022660
00022670
00022680
00022690
00022700
00022710
00022720
00022750
00022740
00022750
00022760
00022770
00022780
00022790
C
00022800
C S U B R O U T I N E CALCULATES DIFFERENTIAL DEFLECTION
00022810
C
00022820
DIMENSION C ( 1 5 0 0 0 0 1 * F ( 2 1 0 0 1 * 6 ( 1 5 0 0 0 0 1 * N D ( 2 1 * X ( 6 5 0 1 * Y ( 6 5 0 ) * S T R ( 65 0 * 0 0 0 2 2 8 5 0
*6I*NP(650I*XMOMI650I*YMOMI6501*XYMOMI650I*MXDIF(650I*MYOIFI650I*
00022840
*XT16501*YTI6501*DXI6501*DYI650I*MXYDIFI65 0)*NVXOIFI650)*VXI650) *
00022850
*VY(650)*YXMOM(650IIR(650I*6UNA(650I*A(20I*B(20I*CX(201*LX(20I*
00022860
*0I20I*IAI2*201
00022870
C
00022880
00022890
COMMON C*F*G*N0*NB*X*Y*STR*NP*XMOM*YMOM*XYMOM*XT*YT*DX*0Y*MXOIF*
00022900
*MYD IF*MXYOIF*MYXDIF*VXMOM*VX*VY*NXY*NYX*VXMAXN*VXMAXP*VYMAXN*
00022910
*VYMAXP
00022920
C
00022950
7 FORMAT I / / S X * ' T W E N T Y MAXIMUM DIFFERENTIAL DEFLECTION R A T I O S ' *
0
0022940
*/5X*45l'-*l )
8 FORMAT I / / 6 X * * N 0 D E 1 * * 8 X * * N 0 D E 2 * * 1 2 X * * D E L T A * * 1 2 X * * D I S T * , 1 2 X , * D I ST * * 0 0 0 2 2 9 5 0
* 1 2 X , * 0 E L T A / L * , 1 2 X , * L / D E L T A * , / 5 6 X * * I N C H E S * * 1 O X * * I N C H E S * * 1 2 X * * F T * 1 00022960
9 FORMAT
I / 6 X * I 5 * 1 0 X * I 5 * 1 0 X * E 1 5 . 6 * 5 X * E 1 5 . 6 * 5 K * F 6 . 2 * 8 X * E 1 3 . 6 * 1 1 X * I 3 ) 00022970
00022980
DO 11 IM = 1 * 20
00022990
11 A f l M ) = 0 . 3
00023000
00 1 I = 1* N015
170
DO 2 J = 1* N 0 1 5
I F ( J . E Q . l ) 6 0 TO 2
DIST = S Q R T ( ( X ( J ) - X ( I ) ) * * 2 * ( Y ( J I - Y (
ODIFF = F ( ( J - 1 I * 5 * 1 I - F ( ( I - 1 1 * 5 * 1 1
SLP OOIFF/OIST
FOIST = D I S T / 1 2
0 0 5 K = 1* 2 0
I F ( S L P . 6 T . A ( K 1 I GO TO 4
CONTINUE
6 0 TO 2
IF ( A ( K ) . E Q . O . O l 6 0 TO 5
IK = 20-K
IF ( I K . E Q . O l 6 0 TO
0 0 6 IL = 1* IK
111**21
II = 20-IL
I J = 11*1
AdJI = Adil
BdJl = Bdll
odji = odii
cxdji = cxdii
IA(1*IJ1 = IA(1*III
6 IA(2*IJ1 = IA(2*III
5 A(KI = SLP
BIKl = ODIFF
OIK) = DIST
CX(K) = FOIST
IA(1*K) = I
IA(2*K) = J
2 CONTINUE
1 CONTINUE
WRITE (6*71
DO 10 M = 1* 20
NSLP = 1/A(M1*0.5
LX(M) NSLP
10 CONTINUE
WRITE (6*8)
WRITE (6*91 ((IA(J*I)*J = 1*2)*8(I)*0(I)*CX(I )*Ad)*LX I D * 1 = 1*20)
RETURN
END
//LKEO.SYSLIB DO
//
DO
//
DO DSN=EDR.IHSL.V90.SINGLE.LIB*DISP=SHR
//
DO OSN=EOR.IMSL.V90.DOUBLE.LIB*DIS=SHR
//LKED.SYSLMOO OO DSN=WYL.VO.WKW.LOADLIB(GUNA)* 01SP=OLD*UNIT =
//
00025010
00023020
00023050
00025040
00025050
00025060
00025070
00025080
00025090
00023100
00023110
00025120
00025150
00025140
00023150
00025160
00023170
00023180
00023190
00023200
00025210
00025220
00025230
00023240
00023250
00025260
00025270
00023280
00023290
00025500
00025310
00023520
00025330
00023540
00025350
00023560
00025570
00025380
00023390
00023400
00023410
00023420
00023430
00023440
00023450
171
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APPENDIX C
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR SURVEY
184
185
Texas Tech University

Department ol Civil Engineering
May 23, 1985

Dear Sir:
I am a graduate student in the Department of Civil Engineering
at Texas Tech University, working on my Ph.D. under the guidance of
Dr. Warren K. Wray. Part of my dissertation requires that I evaluate
the most efficient/economical way of determining the modulus of
elasticity of soil. This will be based on statistical analyses that
I will carry out on some of the commonly available testing procedures. To carry out these analyses, I am conducting a survey in
order to gain the necessary reliable data. Each of the testing
procedures listed on the enclosed form will be evaluated based on the
following factors:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Availability
Reliability
Familiarity
Cost of Equipment
Cost of Test
Interpretation of Results
Ease of Performance
Each of these factors is to be individually weighted on a scale of

1-5 as indicated below.
Availability
1. Very likely that everybody will have
2. Likely that everybody will have
3. Not sure
4. Unlikely that everybody will have
5. Very unlikely that everybody will have
Reliability
1. Reliable
2. Fairly reliable
3. Not sure
4. Not very reliable
5. Unreliable
Familiarity
^ .,.
.^^ ^,
,
1. Very likely that everybody is familiar with the procedure
Z. Likely that most persons are familiar with the procedure
3. Note sure
^ ^
4. Likely that most persons are unfamiliar with the procedure
5! Very unlikely that everybody is familiar with the procedure
Bo 4069/Lubbock, Texas 79409 (8061 742-3523
186
Pace 2
Cost of Equipment (from testing laboratory's viewpoint)

1. Very inexpensive
2. Inexpensive
3. Neither expensive nor inexpensive
4. Expensive
5. Very expensive
Cost of
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Test (as perceived by the client/user)

Very reasonable
Reasonable
Neither reasonable nor unreasonable
Unreasonable
Very unreasonable
Interpretation of Results
1. Very simple
2. Simple
3. Neither simple nor difficult
4. Difficult
5. Very difficult
Ease of
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Performance of Test
Very easy
Easy
Neither easy nor difficult
Difficult
Very d i f f i c u l t
If you are familiar with at least five of the testing procedures

and are also familiar with at least five of the factors listed above,
please fill out the enclosed table, using the indicated scale, by
placing the appropriate number in the applicable box. The survey
should take less than five minutes of your time. If you are unable
to complete the survey, please return this letter and the uncompleted
survey in the envelope provided. I would appreciate it if you could
return your survey by June 15, 1985.
Thank you for your assistance,
Sincerely yours.
K.N. Gunalan
KNG/sh
Enclosure
187
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VALUES OF DESIGN PARAMETERS DUE TO FORKLIFT
LOADING AT 15 LOCATIONS USED
IN QUASI-STATIC ANALYSIS
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COMPARISON OF RESULTS FOR DIFFERENT
ASPECT RATIOS OF FINITE ELEMENT
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STRESS, MOMENT, SHEAR, AND DIFFERENTIAL
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235
APPENDIX G
MOMENT EQUATIONS
236
237

(L)0.18 (^^2.27 (, ^0.27 (
0.97
{W)-^^ {h)2-57 (p )0.91

M = (E^)(7752)
'l
(L)0-52 (E )0.82 (, )0.07
(G.2)

(L)-^2 (,)2.30 ( 2 . 0 4
M, = (EJ(3.66)
f
(,)C.04 (^0.72 (^ )0.02 (3)2.03
(,)0.16(,)2.57
(G.3)
0.41
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5
y
y
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5
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M^ = (EJ(1.25)
"^
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y
y
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0.78(3)0.24
APPENDIX H
DESIGN EXAMPLE USING EXISTING PROCEDURES
238
239
H.l
Introduction
A design example is used here to compare the results obtained

from three procedures which are in common use among practicing
professionals.
The three procedures are:
1.
Portland Cement Association method (PCA).
2.
Panak/Wire Reinforcement Institute method (Panak/WRI).
3.
Corps of Engineers method.
Brief descriptions of each of the procedures are given here.

However, for more details, the reader is asked to refer to the
specific references indicated.
H.2
Design Data
A warehouse floor slab, 100 ft x 50 ft, needs to be designed for

the following conditions:
Aisle width between stacks, A^
= 7.5 ft
= 5000 psi = 720 ksf
Stack loading, p^
= 8 psi = 1.15 ksf
Design Axle Load
= 10*000 ^^s
Contact area
= 27 sq in.
Forklift truck loading, p^
= 185 psi = 26.64 ksf
Wheel Spacing, S
Compressive strength of concrete, f^
31 in. = 2.58 ft
= 5000 psi = 720 ksf
240
The three procedures stated here use a modulus of subgrade
reaction, k^, value as opposed to the modulus of elasticity of the
soil.
Therefore, in order to be able to really make a comparison,
all parameters involved should be identical.
Therefore, the modulus
of elasticity value is converted to an equivalent modulus of subgrade reaction value using the following equation (47)
= 60 (E /1000)-^^^
(H.l)
where
E
= modulus of subgrade reaction, pci
The value of k
corresponding to an E
value of 5000 psi is
calculated using Eq. (H.l) as follows:

,865
k^ = 60 (5000/1000)'
= 241.41 pci
H.3
Portland Cement Association (PCA) Method
The design chart used is shown in Figure 1.4.

value of 1.5 is used.
The design steps involved in thickness design
for single-wheel axle loads are:

1.
Flexural strength of concrete, MR:

MR = 7.5
VT" = 7.5 VÔOO

c
= 530.33 psi
2.
A safety factor
Concrete working stress, WS:

WS = MR/SF = 533.33/1.5 = 353.55 psi
241
3.
Slab stress per 1000 lb of axle load:

WS/axle load, kips = 353.55/10 = 35.35 psi/1000 lb
4.
Enter Fig. 1.4 at left with stress of 35.4 psi; move right
to effective contact area of 27 sq in. down to wheel spacing of 31

in.; right to read an approximate slab thickness of 4.5 in. on the
imaginary line of subgrade modulus, k , of 241 pci.
H.4
Panak/Wire Reinforcement Institute

Method (Panak/WRI)
The design charts used here are shown in Figs. 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3.
The design steps involved are:
1.
Assume a slab thickness, say 6 in.
2.
Enter Fig. 1.1 at left at 6 in. on the line of concrete
modulus, E , of 4 X 10
psi; move right to effective subgrade
Vf
5
modulus, k
. 4
of 241 pci; then down to read D/k ratio of 3.75 x 10
in. .
3.
Enter Fig. 1.2a at bottom with aisle width of 90 in.; move
Straight up to D/k of 3.75 x 10
4
in. ; move right, cross over to
Fig. 1.2b with uniform load of 1.15 ksf to intersect maximum slab
bending moment at 350 Ib-ft/ft; move right to intersect tensile
stress curve of 354 psi (7.5 VTr/1.5); down to read an approximate
slab thickness of 4.0 in.
4.
Calculate the equivalent loaded diameter from

d =
\/(4/7T)
(contact area)
d = \/(4/7T) (27)
5.
= 5.86
(H.2)
in.
Enter Fig. 1.3 at bottom with equivalent loaded diameter
value of 5.86 in.; move straight up to intersect D/k curve at
5 . 4
^^^
3.75 X 10 in. ; move left to read unit moment corresponding to 1000
lb wheel, which is 270 Ib-in./in.
6.
Enter Fig. 1.3b at bottom with wheel spacing of 31 in.; move
up to intersect D/k curve of 3.75 x 10^ in.^; move left to read

additional unit moment value of 25 Ib-in./in.
7.
Add values from steps 5 and 6 and multiply this sum by total
load on wheel in kips.

8.
Enter Fig. 1.2b with a maximum slab bending moment value of
1475 Ib-ft/ft; move right to tensile stress curve of 354 psi; down to
read a slab thickness of approximately 5.5 in.
9.
Compare values obtained in Step 3 and in Step 8.
Use the
larger of the two, which would be 5.5 in this case.

H.5
Corps of Engineers Method
The design chart used is shown in Fig. 1.8.
The type of fork-
lift truck used corresponds to Category I and Design Index 1 as given

in Tables 1.1 and 1.2. As the values used here fall outside the
bounds of the curve, the curves will have to be extrapolated in order
to come up with a value for the thickness of the slab. The design
steps involved are:
1.
Enter chart at left with a flexural strength value of 354
psi; move right to subgrade modulus, k , value of 241 pci; move to

curve corresponding to DI 1; move right to read a thickness value of
7.75 in.
The same example is worked out using the regression equations in
Appendix I, and the result is compared with those obtained here and
are tabulated in Chapter 6.
APPENDIX I
DESIGN EXAMPLE USING THE
REGRESSION EQUATIONS
243
244
1.1
Introduction
A design example is used here to demonstrate the use of the

regression equations and to compare the result with those obtained
using three existing procedures included in Appendix H.
1.2
Design Data
A warehouse floor slab, 100 ft x 50 ft, needs to be designed for

the following conditions:
Aisle width between stacks, A
= 7.5 ft
= 5000 psi = 720 ksf
Stack loading, p^
= 8 psi = 1.15 ksf
Design Axle Load
= 10000 lbs
Contact Area
= 27 sq in.
Forklift truck loading, p^
= 185 psi = 26.64 ksf
Wheel Spacing, S
= 3 1 in. = 2.58 ft
Compressive strength of concrete, f^'
= 5000 psi = 720 ksf
1.3
Design Calculations
1.
Assume trial slab thickness of 4 inches.
2.
Calculate allowable stresses:

f
= 7.5 Vf^ = 530.33 psi = 76.37 ksf
4 ^
= 282.84 psi
245
Stack Loading Condition:

3. Calculate design stresses:
(L)-lV)0-l{h)-30(A )0-27(p )0-97
"^S
W'
TT^^^'"
x = (Ex)(l26.00)
s
nnn^0.14/(.x0.01/./Tî0.30,7 t-N0.27/H icÔ.97
= (1.29)(1026.00) !^^
^-^
Wl^)
(7.5) [WIS)
(720)^*^^
(1.29)(1026.00) (1.906)(1.040)(0.719)a^
28.60 k i p s / f t 2 < f^ ^^^^^^^^^
(^^^0.18(,)0.59(
.0.91
ay = (Ey)(30,045.00)^^^Q^^3^^ ^032^^ ^0.18
,.nv0.18,./H^v0.59,H
= (1.24)(30,045.00)^^Q^ n ,^n^^^^\
100.91
.,^^'^^1
ô
(100)-^^(720)-^^(7.5)--^^
/I
o>.^/on nAC rtn^
(2.022) (0.523) (1.136)
(1.24)(30,045.00)(^^^^Q)J330 g99)(l 437)
= 15.50 k i p s / f t ' < f^ allowable
4.
Calculate expected shear forces:
(L^0.30(,)1.82(,y.02,p^)0.98
V, = (E,)(15.14)
(,)0.n(E^)0.6U
246
= M oo>M. ..^(100)Q-^Q(4/12)^-B^f7.5^0-0^M
(50)^-^^(720)-^
= (1 29)(15 i/|)(3.981)(0.135)(1.041)(1.147)
^^^
-^^^
(1.538)(51.808)
= 0.157 k i p s / f t
(W)0.09(^)1.83(
jO.74
V^^V(^^^^-^\,)0.83(,^)0.57j^)0.44
= (1.24)(1467.0)
(50)Q;0;(4/12)^>^3,,^^,,0.74
(100)0.83(720)0.57(7 5)0.44
= f l ?4UUfi7 n^ (1.4222)(0.134)(1.109)
^^'^^^^^^^^'^)
(4b.709)(42.529)(2.427)
= 0.082 kips/ft
5. Calculate maximum design shear stress:

,
0.157 '(1+2x0.8x0.3333)x4x0.27
1000
^ 144
0.66 psi
,,
^ < Vc all
owable
6.
Calculate maximum differential deflection

(L)0.44(^)0.62(^)0.20(p ,0.78
s
A = (0.47)
(. )0.99(^ ,0.29
._ (0 47) (100)Q-^^(50)Q'^^(4/12)Q-^Q(1.15)Q-^^
(720)^-^^(7.5)'^^
(n Ai\ (7.586)(11.307)(0.803)(1.115)
^ ^^'^^^
(674.154)(1.794)
1.^0.98
247
= 0.030 ft
7.
Calculate design stresses:

(L)0.12(^)0.30(
,2.04
a, = (EJ(22.25)
^
X
> X " ' ( ) 0 . 0 4 ( ^ )0.72(^ ) 0 . 0 2 ( 3 ) 2 . 0 4
= (1.29)(22.25)
^^QQ]''''(y^^)''''l^^;^^)'-"'
(50)0.04(720)0.72(7^5)0.02(2^33)2.04
(1.738)(0.719)(809.263)
(i.i69)(ll4.098)(l.04l)(6.914)
[l.d^)[dd.db}
= 30.24 k i p s / f t ^ < f. , ,
.,
^
t allowable
(^)O.04(^)0.34(p^)2.39
oy = (Ey)(347.71)^^ô.l5(^ )0.72(^ )0.51(3)3.48
= (1 24)(347 71)
î;n^0.04,. , ^ ^ . 0 . 3 4 , . . ^>,N2.39
(50)
(4/12)
(26.64)
(100)-^^(720)-^^(7.5)-^^(2.58)3-^^
n ÂU-^ziT 7^)
(1.69)(0.688)(2552.859)
[i..d^)K:i^/./i)
(1.995) (194.098) (2.794) (27.067)
43.70 kips/ft^ < f, ^^^^^^,^^
8.

(,0.28(,,1.80(,^)0.52(p^,2.80
^x = (Ex)(13.33)
^^j0.21(^ ,0.57(5,(3.96)
n w n 331 (50)-^^(4/12)^-^(7.5)-^^(26.64)^-^
= (1.29)(13.33)
(ioO)0-21(720)-"(2.58)3-96
248
n PQUi? ^-^^
U.^yniJ.^sj;
(2.990)(0.138)(2.851)(9806.089)
(2.630)(42.528)(42.659)
= 41.57 k i p s / f t
( L ) 0 . 0 3 ( , ) 0 . 1 1 ( , ) 1 . 9 0 ( , )0.22(
\
= (E ) ( 0 . 1 9 )
y
y
= (1.24)(0.19)
n .Q
;> ^4
(^^)0.59(3)2.64
)2.13
^
(100)^'^3(50)Q-^^(4/12)^-^Q(7.5)Q-^^(26.64)^-^3
(720)*^^(2.58)^-^^
- n oA\fn 1Q^ (1.148)(1.538)(0.124)(1.558)(1087.396)

" U.24)(0.19)
(48.509)(12.209)
= 0.148 kips/ft
9.
Calculate maximum design shear stress:

41.57
^ 1000
^ " (1+2x0.8x0.3333)x4x0.27 ^ 144
=
10.
174.33psi < v^ ,n,^,t)le
Calculate maximum differential deflection:

(^,0.21()0.53(^^,0.71(p^)1.12
A = (0-12)
(E^)0.98(,^)0.21(3)i.81
,n ^-,^ (100)-^^(50)-"(4/12)-^^(26.64)^-^^
" *-^''
(720)0-58(7.5))"-^l(2.58)i-^
, ,,, (2.630)(7.9521(0.458)(39.050)
= (0-12)
(631.227)(l.527)(b.bbU)
= 0.010 ft
249
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251
13. Calculate maximum design shear stress
^ ^ ^
0.14
(1+2x0.8x0.3333)x4x0.27
=
0.59 psi < V
100
^ 144
TT
c all owable
14. Calculate maximum differential deflection:

(L)0.41(^)0.62(^)0.19(^ )0.15(
^ = (0-12)
0 .7 0 26 "^
(^^)0.97(3)0.26
)0.70( )0.19
'
__ (o^^2)(100)"'^'(50)Q-^^(4/12)Q-^^7.5)Q'^^(1.15)Q-^Q(26.64)^-^^
(591.034)(1.279)
.^ ,^^(6.607)(11.307)(0.812)(1.353)(1.103)(1.866)
" ^^'^'^^
(591.034)(1.279)
= 0.03 ft
Therefore the assumed slab thickness of 4 inches would be sufficient to sustain the imposed loading.
A safety factor of 1 was assumed in using the regression
equations.
However, even with a safety factor of 1.4 to 1.5, a 4 in.
thick slab will be found to be sufficient.
APPENDIX J
A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PCA METHOD
AND THE REGRESSION EQUATIONS
252
253
A design example is used to illustrate the PCA method and to

compare the PCA method with the regression equations on a one-to-one
basis.
However, in order to adopt the equations, certain assumptions
had to be made.
For example, the PCA method does not require the
length or the width of the slab, but these dimensions are required in
the equations and therefore a reasonable value for these had to be
assumed.
Design data used are given in Section 0.1.
The design
example as worked out to illustrate the PCA method is presented in

Section J.2 and the example is worked out using the equations in
Section J.3.
J.l
Design Data
Axle load
= 25 kips
Wheel spacing, S
= 3 7 in. = 3.08 ft
Number of wheels on axle
= 2
Tire inflation pressure, p^
= 110 psi = 15.84 ksf
Tire contact area
= 114 sq in.
Subgrade modulus, k
= 100 pci
Concrete flexural strength, MR
= 640 psi C 28 days
Compressive strength of concrete, f^
= 4000 psi = 576 ksf
Assumed values are as follows:

Slab length, L
= 150 ft
Slab width, W
= 100 ft
254
Aisle w i d t h , A
10 f t
w
Stack loading, p^ = 4 psi = 0.576 ksf
Calulated values are as follows:

0.865
k^ = 60
1000
hog 6.55917 k
0.865
E^ = 10
= 10
nog 6.55917 x lOo"

L
0.865
= 1805 psi
= 260 ksf
J.2
1.
Design Example Using PCA Method
Safety factor, SF:

For frequent operations of this forklift truck in
channelized aisle traffic, select a safety factor of 2.0 (permits

unlimited stress repetitions).
2.
Concrete working stress, WS:

,,c
WS =
3.
MR
640
3P
=
2:0 = 320 psi
fTF =
Slab stress per 1,000 lb of axle load

WS
axle load, kips
4.
320
25
= 12.8 psi
Enter Fig. 1.4 with stress of 12.8 psi; move right to
contact area of 114 sq in.; then down to wheel spacing of 37 in.;
255
then right to read a slab thickness of 7.9 in. on the line for
subgrade k^ of 100 pci (use 8 in. thick slab).
J.3 Design Example Using
the Regression Equations
1.
Assume trial slab thickness of 4 inches.
2.
Calculate allowable stresses:

^t " '^'^ ^ ^ " 474.34 psi = 68.31 ksf
V
4 VT~ = 252.98 psi
Stack Loading Condition:

3.
\

= (E,)(1026.00)
(L)0-l^W)0-01(h)-30(A ) 0 - " { p )0-97

0.74"
^
S
= (1.18)(1026.00)(^^'-''(l)-'(^/l^)i^>-''(-^^^)'-''
(260)-'*
= (1.18)(1026.00)
(2-017)(1.047)(0719)(1.862)(0.586)
(61.246)
= 32.75 k i p s / f t ^ < f t allocable

,)0.18(,,0.59(
"y = (Ey)(30,045.00)
,0.91
^^ô.48(g ,0.82(ft ,0.18
(150)-*^(260)-^2(10)-l^
iOr-5n
riA^ nnK(^-^91j(0.523)(0.605)
- M
(1.15)
(30,045.00)^^_pgo)(g5_5go)(i_514j
= 15.63 kips/ft2< f^ allocable
256
4.

(L)-30(h)l-82(A )0-02(p )0-98
^x = (Ey)(15.14)
,, . > \ ^;''
X
yj y j O . i i ^ g ,0.60
/,f.pix0.30/./.^vl.82,,nx0.02,^ C7c^0.98
= (1.18) (15.14)^^-5^^
WlLl
(10)
(0.576)
(100)-^-(260)-^
= (1 18H15 l/l^(4.496)(0.135)(1.047)(0.582)
^^^Hib.i4j
(l.660)(28.118)
= 0.142 k i p s / f t
(,)0.09(^)1.83(p^)0.74
\
- (^)(1^67-0)
(^)0.83(,^)0.57(;^)0.44
= (1 15)(1467 0) (100)^'^^(4/12)^-^3(0.576)Q-^^
(1.15)11467.0) (^50)0.83(260)0.57(10)0-^^
- n
iRUiAfi7 n^
(1.514)(0.134)(0.665)
(63.996)123.798)(2.754)
= 0.054 kips/ft
5.
Calculate maximum design shear stress:
^ "
=
0.142
(1+2x0.8x0.3333)x4x0.27
0.593 psi < v^ allowable
1000
^ 144
257
6.
Calculate maximum differential deflection:

(L)0.44(^)0.62(^)0.20(p^)0.78
^ (0 47) (150)Q-^^100)0'^2(4/12)Q-2Q(0.576)Q'^^
(260)-^^(10)-2^
(0 A7\ (9.067)(17.378)(0.803)(0.650)
^^^'^
(245.937)11.950)
= 0.081 ft

7.

(L)0.12(^,0.30( ,2.04
o
'x =
- ^(EJ(22.25)
^x'^"-"'
()0.04(E^,0.72(^y.02(s,2.04
- (1 18U22 25)
'150l-l^(4/12)-^(15.84)2-^
- (1.18)(22.25) (ôo)0-0^260)-"(10)0-02(3.08)2-04
/, ,o\^,o ,c^
(1.825)(0.719)(280.221)
= (1.18)(22.25) (i.202)(54.800)(l.047)(9.923)
= 14.107 kips/ft2< f t allowable
(w)-^(h)-3^P,)2-^^
258
= (1.15)(347.71)
(100)^-Q^(4/12)Q-34(i5^84)2.39
(150)0-15(260)0.72(10)0.51(308)3.48
= (1.15)(347 71)
(1.202)(0.688)(736.911)
^
^^^ ^-^^^ (2.120)(54.80)(3.236)(50.137)
= 12.928 kips/ft^ <f. ,, .,
t allowable
8.

(W)0-28(h)l-80(A )0.52( )2.80
V = (E )(13 33)
^ w^
^^f
X
xH13-33)
(L)U.21(,^)0.57(3)(3.96)
= (1.18)(13.33) (100)^-^^(4/12)l-^Q(lO)0-52(15.84)2-^0
(150)0-21(260)0-5^3.08)3-^^
= (^ ifiUi-^ o'^\ (3.631) (0.138) (3.311) (2287.255)
U.iOMi^.oJJ
(2.864)(23.798)(86.032)
= 10.179 k i p s / f t
(L)0.03(^)0.11(^)1.90(^
\
- '^y^(-^^'
)0.22()2.13
(E^)0.59(3)2.64
= (1 i5)(o 19) (150)Q-03(100)0-11(4/12)1-^0(10)-22(15.84)2-13

(260)0-5^(3.08)2-^^
, , - ^ w ^ ,^t (1.162) (1.660) (0.124) (1.660) (359.318)

= (1-15)(0.19)
(26.597)(19.488)
= 0.060 k i p s / f t
259
9. Calculate maximum design shear stres:
^ _ ^
10.179
(1+2x0.8x0.3333)x4x0.27
1000
^ 144
= 42.501 psi < V ,,

^
c all owable
10. Calculate maximum differential deflection:
(L)0-21(w)0-53(h)0.71(p^)1.12
(E )0-^^(A )0-21(s)1.81
,n ION (150)0-21(100)0-53(4/12)0-^1(15.84)1-12
" ^ ^ ^
(260)0-98(io))0.21(3.o8)l-81
f^ m^t
(2.864)(11.482)(0.458)(22.066)
" ^^--^^^
= 0.014 ft
(232.634)(1.622)17.661)
260
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December, 1986

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December, 1986

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ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL FLOOR SLABS-ON-GROUND FOR DESIGN PURPOSES

He also thanks Dr. C.V.G. Vallabhan, Dr. James R.

McDonald, and Dr. Necip Guven for their valuable guidance.

The author is indebted to Dr. E.W.

Kiesling, Chairman of the Department of Civil Engineering, for the

He also thanks his wonderful wife,

Duru, for her unselfish support, patience and encouragement.

Finally, thanks are also due to

These foundations have been used in

residential, light commercial and industrial buildings for many

Since the loading conditions and magnitudes in industrial

buildings are wery different from those in residential and light

Therefore, there is still

a need for a rational design procedure which will eliminate some of

The study was conducted by considering the

influence of stack and forklift loadings, both separately and

The values used in the study were over a realistic range.

Regression analysis was performed on the results of 618 individual

slabs were developed.

Correlation coefficients for these equations

ranged from 0.78 to 0.99.

These equations permit

Concrete Floor Slabs

1.2 Winkler Foundation

A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO APPLICABLE THEORY

2.2 A Brief Review of

Finite Element Method

Finite Element Computer

EVALUATION OF MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF SOIL

Characteristics of the Modulus

DEVELOPMENT OF REGRESSION EQUATIONS

DESIGN PROCEDURE USING

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

USER' S GUIDE FOR COMPUTER PROGRAM SLAB4

LISTING OF PROGRAM SLAB4

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR SURVEY

VALUES OF DESIGN PARAMETERS DUE TO

COMPARISON OF RESULTS FOR DIFFERENT

STRESS, MOMENT, SHEAR, AND

DESIGN EXAMPLE USING EXISTING PROCEDURES

DESIGN EXAMPLE USING

A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PCA METHOD

Traffic Categories for Design Index

Means of Weights of Relative

Computed Weights and Their Sums

Variation in Values of Design

Comparison of Values of Design

Comparison of Values of Design

Details of Forklifts Used in the Analysis

Ratios of Values of Design Parameters for

Ratios of Values of Design Parameters for

Ratios of Values of Design Parameters with

Values of Parameters Used in the Parametric Study

R-Squared Values from Regression

Increase in Design Parameters

Comparison Between Regression

Subgrade and Slab Stiffness Relationship

Uniform Load Design and Slab

Tensile Stress Graphs

Wheel Loading Design

Design Graph for Axles

Design Graph for Post Loads

Effective Load Contact Area