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TodayandMonday:4.3and4.4.
Exercise4.3.2(b):GiveanotherproofforTheorem4.3.9
(Compositionofcontinuousfunctions)usingthesequential
characterizationofcontinuity(fromTheorem4.3.2(iv)).
Proof:Assume(xn)c(withcA).Ourgoalistoshow
thatg(f(xn))g(f(c)).Becausefiscontinuousatc,we
knowf(xn)f(c).Then,becausegiscontinuousatf(c),
weknowthatg(f(xn))g(f(c)).Sincethisistrueforall
sequences(xn)c,wehavegfcontinuousatc.

Exercise4.3.4(a):ShowusingDefinition4.3.1thatany
functionfwithdomainZwillnecessarilybecontinuousat
everypointinitsdomain.
Proof:Let>0andfixnZ.Ifweset=1,thenthe
pointx=nwillbetheonlyelementofthedomainthatlies
intheV(n)neighborhood.Itfollowstriviallythatf(x)
V(f(n))forthepointx=n,andwemayconcludethatfis
continuousatnbyTheorem4.3.2(iii).
Exercise4.3.4(b):Showingeneralthatifcisanisolated
pointofAR,thenf:ARiscontinuousatc.
Proof:Let>0.IfcisanisolatedpointofA,thenthere
existsaneighborhoodV(c)thatintersectsthesetAonlyat
c.BecausexinV(c)Aimpliesthatx=c,weseef(x)=
f(c)inV(f(c)).Thusf(x)iscontinuousattheisolatedpoint
cusingthecriterioninTheorem4.3.2(iii).
SupposeAisanarbitrarynonemptysetandcisapointof
Athatisnotanisolatedpoint.Doesthereexistafunction
f:ARthatisdiscontinuousatcandcontinuous
everywhereelseinA?(DoestheanswerdependonA?)

..?..
Yes;takef(c)=1andf(x)=0forallxc.
DirichletsFunction:
{1ifxQ
g(x)= {
{0ifxI:=R\Q(notastandardsymbol!)
Exercise4.3.6(a):Referringtothepropertheorems,givea
formalargumentthatDirichletsfunctionfromSection4.1
isnowherecontinuousonR.
Proof:FirstconsideranarbitraryrinQ.BecauseIisdense
inRthereexistsasequence(xn)Iwith(xn)r.Then
g(xn)=0forallnNwhileg(r)=1.Sincelimg(xn)=0
g(r)wecanuseCorollary4.3.3toconcludeg(x)isnot
continuousatrQ.
NowletsconsideranarbitraryiI.BecauseQisdensein
Rwecanfindasequence(yn)Qwith(yn)i.Thistime
g(yn)=1forallnNwhileg(i)=0.Becauselimg(yn)=1
g(i)wecanconcludethatgisnotcontinuousati.

Combiningthetworesults,wecanconcludethat
DirichletsfunctionisnowherecontinuousonR.
ThomaesFunction:
{1/nifxQ,withn=min{kN:kxZ}
t(x)= {
{0ifxI
(notethatt(m/n)=1/nwheneverm/nisafractioninlowest
terms,andwhenevern=1).
Exercise4.3.6(b):DemonstratethatThomaesfunctionis
discontinuousateveryrationalpoint.
Proof:ConsideranarbitraryrationalnumberrQand
observethatt(r)0.BecauseIisdense,thereexistsa
sequence(xn)Iwith(xn)r.Thent(xn)=0forallnN
whilet(r)0.Thuslimt(xn)t(r)andt(x)isnot
continuousatr.
Exercise4.3.6(c):Usethecharacterizationofcontinuityin
Theorem4.3.2(iii)toshowthatThomaesfunctionis
continuousateveryirrationalpointinR.(Given>0,

considerthesetofpoints{xR:t(x)}.Arguethatall
thepointsinthissetareisolated.)
Proof:ConsideranarbitrarycI.Given>0,setT={x
R:t(x)}.IfxT,thenxisarationalnumberofthe
formx=m/nwithminZandninNwheren1/.The
restrictiononthesizeofnimpliesthattheintersectionofT
withtheinterval[c1,c+1]isfinite.Inafiniteset,all
pointsareisolated,sowecanpickaneighborhoodV(c)
aroundcsuchthatxV(c)impliesxT.ButifxTthen
t(x)<,i.e.,t(x)V(0)=V(t(c)).ByTheorem4.3.2(iii),
weconcludet(x)iscontinuousatc.
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