HN VN C TU

y l mt mc bt u ng t bo ny, xin gi n trang 4 v 5 th thy, l mc

dy cho nhng ngi bit ch Php ri hc ch Hn m khng cn c thy. Theo li cc
ng dy ch nho chi l chng k l tha, m hc cho thng th phi mt nhiu nm
lm. y chng ti by ra mt phng php mi tm ra mo lut m dy nh dy ch
Php nn ngi hc rt l chng bit. Nm trc c ng mc ny mt t trong bo Ph
n tn vn, nhiu ngi hc ri, thy hiu qu mau lm. Gia chng khng ng na, ai
ny u ly lm tic. Nay chng ti ng li y v s tip tc ng thm na cho trn
mt cng vic m nhiu ngi nhn l c ch. Nhng bi ng Ph n tn vn ri,
nay ng li y c sa i mt t, ln th hai bao gi cng c hon thin hn ln u.
Chng trnh gio dc ngy nay c hc mn ch Hn. Vy chng ti mong cng vic
chng ti lm y c phn gip cho bn thanh nin. Ai mun hc nn mua ngay t s
u v ct ly trong mi s m ng thnh tp cng tin lm.
BI HC TH 1
I.

Hc ting mt (Nhng ting noms t 2 nt n 5 nt)

Ch Hn

m
Nhn

Ngha
Ngi ta; ngi

Ph

Cha

Mu

Huynh

Anh

Hu

Bn

Phu

Chng

Con

Gi

K s (hc tr)

Cng

Th

Thin

Tri

Th

Thy

Nc

Mc

Cy

Ha

La

Sn

Ni

Thch

Tnh

Ging

Nht (Nht)

Mt tri; ngy

Nguyt

Mt trng; thng

Bui sng

Tch

Bui chiu

Tm

Tri tim; lng

Khu

Ming

Th

Tay

Ti

Ti

Lc

Sc

ao

Dao

Xch

Thc

Cung

Cung ( bn)

II. Ct ngha thm

nhn, ngi ta, c i vi cc ging ng vt khc m ni; ngi, c i vi
mnh m ni; nn mi hai ngha khc nhau. nhn l ch ng u b, ku bng b
Nhn. Khi n ng bn t ch, bin hnh thnh ra , th ku bng Nhn ng.
mu, ngha l m, 5 nt, khng nn lm vi ch (v ngha l ch, ng) ch c
4 nt.
t, ngha l con, c khi ni chung c con trai con gi, c khi ni ring v con trai
m thi. cng lm u b, ku bng b T. Khi ng bn t ch th bin hnh thnh ra
.
n cng lm u b, ku bng b N. Khi ng bn t ch, bin hnh thnh ra .
th ngha l t m khc vi a s hc sau ny ngha cng l t. ni v c
tri t; cn th ni v cht t hay mt t t. Vy nh trong cu "cm cc t nm
con chim" th phi dng ch th , khng dng ch a c. th cng lm u
b, ku bng b Th. Khi ng bn t ch, bin hnh thnh ra , ku bng b th xc.
thy cng lm u b, ku bng b Thy. Khi bn t ch, lun lun bin hnh
thnh ra , ku bng chm thy.
mc cng lm u b, ku bng b Mc.
ha cng lm u b, ku bng b Ho. Khi di ch, bin hnh thnh ra .
nht ngha l mt tri nhng cng c ngha l ngy. V t mt tri mc ln cho n
ln l gip mt ngy. nht cng lm u b, ku bng b Nht.
nguyt ngha l mt trng nhng cng c ngha l thng. V mi ln mt trng trn
l gip mt thng. nguyt cng lm u b, ku bng b Nguyt. Nhng hy ch ,
kho ko lm ln vi b Nhc s hc sau ny.

 tm ngha l tri tim, ch tri tim ni ngc chng ta; cn ngha l lng, ch v mt
b phn trong ngi ta, m cho rng s tri gic l do . tm cng lm u b, ku
l b Tm. Khi bn t ch, bin hnh thnh ra , ku bng b Tm ng.
th cng lm u b, ku bng b Th. Khi bn t ch, bin hnh thnh ra ,
ku bng b Th xc. (Tc quen ku l b Ti xc, v thy ging vi /ti/ nn ku sai,
ng theo).
ao cng lm u b, ku bng b ao. Khi bn hu ch, bin hnh thnh ra .
III. Php m nt
V bi hc ting mt trn y, c ni "nhng ch t 2 nt n 5 nt"; vy "nt" l g?
Th no gi l mt nt? V bit n, c ch g khng?
Ta hy tr li trc cu hi cui cng rng c ch lm. V sch t in ch Tu ly
s nt ca mi ch m sp th lp trc sau, cho nn phi hc cho bit m nt trc ri
sau mi tra t in c. C t khi t ngi bt xung giy a i mt ln ri gi ln, th
k l mt nt.
IV. Php vit
Mi tp vit ch Hn, c mt iu rt kh, l nu khng c ngi ch cho l hay ln nt
trc nt sau.
C ngi li tng c vit cho thnh ch th thi, ln nt trc nt sau cng v hi. y
l tng quy. S vit ln nh th t ra mnh l tay hc tr nh qu nh, cn c hi
na: hi v h ln nt trc nt sau th khng khi no vit tt v vit mau c. Vy nn
buc phi vit cho ng php.
Mun vit ng php, hy c theo nhng nguyn tc (principe) ny:
1/ T trc hu sau. H ch no c hai b phn, m hai b phn chia lm t hu th t
trc hu sau. Nh ch , vit ci pht
trc ri ci mc
sau.
2/ Trn trc di sau. H ch no c hai b phn, m hai b phn chia lm trn di
th trn trc di sau. Nh ch , ci trn th vit trc, ci di th vit
sau.
3/ Ngang trc s sau hay l ngang trc pht sau. Mi khi gp ci ngang v ci s
giao nhau nh , hay l ci ngang ci pht giao nhau, nh th vit ci ngang trc. Vy
nh ch , theo lut y m vit ci ri th li theo lut trn trc di sau vit ci
ngang na, m thnh ra ch th . Li nh ch , theo lut y m vit ci
ri cng
li theo lut trn trc di sau v t trc hu sau vit thm ci na m thnh ra
ch hu .
C khi ci ngang ci s hoc ci ngang ci pht khng giao nhau nh hay
th
cng theo mt lut y.
Lut ngang trc s sau hay l ngang trc pht sau cng cai tr lun n nhng ch
nhiu ngang giao nhau vi s hoc pht na. Ngha l phi vit trc nhng ci ngangy
cho ht ri mi n s hoc pht. Vy nh ch , ch , ch , ch u phi
vit nhng ci s v ci pht sau nhng ci ngang.
4/ Gia trc, hai bn sau. Ch no c ba b phn (k theo chiu ng) th vit b
phn gia trc. Vy nh ch th vit ci s trc, ch th vit ci s
trc.

5/ Ngoi trc trong sau. Ch no c hnh khun ngoi th ci khun y vit trc,
nh ch , ch .
V. Cch hc bi ny
Bi hc th nht hm nay, nh trn , mt bi m thnh bn.
I. Hc ting mt, ton nhng ch thuc v nom c, l cho d hiu; ton nhng ch t
nt c, l cho d nh.
Ht thy c 30 ch, trong mt tun l, mi ngy hc 5 ch, nh th l va. Xin ch bo
l t, bi v c hc nh vy lun bn nm tun l, ch n d trm, ri li s nh khng
ht.
Bn t k qua: hng u l nguyn vn ch Hn; hng gia l ting c ch y; hng
cui cng l ngha ca ch y. (V mun cho tin s s hc nn mi ch d c nhiu
ngha my cng ch ly hai ngha m thi).
Phi hc 30 ch ny trong mt tun l cho thuc nhp tm c ch ln ngha. iu
xin ngi hc phi ch lm mi c. V trong nhng bi hc sau ny gp nhng ch
no trc c ri th khng cn chua m v ngha na u.
Nh th, nu khng thuc lng th s thy bt tin cho mnh lm.
Hc cch no cho thuc lng c? Di y s ni r.
II. Ct ngha thm, s ny l nhm nhng iu no ngi hc cn phi bit hn ht m
ni n; nht l iu no m sau ny s dy n th by gi bo trc cho khi ng nght
v sau. Nh s ch ch no lm u b , ct tp quen hu sau c dy cch tra t in,
l mt s h trng lm.
Chng ta hc mt mnh, khng c thy, th s tra t in l s rt cn cho ta trong lc
hc kh; vy by gi phi lo d b sau sc lm vic y.
u b l g?
Ch Hn c ht thy l 214 b, cng nh a, b, c, d l ch ci ca ch ty, ri my ngn
my vn ch khc do m ra. V mt b th c mt ch hoc mt nt hoc nhiu nt
lm u b.
Trong khi ta hc ting mt, gp ch no lm u b th ch ra, y l s ch li v cn
yu lm. Tuy vy, c ch cng lm u b nh ch ch ch li khng ni n, l
v nhng ch y khng c ci g c bit ng ghi nh nn khng ni n cng c.
y, khi ch ra nhng ch no lm u b, l khi nhng ch y c s bin hnh.
III. Php m nt cho bit m tra t in sau ny, nh ri; song cn c mt s ch
li na l h bit ch no my nt th vit s khi quy.
Vy ngi hc hy c theo php m ny m m 30 ch hc ri cho quen. C
tay va vit, ming va m, nhiu ln nh vy cng s gip cho s nh mt ch na.
IV. Php vit l s dy rt h trng trong bi hc ny.
Mun cho nh thuc lng 30 ch hc , ngi hc phi theo php vit y m vit
i vit li 30 ch y. Trong khi vit cng dng lun php m nt, tay vit ming m,
nh va ni trn. Vit bng bt ch hay bng phn cng c, min cho thnh ch. C
tp hoi nh vy, k cho n khi ng vo sch no bt lun, thy nhng ch hc ri th
c c lin, ku tn v bit ngha n c lin, y l thuc lng .

Ngi hc phi chu kh v bn ch luyn tp nh vy trong vi thng th quen, ri

mi ngy mt d; ch ng mong dng phng php no khc d nh ch cho kho hn,
v chng ti lch nghim c ri, tht khng c phng php no hn na. [a]
Ch thch
[a] Cui bn in cc bi hc cng nh cc thng tin lin quan n lot bi ging Hn
vn c tu u khng ghi tn tc gi; iu ny d hiu v y l t bo m Phan Khi l
ch nhim kim ch bt; nhng bi v, tin tc in y khng k tn ai khc th tc l
tc quyn nhng bi v y u hon ton thuc v ta son, v ch bt.
BI HC TH 2
I.

Hc ting mt (Nhng ting noms [a] t 3 nt n 7 nt)

Ch Hn

c
Xuyn

Ngha
Sng ngi

in

Rung

Ha

Cy la

Go

Qua

(cc th) Da

(cc th) u

Khuyn

Ch

Ngu

Dng

Th

Ln, heo

Tro

Mng; vut

Nha

Rng; nanh

Mao

Lng

V, v

Lng (ni cnh)

Da

Nhc

Tht

Gic, gic

Sng

Huyt

Mu

Cn

Khn

Xa

Xe

Chu, chu

Ghe, thuyn

Thn

Mnh

Tc

Chn

Nh

Tai

Mc

Mt

Thit

Li

Hnh

Hnh

Sc

Sc

II. Ct ngha thm

Xuyn l ting ku chung ht thy cc sng ngi, ni c nc rch t ra m chy
thng. Vy nh nhng ci h (lac) du ln my cng khng gi l xuyn c.
Xuyn vn vit l v n lm u b, cho nn khi mun tra ch th phi tm
b (b Xuyn).
a khc vi th, hy xem li ch th ni bi hc th nht.
Qua l ting ku chung cc th da, v loi bu b cng thuc vo . (Kho ko
lm vi ch tro ).
Khuyn cng lm u b, ku bng b Khuyn. Khi bn t ch, bin hnh thnh
ra .
Ngu, ta thng ct ngha l tru, l lm. Theo sch cho ng th ngu l b;
cn thy ngu mi l tru. Ku thy ngu, v con tru c ci c tnh gii li
nc. Ngu cng lm u b, ku bng b Ngu, bn t ch, bin hnh thnh ra .
Tro l mng, khi ch v ca ngi, nh mng tay; l vut, khi ch v ca vt, nh
vut cp. Tro cng lm u b, ku bng b Tro. Khi trn u ch, bin hnh
thnh ra
Nha l rng, khi ch v ca ngi; l nanh, khi ch v ca vt. Nha cng l ci
ng ca con voi na; ng voi ku bng tng nha . Nha cng lm u b.
Mao l lng ni mnh con th, ting Php ku l poil. V l lng ni cnh con
chim, ting Php l plume. Mao cng lm u b.
Nhc cng lm u b. Khi di ch hoc bn t ch, bin hnh thnh ra .
(Kho ko lm vi ch nguyt).
Gic, Huyt, Cn, ba ch cng lm u b c.
Y cng lm u b. Khi bn t ch, bin hnh thnh ra , ku bng Y rch.
Xa, Chu, Thn, ba ch cng lm u b.
Tc cng lm u b, ku bng b Tc. Khi bn t ch, bin hnh thnh ra ku
bng Tc xc.
Nh Mc Thit Sc cng lm u b.
II. Vn php

Nom n v nom kp [a]

Ting nom ca ch Hn c n c kp. n l mi ch mt ngha, nh su chc ch
trong hai bi chng ta hc y, mi ch ch ngha mt s vt g. Cn kp l ni hai
ch ch ra mt ngha (hoc c khi ni n ba ch).
L nh: l nom n, l nom n, l nom kp (ha sn l ni la volcain).
Khi ni hai nom lm mt ch ra mt ngha th phi k nh mt ch. Vy ha snphi
k nh mt ch.
Li nh l thy, l vua ca cc vua, l b (madamme), l con
gi, l con gi c hc... u phi k nh mt ch c.
Ngi ta lm thnh (former) nhng nom kp bi hai cch: mt l theo thi quen t i
xa; mt l dng hai ch c ngha quan h vi nhau m rp li.
Nh phu t : phu l chng, t l con, chng c ngha g dnh dp vi mt
bc ngi ng tn trng m ta ku bng thy ht. Nhng t xa c thi quen ku nh
vy ri dng lun n by gi, hoc gi hi u c ngha th no m by gi mt
hn i, khng truy ra c.
Phu nhn cng vy, l chng, l ngi, vn chng c ngha g v ngi
n b lm v ht. Nhng theo thi quen, i xa dng ch v v quan ln, i nay dng
ch v v mi ngi. Nhng ch nh vy t lm; phn nhiu nom kp lm thnh bi cch
th hai.
Nh thin t ch ngha vua, c ni vua l con ca Tri, t ra l tn qu li thn
thit vi Tri na.
n t: ch t ch ngha con (enfant), cn ch n ch ngha gi phn bit
vi trai.
n s: ch s ch ngha ngi c hc, nhng n thng ch ring v bn nam
m thi, nay mun ch r l ngi con gi c hc nn phi ln trn n mt ch n .
Ba nom kp mi k u lm thnh theo cch th hai: ly hai ch c ngha quan h
vi nhau m rp li.
Chng nhng nom commum c n c kp m nom propre [a] cng c n c kp.
Nom propre n nh Tng l nc Tng, Vng l h Vng; kp nh Vn
Vng l vua Vn Vng, Khng T l c Khng T.
Trong ch Hn, khi vit mt nom propre khng c lm du g khc vi nom
commun c. Nhng theo li tiu im mi ca ngi Tu i nay, khi gp nom propre
ngi ta c s dc theo mt s bn t hoc bn hu ch, nht l trong khi in sch.
III. Hc ting i
Theo bi vn php trn , bit nom kp l g ri, vy nay hy hc thm cho bit
mt t nom kp y, m cng ly ra t su chc ch hc ri kia. Ku bng hc ting i
v nom kp ghp bi hai ting.
: Ngi bn.
: Cng vic n b con gi lm.
: Ni la. (Ni c phun ra la).
: Ch ming t trng thy tri ni hai ci lu, lu trc v lu sau
(Ch : khng ct ngha l ci "ging tri" c).
: Ch (Anh gi tc l ch).

 : Khn tay (khn cm tay).

: Vic lm bng tay.
: Ngi c sc mnh.
: Theo ngha nguyn l ngi hc gii, c ti ring v vn chng. Cn
theo ngha ngi mnh hiu th l ngi c ti c bit v mt m thut g, nh
n, v.
: Th tri. Ch ngha Tri to thnh mun vt mt cch kho cng nh tay
th vy.
: Rung c nhng si, khng cy cy c.
: Con sa.
: Khn u ru (Bt khn cho hai u mi xng ln nh hai ci sng, cho
nn gi l gic cn ).
: Rung c nc; rung su.
: Ci chn con gi t nhin. (Ph n Tu thu trc u b chn; by
gi khng b, t nhin, ku ci chn t nhin l thin tc ).
: Th mc
: Ngi con gi m ci sanh thc kh phn thng, khng giao tip v
sanh dc c.
: Hc tr
: Ngi bn x
: Tn mt v thuc bc
: Tn mt huyn bn Tu.
V. Cch hc bi th hai ny
Bi ny i khi cng hc nh cch hc bi th nht. Ba chc ch cng phi theo
php m nt v php vit nh dy trong bi trc m hc cho thuc lng.
Hm nay duy c bi vn php l trng yu hn ht. Khng cn c thuc lng. Nhng
phi hiu tht ng v nh gt nhng ci i cng. Bi v nhng bi vn php trc sau
lin lc vi nhau, c hiu v nh bi trc th bi sau mi d hc.
*) Mun cho nh gt, hy lm theo cch ny:
Sau khi c i c li (khng nhng, coi, m phi c, v c c ln mi v ngha) bi
vn php ny v hiu tht lung ri, th gp tp bo li m t mnh theo m lm ly mt
bn cng (rsum), chp vo cun s tay ca mnh. on li m ra m so snh, nu
sai th sa. Khi no bn cng c hon ton th c nh ni l .
Hm nay thm hc ting i, 30 ting m thnh ra n 40 ch. Tuy vy u l nhng
ch hc ri c, khng kh s nh ch, ch lo nh ngha m thi.
Trong khi hc ting i cng cn phi tp vit hoi cho cng nh gt mt ch hn na.
Ch thch
[a] Cc thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi: nom : danh t; nom commun :
danh t chung; nom propre : danh t ring.
BI HC TH 3

I.

Hc ting mt (Nhng ting noms t 6 nt n 10 nt)

Ch Hn

m
Giang

Ngha
Sng

Sng

Hi

Bin

Dng

Bin ln

Lc

t lin; trn cn

Lm

Rng

Khu (k)

Ph

i; g

Phong

Gi

V, v

Ma

Kh, khi

Hi nc

Hng

Mng

ng ni

Tn

Chu ni

Bc

Thc

Ch

C (ch em ca cha); m chng

it

Chu (ku c, bc, ch)

Ch

Mui

Em gi

Nam

Con trai, n ng

Ph

V; du; n b

Th

Em trai

Mn

Ca

nh

Sn

Gia

Nh

Tht

Nh trong

Phng

Bung

Nh

II. Ct ngha thm

giang h u ngha l sng, thng dng di mt nom propre no ng ch
tn con sng y, nh Hng giang, Nh h. (khc nhau vi ch gm cc
sng).
hi theo ting Php l mer, dng l ocan.
lc khi no i vi hi, ni hi lc, th l t lin; khi no i vi thy, ni
thy lc, th l trn cn.
c l Khu. V l tn c Khng T, ngi mnh hy [a] m c ra K; nhng ti
sao ra K, tri xa nh vy th khng r. Li bi s king tn ngi ta cng c vit
ra
ph cng lm u b, ku bng b Ph. Lun lun bn t ch, bin hnh thnh ra
ku bng ph go, v hnh n ging ci go.
v cng lm u b, ku bng b V. Lun lun trn u ch, bin hnh thnh ra
, ku bng v u.
ph khi i vi phu m ni: phu ph, th lv; khi i vi c m ni:
c ph, th l nng du; khi i vi nam m ni: nam ph th l n b.
it l chu i vi bc, ch, c m xng, khc vi tn l chu i vi ng b ni
m xng. Ch it y hoc cng c vit l .
mn l ca ngoi i vo sn; cn h l ca trong i vo nh. Vy m tc ta
hay ct ngha h l ca ng, khng phi; mn mi l ca ng.
gia l nh, hiu v ngha tru tng, ch ci ni c mt on ngi thn vi nhau
cng . Tht l nh trong, ch n b . Bi vy gia cng c ngha l chng, ni
ngi chng lm ch c nh; tht cng c ngha l v, ni ngi v coi vic nh
trong ( gia v tht u thuc v b , ku l b Min, nhng tc ta quen ku b
Ging u).
c l ci nh, hiu v ngha c th. Bi vy, khi mun ni "lng ny c my ci
nh" hay l ni "nh tranh nh ngi" th u phi dng ch c, khng c dng ch
gia.
III. Vn php
Nom bnh hnh
Nh bi vn php trc ni, khi hai nom i lin nhau l nom kp.
Nhng cng c khi hai nom i lin nhau m khng phi nom kp, li ku bng nom
bnh hnh. Khc nhau ch: nom kp th hai ch hp lm mt ngha; cn nom bnh hnh
th mi ch c mt ngha. Mun phn bit nom kp v khng phi nom kp, hy ch
iu ny:
Khi gp hai nom i lin nhau m ct xui theo, khng c ngha, y l nom kp. Nh
thin t nu ni l tri con, phu nhn nu ni l chng ngi th tht
khng c ngha l g ht. Cn ct xui theo m c ngha, nh ph mu l cha m,
sn thy l non nc, th tc l tay chn, u c ngha, y l khng phi
nom kp.

Nhng nom vo hng sau y gi l nom bnh hnh. V n i song song vi nhau, khng
nhng hai ch m c khi n ba bn ch na.
Ngi ta lm thnh nhng nom bnh hnh theo 3 : mt l hai ch no i vi nhau;
hai l hai ch no ng loi vi nhau; ba l hai ch no nghch vi nhau. th nht nh
ch thin a (i nhau); th nh nh ch ngu dng (ng loi vi
nhau); th ba nh ch thy ha (nghch nhau).
Trong ting Php, khi hai nom ghp thnh mt (nom compos) thng c ci ngang ni
(trait d union) gia; cn khi hai nom i lin nhau m ngha ri ra, phi c ci du pht
(virgule) ngn ra. Nhng trong ch Hn khng c nh vy, cho nn s phn bit nomkp
v khng phi nom kp l rt cn.
Hung chi trong Hn vn cn c mt th nom khc na cng hai ch i lin nhau m
khng phi nom kp, cng khng phi nom bnh hnh: ku bng nom lin thuc, li
cng cn phi phn bit lm na. Th nom ny s hc trong bi vn php k ti.
IV. Hc ting i
Theo bi vn php trn bit nom bnh hnh l g ri. M nom bnh hnh cng l
ting i, ta nn hc qua cho bit mt t.
sn xuyn: ni (v) sng
in th: rung (v) t. (Theo tc ta, t thp, cy c, gi l in; t
cao gieo, gi l th).
chu xa: thuyn (v) xe, dng v vic giao thng.
th mc: ch v vic kin trc, vic lm nh. Bi trong vic y cn dng
nht l t v cy g, nn ly hai ch th mc ch ngha n (Ch : khng ct
ngha l t v cy c; ting ta cng phi ni l: vic th mc)
ph huynh: cha (v) anh. Ch ngha l nhng ngi b trn trong nh.
thy ha: nc (v) la. Khi th ch ngha l vt cn dng hng ngy, khi
th l s tai hi: ty cu m hiu.
ao xch: Con dao (v) ci thc. Ch ngha vic may v, vic ch ra y
phc. Con dao (hay ci ko) ci thc l cng c ca th may, nn ly i
biu cho ngh may.
n tch: Bui sng (v) bui chiu. Ch ngha trong mt ngy.
th tc: Tay (v) chn. Thng dng v d vi anh em. Nh ni:
() (nh) : anh em nh tay chn.
ti lc: Ti (v) sc.
khu thit: Ming (v) li. Khi th ch ngha l kho ni, khi th ch
ngha l ry ln vi ai; khi th ch ngha l mang ting chu li: ty cu m hiu.
tro nha: Vut (v) nanh. Ch ngha nhng ngi ph t ai m c lc
lm,
nh lm ci vut ci nanh cho con th d.
y cn: o (v) khn.
th a: Ni phim v t, ch khng ch r ra t no. Nh ta ni t ai.
nh mc: Tai (v) mt. Khi th ch ngha lm k nghe ng gim cho ngi
khc; khi th ch ngha b ngi khc nghe ng vo mnh: ty ni m hiu.
phu th: Chng (v) v.

 t tn: ng (v) chu

h hi: Sng (v) bin. C khi v vi lng d rng ri.
phong v: Gi (v) ma. C khi v vi cuc i rn rng nhiu vic, nh
ni u phong v ngha l gi u ma .
s n: Con trai hc tr (v) con gi. Ch ngha mt m ng trong c
nam n thanh nin.
V. Cch hc bi th ba
C nhin cng nh hai bi trc, ba chc ting mt hm nay cng phi theo php m
nt v php vit m hc cho thuc lng.
Bi vn php tun ny c quan h vi bi vn php tun trc. V cng ng hainom i
lin nhau m hm trc l nom kp, hm nay l nom bnh hnh, ch rt nn phn bit
cho r rng. Vy phi nhp vi bi trc m lm thnh mt ci cng (rsum) sau
khi hiu tht ng. Lm xong th c m nh.
BI HC TH 4
I. Hc ting i v nom kp
Ch Hn

m
Thin vn

Ngha
(Khoa hc) thin vn

(Bc) a

Nht thc

S mt tri b n

Hng thy

Lt ln

Hc tr (ca ai)

Mn sinh

Hc tr (ca ai)

Mu quc

Nc m

Hu bang

Nc bn

Trng nam

Con trai u lng

Chnh tht

V c

Tng t

ng c

Tiu c

Em gi chng

ng qua

B ao

Mc nh

Nm tai mo

Bin u

u vn

II. Ct ngha thm

Thin vn l mt khoa hc, hc v s vn hnh ca mt tri, mt trng cng cc
tinh t.

a l bn v nhng ci c trn t: ni sng, ng s, thnh, x thn,

v.v Hoc v c tri t, hoc v ring mt nc, mt tnh, mt lng; cng c chia ra a
cai tr, a kinh t, a qun s, v.v
Nht thc l s mt tri b n. Ngha tht ca n l mt tri b n, nhng y l
ting nom vy.
Hng thy l nc lt tht ln, t xa n nay ch c mt vi ln vo khong ba
ngn nm trc, tc ting Php gi l dluge. Lt thng khng gi c, d ln
my cng ch gi l i lo.
t l hc tr (ca ai). Ting ta khng phn bit: khi ch mt ngi m sch i
hc cng ku l hc tr, khi ch mt ngi th nghip vi ngi khc cng ku l hc tr.
Ch Hn th khc: ngi trc l hc sinh, ngi sau l t hay mn sinh
(Nn ch iu ny: khi ni t th l nom kp; khi ni t th
l nom bnh hnh, v t c hai ngha: con v em).
Mn sinh ly l tr y do ci ca ca ngi y m ra, tc l i hc vi ngi y.
Mu quc l danh t m dn mt nc no i ra ngoi quc hoc thuc a xy
gi li bn quc mnh, nh ngi Php y gi nc Php l mu quc.
Hu bang l danh t m cc nc lng ging vi nhau hoc giao ho vi nhau
gi nhau.
Trng nam l con trai u lng. V ca trng nam th gi l trng ph.
Chnh tht l v c, ni th phn bit vi v nh, gi l trc tht.
Tng t l ng c ra ng ni. Chu ca ng c gi l tng tn.
Tiu c l em gi ca chng (xng bi ch du); ng ln vi tiu mui l
em gi nh (xng bi anh trai ln).
ng qua l b ao, v th b ny c tri trong ma ng.
Mc nh ngha en l tai ca cy. V th nm y ging ci tai m mc trn cy,
Bc K vn gi theo ting ch l mc nh.
Bin u ngha en l ht u dp, v ch bin ngha l dp.
III. Vn php
Nom lin thuc
Nhc li hai bi vn php trong hai k bo trc: Nhng ting nom i lin nhau chia ra
ba th:
1/ Nom kp: hai nom i lin nhau m ch c mt ngha.
2/ Nom bnh hnh: hai nom i lin nhau m c hai ngha ri ra, ku tn hai s vt.
(Hai th y hc qua ri; cn mt th na s hc trong bi vn php hm nay)
3/ Nom lin thuc: hai nom i lin nhau m mt nom ny thuc v mt nom kia.
Ta bit trong vn php ting Php c ch ni v compment d un nom [a] th trong
vn php ch Hn th nom lin thuc ny cng ging nh vy.
Ku bng complment d un nom nh ni: l ami du pre, l eau du fleuve [b] th trong
ch Hn ni: ph hu, giang thy, tc l nom lin thuc .
Ph hu, giang thy khng phi ch c mt ngha, cho nn khng phi nom kp; li
khng phi c hai ngha ri ra, cho nn cng khng phi nom bnh hnh. Ku
bng nomlin thuc bi v hai ch lin nhau m ch hu thuc v ch ph (bn
ca ai? ca cha), ch thy thuc v ch giang (nc ca u? ca sng).

Mun lm hai nom dnh nhau (ami vi pre, eaau vi fleuve) th trong Php vn dng
ch de; vy trong ch Hn c dng ch g khng?
C. Ngi ta dng ch chi vo gia hai nom ni n li v ch ngha nom ny
thuc v nom kia. Bi vy ph hu tc l ph chi hu, giang
thy, tc l giang chi thy.
Ch chi ging nh ch de trong ting Php. C iu khc nhau l ph
trc hu; giang trc thy.
Th nhng m, ch chi y, ngi ta phi b i lun lun, ch khi no c s cn c
bit th mi .
S l ph chi hu m b ch chi i, ni ph hu; s l giang
chi thy m b ch chi i, ni giang thy, thnh ra hai nom i lin nhau, d m
ln ln vi nom kp v nom bnh hnh.
Nhng m khng ln ln c.
C cch phn bit nom lin thuc cho khi ln vi hai th nom kia tin li lm. C
h gp hai nom i lin nhau, mnh th t ch chi vo gia m c ngha th mi l
nom lin thuc. Cn khng, th khng phi.
Vy nh phu nhn, nu thm chi vo, thnh ra phu chi nhn, (1)
ngu dng, [c] nu thm chi vo thnh ra ngu chi dng, th u khng
c ngha chi ht, khng phi l nom lin thuc.
Tr ra c mt t nom kp c th ch chi vo m c ngha, nh thin t, c
th ni thin chi t.
IV. Tp t
(v nom lin thuc)
Nom kp v nom bnh hnh thng l nhng ch sn c; cn nom lin thuc th ty khi
mnh t, mun nom no thuc v nom no theo s mnh cn ni. Vy t sn ra y
t nhiu ch tp cho quen, hu sau ngi hc c th theo m t t ly.
Phi nh rng nom lin thuc nguyn c ch chi gia hai nom m thng thng
ngi ta b ch chi y, khng vo. Vy nh:
tnh thy tc l tnh chi thy; theo ting ta ng ni l nc ca ging,
nhng cng ni quen l nc ging
th tm tc l th chi tm; theo ting ta ng ni: lng ca bn tay, nhng
cng ni quen l lng bn tay
tc tm tc l tc chi tm; theo ting ta ng ni l lng ca bn chn,
nhng cng ni quen l lng bn chn
nhn thn tc l nhn chi thn; theo ting ta ng ni l thn th ca
ngi ta, nhng cng quen ni l thn th ngi ta
ngu nh tc l ngu chi nh; theo ting ta ng ni l tai ca tru (b),
nhng cng ni quen l tai tru
hi phong tc l hi chi phong; theo ting ta ng ni l gi ca bin,
nhng cng ni quen l gi bin
sn thch tc l sn chi thch; theo ting ta ng ni l ca ni,
nhng cng ni quen l ni

 phng mn tc l phng chi mn; theo ting ta ng ni l ca ca

bung, nhng cng ni quen l ca bung
hi mn tc l hi chi mn; theo ting ta ng ni l ca ca bin, nhng
cng ni quen l ca bin
khuyn nha tc l khuyn chi nha; theo ting ta ng ni l rng ca ch,
nhng cng ni quen l rng ch
dng nhc tc l dng chi nhc; theo ting ta ng ni l tht ca d,
nhng cng ni quen l tht d
ngu gic tc l ngu chi gic; theo ting ta ng ni l sng ca b,
nhng cng ni quen l sng b
nhn lc tc l nhn chi lc; theo ting ta ng ni l sc ca ngi,
nhng cng ni quen l sc ngi
thin tm tc l thin chi tm; theo ting ta ng ni l lng ca tri,
nhng cng ni quen l lng tri
lm mc tc l lm chi mc; theo ting ta ng ni l cy ca rng,
nhng cng ni quen l cy rng
Nn hiu thm mt iu na: trong ch Hn, v nom lin thuc b ch chi, cng
nh trong ting ta b ch ca.
V. Cch hc bi th t ny
Hm nay hc 15 ting i, ct bit thm nhiu danh t, 15 nom kp c gii ngha rt
r rng, l mun cho bit c ch no chc chn ch y. C nhin l ngi hc phi
theo my php cho trc m hc cho thuc lng.
Bi vn php hm nay dnh vi hai bi trc. Phi hp c ba lm chung mt ci
cng coi cho d hc.
Trong vn php ting Php, ch ni v complment d un nom c dy ngi hc ly
hai nom m lm dnh vi nhau bi mt ch de. y ta cng bt chc m lm nh vy,
tc l thc hnh t tp t va ni trn.
y ta lm dnh hai nom bi mt ch chi. Theo trn kia, mun ni nc ca ging
th ni tnh chi thy; mun ni gi ca bin th ni hi chi phong; ri suy
ra m t nhng ch khc.
Phi lm vic ny nh cch tp dch: vit trn giy mt bn ch quc ng, mt bn ch
Hn.
C my ra sn di y, hy c m dch theo. Cn nh s th li coi c ng
khng, th ngi hc t lm ly cng c. V trong bi dy k lm, khng c th lm.
iu nn nh l ci complment bao gi cng ng trc, nghch vi ting Php.
DCH: 1/ Sng ca d; 2/ Lng ca ch; 3/ Lng ca ngi; 4/ Cy la ca rung;
5/ Cy ca ni; 6/ Lng ca b; 7/ Da ca heo; 8/ Gi ca ni; 9/ Sc ca tri; 10/ Ti ca
ming; 11/ Sc ca gi; 12/ Anh ca chng; 13/ Hnh ca ni; 14/ Nh ca cha; 15/ Sc
c mt trng.
Ban u tp t hy ch chi. Sau nhun lng ri ta hy b ch chi i.
Ch thch

(1) Ci v d ny khng c ng cho lm. V c ngi ni phu chi

nhn cng c ngha. Ngha l ngi ca chng. Ni th, c k ngi n b c chng
ri l thuc v chng, vt s hu ca chng. Cng bi th cho nn nm trc bn Tu c
ln ph n ni ln i b t ci danh t xng h h y, v h cho l nhc. th
th ta nn ly ci v d phu t (ngha l thy); nu thm vo, thnh ra
phu chi t, l con ca chng mi tht khng c ngha. (nguyn ch ca Phan Khi).
[a] Cc thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi: complment d un nom : b ng
ca mt danh t.
[c] ngu dng /b d/ t ch chung [ n gia sc, gm c tru, nga] (H.T.
Paulus Ca: sd.)
BI HC TH 5
I.

Nom t vi s
Ch Hn

m
Nht t

Ngha
Mt (a) con

Nht m

Mt (con) nga

Vn m

Mun (con) nga

Thp h

Mi (con) h

Lc tnh

Su tnh

Tam k

Ba k

Nht u m

Mt u go

Nht bi tu

Mt chn ru

Nht trng ch

Mt t giy

Nht can trc

Mt cy tre

Nht khi thch

Mt hn

Nht bnh du

Mt bnh du

Nht lp u

Mt ht u

Nht hon dc

Mt hon thuc

Nht trn phong

Mt cn gi

II. Ct ngha thm

Khi hc on I trn y xong th lt ngay bi vn php di ny ra hc trc, ri hy
xem n on II ct ngha thm, d rng on II sp trn cng mc.
Trong on ny, su ch trn thuc v nom commun c c th v nom collectif, [a]nn
ch s ngay trn n c; chn ch di thuc v nom commun khng c th hoc c
m khng m c, nn khng ngay c m phi lt mt ch gin tip vo gia.
Nhng ch gin tip y ty theo nom m khc.

 nht t l mt a con, song cng c khi dng ch ra ngha khc, ni

nh tam t ngha l hai ba g, nh trong Lun Ng c Khng hay dng ch hc tr
ca mnh.
Cc t tn loi th, nom commun v concret, thng l ngay ch s ln trn. Nhng
cng nhiu khi mun n c r ngha hn th ch gin tip. Bi vy, nht
m cng ni nht tht m (tht l con); nht ngu cng ni
nht u ngu (u ting ta cng ni l con); nht dng cng ni
nht v dng (v l ui, cng l con).
Lc tnh l su tnh thuc v Nam K ca ta thu xa. Tnh, hp cc ph huyn
m thnh, cho nn n l collectif, ngay ch s ln trn c.
Tam k l ba k, mi k hp nhiu tnh m thnh, cho nn n cng lcollectif,
ngay ch s ln trn c.
T nht u m tr xung l nom concret hoc khng c c th hoc c c th
m khng xit m th phi c ch gin tip gia ch s v nom y.
u bng 10 thng hay thng, dng ong bn Tu m Bc K ta cng c
dng theo, hin vn cn c ci tn y. Trong t in Tu chua rng 1 u bng 0, mc 319.
Bi l chn ung ru, cng vit l
Trng c ngha l gi ra. Giy, k mi mt ln gi ra l mt t, hai mt. Nhng
theo ting ta, trng hay trang ch l mt mt (une page). Mt mt giy th ch Hn l
din.
Can l cn cu. Cy tre thng l von v hi cong nh ci cn cu cho nn gi th.
Khi nguyn ngha l t cc, mn ni hn hay cc, trong khi y th ci ngha
t mt i. Th ri khi ni mt cc t ngi ta li phi ni nht khi th.
Lp l ht, ni v thc, go, u u c c.
Hon l ci vin g trn li. Hn n cng ni c l hon.
Trn l trn gic, mn ni v mt cn gi, hoc ma, hoc dng hoc bo t u
c c.
III. Vn php
Nom t vi ch s
Trong Hn vn khng c mi ting article. [b] trn cc nom ch c ch s, m s t
c khc nhau, cn phi hc qua mi bit.
Cng nh ting Php, trong ch Hn duy c nom commun mi t c ch s ln
trn, cn nom propre thng l khng t c.
Nhng thnh thong cng c khi t ch s ln trn nom propre c, l khi dng nom
propre y nh nom commun.
C l:
Ni (tuy hu bch Khng Minh) ngha l: Tuy c mt trm ng Khng
Minh th ch Khng Minh y cng k nh ch ngi ti, ngi gii m khng
phi nom propre na.
Cn trn phn nhiu nom commun c th t ch s c c, duy cch t khc nhau.
Ngi ta chia ra lm hai: mt cch t trc tip, mt cch t gin tip.

Trc tip ngha l ch s dnh lin vi ch nom commun y; cn gin tip l gia ch
s v ch nom commun c thm mt ch na ch v n v (unit) hoc v lng
(quantit) hoc v ci khc ca nom commun.
C l:
nht nhn, thp quc l trc tip;
nht lp u, nht u m, nht trn phong l gin tip.
Nom commun no th t cch trc tip? Nom commun no th t cch gin tip? V
ti sao li c s chia khc y?
Chng ta hc ting Php, bit nom collectif l g ri. Ht thy nom collectif trn n
u t c ch s bng cch trc tip. y l v mi nom collectif u c mt c th
(cng nh n v), ta c th m tng ci c. Nh cu tc (l chn h), vn
bang (l mun nc) vi ch thp quc trn y u t bng cch trc tip, v
nhng tc, bang, quc thy l nom collectif.
Nom concret th nhng ch no c ring mt c th, m c, thy t theo cch trc
tip; nh t mn (t l bn), thp h, vi ch nht nhn trn kia.
Cn, cng nom concret m ch no khng c c th, khng m c, nh thy
ha, hoc c c th m khng xit m, nh m, u th t bng cch gin tip.
Ci ch gi bng gin tip y khng nht nh, ty mnh mun ch ci g ca nommnh
ni th dng ch c ngha y m ch. Nh u, mnh mun ch v c th ca n th
dng ch lp (ngha l ht); m, mnh mun ch ci lng ca n th dng ch
u (u ong); phong (gi) mnh mun ch s kch lit v lu lai ca n th dng
ch trn (cn).
Nhng nom concret m khng c c th hoc c m vn vt qu khng m c th
phi dng ch gin tip; khng c ch y th thnh ra bt thng.
Hy nh: khng ai ni c , hay bao gi.
Trc kia c ni trn phn nhiu nom commun c th t ch s c c l c lu
li mt phn t khng t c. Phn t y l nom abstrait.
Ngi ta t ch s ngay trn nom abstrait c, nhng khi no nh th l
coinom y cng nh nom concret c c th. Ch l nom abstrait chn chnh th khng
th t vi ch s c v n khng c th m c.
IV. Tp t
Theo trn ni, c mt s nom t c ch s ln trn mt cch trc tip. Vy th s
y d lm, khng cn phi tp cng bit. Ch nh thm rng ngi ta thng t ch s
ln trn nom, nhng c khi t di nom cng c.
Nh k s (tam sinh, ba con vt git i t), k rng nht ngu, nht
dng, nht th, ngha l: mt con b, mt con d, mt con heo; nhng cng c th
k rng ngu nht, dng nht, th nht, ngha l: b mt con, d mt
con, heo mt con.
S cn phi tp l s t ch s trn nhng nom m trong khi t cn c ch gin tip.
Nhng ch gin tip y li khng nht nh, ty mnh mun ch th no, nn phi tp
quen mi bit.
y t lm mu my ch tp cho quen, sau bit nhiu ri th t mnh t ly.

Nh ch in, mnh mun ch bao c mt m, mt vt rung m khng ch r ra

mu, so, thc, tc, th ni nht khonh in (l mt m rung). Cn mun ch
ra mt s rung rt t th ni nht xch in (l mt thc rung) hay
nht thn in (l mt tc rung).
Phi bit rng c nhiu ch Hn m ngi mnh dng khc vi ngi Tu, nht l
nhng ch dng trong giy t vic quan hay vn kh mua bn. Nh trong kh bn rung
v phn th chia gia ti ca ta hay ni nht s in (l mt tha rung) th ch
s y trong Hn vn khng thy dng.
By gi n ch thy. Mnh mun ch ci lng ca nc va mt chn th ni
nht bi thy (mt chn nc). Mnh mun ch ci lng ca nc va mt go th
ni nht thc thy (mt go nc). Nhng khi mun ch ra ci lng n rt t
th ni nht trch thy(mt git nc).
By gi n ch m. Mnh mun ch ci lng go tht nhiu th ni nht
thng m (mt kho go). Mun ch ci s n rt t, m tng ht go, th ni
nht lp m (mt ht go).
Khi t cch gin tip cng nh khi t cch trc tip, ch s v ch gin tip c th
di nom. Vy nh mun ni: in nht khonh, thy nht thc,
m nht thng u c c.
V. Cch hc bi th nm
Trong bi hc ny c on vn php hi di, s bt tin cho ngi hc, nhng v e chia
ra n s thnh ri rc m li ngn qu, nn lm lun mt bi.
Nhng, tuy di m trong s l khng c my. iu nn ch hn ht l iu t ch
s trn nom bng cch gin tip. V n quan trng lm nn li thm on tp t luyn
cho quen.
y l t my ch lm mu. Ngi hc n khi bit ch nhiu ri do suy ra m t
t ly, ch khng nn vi mun bit ht thy nhng ch gin tip y ngay mt lc by
gi.
Trong bi c nhng ch tuy khng ngay trong on chnh hc ting mt m l lin
i ni n mi gp ln u, th phi chm m nh; ch qun dng php vit v php
m nt dy trc kia m hc cho thuc lng. Tc nh nhng ch thc l go,
trch l git, khonh l m, thng l kho, v.v
Ch thch
[a] Cc thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi: nom commun : danh t
chung; nom collectif : danh t tp hp; nom propre: danh t ring; nom concret: danh t
c th; nom abstrait: danh t tru tng; article : mo t.
[b] Mi ting l t c Phan Khi dng tr t loi.
BI HC TH 6
I. Hc ting mt
Adjectifs qualificatifs [a]

Ch Hn

II. Ct ngha thm

m
i

Ngha
Ln

Tiu

Nh

Cao

Cao

Thp

Thm

Su

Thin

Cn

Xu

Qung

Rng

Hip

Hp

Trng

Di

on

Vn (ngn)

Hu

Dy

Bc

Mng

Minh

Sng

Ti

Trc

Thng

Khc

Cong

Chnh

Ngay

Vy

Li

Bn (sc)

Cn (i)

Vin

Xa

Cn

Gn

Xo

Kho

Chuyt

Vng

Tc

Mau

Tr

Chm

An

An (bnh an)

Nguy

Nguy (ngho ngt)

y l t nhiu ting adjectif qualificatif [a] m ly tinh nhng ch c ngha i nhau

cho d nh. Nh i i vi tiu, cao i vi , v.v
Ch Hn cng nh ch Php, c sens propre l ngha en v c sens figur l ngha
bng. Nh thm (su), thin (cn), ngha en ni v nc, bi v n thuc b chm
thu, c ch ( cng k l ) ng mt bn. Nhng ci g khng phi nc m c
su cn th cng ni thm thin c. L nh: mun ch ci lng ngi su, kh
lng, th cng dng ch thm qualifier [b] cho ci lng; mun ch s bit hy cn
cn, th cng dng ch thin qualifier cho s bit.
vin, cn, tr, tc, bn ch y u thuc v b (b Xc, ta ku bng b
quai xc)
xc ngha l chc li i, chc li ng, cho nn bn ch , ngha en ca n: xa,
gn, mau, chm, u ni v s i ng ht. Nhng dng sang ngha bng th d khng
phi s i ng cng ni c.
Bt k adjectif qualificatif no cng c ngha en ngha bng c. Bit i khi nh su
ch trn ri suy ra hiu nhng ch khc.
Hm nay c nhng ch thuc v nhng b hc ri, nn nhc li cho nh. Ch v
b Nhn; ch thm, ch thin v b Thy; ch hip v b Khuyn; ch
minh, ch m v b Nht; ch li v b ao.
Li c my ch thuc v b cha hc ti: nh ch vin, ch cn ... ni trn
kia ri; cn:
Ch bc (l mng) thuc v b Tho. Nguyn b Tho vit l m bin hnh ra
lun lun trn u ch, nn phm nhng ch trn u c
u thuc v b Tho
(hoc ku b Tho u).
Ch tho y ngha l c, theo lut tng hnh, phn trn ging l c di t, v
phn di ging r c di t. y l ch i xa vit nh th, by gi th t ai vit th
m vit l , m, ngha u ng nhau).
Ch t v b p. Ch p vit l m bin hnh thnh ra , lun lun bn hu
ch. B ny vi b Ph hnh ging nhau m tri nhau. Ta nn phn bit th ny: h ci
hnh go bn hu ch l b p; bn t ch, l b Ph. (B Ph hc ri)
Ch n thuc v b Kim ( m bin hnh ra , thng bn t ch. ngha l
vng, cng l loi kim).
III. Vn php
Adjectif qualificatif i vi nom
Trc ht nn bit, trong ch Hn, adjectif qualificatif cng c n c kp nhnom.
n l nh 30 ch hm nay, mi ch c mt ngha: l ln; l nh v.v....
C khi t i, cho hai adjectif i lin nhau, thnh ra kp. Khi y k nh mtadjectif,
nhng phi hiu trong n hoc c mt hoc c hai .
Nh ni tch mch (l lng l) th l ch c mt , hnh dung ci g n im lng m
thi.
Cn nh ni cao minh (l cao sng) th l trong c hai , hnh dung ci g n
cao li sng na. Li nh ni qung i (l rng ln) cng hai , hnh dung ci
g n rng li ln na.

Dng mt adjectif qualifier cho nom th thng thng adjectif ln trn nom.
Nh ni ni cao th phi ni cao sn; ni sng ln th phi ni i xuyn.
Nhng cng c khi adjectif di nom, l khi mnh mun dng adjectif nh l
ci attribut [c] ca nom y.
Bi vy, nh ni sn cao, nguyt tiu l c hnh dung ci cnh trong mt
m, trng thy ni thi cao, trng thi nh.
Khi dng adjectif kp qualifier cho nom th phi thm ch chi vo gia m vn
adjectif ln trn nom. Nh ni cao minh chi gia (l ci nh cao sng);
yu hi chi a (l ci ch yu hi).
Trong vn vn hoc bin vn, mun c gn cu hay l tnh cho va s ch, ngi ta
c th b ch y c.
Cn dng adjectif kp qualifier cho nom kp c hai cch:
1/ H qualifier cho nom bnh hnh ng loi vi nhau th adjectif phi l mt vi
nhau. Nh ni o l dao vin (l ng dm xa xui) th v o v
l ng loi vi nhau, nn dao v vin phi mt vi nhau.
2/ H qualifier cho nom bnh hnh c i nhau th adjectif phi hp ngha
vinom theo th t. Nh ni sn xuyn tr thm (ni sng tr su) th v
sn v xuyn i nhau nn tr phi hp vi sn v thm phi hp vi
xuyn. Li nh ni: thin a huyn hong (tri en t vng) th v thin
v a i nhau nn huyn phi hp vi thin v hong phi hp vi a.
(Theo thuyt nh nho, tri l sc en, t l sc vng, nn c cu nh th).
IV. Hc ting i
Nom t vi adjectif
: Thng
: Thng thiu

dng th ny l theo mt ngha ring;

ngoi ra khng khi no dng nh th

: Tay kho
: Th vng
: Mng tay di
: Dao ngn
: Ming sc (ming kho ni)
: Trng t
: Gi p
: Bung ti
: Ngi n b xu (b tng xu)
: Da dy
: Cy cong
: Ni xa
: Lng vy (Lng khng ngay)
V. Thnh ng dng vo Quc vn

Hm nay bt u hc nhng thnh ng (expression) trong ch Hn m cng dng

vo ting ta hoc c th dng vo ting ta.Trong nhng thnh ng y phn nhiu ly
nhng ch hc ri nn cng khng kh my. C nhiu ci thnh ng ni lun ming m
khng bit n l ch Hn. H khng bit th tt khng hiu ngha cho n ni. Cho
nn, hc mc ny c ch v Hn vn nh, m cng c ch cho quc vn na.
(thng xuyn): Ci g lun lun khng ngt; c l nh con sng chy
thng.
(tm in): Ch ci lng. Do ci lng ngi ta m sanh ra vic ny vic kia cng
nh bi rung sanh ra vt sn. Hay l ni (tm a) cng nh tm in.
(mc kch): Thy tn mt. Kch l nh; ni ly mt nh vo ci g, l thy
chc lm.
(i gia): Nh nhiu i c ngi lm nn, c nn np v danh gi. Nhng theo
Bch thoi th i gia li l ngi ta, nh ch on trong ting Php.
(giang sn): Sng ni, ch v t nc. t th c sng v ni nn ly m i
biu cho mt nc.
VI. Tp t
Lm nh ch mt bi trc, tp dch Quc vn ra ch Hn, m hm nay th ly
adjectif ghp vi nom. y ch tp mt cch t adjectif trc nom cho d. Vy hy dch
theo my sn di y:
1/ Ci tai ln. 2/ Ci ui di. 3/ Ci g cao. 4/ Ci ging su. 5/ Ci dao bn. 6/ Con
mt sng. 7/ Ci gh nh. 8/ Nc cn. 9/ Sc p. 10/ Ngi ngay. 11/ Ngy di. 12/
Ci sng cong. 13/ Ci o ngn. 14/ Ci ming hp. 15/ Ci hnh xu.
Ch thch
[a] Cc thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi: adjectif qualificatif (ch Php):
tnh t phm cht
[b] Cc t ch Php khc trong bi: qualifier : ch phm cht, nh cht, nh
tnh; attribut : thuc tnh
BI HC TH 7
I.

Hc ting i (Adjectifs mn)

Ch Hn

m
H m

Ngha
Nga mi H

Vit iu

Chim nc Vit

Hoa thng

Nh bun Tu

Gia cm

Chim nh

D th

Th ng

Mc h

Nh lm g

Th ha

Hng ha bn x

Minh iu

Con chim ku

T lc

Con hu cht ri

Tiu din

B mt ci

Su tnh

Ci tnh su

Ch l

Ci l rt phi

Cc hnh

S hnh pht cng tt

Thng thc

S bit thng

Vin mu

Ci mu xa

II. Ct ngha thm

C thi c cu H m t bc phong, Vit iu so nam chi. Ngha l: nga mi H h
gi bc, chim nc Vit lm t cnh nam. ni: mi H phng bc, nn nga mi H
lc v phng nam ri, nghe gi bc m h; nc Vit phng nam, nn chim nc
Vit khi sang phng bc ri cng chn cnh phng nam lm t: ging vt cn bit nh
x mnh.
Thng y l thng nhn, ngha l ngi bun bn, m ni tt i. Nu ni
th ni: Trung Hoa chi thng nhn.
Cm l loi chim; gia cm nh con ngan, con vt, con ngng, v.v...
Th l loi vt c bn chn. D th nh con cp, con heo rng, con hu,
con mang, v.v
H c ngha l mt famille. i xa hay ni h khu: h l mt gia
nh, khu l mt ming, tc mt u ngi. Thng thng lm ngh g th c nh
cng lm nn nhng nh r nhau i o g ko v m bn, ku bng mc h. Cng
nh nhng nh lm ngh nc mm Phan Thit, ngi ta ku l hm
h. ( hm l mn, tc l nc mm).
Th y l bn th, cng nh bn x.
Bt k vt g h em tin m mua c u ku l ha, khng c bi t nhin sinh
sn ra hay ngi ta ch to nn.
y nhn ln l nom propre v nom commun mn lm adjectif.
Minh iu l con chim ang ku hay ku hay bit ku, ty cu m hiu. Nhng
kho ko lm vi khi ni iu minh th ngha l con chim ku, ch s con chim ang
hnh ng.
T lc th l con hu cht ri, khng nn lm vi khi ni lc t l ch s
hnh ng cui cng ca con hu.
B mt ci tiu din tc l b mt ti tn, vui v; hay ni tiu dungcng
c.
Su tnh l ci tnh su no, bun b.
Bn ch trn y minh, t, tiu, su u l verbe m mn lm
adjectif cng nh trong ting Php, participe prsent hay pass [a] u coi nh adjectif.
Ch l l ci l phi rt mc, n ni, khng cn g hn na.

Cc hnh l nhng hnh chm bu u, phn thy thu xa, ni khng cn hnh
no nng hn.
Thng thc l s bit thng thng, ngh no u c thng thc ca ngh y.
Vin mu l s lo tnh xa xi, nh by gi m lo n vic mt vi trm nm
na.
Bn ch trn y ch, cc, thng, vin u l adverbe m mn lm
adjectif.
III. Vn php
Adjectif mn
Ngoi nhng adjectif qualificatif nguyn ting, cng c khi ngi ta mn my mi
ting khc m lm thnh n. Nhng mi ting c th mn c, l nom, verbe, adverbe.
Nom propre hay nom commun u mn lm adjectif qualificatif c c.
Nh H m, Vit iu, Hoa thng: ch H, ch Vit, ch
Hoa u l nom propre dng qualifier cho ch m, ch iu, ch thng.
Gia cm, d th, mc h, th ha: ch gia, ch d, ch
mc, ch th u l nom commun dng qualifier cho ch cm, ch th, ch
h, ch ha.
Khi dng nh th, ci hnh thc ca n khng khc g nom lin thuc, v mi hai ch
u c thm ch chi vo gia ch ngha ch n thuc v ch kia. Nh H
chi m l con nga ca mi H; d chi th l loi th ca ng ni.
Cho nn c nhiu nom lin thuc m mt nom ng trc c th k nh l adjectif
qualificatif.
Ngi ta hay mn verbe neutre [a] lm adjectif qualificatif. Tc nh:
Dng ch minh qualifier cho ch iu hnh dung con chim y l ng
ku, hay ku, hay bit ku;
Dng ch t qualifier cho ch lc hnh dung con hu y cht;
Dng ch tiu qualifier cho ch din hnh dung ci mt ti ci vui
Dng ch su qualifier cho ch tnh hnh dung ci tnh bun ru.
Bn ch minh, t, tiu, su u l verbe neutre.
Nhng ch vn l adverbe m khi em t trc nom, ng st vi nom, l khi ngi
ta mn n lm adjectif qualificatif. Nh ch l, cc hnh, thng
thc, vin mu: v l, hnh, thc, mu u l nom, cho nn ch,
cc, thng, vin vn l adverbe m u k nh adjectif.
IV. Thnh ng dng vo Quc vn
(H Vit nht gia) = Mi H pha bc nc Tu, nc Vit pha nam
nc Tu m hp lm mt nh c, c ni thng nht c thin h, v xa l thnh quen
thuc.
(Thng nhn a tr) = Ngi bun bn nhiu la di.
(Gia nan, thin h d) = Trong nh th kh, ra thin h th d. ni i vi
ngi ngoi ci g cng nht thit c, cn trong nh phi ly tnh m x cho nn kh.

 (Tiu trung hu ao) = Trong s ci c con dao. ni ci ci c him

lm.
(B cc thi lai) = B l vn xu; thi l vn tt; vn xu cng tt ri, vn tt
n.
, (Mu s ti nhn, thnh s ti thin) = Mu vic ngi, nn
vic tri. ni ngi ta lm vic g ch bit ht sc mnh m thi, ch s nn h khong
liu c.
V. Tp t
Nhng nom mn lm adjectif em t trn nom th cng ging nh nom lin thuc
hc ri, hm nay khng cn phi tp. Ch c verbe mn lm adjectif t trn nom l
phi tp cho bit.
Phi nh duy c verbe neutre th mi mn c. y th mn m t thm my ch
tp cho quen.
1/ (ca nhi) = ch nhi ngha l con nt, gm c con gi con trai. Nhng
ch nhi y l ni v con gi. ca nhi l con gi bit ht.
2/ (canh phu) = ch phu c ngha l a, l thng trai. canh phu l
trai cy.
3/ (chc n) = Ngi con gi bit dt, hay lm ngh dt.
4/ (thc trc) = Ci bn n hay ci bn dn n. trc l ci bn.
5/ (tu cu) = Con ch chy, tc l ch sn.
6/ (hnh cung) ting ta cng ni hnh cung. Mi hai tnh Trung K, mi
tnh c mt ci, khi no vua i ng ti th . Ngha en l ci cung vua
trong lc i. Ch hnh l verbe.
7/ (phi ky /c/) = Ci my bay. Ch phi l verbe.
8/ (xut l) = Con ng i ra. Ch xut l verbe.
9/ (lu thy) = Nc chy. Ch lu l verbe.
10/ (lai th) = i sau. Ch lai l verbe, ngha l n. lai th
ngha en l i s n, tc i sau.
Theo nh cch tp dch ni trc kia, dch nhng di ny ra ch Hn, nhng
y u l mn mt verbe neutre lm adjectif t vi nom.
1. Ngi con gi bit ht; 2. Con chim bay; 3. Th dt; 4. Con nga chy; 5. Con
ng i n; 6. Con tru cy; 7. Ma bay; 8. Ci lng bun ru; 9. Con chim cht; 10.
Ngi i.
Nhng ch dng trong 10 ny u l ch hc ri c, hoc trong bi hm nay, hoc
trong my bi trc, hy nh li.
Ting ta khi t cu c th khng phn bit c adjectif hay verbe trong trng hp
di ny. Nh ni Con chim bay ch bay y c th nhn l verbe cng c. Nhng
khng, y l adjectif. Trong ch Hn, nu l verbe th ni iu phi, nu l
adjectif th ni phi iu. y nn ni l phi iu.
Ch thch
[a] Cc thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi: verbe: ng t; verbe participe
prsent: ng tnh t hin ti; verbe participe pass: ng tnh t qu kh; verbe

neutre: ni ng t, phn bit vi verbe actifl ngoi ng t ( bi hc th 9, son

gi s ni r iu ny). Tuy vy, trong bi hc th 10, verbe actif li c son gi hiu
nh l ng t ch ng, phn bit vi verbe possif c gi l ng t b ng, v
nh vy, verbe neutre s c coi l ng t trung tnh.

BI HC TH 8
I. Hc nhng ting v pronom
Ch Hn
m

Ngha

Ng
Ng
D

Ba ch ny u ngha ta hay
ti, v ngi th nht, s mt[a]

Nh
Nh

Hai ch ny u ngha l my,

v ngi th hai, s mt

Nh to
Nh ng

B bi
B ng

B
Ng ng
Ng bi
Ng si
Ng to

Chi

N, v ngi th ba, s mt
Bn ch ny u ngha l bn
ta, chng ta, hay bn ti, chng
ti, v ngi th nht, s nhiu
Hai ch ny u ngha l bn
my hay chng bay, v ngi th
hai, s nhiu
Hai ch ny u ngha l bn
n hay chng n, v ngi th ba
s nhiu
, n

Ca n

Gi

K (ngi)

Ci iu

Mnh

Thy

Ai?

Thc

Ai?

Ci g?

Mc

Chng c ai

II. Ct ngha thm

V pronom personnel, [b] ch Hn cng li thi nh ting Vit Nam ta, ngha l nhng
ting dng m xng mnh hay xng ngi khng c nht lut nh ting Php. Ni r ra:
ting Php xng mnh l moi, je, nous, xng ngi l tu, vous, xng sau lng ngi l il,
elle, ils, elles, bt k i vi ai cng dng c c. Nhng ting Nam, ni vi ai v ni

v ai, cng phi ty a v h v a v mnh m xng h, khng ni x b c, th ch

Hn cng vy.
Tin y ta nn bit s y cho r rng hn th c ch hn.
Hin nay ngi Tu chia ch h ra lm hai th: 1/ Vn ngn vit theo li ni i
xa ch khng theo li ni ng thi; 2/ Bch thoi vit theo li ni ng thi,
ni th no, vit th y.
Theo Bch thoi th pronom personnel c nht lut. Ngha l v ngi th nht: s
mt ni ng, s nhiu ni ng mn; ngi th hai: s mt ni n, s nhiu
ni nmn; ngi th ba: s mt ni tha, s nhiu ni tha mn. Ni rng "c nht
lut", bi v i vi ai m xng mnh v xng ngi cng c nh vy ch khng ty a
v m thay i. Vy th pronom personnel ca Bch thoi Tu cng c tin li nh
ting Php.
Nhng Vn ngn th li khng nh th. Pronom personnel ca vn ngn th li ty a
v m xng h nh ting Nam ta: ng ng ku ng, ng b ku b, ng quan ln ku
quan ln... li cn xng mnh, khi tao, khi ti, khi con... khng ng nhau.
Chng ta hc ch Hn y l khng phi hc Bch thoi m l hc Vn ngn. vy
th s phi theo cch dng pronom personnel ca vn ngn l s t nhin lm.
Theo Vn ngn, khi i vi cha m, con phi xng cha m l , xng mnh l
(nhi, ngha l con); bn hu i vi nhau, thng xng bn l huynh, xng mnh l
. Trong nhng khi y, nhng ting pronom personnel nh ng, ng, nh,
nh nh trn y khng h dng n. Vy nhng ch y phi i n lc ng dng
mi dng, khng phi dng lun lun c u.
Bi vy, nhng ch pronom hc hm nay l hc cho bit i khi, ch khng phi bao
nhiu ting xng h gm ht vo trong .
Tht ra th cng duy c nhng ch hc hm nay mi gi c l pronom
personnel ch cn nhng ch nh i nhn, nhi, huynh, va ni trn
u l nom m mn dng nh pronom, cho nn khng k vo y c.
Ny gi ni l theo Vn ngn ngang t i Khng T v sau. Ch truy nguyn ra,
ln i xa na, trc Khng T, th pronom personnel li vn l nht lut. Coi nh
trong kinh Th, ti xng mnh trc mt vua cng xng l d, v xng vua cng bng
nh, nh th bit. Li hi cng khng phn s mt v s nhiu na, lm khi
dng mt ch nh hay ch nh m ch ng ngi.
d v d ng m ng ngha, mun dng ch no ty mnh.
ng, bi, si, to cng u l ting nom, ngha l bn; y em
di pronom lm thnh s nhiu.
Su ch dng ch ba ngi s mt (tc l ng, ng, d, nh, nh,
b), ch no em trn ch ng ch bi lm thnh s nhiu u c c. Duy
ch si ch to nn dng c hn, nh my ch c trn y m thi, khng nn
dng lm; nu ai ni qun to hay b si l trt, v theo thi quen, khng h
ni vy bao gi. Ch chi hm nay l pronom, cng mt ch m khc ngha vi ch
chiging ch de hc hm trc. Di y s ct ngha n lun vi ch k.
Cn t ch gi sp xung, hm nay ch nn bit n l pronom th thi; i sau s
hc ring tng ch mi r ngha n v bit cch dng ca n c.

III. Vn php
Nhng pronom personnel ny, i xa c phn bit, m t lu nay ngi ta lm ln
xn ht phn nhiu, khng phn bit na.
Nh v ngi th nht: theo sch xa th ch ng thng thng lm sujet trong cu,
ng trc verbe, v cng lm nh adjectif possessif, [b] nh nhng ch mon, ma,
mes, trong ting Php; cn ch ng lm complment, i sau verbe. [b]
V ngi th hai: ch nh lm sujet trong cu, ng trc verbe, cn ch nh
lm complment, i sau verbe, v cng lm nh adjectif possessif, nh nhng ch ton,
ta, tes trong ting Php.
y vy m lu ri, ngi ta dng trn a i, khng cn gi lut y na.
(Ch ny ng l dn nhng cu sch xa lm chng, song s lm kh cho ngi hc,
thi th c bit vy l , i sau s hay).
V c lm ln xn cho nn nm ch (su m k nm v hai ch d k mt) ngi
th nht v ngi th hai, ch no cng dng (fonction) ca n cng nh nhau, ngha l
ch no cng lm sujet, lm complment, li lm nh adjectif possessif u c c. Bn
s nhiu cng vy.
Duy c ngi th ba, vn c ba ch b, chi, k cng dng khc nhau, i xa
phn bit cho ti i nay, khng h ln xn.
Ch b lm sujet v lm complment nh nm ch trn kia c, nhng khng h
lm nh adjectif possessif bao gi.
Ch chi lun lun th cho mt nom no trc, cng nh le, la, les (pronom) trong
ting Php, nhng khng h lm sujet bao gi.
Ch k, theo ting Php th n chnh l adjectif possessif, nhng y cng sp
vo pronom cho tin hn.
S l Hn vn khng c adjectif possessif, khi no mun ch mt vt no thuc v ca
ai m khng dng nom th dng mt pronom personnel ln trn, ri nom ch vt y
di, v gia n mt ch chi (ch chi ny tc ch chi ging ch de,
hc ri).
Nh v ca ti th ni d chi th; ci o ca my th ni nh chi
y; t tin ca chng ta th ni ng si chi t tin ( t tin).
Tuy vy, cng nh lut "nom lin thuc" hc mt bi trc, lun lun ngi ta b
ch chi y i, tr ra khi no c s cn th mi li.
Vy hy nh: V ca ti th ni d th; o ca my th ni nh y,v.v...
Hai ngi th nht v th nh th nh vy; nhng n ngi th ba li khc. Ngi ta
khng ni b th (v ca n), b y (o ca n), b ng chi t
tin (t tin ca chng n) c, m phi ni: k th, k y, k t tin.
Vy th ch k l ch thay cho ch b chi.... Khi no mun ni ng
chi ... th b chi m ni ni ng.... Khi no mun ni nh chi.... th b
chi m ni ni nh... Nhng khi no mun ni b chi.... th chng nhng b
chi m cng b lun c b na, ni k...

IV. Tp t cu

T hm bt u hc n nay, k ra bit s c ba mi ting ri: nom,

adjectifv pronom; cn ch th thuc c vi trm ch. Ni chng y rp li
t cu rt ngn c ri.
Ta nn bit trc iu ny. Theo ting Php, nhng cu ngn ngn t vi verbe
avoir hay tre th th no cng phi c verbe mi c; khng, th khng thnh cu.
Nhng ch Hn th khng th. Nhng cu t vi hai verbe y th khng c verbe cng
thnh cu. Bi vy hm nay chng ta cha hc n verbe m cng c th t cu c.
Nay ni trc v verbe tre. Nh mun ni: Ci o ca tao di, ci o ca my ngn,
th ting Php th no cng phi c verbe tre. Nhng ch Hn khng cn, ch ni:
, ng chi y trng, nh chi y on, l , (Bt u tp t, ta khoan b ch
, c ngha c r hn).
Vy hy theo nhng sn di ny m dch ra ch Hn. Nhng di ny u ng
c verbe tre m b i.
1. V ca ti p, v ca bn ti xu; 2. Nc sng Hng cn, nc sng Nh H su;
3. Ni cao m g thp; 4. Nh ca cha ti cao, nh ca anh ti thp; 5. Con dao ca n
bn, con dao ca em n cn.
Dch xong ri, coi li, nu ging nh di ny, y l dch ng:
1. ; .
2. ; .
3. .
4. ;.
5. ,.
Ch (nhi) dng ni hai ch lin nhau, cng nh ch et trong ting Php; c khi
n cng c ngha l nhng m, c tri vi trn, nh ch mais.
Ch thch
[a] P.K. dng t s mt ni nim s t, phn bit vi s nhiu; phm tr s
(t/nhiu) ca danh t c nhiu nh nghin cu sau ny xem l khng hin din r rt
trong ting Vit.
[b] Mt s thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi ny: pronom: i t; pronom
personnel: i t nhn xng; sujet: ch ng; verbe: ng t; adjectif possessif: tnh t s
hu; complment: b ng.
BI HC TH 9
I.

Ting mt, v verbe

Ch Hn

m
Xut

Ngha
Ra

Nhp

Vo

Ta

Ngi

Lp

ng

Nga

Nm

Kh (khi)

Dy

Bc

Hnh

Tu

Chy

Dc

Nhy

Th ra; ku

Hp

Ht vo

Xuy

Thi

Thn

Nut

Yu

Tut

Thng

Ty (t)

Nh, lo, ngh

Nim

Tng, nh

Ghi (cho nh)

Vng (vong)

Qun

Kin

Thy

Vn

Nghe

Mc

Gi (u)

Dc

Tm (c mnh)

Bo

m, bng

Tr

Cm

Khai

ng

Phn

Chia

Ct

Ct

II. Ct ngha thm

Hn vn, mi ch khng nht nh l thuc v mi no. Mt ch m khi th l nom, khi
th l adjectif, khi th l verbe... ty mnh dng n lm g, th n lm ny. Tuy vy, mi
ch u theo nguyn ngha ca n m thuc v mt mi ting no , y l mi chnh ca
n. Nh nhng ch hc hm nay, theo nguyn ngha n t l v mi verbe. y cng nh
nhng ch nom hm trc theo nguyn ngha l nom; nhng ch adjectif theo nguyn
ngha l adjectif.
Ly v d v hc thm mt ch na: ch (sinh). l sinh ra, ra, y l verbe,
ngha chnh ca n. Nhng khi ni nht sinh, ngha l mt s sng, tc l mt i

ngi, th li thnh ra nom. Cn khi ni sinh ng, ngha l vif hay vivant, th
ladjectif.
Cng c khi c ch bin ra mi ting khc na, nhng phn nhiu ch no cng c th
bin ha trong ba mi : nom, adjectif v verbe.
(iu ny l iu rt h trng trong Hn vn, cn phi bit sm; nhng i n hm
nay hc n verbe mi ni ra c).
y nhn xung gii thm ngha ca t nhiu ting mt.
Ch b, khi n l nom th ngha cng l bc, mi hai ln ct chn l mt bc:
(nht b). Khi n l verbe th i thng thng tng bc l b.
Ch hnh c ngha nh marcher, m cng c ngha nh aller, partir. Hnhngha
l i m khc nhau vi ch kh ngha cng l i. Khi no ni kh l c nh
ting Php ni quitter hay l s'en aller.
Ch i l yu, ging nh ch aimer, khc vi ch tut l thng. Ch
tut cng vi ch (ln), ch (mn) c ngha ging nhau, i khi nh ting Php
ni avoir piti de... S yu pht ra t trong lng, ct tnh tri, y l i. Cn s
thng l bi trng thy ci thm trng trc mt m ng lng xt xa, y l ln,
mn, tut. Ch Hn ch Php phn bit nh th, th ting ta, yu v thng
cng phi phn bit.
Ch v vn tht dng, nn c l vng mi ng, nhng khng bit v sao, t
trc n gi ngi mnh u c l vong.
Ch vn l nghe, cn c mt ch na: thnh, ta cng ct ngha l nghe. Coi
thy ta khng ting ct ngha ch Hn cho ng. thnh khng phi l nghe m
l lng nghe mi phi. Theo ting Php th vn l entendre, thnh l couter.
Ba chc ch verbe hc hm nay, trong c verbe actif v verbe neutre. Verbe
neutre trong Hn vn ku l ni ng t, nh ta l ngi, lp l ng; verbe actif
ku l ngoi ng t, nh khai l m, b l ng, v.v H mt cu t vi ni
ng t th d khng c complment cng thnh cu; cn t vi ngoi ng t th phi
c complment mi thnh cu c. Lut y trong th ting no cng ging nhau, nn
y ch ni s qua m thi.
III. Vn php
Verbe intransitif
Chng ta hc trong ting Php, bit verbe transitif v intransitif [a] l g ri, th
trong ch Hn, verbe cng c hai th y.
H verbe transitif th dnh lin vi complment direct, [a] nh ni t i
ph (con yu cha), ng khai mn (ti m ca): ch i dnh lin ch ph,
ch khai dnh lin ch mn, khng c ch g xen vo gia n ht.
Cn verbe intransitif th cn c nhng ch di ny lm dnh complment
indirect [a] vi verbe:
1/ ch t (l t) ch ngha t u. N ging vi ch de trong ting Php. Vy
nh ni: xut t bc mn: ra t ca bc. Ch t lm dnh ch
mn vi ch xut.

2/ ch (l ni), ch ngha u, n u. N ging vi ch . Vy nh ni:

nhp u cc (cu trong Kinh Thi): vo ni hang ti. ( u l ti; ccl
hang). Ch lm dnh ch cc vi ch nhp.
(Ch y hoc i l vu cng c, hai ch cng mt ngha)
3/ ch v (l v, l cho). Nguyn ch ny c l vi, ngha l lm, m y dng ra
m khc v ngha khc, ch ngha v ai, cho ai. N ging vi ch pour. Vy nh ni:
ph v t n: cha v con giu, tc l cha giu cho con. ( n l giu). Ch
v lm dnh ch n vi ch t.
4/ ch do (l bi) ch ngha bi u, bi ai. N ging vi ch par. Vy nh ni:
thy nng xut bt do h: ai c th i ra chng bi ca ? ( nngl hay,
l c th; bt l chng). Li nh ni: vi nhn do k: lm iu nhn bi
mnh. ( vi l lm; nhn l nhn t). Hai ch do y, ch trn lm dnh ch
h vi ch xut, ch di lm dnh ch k vi ch vi.
5/ ch d (l ly, l dng, l bng) ch ngha ly g, bng g. N ging vi cha
vec hay l ch en. Vy nh ni: ; u ng d o, bo chi d l: tng
ta bng tri o, ta tr li bng tri l; hay l: ly tri o tng ta, ta ly tri l tr li.
( u l gieo, l nm; y l tng cho; bo l tr; o l tri o; l l tri l).
Hy nh my iu ngoi l (exception) di ny:
1/ Trong nm ch c hai ch t v , nhiu khi c th b i c. Nh ni
xut gia ch nhng ngi ra khi nh m i tu, ng l ni xut t gia song
khng ni t. Li nh ni nhp sn, ch nhng ngi vo ni n, ng l ni
nhp sn, song khng ni .
2/ Ch c khi dng thay cho ch t, ng l ni xut t m li ni
xut . Nh trong sch Trang T c cu rng: Trang t xut sn: Trang
t ra khi ni. ( trang l knh, y l nom propre, h).
Lm th no bit c mt verbe no l intransitif, t nhng ch
prposition [a] theo sau n?
Ci th khng c lut no ht, ch nh lu thnh quen. C mt iu nn , l nn
em ch Hn ging vi ting ta m tm th n l transitif hay intransitif, ch khng nn
em m ging vi ting Php, v trong s ch Hn ging vi ting ta hn l ting
Php vy.
Nh ta ni nh nh, verbe nh l transitif, th ch Hn cng ni t gia, verbe
t l transitif; vy khng nn ging vi ting Php ni penser m bt chc ni theo
thnh ra (t gia) l trt.
IV. Thnh ng dng vo Quc vn
(tin b): Bc ti, i ti. i vi (thoi /thi/ b): Bc tht li.
(Kh /khi/ im): im l ci chm (point). Kh im l ci chm bt u. V
vi lm mt vic g m mi gy u ra. Ci danh t ny gc k h hc. [b] Theo k h
hc, cc ng (lignes) u bt u t ci chm (point), cho nn ni th.
(ta ngo bt an): Ngi nm chng an. Ni v c s g lo lm.

 (xut nhp t do): Ra vo t do. Nhng ci ca no tha h cho cng chng ra

vo, ngi ta hay yt th bng bn ch y.
(xut nhp bt cm): Ra vo chng cm. Cng nh cu trn.
(phn mn ct h): Chia ca r ng. Ni v mt ng phi no v sau chia r
ra. Hay ni v anh em mt nh m bt ha vi nhau cng c.
(bit lp mn h): Ring lp ca ng cho mnh, khng chu theo ai. (Ch
bit ngha l chia, r).
V. Tp t
Hy dch nhng ny ra ch Hn:
1. M bng con; 2. M ti bng con n; 3. Cha ti i ra ca; 4. V n ngi ni t; 5.
Con tru tm ni sng; 6. Xe i ni (trn) cn, thuyn i ni (di) nc; 7. Gi thi o
ca ti; 8. V nh chng ca mnh; 9. Ti thy cy ni ni; 10. Ti nghe iu ni cha
ti.
Ch : Trong 10 cu trn y, mi cu u c verbe hoc transitif hoc intransitif.
Verbe no l intransitif th phi nh t vi ch prposition. Nhng c iu ngoi l na,
nh xut t th c th b ch t c.
Dch xong, i xem bi sa li s ti.
Ch thch
[a] Cc thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi: verbe transitif : ngoi ng t;
verbe intransitif : ni ng t; complment direct : b ng trc tip; complment
indirect : b ng gin tip; prposition : gii t.
[b] K h hc: t Hn ch khi nim gomtrie, tc l hnh hc.
BI HC TH 10
I.

Hc nhng ting v verbe

Ch Hn

m
Vng

Ngha
Qua

Lai

Li, n

Kh

Hi

V, tr v

Quy

Phn

Tr li, tr v

Ch

Vn

Hi

Tha (tr li)

Khin

Khin

Sai i u

ng, c

Tht

Mt

Tn

Tin

Nghi

Nghi, ng

Dc

Mun

Ght

Gio

Dy

Dng

Nui

Pht

Pht

Tha

Tiu

Ci

Thn

Ci chm chm

Khc

Khc (ra ting)

Khp

Khc (ra nc mt m khng ting)

Dng

Dng

Kh

Th

Gi

Th

Ly

II. Ct ngha thm

Ch vng ngha l t ch ny i n ch kia, cng nh aller , partir pour, ch
khng phi l passer u. Ct ngha l qua, ting qua y tc nh ni y i qua
Ty, i qua Tu, v.v... Cn passer l ngang qua, tri qua, ch Hn l (qu) hay
(kinh qu).
Khi ni lun hai ting vng lai, ngha l frquenter. Nhng khng c ng cho
lm; mun cho tht ng vi ch frquenter, phi ni: (thng thng vng
lai) kia. ( l thng). Li (vng lai) cng c ngha l va et vient na.
Ch kh nh gii mt ln ri, khi c ni t b ch no m i, mi ni
kh c, ni ging nh ch quitter. Li khi c ni i trt, i cho rnh, nh s'en aller,
th cng ni kh c. Vy hy nh iu ny: Khi mun ni ti i H Ni, ngha l
Si Gn m i ra H Ni, th phi ni ng vng H Ni ch khng c ni
kh. Nu ni ng kh H Ni th thnh ra quitter Hanoi mt.

Khi ni lun hai ting kh hi th ngha l aller et retour. Nhng trong Hn vn

khng h ni nh vy, ngi ta ni vng phn, cng mt ngha y (Ch kh
hi thnh ra mt ci terme sino-annamite). [a]
Ch ch l n, ngha l n sau khi i, nh arriver. Cn mt ch ging ngha vi
n l ch o (l n). Ch lm hai ch m tng n ging ngha chvenir; khng
u, (lai) mi l vennir.
Ch (c) l , ging ch habiter.
Ch (i) cng c khi dng ra ngha i vi, nhng khi y th n khng
phiverbe na.
Ch (s) l khin lm vic g, khin i u, u ni c c; nhng ch khin th
ch c ngha sai i hay l ui i m thi, bi vy n mi thuc v b Xc.
Ch nguyn c l c, ngha l d, ting nom, nhng y l verbe, th phi c
l , ngha l ght. Cng nh trong mt bi hc trc, c ch , nguyn c l vi, ngha
l lm, nhng phi c l v, ngha l v. (S bin m ny c theo mt lut ring, i
khi bit c nhiu ch nh th s dy n, gi l lut t thinh; by gi ch nn nh
vy l ).
Gp nhng ch ny mi thy ting ta ngho lm. Trong ch Hn c ba ch m ting ta
u ct ngha l nui, y l dng, dc, sc. Nhng ngha n phn bit lm.
i khi: dng l nui ngi ta, dc l nui m c dy, sc l nui loi vt,
ch nn lm ln.
III. Vn php
Verbe passif
Cng nh ting Php, trong ch Hn, bao nhiu verbe actif u lm thnh verbe
possif [b] c c, ngha l bao nhiu ngoi ng t u lm c nn b ng t.
Ta hy nn nhc li cch t cu bng verbe actif.
Nh ni ph i t. ph l sujet, i l verbe, t l complment, vy l
ngha n xui mt mch.
Cng ly theo cu m t bng verbe passif th li o ln sujet vcomplment i,
cng nh ting Php.
Ngi ta dng hai cch lm nn verbe passif: mt cch l t vi ch vi s;
mt cch l t vi ch kin .
Cch trn: sujet trc ht, ri n ch vi, ri n complment, ri n ch s,
ri n verbe; vy hy ni: t vi ph s i.
Cch di: sujet trc ht, ri n ch kin, ri n verbe, ri n ch ,ri
n complment; vy hy ni: t kin i ph.
Th th, khi c sch gp nhng cu c ci hnh thc nh th, th c vic nhn ngay n
l verbe passif i. V, vi s i hay kin i cng u cho l mt
ci verbe, nh tre aim.
Ch vi ngha l lm, ch kin ngha l thy, nhng trong khi mt hp vi ch
s, mt hp vi ch m lm nn verbe passif th ci ngha nguyn y mt ri,
ng ct ngha n l lm l thy na, ch nn ct ngha n l n l c hay b.

(Verbe passif ca ting An Nam c hai cch t, mt l t vi ch c, mt l t vi

ch b cho nn ni th).
Cng c khi dng mt ch vi khng c ch s, dng mt ch kinkhng c
ch m cng thnh ra verbe passif. y l nh trong Lun ng ni: (bt vi
tu khn): chng b ru lm khn; v trong Mnh T ni: (Bn Thnh
Qut kin st): Bn Thnh Qut b git.
Ngoi ra cn c nhng ch (mng), ch (b), ch (th) [c] cng dng
lm verbe passif c, nhng nhng ch ny khng c lut g kh, khng cn hc. V li
cn c my lut v verbe passif hi kh hn, s hc sau.
IV. Thnh ng dng vo Quc vn
(i c cp ): Yu (tic) ci nh kp n con qu. Con qu u trn nc nh,
mun nm n, song s b nc nh khng nm. V vi v mt k no m dung cho mt k
no.
(Bn tn bn nghi): Na tin na ng. ( bn l na).
(Nhn kh ng th): Ngi b, ta ly. Ci vt ngi khc b, mnh li ly,
ni mnh bit li dng.
(Sinh k t quy): Sng gi thc v. Ngi ta do s h khng m sanh ra,
cht i li v vi s h khng; nhn h khng l qu hng ca ngi ta, nn ni nh
vy ( k l gi).
(c tht tham bn): c v mt xen na. Ch vic g khng lng ton,
c na mt na. ( tham y ngha l xen).
(Dng h di hon): Nui cp s lo. V vi khoan dung k c, sau b n
hi ( h l cp; di l ; hon l lo).
V. Tp t
Lm 5 cu ny thnh ra verbe passif vi ch vi s:
1. Ti ght n; 2. Ngi ta ci ti; 3. Gi thi o ti; 4. Cha ti ng anh ti; 5. Con
cp n con b.
Lm 5 cu ny thnh ra verbe passif vi ch kin :
1. Chng b v; 2. M ti yu em ti; 3. N ci ti; 4. Ngi ta tin ti; 5. Cha ti nui
n.
Lm xong ri coi di ny m sa nu thy mnh lm trt:
1. ;
1. ;
2. ;
2. ;
3. ;
3. ;
4. ;
4. ;
5. .
5. .
y l cu lm mu cho bi dch s bo va ri [tc bi tp cui bi hc th 9]:
Dch nh vy l ng:
1. ;
3. ;
2. ;
4. ;

5. ;
6. , ;
7. ;

8. ;
9. ;
10. .

Ch thch
[a] terme sino-annamite: t ng ch Hn ca ngi Vit.
[b] Cc thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi ny: verbe actif : ng t ch
ng; verbe possif : ng t b ng.
[c] Ch ny ch c son gi ghi theo m c min Trung l th; su tp ly li
dng th cho ph hp vi vic tra cu t Hn-Vit hin nay.
BI HC TH 11
I.

Verbe n v kp
Ch Hn

m
Thnh

Ngha
Xin

Cu

Cu, xin; tm

Thnh cu

Demander, supplier

Yu

n; bt b

Yu cu

Exiger

Tn

Gip; khen

Thnh

Nn, lm nn

Tn thnh

Applaudir

Dc, bn

Chc

Dt

T chc

Organiser

Triu

Vi, mi

Tp

Nhm

Triu tp

Convoquer

Gii

Ci, m

Quyt

Lm cho dt khot

Gii quyt

Rsoudre

Tn

Lm cho tan i

Gii tn

Dissoudre

Phn

Chia

Phi

Snh; hip

Phn phi

Distribuer

Ch

Ct v may (o)

To

Dng nn

Ch to

Fabriquer

Tuyn

Rao ra

Ngn

Ni

Tuyn ngn

Dclarer

Bo

Gi

Cu gip

Bo h

Protger

II. Ct ngha thm

Verbe cng c n c kp; nh nhng ch verbe kp ta hc hm nay , l ghp
haiverbe n m lm thnh ra.
i lm ra nhng verbe kp l m ngn tch s i ng tiu d (nuance) ca mi
s c ng cho khc hn ra. Nh cu xin l s ging nhau, nhng trong cch cu xin c
khc, th phi ni thnh cu hay yu cu phn bit trong khi mnh mun
phn bit.
Thm mt v d na, ly ch vn l hi, hi g cng l hi c, nhng khi mun phn
bit th phi thm mt ch na lm thnh verbe kp ch r ra: Hi c thm th ni
thm thm vn hay phng vn; hi c gn th ni ct vn hay
vn nn; hi coi c ng vi li k khc ni khng th ni cht vn; hi m
da nt tra kho nh hi t th ni cc vn...
l ni nhng verbe kp nguyn c ca Hn vn th nh vy. T ngy c ch Ty
truyn qua, mun dch ch Ty ra cho ng, nguyn nhng verbe c khng dch,
ngi ta phi ghp thm m lm verbe kp mi na; y l nhng verbe ta hc hm nay.
Nhng verbe kp vn ghp bng hai verbe, nhng cng c khi ghp bng mt verbe vi
mt adjectif. y l nh nhng ch (ci lng: amliorer), (qung co: faire la
publicit), (m th: suggrer), th ch (lng l lnh), ch (qung l rng),
ch (m l ti) u l adjectif c. Tuy vy, khi n i vi mt verbe m lm
nn verbe kp ri nh vy th phi k n l mt verbe m thi, ch khng k n
l adjectif c na.
Ch nguyn c l yu m y c l yu. Yu l ting nom, ngha l ch ngt,
ch him, tc nh ta hay ni (yu a), (yu x). Nhn ting nomngha n
nh vy, nn khi lm n ra verbe, c l yu, th ngha n l n, l bt b, u c dnh
vi nguyn bn ting nom (n hay bt b th phi nh ch ngt).
Nh ni n ng ngi no m git i th ni (yu chi l nhi
st chi); y l ngha n. ( l l ng; st l git)

Li i xa c ngi lm b ti m ng qun mt thnh kia, xin vua mnh th n th

khc, nu khng cho th c binh lm phn, nh vy ku bng (yu qun); y l
ngha bt b. ( qun l vua).
yu tc l chn ch ngt v bt b. Bi n c ngha nh vy nn mi ghp vi ch
cu lm thnh verbe kp ch ngha xin m c i cho k c, khng c khng
nghe.
Ngi mnh hay lm dng ch yu cu. Trong khi ly lc ngi khc xin mt vic g
m cng dm dng ch yu cu c i. Nh th l thnh cu, ch c phi yu cu u.
Nn phn bit hai ch y ch ny: Va ly va xin, xin m khng cho th thi: y
lthnh cu. Va da va xin, xin m khng cho th lm d: y l yu cu.
III. Vn php
Verbe pronomial
Verbe pronominal [a] l verbe m ci kt qu ca s hnh ng li qut li trn ngi
hnh ng, h phi chu ly. Nhng verbe y trong Hn vn c dng my chpronom
trn verbe m lm thnh ra.
1/ ch t (ngha l mnh), chung cho ba ngi s mt. Nh ni: ng t t (ti
ngh ly ti); nh bt kh t kh (my chng kh b mnh); ( bt kh l
chng nn); b bt t tri (n chng bit mnh). (tri) l bit.
2/ ch tng (l nhau), chung cho ba ngi s nhiu. Nh ni: ng si
tng tn (chng ta tin nhau); nh ng tng co (bn my bo nhau);
( co l bo); nh nhn tng bo nhi khc (hai ngi m nhau m
khc).
(Cng c khi s nhiu m dng ch t c, l khi mnh coi ci sujet l
mtunit, khng r n ra, v cng ty theo ngha ca verbe. Vy ta c th ni
ng si t tn, b ng t tri, v.v)
3/ ch h (l ln), cng chung cho ba ngi s nhiu.
Phi phn bit tng vi h khc nhau nh vy: Khi no ch mun t ra hai bn
c quan h vi nhau th ni tng ri. Nhng khi no cng hai bn quan h vi
nhau m li mun t ra bn gip quan h vi bn t v bn t quan h vi bn gip th
phi ni h.
Vy nh tng tr ( tr l gip) th bn gip gip cho bn t m thi, ch bn
t khng gip cho bn gip, cng ni (gip t tng tr) c. ( gip t).
Nhng khi ni (gip t h tr) th phi l khi mun ch r ra gip gip cho t,
t li gip cho gip na.
Tuy vy, t khi ni mt ch h khng m thi, phn nhiu ni h tng. Nh
bng hu h tng tr (= bn hu gip ln nhau); ( bng l bn);
lng nhn h tng ct vn (= hai ngi gn hi ln nhau).( lng l
hai).
Li ba ngi s nhiu cng c khi ni t tng. L khi mun ch r rng trong mt
s nhiu y lm g th lm vi nhau th lm, ch ngi ngoi khng dnh ti. Nh ni:
nh ng t tng tn st (= bn my t git hi ly nhau); ( tn l hi);
huynh t tng vi cu (= anh em t lm k th vi nhau); ( cu l
th).

Ch : Nhiu ngi hay lm ln ch h vi ch (c l it). Tin y nn ct

ngha cho r m phn bit i.
Nh cu: (lng nhn h tng vi tn ch), th ngha l: hai ngi
lm khch ch ln cho nhau, ngi ny lm ch, ngi kia lm khch, v ngi ny lm
khch, ngi kia lm ch. (ch tn l khch, ch ch l ch). Trong cu ni
hm hn nh vy, ch khng c tch ra cho r v thi gian.
Cng cu y nhng i mt ch, ni: (lng nhn it tng vi tn
ch), th ngha l: hai ngi p i lm khch ch cho nhau, ht ngi ny lm ch,
ngi kia lm khch, n ngi ny lm khch, ngi kia lm ch. y l c ch r v
thi gian vy.
Vy th h tng ngha l ln nhau, tc ting Php l rciproquement; cn
it tng ngha l p i nhau, l l'un aprs l' autre.
IV. Thnh ng dng vo Quc vn
(thnh nhn chi m): Lm nn s tt p ca ngi khc. Ngha l thy ai
lm vic phi th tc thnh cho h.
(hnh s v s): Lm ci iu v s. Ngha l nhn theo thi th hoc
phng tin m lm mt vic g, khng nhiu hi n ai, nh l khng c vic g c.
(xo gi lao): K kho th nhc. di cn c cu:
(chuyt gi dt): ngha l: k vng th khe.
(li bt cp hi): Lm mt vic g m khng tnh k th bn li chng bng
bn hi.
V. Tp t
V verbe pronominal
Hy dch nhng ny:
1/ Nc sng v nc bin thng nhau; 2/ Trai gi yu nhau; 3/ Ti ni vi ti; 4/
Ngi ca hai nh qua li ln nhau; 5/ Chng ta t mnh nghi k ly nhau; 6/ Anh em
ght nhau; 7/ Ngi ca mt nh ginh cp ln nhau; 8/ N khng tin n; 9/ Hai ngi
nhn nhau m ci; 10/ ng chu ni nhau.
Dch xong xem nu ging vi vi di y l ng:
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
Ch thch

[a] thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi: verbe pronominal: t ng t, ng t

phn thn;
BI HC TH 12
I.

Verbe kp
Ch Hn

II. Ct ngha thm

m
m mu

Ngha
Toan tnh thm kn vi nhau

m st

Ln m git

m ch

nh ch vo ai m khng ni r tn

Ngc i

i i mt cch bo ngc

Lc quan

Xem vic i thy vui

Bi quan

Xem vic i thy bun

Bit i

i cch t bit

Bnh phn

Chia cho bng nhau

Cam oan

nh lng m oan c

Sinh cm

Bt sng

Quang lm

Khch n nh (ni cch lch s)

n c

Tiu tr

khng lu

Gi m

Ng thiu thu

Vnh quyt

Cht

Trng th

Cht

Li dng

Dng mt cch c li cho mnh

Kt hn

Ly nhau lm v chng

Ly hn

Ly d nhau

L hnh

i ng

Bi mng

Ly mng vua

u c

La dp th li

Thng trn

nh gic m thng

Bi bc

nh gic thua m chy

Tuyt giao

Tuyt nhau, khng lm bn na

Trong bi hc tun trc c ni verbe kp dng hai verbe m ghp li, nhng cng
dng mt verbe vi mt adjectif; hm nay ni thm rng: cng c dng mt verbe vi
mtnom.
Khi dng mt adjectif th adjectif y tr nn nh adverbe v n ph ngha cho
mt verbe. Tuy vy, cng khng k n l adverbe c na, m phi k n l verbe kp,
bi n hip vi verbe kia m lm thnh ra mt ch mt ngha. Nghim th ny th
bit: nhng verbe kp y nu em dch ra ting Php th cng ch ni mt ch, nh
ngc i l maltraiter, li dng l exploiter.
Verbe kp ghp vi mt nom cng vy na, cng khng cn k nom y l nom m ch
k l mt verbe kp. Theo mt s chng nghim nh trn : Kt hn l marier,
ly hn l dmarier.
T ch m mu tr xung 17 ch l verbe kp ghp bng mt verbe mt adjectif;
t ch kt hn tr xung 9 ch l ghp bng mt verbe mt nom.
Ch m mi ting nom th ngha l kh m, ging ci; i vi dng l kh
dng, ging c. Cn mi ting adjectif th m ngha l ti, dng ngha l
sng.
Ch cam l ngt, i vi kh l ng. cam li c ngha l nh lng (ngha
ny cng do ngha trn m ra, ni i vi mt vt no , chng c n ng hay ngt
th no, mnh cng cho l ngt i, th l nh lng ). oan l oan c, oan hn,
ch cam oan hay dng trong giy m vic quan.
quang l sng; lm l n. C khch qu n nh mnh, mnh cho l s vinh
quang rc r, y l ni cch lch s, tn trng. Verbe ny ch dng c cho ngi th hai
(2e personne) m thi.
lm khch ti ni no nm by thng mt nm, c th dng c ch tiu
tr. Tr l , tiu l nh. nh ngha l t.
gi l khng tht, i vi chn, l tht.
m l ng. gi m cng nh ta ni ng g ng vt.
quyt l t gi trong khi bit nhau m t rng v sau khng gp nhau na.
vnh l di, l i i; i i t gi khng gp nhau, tc l cht.
trng y cng nh vnh. th l i qua mt ln m thi. (Nh ni thy
th, tc l nc chy, v nc chy qua mt ln ri thi, khng chy li na, cho nn ni
th). vnh quyt v trng th u l verbe kp th cho ch (tl
cht).
Vua ra mng lnh b cho ai chc quan g, hay l ban cho ai vt g, th ngi nhn ly
phi vo ly vua, ku l bi mng.
u c tc ting Php l spculer.
bi l thua. bc vn ngha l phng bc m cng c ngha l "xy lng li". y
l theo ngha sau, h thua chy th xy lng li.
III. Vn php
Mode impratif
Ta bit trong Hn vn, v verbe, khng c mode v temps [a] nh ting Php; cho
c phn bit mode v temps, Hn vn ch dng nhng ch gi l "h t" ( H t

ngha l ch trng, tc nh nhng ch thuc v my mi ting prposition, conjonction,

adverbe). Tuy vy, v mode impratif [a] th li c mt ci hnh thc cho ta nhn thy
c, nn ch ra cho bit.
1/ Khi mt ch verbe neutre ng lm mt cu, khng sujet v complment chi ht, y
l impratif. Nh:
:! (Dng Ha v Khng T vit: Lai! D d nh ngn)
Ngha l: Dng Ha bo Khng T rng: Hy n! Ta s ni cng my). ( ha,
v, Khng, vit)
Th th ch lai l impratif.
Mt s ta thng thy trc mt: trong khi cng t g, hc tr l xng Hng!
(hng l ng dy), Bi! (bi l ly), Qy (qy l qu), nhng ch y
u l impratif c.
2/ Khi mt ch verbe actif i trc ch chi, lm thnh mt cu, khng c sujet, y
cng l impratif. Nh:
: ,?: !: ,?:! (Nhim Hu
vit: K th h, hu h gia yn? Vit: Ph chi! Vit: K ph h, hu h gia yn? Vit:
Gio chi!). Ngha l: Nhim Hu rng: ng ri, li thm g vo na? c Khng
rng: Hy lm cho chng giu i. Rng: giu ri, li thm g vo na? c Khng
rng: Hy dy chng i!
(Hai cu trn y sch Lun ng. Cu trc, khi Dng Ha gp c Khng gia
ng, y ku ngi ni chuyn. Cu di, khi Nhim Hu cm xe cho c Khng qua
nc V, thy dn c ng c, thy tr ngh lun vi nhau nh th. (Cc t mi:
Nhim, Hu, k, th, h, hu, h, gia, yn, ph)
Th th ch ph v ch gio u l impratif. (Hai ch chi l th cho dn
nc V).
Ngoi ra, khi c sujet th li thm adverbe vo lm ra impratif, c hai cch: mt
l khuyn gic; mt l cm ngn.
Cch khuyn gic th dng ch (nghi), ch (tu) v ch (ng), u c bo
ngi ta phi th n th khc, nhng ch (ng) th c nng hn ch kia.
Nh ni: nh nghi t t (My phi ngh ly mnh); thiu tiu tu
cn hc (Tr nh tua sing hc); ng si ng i quc(Chng ta phi yu
nc).
Cch cm ngn th dng ch (v) v ch (vt). Hai ch u c ngha l ch, l
ng, m ch vt nng hn.
Nh: nh v din tng: My ch theo trc mt (m sau lng th
phn i) (ch tng); cu ny kinh Th; phi l vt ngn: iu chi chng
phi l th ch ni. (ch l); cu ny Lun ng.
IV. Vn liu
Hm nay, th cho mn thnh ng v s lu th nhm i , ly phn nhiu nhng ch
hc ri, ghp li mi "li" t bn ch tr xung hc cho bit, ku bng vn liu.
Vn liu l ti liu lm vn. N l li ngi ta thng t, nhng cha ph thng
bng thnh ng. Nhng vn liu ny chuyn ng dng trong khi lm vn ch Hn,
nhng li no d hiu th cng c th dng vo Quc vn c.

 (b nguyt): i do di trng. ng l ni (b nguyt h) m ni tt

i nh th.
(xut dng): Li ny xa kia dng ch ngha ra khi, ngha l thuyn i bin
m khng i theo da b, ra n ngoi khi ln. Hoc ni (phng dng;
phng l th) na, cng l ngha y. Nhng t khi cc nc phng ng ta giao thng
vi phng Ty n gi, hai ch ny li ch ngha l i ra ngoi quc, nh ni
(xut dng du hc; du, hc).V nh nc ta, nc Tu, nc Nht m i ra ngoi
quc th u phi vt bin c.
(nga du): Nm m i chi hay l i chi bng s nm. Ni v ngi nh khng
i u ht m trong nh c a , c sch, nm mt ch m coi th cng nh i chi.
( du l i chi).
(ct i): Ct ci mnh yu hay tic. V d mnh c vt g, mnh thch n lm, m c
ngi bn xin i, v n bn qu mnh phi tng cho, d mnh yu tic my cng phi dt
tnh.
(hnh thi tu nhc): Ci thy i c, khi tht chy c. ni con ngi
ngu, bt ti v dng, ch c ci xc tht c ng m thi ( thi l thy ngi cht).
V Tp t
t 5 cu v mode impratif vi cch khuyn gic, ngha l dng nhng ch nghi, tu,
ng.
t 5 cu v mode impratif vi cch cm ngn, ngha l dng nhng ch v, vt.
y lm sn 10 cu bng ting ta m t theo li t cu thng; ri ngi hc c theo
tng cu m i ra ch Hn v thm adverbe vo lm thnh mode impratif.
1/ Anh em yu nhau; 2/ Con yu cha m, li knh cha m na; 3/ Ngi trong mt nh
bo bc ln nhau; 4/ Ngi ta thng tm gi; 5/ Tr nh knh ngi gi.
1/ My i gia ng; 2/ Chng bay ra ca; 3/ Cha m ng con mnh; 4/ Mt ngi
vo trong ni; 5/ Anh em t lm k th vi nhau.
Lm xong coi theo y m bit mnh lm trng hay trt.
1/
1/
2/, (1)(2)
2/
3/
3/
4/
4/
5/
5/
Ch thch
[a] thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi: mode: thc; temps : thi; mode
impratif : thc mnh lnh;prposition : gii t; conjonction : lin t; adverbe : ph t.
(1) hu ngha l li. (nguyn ch ca son gi P.K.)
(2) Ch chi ny ch li cha m, cng nh trong ting Php dng ch les ch li
ting nom s nhiu trn (nguyn ch ca son gi P.K.)
BI HC TH 13
I. Hc cu

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/

c: Hoa khai. Ngha: Hoa n.

c: Hoa t khai. Ngha: Hoa t n.
c: Hoa khai th thng.[a] Ngha: Hoa n trn cy.
c: Hoa khai mn chi. Ngha: Hoa n y nhnh (cnh).
c: Hoa, tc khai. Ngha: Hoa, hy n mau.
c: Phong dao /diu/ [b] th. Ngha: Gi rung cy.
c: Th t dao. Ngha: Cy t rung.
c: Phong dao th nh tin. Ngha: Gi rung cy trc sn.
c: nh tin th t dao. Ngha: Cy t rung trc sn.
c: Th vi phong s dao. Ngha: cy b gi rung.
c: Vt dao th th. Ngha: Ch rung cy ny.
c: Xun quy. Ngha: Ma xun v.
c: Xun t quy. Ngha: Ma xun t v.
c: Vn vt ng quy tn. Ngha: Mun vt cng v ni s ht.
c: N quy phu gia. Ngha: Gi v nh chng.
c: Nh vt quy. Ngha: My ng v.
c: Thnh qun v quy. Ngha: Xin ng ch v.

II. Ct ngha thm

Hm nay khng hc ting mt na, bt u hc cu, nhng l cu ngn.
Bi hc cu trn y ct hc v cc cch t verbe, chia lm ba sp.
Sp th nht v verbe khai
Cu 1 t nh th l v indicatif prsent. [c] Ch khai y l verbe neutre nn
khng c complment [c] cng ngha v trn cn c.
Cu 2 thnh ra verbe pronominal.
Cu 3 thm complment indirect na, lm verbe khai thnh ra intransitif. [c]
Cu 4, theo hnh thc m ni, th nh l n khng c complment indirect, v khng c
ch . Nhng thc ra th cu ny cng c ch chi lm complment indirect v nn
hiu ngm c ch trn n. ng l ni Hoa mn khai chi
thng (ch mn l adverbe) m ni tt i.
Cu 5, v mode impratif. [c]
Sp th nh v verbe dao
Cu 1, dao l verbe actif. [c]
Cu 2, dao l verbe pronominal.
Cu 3, lm verbe dao ra intrasitif, c complment indirect.
Cu 4, theo hnh thc m ni, trong cu khng c ch , th verbe dao nh khng
phi l intransitif na. Nhng n cng vn l intransitif, v ng l phi ni:
Th t dao nh tin ( nh tin lm complment indirect) m t o li v
trn ch i.
Cu ny c th l mt cu th (une vers). Khi t theo li th, ngi ta c th t o i
v trn nhng ch h t l ch lm dnh hai danh t li.
Cu 5, verbe dao l verbe posif.

Cu 6, v mode impratif. [c] Ch th y l adjectif dmonstratif, [c] ging

nh ce, cet, cette, ces trong ting Php.
Sp th ba v verbe quy.
Cu 1, quy l mode indicatif prsent. [c]
Cu 2, quy l verbe pronominal. [c]
Cu 3, lm quy ra verbe intrasitif, c complment indirect. [c] Ch tn y
l nom.
Cu 4, cng nn hiu l c ch trn ch phu m trn i.
Cu 5, l mode impratif, dng vi vai di.
Cu 6, cng l mode impratif m dng vi ngang vai hoc vai trn.
y nhn xung gii thm ngha my ch trn y cn nn bit.
Ch khai c ngha l m v cng c ngha l n, tr. Ngha trn v verbe actif,
ngha di v verbe neutre.
Ch th l cy v ch mc cng l cy. Nhng mc th ch bao c loi cy,
cy ng sng v cy h xung ri lm g u c c; cn th th ring ch v cy
ng ng. Theo ting Php th th l plante v lm ra verbe th ngha n
lplanter (trng).
Ch quy l v, cng c ngha l tr li, l v, ging nh ch rendre trong ting
Php. Nh ni (quy m thng): tr iu tt lnh cho ngi trn;
(quy qu tha nhn): li cho ngi khc.
III. Vn php
Mode subjonctif v conditionnel
Trong ting Php, verbe c chia ra su mode; cn trong Hn vn th khng chia g c,
s y chng ta bit ri.
em Hn vn ging vi Php vn m nhn k su mode ca verbe, th
thy bamode kia: indicatif, infinitif, participe khng c s g quan h, cho nn y
khng ni n.
Duy c ba mode: impratif, subjonctif, v conditionnel [c] th Hn vn dng nhng h
t m phn bit ra. Bi vn php tun trc ni v mode impratif ri; bi ny ni v
hai mode sau.
Theo mo ting Php th subjonctif ch s hnh ng ca mt verbe cha thc hin,
ng cn trong t tng ca ngi no, gp khi y th verbe phi i ra cch khc.
Hn vn th khng th, verbe c nguyn m ch dng h t lm ny ra ci ng kh y
m thi.
Vy cho c t ra ci ng kh l v mode subjonctif, ngi ta dng nhng ch h t
ny:
a/ ch k, t trng mong ao c, dch ra ting ta, c th ni c l hy hay
c g.
Nh ni: (Nh k min chi): My hy gng iu .
Li kinh Thi c cu: (K v, k v), t thi nhn trng ma; c th dch ra
ting ta l: c g tri ma! c g tri ma! V cng c th dch ra ting Php l: Qu
il pleuve! Qu il pleuve!

b/ ch ... (k h), t phn on iu g m khng ly lm chc lm, nh

trong Lun ng ni: (Ng k vi ng Chu h): Ta c th lm nh Chu
phng ng !
Ch ... (k h) y, hoc thm ch h vo m ni ... (k h
h) cng c. Ch khi ni nh th th hm c than khen.
c/ ch ... (k . d) cng ging ngha vi ch trn, nh trong Lun ng ni:
(K t chi v d): C l l ni v iu !
Ch ... (k d) y hoc thm ch d m ni ... (k d d)
cng c.
Th th, nh trn y, hoc ni (k), hoc ni ... (k h), hoc ni
... (k . d), cng u c ch (k) c, ch (k) y hn l ging ht vi ch
que subjonctif trong ting Php vy.
Theo mo ting Php th conditionnel ch s hnh ng ca mt verbe cn phi i
theo vi mt iu kin: h iu kin y c xy ra th s hnh ng y mi xy ra. Trong
ca y, mt cu phi c hai phn. Theo Hn vn, ngi ta dng h t vo phn trn hoc
phn di ny ra ci ng kh conditionnel u c c.
a/ Dng h t phn trn nh cu ny: (S nh a ti, ng vi nhi
t): Nu my nhiu ca, ta lm ti ph cho my (Li c Khng bo mt ngi t
ngi, xut sch Gia ng).
b/ Dng h t vo phn di nh cu ny: , (Trng gi xut, t xut
h): Ngi chng gy i ra th mnh cng i ra thi. (Cu ny xut sch Lun ng).
Li cu ny: ,, (Kim nht bt v, minh nht bt v, tt
hu t dut): Ngy nay chng ma, ngy mai cng chng ma, tt nhin phi c con c
cht (cu ny xut sch Lit t).
Xem , hoc ch s phn trn, hoc ch t hay ch tt phn di
th cng ny ci conditionnel ra c.
IV. Tp tra t in
Trong bi hc th nht c ni qua v s tra t in, v l s cn cho ngi t hc
lm; vy by gi ta nn bt u d b nhng iu tri thc thuc v s y hu nay mai em
ra thc hnh.
Ni v sch t in Tu, xa c sch Khang Hy t in, bin tp di mt triu vua
Mn Thanh, n nay hn 200 nm. Sch ny cha nhiu n bn nm vn ch, m
nhiu ch khng h dng n, tht l bt tin.
Gn y ngi Tu c lm ra nhiu th t in mi, nhng c mt bn tt nht gi
l Tn t in ca nh Thng v n th qun bin tp v pht hnh. Bn ny in kh nh,
ch c mt cun, trong cha ton nhng ch thng dng, tht rt tin cho ngi s
hc.
Tuy vy, th t in mi y, liu chng nh x ta t c n lm. M nhng nh c hc
ch Hn th cng cn vn dng t in Khang Hy.
T in mi lm theo phng php gin tin hn t in c, s tra cng d hn. Nhng
ta nu khng c n m ch c t in Khang Hy, th s hc ca ta cn phi lm th no c
th tra t in Khang Hy cho c. Bi vy y ta phi chu kh hc k mt cht.
U B Nh ni mt ln trc kia, ch Tu c 214 ch u b, tc cng nh
ch Ty c 25 ch ci a, b, c, Ri c mt b t in, ngi ta chia ra bao nhiu ch

thuc v b ny, bao nhiu ch thuc v b n, v ci ch u b y ng u, cn bao

nhiu ch thuc v n th theo sau. Nhng ch u b y khng cn em ra y lm g,
c gi t in ra th thy.
Tra t in Tu c mt iu kh hn t in Ty l trc ht phi bit ci ch mnh tra
thuc v u b no . Nhng ch d thy chng ni lm chi, nh ch giang ai
cng bit l v b Thy, ch ai cng bit l v b Mc. Cn c nhng ch kh bit
lm, th ch nh nng tra ri quen i m thi, ch khng c phng php g cho tin tip
c.
Mi b, di ch u b ri, ngi ta chia ra t mt nt cho n my nt ty nhng
ch c nhiu nt nht ca b y. Th th khi mnh tra, cn phi bit ch mnh tra thuc
v b no nh m cn phi bit n l my nt na. V , trc kia ta phi hc qua
php m nt l ng dng vo vic ny.
Nh ta mun tra ch , ta bit n v b nht ri, li phi bit n l c ba nt, v
tr mt nt ch nht trn ra.
Suy ra ch no cng vy. Ch ta bit n v b Tho u ri, ta li bit n c 4 nt,
vy ta c lt ch b Tho ra tm ch 4 nt th thy ch hoa. Ta m c ch c n
8 nt, nhng tr ci Tho u trn ra, ch k 4 nt di.
Ch thch
[a] Lu : son gi Phan Khi ghi m ca l th, y ly li m th tin
cho vic tra cu t Hn Vit qua cc t in trn mng internet.
[b] Ch ny P.K. ghi l giao th; y sa giao thnh dao / diu cho ng vi
m ca trong cc t in Hn-Vit trc tuyn; th thnh th, nh ch thch trn.
[c] Cc thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi: indicatif prsent: thc hin ti (ca
ng tnh t);verbe neutre: ng t trung lp; verbe actif: ng t ch
ng; complment: b ng; complment indirect:b ng gin tip; verbe pronominal: t
ng t; intransitif: ni ng t; mode: thc (ca verbe, ng t); mode indicatif: thc
ch nh; mode infinitif: thc bt nh; mode participe: ng tnh t; mode impratif:thc
mnh lnh; mode subjonctif: thc gi nh; mode conditionnel: thc iu
kin; adjectif dmonstratif: tnh t ch nh;

BI HC TH 14
I. Hc cu
1/ (Nhn ng t thc k lc): Ngi ta phi t n ly sc ca
mnh (ngha l phi t mnh ra sc lm ly m n).
2/ (Qun thc ngn nhi ph): ng n li ni m bo ra. (li nhic).
3/ , (Thc nhn chi thc gi, t nhn chi s): K no n ci n
ca ngi th cht vi vic ca ngi.
4/ (Nhn bt thc tc ky): Ngi ta chng n th i.
5/ , (C thin v, thc thin lc): ngi tri, n lc tri (ni v vua v
cc quan).
1/ , (Bt tha xa m, bt qu th kiu): Chng ci xe nga, chng
qua cu ny.
2/ , (Qun hu h, ng qu ng): ng c ri, s qua nh ti nh.
3/ (Mnh T chi dng [a] qu Mnh Bn vin h): Ci dng ca
Mnh T hn Mnh Bn xa lm.
4/ , , (Trng Th, [b] Kit Nch ngu nhi canh, Khng T
qu chi): Trng Th v Kit Nch nh cp m cy, Khng T i ngang qua (ngha l
i ngang qua hai ngi y).
5/ (Qu m bt ng lng): i ngang qua ci m th chng tro ln ci
nm.
II. Ct ngha thm
Trong th ting no cng vy, ch c mi verbe l trng yu hn. Ta c th ni rng
ngi no gii mt th ting no, ch l ngi y bit cch v kho vn dng
cc verbe ca th ting y. Bi vy khi hc Hn vn y ta nn tp luyn cch
t verbe cho dy cng, hu sau vn dng n cho c nh .
Trong bi hc cu hm nay c hai sp.
Sp th nht v verbe thc.
Cu 1: l verbe pronominal m c complment direct. [c] n g? n ci sc. Vy ch
lc l complment direct [c] ca verbe thc.
Cu 2: t ch thc ra ngha bng. Li ni khng th n c; nhng ngi no
ni ra m khng gi li, khng lm theo li, tc l n li ni ca mnh vy. Li ni
khng phi l vt n c v nu n c cng khng th lm cho con ngi bo (mp)
ra. Vy m li ni nh th, t nhic mc khinh b lm.
Cu 3: lm ch thc th hai ra ting nom. Cu ny xut sch S k ca T M
Thin, li ca Hn Tn ni. Trong cu, ch gi lm sujet cho c hai verbe thc v
t. Mt mnh ch gi , ci cng dng ca n tng ng vi ch celui
qui trong ting Php. Ch thc th hai lm complment indirect [c] cho ch
thc th nht (verbe); v ch s lm complment indirect [c] cho ch t, v theo
sau k ch tng l phi c ch m trn i.
Cu 4: t vi ngatif. [c] Hy ch iu ny: Khi dng adverbe ph vi verbe lm
ra cu nesgatif th lun lun dng ch bt ch khng dng ch v. V ch
v thng t trn ting nom, cn ch bt t trn verbe.

Cu 5: phi hiu ngm c sujet s nhiu trn, lm ch ng cho hai verbe c v

thc m trn i. Theo hc thuyt i nay th chnh ph l ca dn t ra, cc ngi
chnh ph lm vic l lm cho dn. Nhng theo thuyt i xa th chnh ph t Tri
lp ra, vua v cc quan lm vic l lm cho Tri. Cho nn c cu nh th. Hc cu
bit thm mt ngha ca ch thc na. Lc y hoc ch v t rung, hoc ch v
tin bc, tc bng lc, khng phi l vt b vo ming n ngay c, nhng cng ni
thc c.
Sp th hai v verbe qu.
Cu 1: l mode conditionnel. [c] V ci s chng qua cu ny trong propositionsau l
ty theo ci iu kin chng ci xe nga trong proposition [c] trc. Vy, theo bi vn
php hc ri, ng l trc proposition sau mt ch tt, ni: ,
(Bt tha xa m, tt bt qu th kiu). Nhng y trn ch tt y i. Cu
ny xut sch S k T M Thin, khi T M Tng Nh nh i ti kinh , i ngang
qua mt ci cu, m ming ni cu ny nh l th vy. Tng Nh i chuyn ny ct lp
cng danh, quyt ti kinh s lm quan sang ri mi tr v lng c. Cn nh khng
lm c th nht nh khng v. C l cng v n l mt li th, nn ngi chp b ch
tt i cho c rn ri hn.
Cu 2: ni qu ng, theo ting ta phi ni qua nh ti ch khng ni nh th
c, nhng Hn vn c php ni nh th. Ch ng y cng nh
ch devoirtrong ting Php, mt i khi hm ci ch v futur ch khng quyt
l impratif. Bi vy ct ngha l: s qua nh ti nh.
Cu 3: rp theo mt cu trong sch Mnh T tp t ch qu ngha l hn.
Mnh Bn l mt ngi c sc mnh i xa c ting. Ch qu ny ng
ngha vi ch thng. Ch h c exclamatif. [c]
Cu 4: xut sch Lun ng. Ch chi trong cu ch li Trng Th, Kit Nch.
Vy, verbe qu l transitif, cho nn ci complment mi th bng ch chi.(Cn
nh complment indirect ca verbe intransitif th phi th bng ch yn, sau s hc
n)
Cu 5: t verbe qu nh l participe prsent, v trong cu y ta c th dch ch
qu l en passant c. y l mt cu trong kinh L, ni iu cng l mt ci l
ngi ta nn gi: v p ln trn nm m tc l p ln mt con ngi ta nm di,
lng mnh tt khng yn.
III. Vn php
Temps des verbes
Nh ni t trc, trong Hn vn, nu mun phn bit temps des verbe cng dng
nhng ch adverbe phn bit. V s phn bit ny trong Hn vn vn khng c, nay ta
mun phn bit th khng lm nhiu temps phin phc nh ch Hn c. y tm
chia lm ba: hin ti, qu kh, v v lai.
HIN TI gm c hai : ng xy ra v mi va xy ra.
a/ ng xy ra th dng ch (phng l ng) nh ni: (Ng phng
thc): Ti ng n.
b/ Mi va xy ra th dng nhng ch ny: (cng l va), (ph l mi),
(ti l va), (thch l va mi).

Nh ni: (thin cng minh): tri va sng.

(khch ph hnh): khch mi i.
(b ti qu ng): n va mi qua (nh) ti.
(d thch tha vng): ti va i khi.
Ba ch trn ngha hi ging nhau, c th thay i vi nhau m dng c. Duy c ch
cui cng phi dng trong cu c hai proposition k hai vic xy ra m n th t
proposition [d] sau. Nh ni: , (B qu ng, ng thch tha vng): N
qua (nh) ti, ti va i khi.
QU KH cng gm c hai : xy ra m cha dt khot, v xy ra v cng
dt khot.
a/ xy ra m cha dt khot th dng nhng ch ny: (d l ), (tng l
tng), (thng l tng).
Nh ni: (d kin): thy; (tng tng thc): tng bit nhau;
(thng vn): tng nghe; th t rng s thy, s bit nhau, s nghe y vn cn cha
qun, cha mt i, tc l tng xy ra m cha dt khot.
b/ xy ra v cng dt khot th dng nhng ch ny: (k l ), (h l
ri), (k h) l ri, (nghip d), (kinh d) hai ch ny u
l ri hn.
Nh ni: (k ch): n; (x chi h): tha n ri; (k k minh
h): g gy ri; (nghip d) hay (kinh d thng nh) thng nh
hn ri, th u t ra rng n khng cn n na, tha khng cn tha na, gy
khng cn gy na, thng nh khng cn thng nh na, nh th l xy ra v
cng dt khot.
Ch : Trong nhng ch duy c ch h lun i sau verbe, cn ch no cng i
trc verbe.
L ngoi: Khi no ni (d h) nh ni: (d hnh h): i ri, th cng coi
nh l (k h).
V LAI dng ch (tng l s); nh ni: (ng tng kh chi): ta s b
m i.
IV. Tp tra t in
Bnh trc v t thanh
Theo u b v m s nt m tm c ra ch mnh nh tra ri, s lin theo l phi
hiu m v ngha ca ch y. m tc l: ch y phi c l g; ngha tc l: ch y c
t v cng dng g.
Phi chi chng ta c lm ly c t in Hoa-Vit th di mi ch Hn, m ngay ch
Quc ng, ri c m c theo, tin lm. Nay ta tra t in Tu, cho nn v mt s pht
m cng thy ry r. V rng ta tuy hc ch Tu m c theo ging ta, nhng t in
Tu c phi v ngi An Nam m lm ra u m bo rng h phi v ta lo iu y?
T in Tu c nhng cun mi lm, h m mi ch bng vn La-tinh. S rt tin,
v c m c theo, khng cn sai c. Nhng, tin l tin cho h m thi. Cn v
phn ta, chng ch g ht.
y l v, nh ch , ta c l thin, m h m l thin, [e] th ta khng dng c,
tr ra ch c khi no ta c ngay theo ting h.

Rt li ta ch phi tra t in Khang Hy, v mun hiu cch pht m trong t in ny

th trc phi bit php t thanh.
T thanh l bnh, thng, kh, nhp, bn ting. M mun phn bn ting y, trc phi
phn bnh trc . (cn na) [f]
Ch thch
[a] Ch ny son gi P.K. ghi m ch l dng; su tp ny sa thnh dng cho
ph hp cc chun phin m Hn-Vit hin nay.
[b] Ch ny son gi P.K. ghi m ch l th; su tp ny sa thnh th cho
ph hp cc chun phin m Hn-Vit hin nay.
[c] Cc thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi: verbe pronominal: t ng t,
ng t phn thn;complment direct : b ng trc tip; complment indirect : b ng
gin tip; nom: danh t; sujet: ch ng;ngatif: ph nh; proposition: mnh ; mode
conditionnel: thc iu kin; exclamatif: cm thn; verbe transitif: ngoi ng t; temps
des verbe: thi ca ng t.
[d] Trong cu ny bn in dng 2 ln t prposition (ngha l gii t), c l in sai; su
tp tm sa lproposition (ngha l mnh ) th mi ph hp vi quy tc ang c din
gii trong cu ny.
[e] Ngy nay cc t ting Hoa c k m pinyin (bnh m); v d ch c k m
l tin.
[f] y l ghi ch ring cho phn Tp tra t in, s c ni tip bi th 15.
BI HC TH 15
I. Hc thuc lng
(Lon hu hon gia): Sau khi lon, v nh
l ci u ca mt bi th; di y l mt bi th.
(Tranh vanh xch vn ty): Pha ty chm my v chnh vnh
(Nht cc h bnh a): Gt chn mt tri xung t bng
(Si mn iu tc to): Ng gai chim s reo
(Quy khch thin l ch): Khch v ngn dm n (n t ngn dm)
(Th n qui ng ti): V con qui ta cn sng
(Kinh nh, hon thc l): S kinh hi va yn tnh, li lau nc mt
(Th lon tao phiu ng): i lon gp s tri dt
(Sinh hon ngu nhin toi): Sng v tr v, y l s tnh c m c
(Ln nhn mn tng u): Ngi hng xm y u tng
(Cm thn dic h h): Cm than cng nghn ngo
(D lan cnh bnh chc): m sng li cm n
(Tng i nh mng m): i nhau nh l ng m thy chim bao
II. Ct ngha thm
Hm nay tm khng hc cu m hc mt bi th, i mn cho khi chn, cng
tm s li ch trong . Bi ny phi hc thuc lng v phi ngm nga lp i lp li lun
lun. Nh th cho ci tinh thn ca bi th n vo su trong c mnh, gip cho s hc

nhiu lm. Bi ny i vi ngi hc chc khng c g kh. Ai theo lun khoa Hn

vn c tu t n gi th, sau khi xem qua nhng li ct ngha v hiu u ra ri,
hn ly lm thch lm. Bi th ca Ph, thi nhn c ting i nh ng, cch y
hn ngn nm. Nguyn u l (Khng thn), tc l lng ng y . Thy n kh
khan khng c v, cho nn chng ti t tin i ci khc l Lon hu hon gia,
ngha l sau khi lon, tr v nh. M chnh th, bi ny, ng lm ra trong khi gp lon
tha hng m ng may c sng tr v c th, t ci tnh cnh lc mi v.
Tranh vinh [a] tc l ni chnh vnh, ngha l cao ngt, s, adjectif kp,
qualifier cho ch vn. Ch vn y c cho n hai adjectif i theo n, l
xch v tranh vinh. Ch ty ngha l pha ty ca chm my y; nu tn
vn th ni: tranh vinh xch vn chi ty.
Lm mt tri ra nh ngi ta c chn i t ng sang ty, cho nn ni nht cc.
(h bnh a) xung t bng tc l mt tri hu ln. Cu ny nn ct ngha
lun vi cu trn mt hi: Gt chn mt tri xung n t bng pha ty chm my
chnh vnh.
l t cnh chiu hm. Mt tri hu ln, di ln chm my . Pha ty chm my y
thy nh mt tri xung ngang vi t bng.
Khi no ni iu tc l ch cc ging chim nh; tc l s s. tho[a] l
ku reo ln. Cu ny nu l tn vn th ni: iu tc tho si mn.
Ch quy trc ch khch coi nh participe prsent hay adjectif. [b] Ch
l verbe. Nu tn vn th ni: Quy khch ch t thin l.
Hai cu t khi c khch n, chim chc reo ln. M ngi khch y chng phi ai l,
chnh l ch nhn ngoi ngn dm va v n.
n l con; th n cng nh th t. Ch qui y dng nh
verbe, ngha l ly lm l. Ti l tn ti, cn sng.
kinh l ting nom. Ch nh dng nh participe prsent. hon l li.
Hai cu ny ngha l: V con u tng chc mnh cht ri, by gi thy cn sng th
ly lm l. Cho nn sau s kinh hi ni n s thng xt: khc v lau nc mt.
tao l verbe, ngha l gp. phiu ng l nom.
sinh hon l nom. toi l verbe.
Hai cu ni, ng lc lon lc m mnh gp s tri dt l chc cht; nay c sng
m tr v, l s tnh c.
mn l verbe.
cm thn l nhn cm khch m than th. h h l th ra mt cch nghn
ngo.
Hai cu ny ni, nhng ngi hng xm chy n thm, ng y u tng nh, ai
ny u thy vy m ngm ngi than th.
lan l ht. m ht tc l sng ra. cnh l li cn. Gn sng ng l tt n i,
m cn cm n l v trc mt tnh cnh na mng na ti, ai ny u c s cm khch
mnh qu m qun tri sng.
mng l chim bao, m l ng.
Hai cu ny t ci tnh cm ca ht thy nhng ngi trong m gp nhau , c nhng
ngi nh cng ngi i mi v.

Theo nh ct ngha y, ngi hc trc phi hiu tng ch, sau n hiu tng cu,
ri l hi c bi m thy ci hay ch no, ch khng cn phi ch ra.
Ai cn c ch no cha hiu tht r th xin c vit th v nh bo hi thm. Bn bo s
vui lng tr li, hoc bng th ring, hoc trn bo.
III. Vn php
Verbes auxiliaires
Verbe auxiliaire, trong Hn vn gi l chun ng t, ngha l nhng ch khng phi
hn l ng t, nhng c coi nh l ng t. V nhng ch y vn khng c s hnh
ng nh cc ng t tht, n khng hn l verbe, nhng khi t vo trong mt cu, n
thng ci a v ca verbe. Nh th, theo ting Php, n chnh l verbe auxiliaire.
Trong ting Php, verbe auxiliaire ch c hai. Nhng trong Hn vn c nhiu hn, y
k ra by ch thng dng hn ht.
1/ ch (hu) l c; (ng hu ch tu): Ta c ru ngon (Kinh Thi)
2/ ch (v) l khng; (thy v ph mu): Ai khng cha m? (C
vn)
3/ ch (th) l phi; (th Khng Khu chi d): Phi l
ca Khng Khu ? (Lun ng)
4/ ch (phi) l chng phi; (phi k ti d): chng phi ti ca n
vy (Lun ng)
5/ ch (t) l ging; (Khng T mo t Dng H):
din mo ca Khng T ging Dng H (Mnh T)
6/ ch (vi) l l; (t vi thy): ngi l ai? (Lun ng)
7/ ch (ni) l l; (th ni nhn thut d): y l chc nhn
vy (Mnh T)
By ch trn khi t trong cu u ci v ch ng, nhng thc ra th khng phi
ch s hnh ng ca sujet m ch l ch ci s thc t c nhin ca sujet. Tuy vy, n
cng c chia ra actif v neutre. H l actif th c complment theo sau n; cn
l neutre th nhng ch theo sau n khng phi complment m l attribut. [b]
Vy nh verbe (hu) l actif, cho nn cu (ng hu ch tu): ch (tu)
lm complment ca (hu). Cn verbe (ni) l neutre, cho nn cu
(th ni nhn thut d) ly ch (th), pronom, lm sujet; v ch (thut) ch
l attribut ca sujet ch khng phi complment.
By verbes auxiliaires trn y, nhng verbe no ngha n tng ng vi haiverbe
auxiliaire ca ting Php ( hu tng ng vi avoir; th, vi, ni tng
ng vi tre), th mi khi t cu gp n, ngi ta c th trn i c. Ni th ngha l:
trong Hn vn, nhng cu ng l dng verbe avoir ( hu) v tre ( th, vi,
ni) th thng hay b verbe i trong khi c th b c m ch hiu ngm.
C l: Nh ta mun ni th ny:
a/ Ngi kia, c chng ba mi tui, mnh cao, mt trng, nhiu ru;
b/ Cp l loi th ni, tnh n d, sc n mnh;
c/ G l loi chim nh, nhng con trng lng cnh rt p;
Ba cu y nu t bng ting Php theo mc thng, d hiu, th th no mi cu cng
phi c dng hoc verbe avoir hoc verbe tre, hoc c hai. Nhng t bng ch Hn th
c th b nhng chun ng t ng c i m ni:

a/ ,,, (K nhn nin c tam thp, thn trng,

din bch, a tu)
b/ ,, (H sn th d, tnh c, lc hng)
c/ , (K gia cm d, k hng gi mao v thm m)
IV. Tp tra t in (tip theo bi 14)
Nh ta bit, ting ta mi mt m c su hoc tm ging, ch c hai ging bnh m thi,
cn bao nhiu l trc ht.
m su ging nh ba, b, b, b, b, b th ch c ba, b l bnh, cn bao nhiu l trc.
m tm ging nh bang, bng, bng, bng, bng, bng, bc, bc th ch c bang,
bng l bnh, cn bao nhiu l trc.
Vy theo php nh bnh trc, ngi ta lm th ny: b, ba bnh; b, b trc. Nhng k
thc trong hai ging b, b cn gm c b, b cng u trc c.
Li na: bng, bang bnh; bng, bng trc. Nhng k thc trong hai ging bng,
bng cn gm c bng, bng, bc, bc cng trc c.
Nay em t thanh m ging vi bnh trc th ch c thanh bnh l bnh, cn ba thanh
kia: thng, kh, nhp l trc c.
Theo Quc ng ta th:
Bnh l nhng ting vn bnh m khng du hoc du huyn, nh bang, bng.
Thng l nhng ting c du nng ca vn xui v ca vn ngc bnh, nh b, bng.
Kh l nhng ting c du sc, du hi hoc du ng, nh bng, bng, bng.
Nhp l nhng ting c du sc v du nng ca vn ngc trc, nh bc, bc.
Bit nhng iu y ri, khi tra t in thy mt ch c chua di: ( bnh
thanh) th mnh c ch y l y, v ting bnh ca l y.
(Nhng nu th th cng c l ch c sao? V cng l bnh thanh ca y ? Nhn
bit php ny cn so lc lm).
Nhn suy ra, khi thy m (h thng thanh) th c l h, v thng thanh
ca h l h.
Khi thy m (tng kh thanh) th c l tng, v kh thanh ca tng l tng.
Khi thy m (tnh nhp thanh) th c l tch, v nhp thanh ca tnh l tch.
Tuy vy, ni php ny s lc lm, cho nn n ch gip cho ta phn t thi, phn
nhiu ta phi nh ngi no c ng by cho c theo.
Ch thch
[a] Lu : c mt s ch Hn c son gi P.K. ghi m (m c Hn-Vit) khc vi
phin m trong cc t in Hn-Vit trc tuyn hin nay. Trong phn phin m bi th
trn, N.B.S. sa li nhng khc bit theo t in Hn-Vit trc tuyn; cn trong phn gii
ngha di, N.B.S. gi nguyn cch phin m ca P.K. v ghi ch [a] bn c bit.
l nhng t: (tranh vinh/ tranh vanh); (iu trc/ iu tc);
(tho/ to); (t/ t).
[b] Cc thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi: adjectif: tnh t, tnh
ng; participe prsent: ng tnh t hin ti; verbe auxiliaire: tr ng t; sujet: ch
ng; actif: ch
ng; neutre: trung
tnh; complment:b
ng; attribut: thuc
ng; pronom: i t.

BI HC TH 16
I. Hc cu
1/ , (ng nht tc m thang, h nht tc m thy):
Ngy ma ng th ung nc nng, ngy ma h th ung nc lnh (Mnh T)
2/ (Hng V d m trng trung): Hng V ban m ung trong
mn.
3/ (m m trng thnh qut): Cho nga ung ni ci ho di
Trng thnh (C thi)
4/ (H m m qun tu): Xung nga, mi ng ung ru (ng
thi)
1/ (Lo gi bch thc nhc): K gi mc la, n tht (Mnh
T)
2/ (Hn vng gii y ng): Vua nh Hn ci o mc cho ta
(S k)
1/ (Tr gi lc): K tr th thng vui.
2/ , (Tr gi nho thy, nhn gi nho sn): K tr th a
nc, k nhn th a ni (Lun ng)
1/ (T s ph mu): Con th cha m
2/ (Tiu quc s i quc): Nc nh th nc ln
3/ (Hn Cao t bt s thi th): Vua Cao t nh Hn chng
hc kinh Thi kinh Th.
II. Ct ngha thm
Trong Hn vn c s mn ch, gi l gi t, ngha l mt ch vn l mi ting ny
em lm ra mi ting khc, hoc l th verbe ny em ra lm th verbe khc. Mi khi
mn nh th, thng l c bin m, ngha l c khc i, nhng li cng c khi khng
bin m, vn c nguyn ting. Bi n li thi, khng c nht lut nh th, thnh ra
khng c th no lp thnh cng l m cho vo vn php c. nh phi hc tng ch
mi bit.
Hm nay hc nhng verbe ny: (m), (), (nho), (s)
Sp th nht: verbe (m).
Cu 1: (m) l ung, mnh ung ly cho mnh. (thy) l nc lnh, (thang)
l nc si hay nc nng.
Cu 2: ch (m) cng ng mt verbe vi cu trn. Nhng ung y l ung ru.
Theo S k, lc Hng V nh trn b thua, hu mt nc, cng Ngu C l i thip ca
mnh ban m ung ru trong mn. Hc thm cu ny cho bit: khi no ch r ung
vt g th phi t ch ch ngha vt y theo sau ch (m): nh ung nc nng th
ni (m thang), ung nc lnh th ni (m thy), ung ch th ni (m
tr). Cn khi mun ni ung ru th c nhin l t (m tu), nhng nu khng
t nh th m t mt ch (m) khng, cng ch ngha l ung ru.
Sang cu 3 v cu 4: th ch (m) cng vn l verbe m li i ra ngha khc.
(m) y l cho ung (faire boire).

 m cn iu ny na. Hai ch trong hai cu 3 v 4 khng c l m m c

l m. Th l bin m . Ch (m) y, ngi ta c th lm ci du na vng gc
trn bn hu ch, ch l v tr ca du kh thanh.
Th th verbe (m), khi no ngha l mnh ung th c l m; cn khi no i
ra ngha khc, cho ngi khc ung, th c l m.
Phi chi l ci lut nht nh th rt tin cho ta suy ra ch khc. Ngt n ch khc
li khng th.
Ta hc sang sp th hai, ch (y).
Ch c l y, ngha l ci o, ting nom. Khi mn lm verbe, phi bin m, c
l . V cng c ci du kh thanh.
Cu 1: k gi mc o la l mc cho mnh, th ch verbe trong cu y c l . n
cu 2, vua ci o mc cho ta, tc l mc cho k khc, m cng vn c l .
Th thnh ra s gii t l khng nht lut.
n sp th ba, ch chnh m l nhc (musique), ting nom.
Ln th nht mn lm verbe, c l lc, ngha l vui, c ci du na vng gc
di bn hu ch, tc l v tr ca du nhp thanh.
Ln th hai mn lm verbe na, c l nho (trong sch m gi l ng gio thit,
tc l nho, nhng ta quen c l nho), ngha l a, c ci du na vng gc trn
bn hu ch, tc l v tr ca du kh thanh.
Th thnh ra ch b mn lm verbe n hai ln. M mi ln c ngha khc v m
cng khc.
Sp th t, verbe s.
Ch (s) ngha l vic, vn ting nom, th th khi mn lm verbe, hn cng phi
c bin m ch? Khng c! Th mi l rc ri.
Trong ting Php, nom l service i ra verbe l servir. Nhng Hn vn, ch (s), khi
c ngha l servir, cng vn c l s.
Cu 1 v cu 2: ch (s) y, ta quen ct ngha l th, nhng chnh l hu
vic: servir.
Cu 3 th ch (s) cng vn l verbe m ngha hi khc. Ch (s) ny l lm
vic. Lm vic thi th tc l hc. Bt s thi th, tc l bt hc. N l mt
ciexpression. [a]
III. Vn php
Verbe kp ghp bi hai verbe
Trong bi hc th 11, c hc qua verbe kp nhng phn nhiu l nhng ch dch
ting Ty ra. Hm nay hc my ci nguyn tc v verbe kp sn c ca Hn vn.
Verbe kp l ghp hai ch lin nhau m lm thnh ra. Hai ch y hoc l verbe c, hoc
mt verbe vi mt adjectif, vi mt nom, nh trc c ni ri.
Nhng verbe kp ghp bi mt verbe vi mt adjectif hay mt nom th c t, v trong
n khng c g kh ng cho ta ch mt cch ring. M duy nht c nhng verbekp
ghp bi hai verbe th cch dng n trong cu vn ging nhau nhng cng dng c khc.
Phi chia ra m hiu cho tch bch th mi khi ln ln.
Ngi ta chia nhng verbe kp y ra lm bn th:
A/ Hai verbe c ngha ging nhau, dng kp cho li c m v c nng.
Nh: 1) (Tn ly ng huynh ): Tan la anh em ta (T truyn)

2) (Khuynh phc ng quc gia): Nghing p nc nh ta (T truyn)

(tn) vi (ly), (khuynh) vi (phc), ngha khng khc nhau my. Trong
mi hai ch nu b bt mt th cu cng cn ngha. Dng kp chng qua cho li
c m hn v thm nng hn.
B/ Hai verbe c ngha khc nhau, dng kp cho hai ch gip nhau m c r ngha
hn. Nh:
1) (Tuy tnh ch hu): V yn cc nc hu (T truyn)
2) (No lon ng ng minh): Khuy ri cc nc ng minh ca ta (T
truyn)
(Tuy tnh) l v v lm cho yn lng; (no lon) l khuy nhiu lm cho ri
lon. Trong mi hai ch nu b bt mt th ngha n c gim km. Vy nn dng kp
ngha c sung tc hn.
C/ Hai verbe c ngha khc nhau, dng kp cho ch th hai nh ch th nht m tin
s hnh ng ln mt bc. Nh:
1) (Ngng quan thin): Nga xem ni tri (Kinh Dch)
2) (Ng th vng kin): Ta sp qua ra mt (Mnh T)
C nga mi xem c, c qua mi ra mt c; hai ch (quan) v (kin) nh
hai ch (ngng) v (vng) m tin s hnh ng ca n ln.
D/ Hai verbe c ngha khc nhau, dng kp cho ngha th nht lm nh adverbeph
ngha cho ch th nh. Nh:
1) (Dng Ha dc kin Khng T): Dng Ha mun gp Khng T
(Mnh T)
2) (S hu thc tc nh thy ha): Khin /lm cho/ c u thc nh
nc la (Mnh T)
Ch (dc) ch (s) nh l adverbe ph ngha cho (kin) v (hu).
REMARQUE 1 [b] Hai iu C v D mi ng nh l ging nhau, khng cn phi chia,
nhng k thc l khc nhau lm. Ta nghim ch ny:
Theo ting Php, khi hai verbe lin nhau, phi cch nhau bng ch et. Ch et y trong
Hn vn tc l ch (nhi) vy.
Hai cu l trong iu C c th ni ch (nhi) gia hai verbe c. Ta c th ni:
(ngng nhi quan), (vng nhi kin) c. Nhng khng c th ni: dc
nhi kin v s nhi hu trong iu D.
REMARQUE 2 (quan v), (vn ca) l xem ma, nghe ca, u l
hai verbe i lin nhau nhng khng k c l verbe kp. V khi no t nh th th
chverbe sau bin thnh nom, lm complment cho verbe trn n ri.
IV. Tp tra t in (tip theo)
Bn du ca t thanh
Nh ta hc bi trc, t thanh tc l bnh, thng, kh, nhp. Bn du cng gi
l bnh, thng, kh, nhp, ci du lm bng na vng C mt gc ca bn gc ch.
Vy nh mt ch kia, vn n l trc, mun bin ra m bnh th lm du y gc di bn
t ch ri c n ra bnh.
Mt ch kia, vn n l g bt lun, mun bin ra ging thng th lm du y gc trn
bn t ch ri c n ra ging thng.

Mun bin m ra ging kh th lm du y gc trn bn hu ch ri c n ra ging

kh.
Mun bin m ra ging nhp th lm du y gc di bn hu ch ri c n ra ging
kh.
Ci biu nh th ny:

Php phin thit

Php t thanh l php t in hay dng by cho ta pht m mi ch; nhng mt
php y cng cha ; nn ngi ta dng thm php phin thit na.
Phin thit tc nh ta ni li. i xa phin v thit phn bit khc nhau. Nhng v
lu i, thanh m bin i, nn by gi ngi ta khng cn phn bit c na, phin
thit coi nh mt.
Phin thit l bi song thanh v ip vn m ra.
Song thanh l nhng ch cng m mu (nh bng, b cng m mu b, lan, ly cng m
mu l, v.v); ip vn l nhng ch cng mt vn mu (nh tp np cng vn mu p, la
cng vn mu a, v.v)
Mun t ra mt ch g pht m l g th ly mt song thanh mt ip vn hp li thnh
ra pht m ch y. Nh th gi l php phin thit. V nh ch t in chua l cch
ng thit hoc c ng phin hoc cai hng phin, hoc cu khng thit u cho ta bit
ch y pht m l cng c. Nh th, ch cch ch c ch cai ch cu u l song thanh;
ch ng ch hngch khng u l ip vn. V bn cch phin thit y, cch no cng
nh cch no, ly hai ch ni li li cng ra ting cng. Hm trc n nay, hc cch tra
t in l cho bit m pht m. Cn s hiu ngha th nh phi nh hc thng th
hiu, ch khng cn cy g c.
Ch thch
[a] Thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi: expression: thnh ng;
[b] Remarque: nhn xt, ghi ch.

BI HC TH 17
I. Nhng cu vn p
1/ (H v tam ti?): G gi l tam ti? (Tam ti gi: thin, a,
nhn): Tam ti y l: Tri, t, ngi ta.
2/ (H v tam quang?): G gi l tam quang? (Tam quang gi:
nht, nguyt, tinh): Tam quang y l: mt tri, mt trng, cc ngi sao.
3/ (H v ng hnh?): G gi l ng hnh? (Thy,
mc, ha, th, kim, y gi l ng hnh): Thy, mc, ha, th, kim, y gi l ng hnh.
4/ (H v t phng?): G gi l bn phng? (ng, ty,
nam, bc, th v t phng): ng, ty, nam, bc, y gi l bn phng.
5/ (H v v, h v tr?): G gi l v /v/? g gi l tr?
(Thng, h, t phng vit v; vng c lai kim vit tr): Trn, di v
bn phng l v; xa qua nay li l tr.
6/ (H v t thi?): G gi l bn ma? (Xun h thu
ng, v chi t thi): Xun, h, thu, ng, gi l bn ma.
II. Ct ngha thm
Hm nay hc nhng cu vn p ny ct c hai iu ch: mt cho bit cch t
cu hi v tr li trong Hn vn th no; mt cho bit cc danh t v thng thc, nh
tam ti l g, ng hnh l g, v.v....
Trong nhng cu hi c ch (H v), y l ni gn i. [a] Nu ni cho th
phi ni di hn na. Vy nh cu (H v tam ti?) nu ni di ra th nh vy:
(S v tam ti gi h d?). Nh th ngha l: Ci iu ku bng tam ti,
l g?
Tch ra tng ch th nh vy: ... (s gi) tc l ci iu, cng nh ce que;
(v) tc l ku bng, cng nh appeler; (h d) tc l: l g, cng nh comment.
S d phi truy nguyn ra m hiu n nh th l v nu khng hiu n th th s
khng ti no hiu c ch (gi) trong cu tr li.
Trong cu tr li: (Tam ti gi, thin a nhn): ch (gi) l tha
tip ch b lc i trong cu hi. V, ni nh th cng l ni gn na, nu ni di
ra th phi ni th ny: (S v tam ti gi: thin, a, nhn, th
d). Nh th ngha l: Ci iu ku bng tam ti: tri, t, ngi ta, phi vy. (Ch
th y l phi, i vi ch phi l chng phi).
Nh vy, ta nn hiu rng cu hi v cu tr li u tri qua mt s gn bt
(abrg) ri.
Ch (th) trong cu (th v ng hnh) cng cu di u ngha l y,
tm li cc ci ni trn, ging nh ch ce trong khi ni c'est hay l ce sont.
Ch (chi) trong cu tc l ch pronom hc, ch li trn.
Ch (ti) l ti nng (talent), nhng trong khi ni (tam ti) th khng c th
hiu ngha l g cho ng c. Ch (hnh) trong khi ni (ng hnh) cng vy.
T in cng khng gii r.
Ch l phng, hc ri; y li l phng hng, ting nom.

Cng c ni (ng phng), y l thm mt phng (trung ng) na. Cn

bn gc: ng nam, ng bc, ty nam, ty bc th gi l (t gip).
V /v/, by gi ta hay gi l khng gian (espace); tr l thi gian(temps).
III. Vn php
T y v sau, nhng bi vn php s dy ring v tng ch mt. Hm nay hc ch
(s).
-- ........ -- ........
Ch (s) thuc v hai mi ting: khi l nom, khi l pronom.
Khi n l nom, ta thng ct ngha l tha hay l ch. Nh:
(nht s in): mt tha rung.
(Thy tranh t s): Ai dnh ch ngi?
Khi n l pronom, trc kia, ta cng vn ct ngha l tha hay sa. Ct ngha nh th
tht chng c ch g, v ci ngha ca ch s chng nh s dch ra ting An Nam
m r c cht no c. By gi ta nn ct ngha ch (s) pronom l ci
iu, ging nh ch ce que trong ting Php.
Vy nh ni:
1/ (Nh s ngn, ng d tri chi): Ci iu my ni, ta bit .
2/ (Ng tng hnh t s thnh): Ta s lm ci iu nh ngi xin.
Hai cu nu t bng ting Php th u dng ch ce que vo c c.
Khi mt cu c hai proposition m proposition sau thuyt minh propositiontrc, khi
y, nu proposition trc khng t ch th thi, ch h t ch th phi thm
ch d vo sau verbe k ch , thnh ra ... . Nh ni:
1/ (B s dc gi, ng th a d) = Ci iu n mun, y l t ai
ca ta.
2/ (Nhn s th d sinh gi, thc d): Ci iu ngi ta cy sng,
y l s n.
Xem , n mun g? mun t ai; ngi ta cy g? cy s n: proposition sau l
thuyt minh proposition trc, th phi t ch lun lun theo sau ch .
(Cu l trn kia: /Nh s ngn, ng d tri chi/ cng haiproposition,
nhng proposition sau khng phi thuyt minh proposition trc, cho nn khng cn
t ch sau ch ; cu y nu thm ch vo th li trt).
Trong cu chng nhng c thuyt minh m li c tnh cht gii thch r rng, th cng
theo mt lut y. Khi y n li thm mt ch (v) na m thnh ra ........ (s v
gi).
Nh cu ny trong sch i hc ni:
(S v thnh k gi, v t kh d): Ci iu gi rng thnh
, y l ch di mnh vy.
Cu ny trong sch Lun ng:
(S v i thn gi, d o s qun, bt kh tc ch):
Ci iu gi rng i thn, y l ly o th vua, chng kh th thi.
Th th ch , khng lun n i mt mnh hay i vi ch , h l pronom th hy coi
n nh ch ce que.

IV. Thnh ng dng vo Quc vn

(thi qu): S g qu l, vt qua mc trung bnh.
(bt cp): S g di mc trung bnh.
(Qu do bt cp): Thi qu cng nh bt cp (Do l cng nh)
(So kh): Hi hi kh; khng kh lm.
(V tt): Cha chc; s g cn lng chng.
(Bt vi d thm): Chng lm s g qu lm. V d c ght ai cng ght
c chng, khng n o t i.
(Bt tc d ngn): Chng cu ni. Ch ngi khng ra g, khng
ng ni vi.
(Bt tc hu vi): Chng c lm vic g. Ch ngi bt ti, khng
lm g c c.
V. Tp t
Cu (Nh s ngn, ng d tri chi) vn c hai proposition.By gi
mun nhp li lm mt proposition m thi, th lm th no?
Cu (Ng tng hnh t s thnh) vn c mt proposition,by gi
mun dt ra lm hai proposition th lm th no?
Cu (B s dc gi, ng th a d) v cu
(Nhn s th d sinh d, thc d) mi cu c hai proposition vpropossition sau
thuyt minh proposition trc. Nay mun mi cu nhp lm mtproposition v b ci
thuyt minh i nhng vn cn gi ci ngha ca cu y, th mi cu nn lm th no?
Ngi hc xem n , hiu hi ri th t lm i, khoan xem xung di ny. i khi
lm xong, xem di ny m bit mnh lm trng hay trt.
Cu th nht: lm li mt proposition: (Ng d tri nh s ngn)
Cu th hai: lm ra hai proposition: (T s thnh ng tng hnh chi)
(Ch y l th li ci iu xin trn, nu khng ch chi th khng bit
(hnh) ci g.)
Cu th ba: lm mt proposition, b nh thuyt minh v gi cho cn ngha, th ni:
(B dc ng th a).
Cu th t cng vy: (Nhn th thc d sinh).
Ch thch
[a] ni gn: ni gn li, ng vi ch Php m son gi ch trong ngoc: abrg
[b] Thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi: proposition: mnh .
BI HC TH 18
I. Nhng cu vn p
1/ (Th v ng lun, k mc nhc h, dic hu bit
danh ph ?): i gi ng lun, ci mc n dng no? Cng c tn khc chng?
(Qun thn, ph t, phu ph, huynh ,
bng hu, v chi ng lun, dic ng phm): Vua ti, cha con, chng v, anh em, bu bn,
gi l ng lun; cng ni rng ng phm.

2/ (H v tam /cang/ cng? K thuyt h t thy?): G gi l

tam cang? Ci thuyt y bt u t hi no?
. (Tam /cang/ cng gi:
Qun vi thn cng, ph vi t cng, phu vi th cng; c v th thuyt; hu chi t Hn
nho thy): Tam cang /cng/ y l: Vua lm ging ca ti, cha lm ging ca con, chng
lm ging ca v. i xa khng c ci thuyt y; c , bt u t nh nho i Hn.
3/ (H v ng thng? Thng gi, h d): G gi l ng thng?
Thng y l g ?
(Nhn, ngha, l, tr, tn,
v chi ng thng. Thng gi, ngn: nhn tnh /tnh/ s thng hu, dic vi nhn s
thng hnh chi o d): Nhn, ngha, l, tr, tn, gi l ng thng. Thng y ngha
l: nm iu l ci iu tnh /tnh/ ngi ta thng c, cng l ci o ngi ta thng
lm vy.
4/ (Nhn hu tht tnh, th h s ch?): Ngi ta c tht tnh, y l
ch v ci g?
(Tht tnh, th ch h, n, ai, c, i, , dc, nhi ngn
d): Tht tnh, y l ch s mng, s gin, s thng, s s, s yu, s ght, s mun m
ni vy.
5/ (H vn t th? H vn ng th?): Sao rng t th? Sao rng
ng th?
(Nhn hu lng th lng tc,
v chi t chi; dic v chi t th. Th tc gia th v chi ng th): Ngi ta c hai tay hai
chn, gi l t chi, cng gi l t th. Hai tay hai chn, thm ci u, gi l ng
th.
II. Ct ngha thm
Hm nay i nhng cu hi c nhiu cch khc nhau.
Ch (th) y l (th nhn), ngi i, lm sujet cho ch (v); cng
nh ting Php ni on appelle.
Ch (lun) l ng bc.
Ch (mc) l con mt, m y ngha l iu mc .
Ch (nhc) ngha ging ch (nh); (nhc h) cng nh
(nh h).
Ch (ph) ngha l chng, li hi. N cng l mt ting ngatif [a] m
khc vi ch (phi) ch (bt) mt iu l n lm ra terme interrogatif [a] c.
Nh (th ph) l phi v chng m cng c th ni phi chng? (kh
ph) l nn v chng m cng lm ra li hi c, ngha l nn chng? Ch
(ph) trong cu ny i vi ch (hu), ngha l: cng c tn khc hay l chng c?
Ch (phm) y ngha cng nh th (ordre).
Ch (cang/cng/) [b] l ci ging li.(k thuyt) tc l (tam
cang /cng/ chi thuyt). Ch (k) y l adjectif dmonstratif [a] cng nh ch
(th). Ngi ta thng ni (k nhn), (k thi), (k s) cng nh
(th nhn), (th thi), (th s). (hu chi, t Hn nho thy)

phi hiu l (t Hn nho thy hu chi), tc l (thy hu th

thuyt). Ch th cho (th thuyt). ch (hu chi) ln trn bi ca cu
ct trng ; h l trng th trn.
Ch (ngn) cu p 3 cng nh ni qui signifie. [a]
Ch (vn) ngha cng nh ch (vit).
Hai tay hai chn v ci u hp li, ku bng (ng th). Bi vy c
ciexpression [a] rng (ng th u a) ngha en l nm th gieo xung t,
tc l ly vy.
III. Vn php
Ch (h)
Ch (h) lun lun l interrogatif, nhng c nhiu ngha, thuc v my mi ting
khc nhau, i khi c bn cch t.
1/ t trc ting nom, nh (h nhn?): ngi no? (h nin?): nm
no? khi y n l adjectif, nh ch quel, quelle.
2/ t vi ting verbe, nh:
a) (h v), hc ri; khi y n ging vi ch comment?
b) (phu t h vi?): phu t lm chi? (cu trong Lun ng), khi y n
ging vi ch que pronom interrogatif. [a]
c) (ngu h chi?): con b i u? (cu trong Mnh T), khi y n ging
vi ch ou ngha l quel endroit. [a] (ch trong cu ny ngha l i, qua,
verbe, cng nh ch vng);
3/ t trc mt proposition lm li hi. Nh (H tt vit li?):
Sao phi ni rng li? (H i lai nin?): Sao phi i nm sau? (hai
cu ny u Mnh T). (vit li) v (i lai nin) u l
mt proposition, t ch ln trn lm li hi t khng cn v ly lm l.
Khi y n cng nh ch pourquoi?
4/ t sau mt proposition lm li hi. Khi y n t ng mt mnh m
thng i vi mt h t khc, nh ? (h d) ? (h tai) ? (h
nh). t cch ny th ngha n hoc ging vi pourquoi hoc ging
vi comment, ty theo tng ch.
REMARQUE. Tm li c mt iu nn nh l v iu th hai, ch lun lun phi
t trc verbe ch khng c t sau, bi v n l li hi th phi o. Vy nh my
mun g? th phi ni ? (Nh h dc) ch h ni (nh dc h) l trt
vy. Ch cn c ngha l h H, nom de famille, v nom propre.
IV. Thnh ng dng vo Quc vn
(th gii): Theo ngha gc th th l i (gnrations), gii l b ci;
th ni v i n sang i kia, gii ni v x n sang x kia; vy th th gii
ngha cng nh v tr. Song lu ngi ta khng cn hiu nh vy na, m ch
hiu nh l th gian vy thi.
(thnh n /thnh n): Gin d lm. Thnh/thnh l thnh vng, i
visuy (), y em ch Thnh/ thnh hnh dung ch n, ch ngha l gin d lm.

 (bt to tc vn): Chng sm th mun. Vn ngha l bui chiu, cng c

ngha l mun.
(v s kh ph): khng c iu g l nn, l chng. Ni v ngi khng bit
bin bit s phi quy, coi ci g cng nh ci y.
(h tng thy ha): i i ln nhau gia nc vi la. ni hai bn cu
ch hm hi nhau, nh nc th lm cho la tt i, v la th lm cho nc si tro, tan
ra thnh hi.
(v s bt ch): Khng iu g l chng n. Ch ngi by b qu th, d
vic g cng lm c.
VI. Tp t
Hm nay tp t ch va mi hc trong bi vn php trn y. Hy dch nhng cu
ny ra ch Hn:
1. My ni g? 2. N mun g? 3. Con ch n g? 4. My bit g? 5. My sanh nm
no? 6. y l rung ca ngi no? 7. Cu y ra sch no? 8. Ma xun t u n? 9.
Ci thuyt y bt u t hi no? 10. My t u n y? 11. My sao khng ni? 12.
N sao v mun th? 13. Con chim sao m bay c?
Nhng cu trn y chia lm bn sp, tp t ch theo bn cch t.
Sp th nht: nhng cu 1, 2, 3, 4, tp t ch nh ch que pronom
interrogatif.
Sp th nh: nhng cu 5, 6, 7, tp t ch nh ch quel, quelle.
Sp th ba: nhng cu 8, 9, 10, tp t ch nh ch o
Sp th t: nhng cu 11, 12, 13, tp t ch nh ch pourquoi
Ngi hc xem hiu ri th t i, xong, coi theo di ny m bit trng
hay trt:
1.
8.
2.
9.
3.
10.
4.
11.
5.
12.?
6.
13. ?
7. ?
1-2-3-4 l tp t ch nh ch que (trong cu que voulez- vous?) 5-6-7 l tp t
ch nh ch quel.
Nhng cu 1, 2, 3, 4 u l verbe transitif, nn ch lin trn verbe; cn ba cu
8,9,10, ba verbe u l intranstitif, nn phi c nhng ch prposition
(tng cng nh ) v ph theo. Nhng prposition y hoc ng trc hoc ng sau
ch u c th c.
Ch thch
[a] Cc thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi: nom: danh t; ngatif: t ph
nh; terme interrogatif:t ng nghi vn; adjectif dmonstratif: tnh t ch nh; qui

signifi : ci c biu t; expression : thnh ng; pronom interrogatif: i t nghi

vn; endroit: ni chn; proposition: mnh ; nom de famille: danh t ch h; nom
propre: danh t ring; prposition: gii t.
[b] Mt s ch Hn m son gi P.K. ghi bng m min Nam, y su tp ghi thm
dng phin m chun hin ti, nh: (cang / cng/); (tnh / tnh); (th/th)
BI HC TH 19
I. Li vn t s
(Hn Tn vi thi): Ni v Hn Tn thu cn hn ( l ci )
1/ , (Hn Tn Hoi m nhn d): Hn Tn l ngi huyn Hoi m vy.
2/ ,, (Thy vi b y thi, bn, v hnh, bt c thi
trch vi li): Ban u, thu Tn lm k mc o vi, ngho, v hnh, chng ng bu chn
quan li.
3/ , (Hu bt nng tr sinh, thng c): Li chng hay lm ngh
nghip, bun bn.
4/ , (Thng tng nhn k thc m, nhn a ym chi): Thng
theo ngi gi n ung, nhiu ngi chn .
5/ (Sc tng Nam Xng nh trng k thc): Hng theo n gi
nh nh trng lng Nam Xng.
6/ , (S nguyt, nh trng th hon chi, ni thn xuy
nhc thc): Vi thng, v nh trng lo , bn thi nu hi sng sm v n ni nm.
7/ , (Thc thi, Tn vng, bt v c thc): Lc n, Tn qua, chng v
Tn dn n.
8/ ,, (Tn dic tri k , n, cnh tuyt kh): Tn cng bit ca
n, gin, v sau dt i.
II. Ct ngha thm
Ch (vi) trong ci ngha l nh (fin), nh ni (t vi); li c ngha l
nhim, nh ni (huyn vi). Nhng y ngha l hn, tc l (hn vi),
(vi tin). (vi thi) ngha l thu cn hn vi, vi tin.
Cng mt ngha y, c ch (vi hnh). ng vua hoc ng quan ln, lc bnh
thng i ra c xe nga, lnh hu. Nhng khi khng mun i nh th m gi dng lm
mt ngi thng i ra cho khng ai bit, th ni (vi hnh).
Cu , (Hn Tn Hoi m nhn d), ch du pht, l ng c ch
(ni) tc l verbe tre. Nhng, theo trc kia hc ri, trong Hn vn, gp nhng
cu ngn nh th ny, u c th b verbe tre c.
(Hoi m nhn), l ng ni (Hoi m chi nhn), nhng ch y
cng b nt, theo lut hc mt bi trc.
Ch (d) trong cu l mt h t, nh terme affirmatif, [a] thng th choverbe
tre. Nhng n cng c th b c na. V trong cu nu khng c ch (d) cng
vn thnh cu.
(b y) ngha l o vi, tc l ngi mc o vi. l mt ci expression [a] ch
ngi dn trng, hoc cn l hc tr, cha c chc tc g.

 (v hnh) l ngi c hnh kim xu.

Ch c hai m: khi c l suy, ngha l suy cu, suy l; khi c l thi, ngha l y,
l tn ln, l x ra. y c theo m sau. (thi trch) l mt verbe kp.
i xa nhng ngi lm vic quan u gi l (li) c. Sau mi chia ra: nhng
ngi c chc v chnh nh cc quan tnh, ph, huyn mi gi l quan, cn nhng
ngi gip vic di quyn quan u gi l (li). Ch (li) y theo ngha xa,
tc fonctionnaire. [b]
Trong cu 2 c hai verbe: (vi) v (c), cng u ly ch (Hn Tn) cu
trn lm sujet; v nhng ch adjectif (bn), (v hnh) cng i theo ch
(Hn Tn).
(hu) l li, ngha cng nh de plus.
(tr) l verbe; (sinh) l nom; (tr sinh) ngha l lm ci ngh nghip m
sng, tc nh ta ni lm n.
Ch c ba m: khi c l c, ngha l ngi m bn hng; khi c l gi, ng
ngha vi ch gi; khi c l Gi, nom de famille. [a]
(thng) l i bun; (c) l ngi mt ch m bun.
Cu 3 c mt verbe (nng) cng theo mt sujet (Hn Tn).
(k) l gi, (k thc m) l cng nh ta hay ni n chc, ung chc.
Trong cu ny ch (k) l verbe, cng ly (Hn Tn) lm sujet. Cn ch
(tng) coi cng nh mt prposition. [a] (tng nhn) cng nh ni (
nhn).
Ch (a) ch phn nhiu trong nhng ngi b Tn n n chc. Ch (ym)
l verbe. Ch (chi) th li s n chc ca Hn Tn.
Ch c ba m: khi c l s ngha l nombre; [b] khi c l s ngha l vi hay
v, nh ch quelques; li ngha l m, compter, nh khi c l sc, ngha l
hng,plusieurs fois.
(Nam Xng) tn mt lng; (nh trng) cng l l trng.
Cu 5 c mt verbe (k), cng ly (Hn Tn) lm sujet. Ch (tng) y
cng nh ch (). Cu ny c th i l (Sc k thc Nam
Xng nh trng).
Ch (s) mi va hc trn. (nh trng th) tc l (nh
trng chi th) m b ch . (hon) l verbe. Ch (ni) y ging ch lors.
(thn) l lc sng sm. (thn xuy nhc thc) phi hiu l
(xuy thn, thc nhc), ngha l thi nu lc tng sng v n trn nm. Ch
(nhc thc) hnh dung ra s n vi v lm: ai ny mi va ng dy l n ngay
ch nm. Lm nh th khi Hn Tn n ni l n xong c.
Cu 6 c ba verbe: (hon), (xuy) v (thc). Hai verbe sau cng nh verbe
trc, ly ch (nh trng th) lm sujet.
Ch c hai m: khi c vi ngha l l, l lm; khi c v ngha l v, ging
ch pour. y ni (bt v c thc) tc l (bt v Tn c thc)
b ch (Tn).

Trong cu 7 c mt verbe (c), cng ly (nh trng th) lm sujet.Hai

ch (Tn vng) trong cu coi nh mt proposition ph.
Ch (dic) trong cu 8 c l: lm nh th c g, chng nhng bn ngi nh nh
trng bit m thi, Tn cng bit na. Ch (k) ch v nh trng. (Tuyt
kh) ngha l i khng tr li, i lun. Ch (cnh) cng nh ni enfin.
Cu 8 c ba verbe: (tri), (n) v (kh); hai verbe sau cng nh verbetrc,
ly ch (Tn) lm sujet.
y l mt on vn ly bi Hoi m hu lit truyn, tc l ci truyn ca Hn Tn,
trong sch S k ca T M Thin. Li vn t s chp nh th ny l hay lm. K sau s
tip.
III. Chuyn gii tr
SCH LUN NG KHNG C CH TH
Ch th, ngha l y, thuc v hai mi ting, khi th l adjectif dmonstratif, khi th
l pronom dmonstratif. [a]
N l mt ch quen lm. Ai mi hc qua ch Hn cng coi n l ch rt thng, v gp
thy lun lun. Trong cc sch xa, sch no cng c ch th c. Ngi ta ai cng
tng nh th. Nhng khng ng: duy c sch Lun ng, c sch khng c mt ch
th no ht.Trong mt tp bt k ca ngi Tu c chp s pht kin y nh th ny:
Thu nh Thanh, vua Khang Hy i chi min Giang Nam. Mt hm vua ci trang i do
ph. Ti mt ci ng hm, vua thy trn bc tng c dn ming giy, bn ch
(th l bt thng), di c mt a tr ng trng ln.
Vua hi a tr:
C bit bn ch khng?
Tha ng, ti bit c ba ch di m thi, cn ch trn ti khng bit. a tr
tr li.
Sao ch d vy m khng bit?
Ti cha hc.
My hc sch g?
Ti ch mi hc xong sch Lun ng.
My hc xong sch Lun ng ri m khng bit ci ch th nht y d?
Tha ng, ch th nh l ch l, ti bit n v trong Lun ng c ch T
L; ch th ba l ch bt, Lun ng c nhiu lm; ch th t l ch thng,
v Lun ng c cu (thin h chi thng tang). Duy c ch th nht, trong
sch Lun ng ti hc ri m khng c, cho nn ti khng bit.
Vua nghe vy, ly lm l, v chnh vua cng khng ng trong sch Lun ng li khng
c ch th. V n hnh cung, vua lt t m c b Lun ng ra xem t u n cui,
qu nhin khng tm thy mt ch th no ht. Lin , vua truyn lnh i cc quan
Hn lm i theo o ng vo hi. Cu hi ca vua l: Trong sch Lun ng c ht thy
l bao nhiu ch th? Cc ng Hn lm nghe hi u ly lm lng tng, khng bit
th no m tr li. Rt cc, ng th ni c by tm chc ch, ng th ni c hai ba chc
ch. Vua bt ci to ln. Ri bo h mi ngi c ra mt cu c ch th trong sch
Lun ng th xem. Th ra my ng Hn lm ng mt nhau, khng ai c ln c mt
cu no ht! Vua bn k chuyn gp thng b ngoi ng cho h nghe. V bo cho h

bit tht trong sch Lun ng khng h c mt ch th no. Nhn cu chuyn ta

thy ra trong s hc, cn nht l bit ch . Cng v ai ny khng ch cho nn mi
khng hay rng trong sch Lun ng khng c ch th. Tuy vy, c ng C Vim
V [c] bit s trc khi cu chuyn trn ny xy ra. Trong sch Nht tri lc ca ng
c ni rng: Trong sch Lun ng ni ty 70 ch m khng h ni th; trong
sch n cung ni ty 52 ch m ni th ch c mt ch; trong sch i hc ni
th n 19 ch. Coi th bit ting v ch mi i mt thay i.
Ch thch
[a] Cc thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi: terme affirmatif: li khng
nh; expression: thnh ng; nom de famille: danh t ch h tn; prposition: gii
t; proposition: mnh ; adjectif dmonstratif: tnh t ch nh; pronom dmonstratif:
i t ch nh;
[b] Mt s t ch Php khc: fonctionnaire : vin chc; nombre: s; quelques: mt vi,
vi ba; compter: m; plusieurs fois: nhiu ln; lors: lc y, th th, vy th; enfin: th
l, cui cng
[c] C Vim V (1613-1682), hc gi Trung Hoa thi cui Minh u Thanh.
BI HC TH 20
I. Li vn t s
(Hn Tn vi thi): Ni v Hn Tn thu cn hn (tip theo)
1/ (Tn iu thnh h): Tn cu di thnh.
2/ ,,, (Ch mu phiu, hu nht mu kin Tn
ky, phn Tn, cnh phiu, s thp nht): Cc b git la, c mt b thy Tn i, cho Tn
n cho n khi xong vic git la, vi mi ngy.
3/ : (Tn h, v phiu mu vit: Ng tt hu d trng
bo mu): Tn mng, bo phiu mu rng: Ti quyt s c ci g m hu p b.
4/ :, ? (Mu n vit: i trng phu
bt nng t thc, ng ai vng tn nhi tin thc, khi vng bo h): Phiu mu gin, ni
rng: i trng phu chng hay lm ly m n, ta thng vng tn m cho n, h mong
tr n d?
5/ ,:,, (Hoi m thiu nin hu v
Tn gi, vit: Nhc tuy trng i, hiu i ao kim, trung tnh khip nh!): Bn thiu
nin huyn Hoi m c k khinh Tn, ni rng: My tuy cao ln, a eo gio gm,
trong tnh thc ch hn nht m thi
6/ :,,, (Chng nhc chi vit: Tn nng t, thch
ng; bt nng t, xut ng kha h): Gia m ng k thiu nin lm nhc , ni rng:
Tn hay cht th m ta i; bng chng hay cht th hy ra di hng ta.
7/ , ( th Tn thc th chi, ph xut kha h b
phc): [a] Khi y Tn nhn k , ci xung rc di hng lom khom.
8/ , (Nht th nhn giai tiu Tn, d vi khip): Ngi mt ch
u ci Tn ly lm hn nht.

II. Ct ngha thm

Pha bc thnh huyn Hoi m c con sng Hoi.
L ng ni (iu ng): cu c, nhng ni (iu) cng ri, khng cn ni
(ng).
(phiu) l git t la, lm cho trng. (mu) l m, nhng cng dng xng
n b c tui. Ch (mu) y ngha l b, hay m gi.
(phn) l cm, nom, y dng nh verbe, ngha l cho n cm.
(cnh) [b] y l xong, l ri.
Cu 2 ngha l: sng Hoi c nhng m git la, trong c mt m thy Tn i,
cho Tn n cm, m cho n lun lun trong mt thi k m y git la ti n vi
mi ngy.
Ch (phiu mu) thnh ra nh nom propre. [c]
Ch (tt) v futur [c] m c chc chn lm nn phi ct ngha quyt s.
Theo ting ta hay ting Php, cu 3 sau ch (hu) trc ch (d) l ng c ch
g ch ngha ci g th mi . Nhng Hn vn khng cn c ch y. Cu , nu
thm ch (s) vo li trt. Verbe chnh trong cu ny l ch (hu), khng phi
ch (bo).
(trng phu) l ngi n ng, (i trng phu) l ngi n ng c t
cch ln lao, ng mt nam nhi.
(t thc) ngha l mnh lm ly m n, ng l ni (t thc k lc) m
ni tt i.
(vng tn) cng nh ni cng t , li tn ht, ng vi ting ta gi
bng cu.
(tin) l verbe infinitif; (thc) l nom. Chnh ngha ch (tin) y l
offrir. [d] (bo) l nom. Ch (khi) thng i vi ch (h) hoc ch
(tai), lm thnh terme interrogatif, affirmatif.
(nhc) l my, cng nh (nh), (nh). Ch (nh) nguyn l (nhi
d) m ni t i, v (nhi d) ni mau thnh (nh), cho nn ngha n ng vi
(nhi d): m thi.
Cu 6, (nhc) l verbe, ly k (thiu nin) cu trn lm sujet; ch (chng)
l adverbe. Ch (chi) ch Hn Tn. Ch (thch) ch (xut) u limpratif. [c]
Cu 7, ch (chi) l k thiu nin; (ph xut) l verbe kp, cng vi ch
(th) u ly ch (Tn) lm sujet. (b phc) [a] l adverbe.
Ch (thc th) trong cu c t lm. V Tn nhn k k thiu nin, thy khng
xng ng cho mnh git nn mi nh ci xung m rc qua hng.
III. Vn php
Ch (thy) v ch (thc)
1/ Ch (thy) l pronom interrogatif, [c] ging nh ch qui trong ting Php; n c
ba ci v tr trong cu.

Mt l lm sujet. Nh Kinh Thi ni: (Thy nng chp nhit): Ai hay cm vt

nng? Lun ng ni: (Thy nng xut bt do h): Ai hay ra chng bi
ca?
Hai l lm complment [c]
a/ Complment direct [c] th n ng lin vi verbe; nh Lun ng ni:
(Ng thy khi, khi thin h): Ta di ai? Di Tri ?
b/ Complment indirect [c] th n thng i km vi prposition [c] (d) m ng
trn verbe; nh ni , (Vi t nhn, ng thy d quy): Chng phi ngi
y, ta v vi ai? (Cu ny C Vn, ch vi ging ch phi, ngha l chng
phi).
Ba l lm complment ca nom, nh Lun ng ni: (Th thy chi qu d):
y l li ca ai d?
Trong ba iu c iu th hai nn m nh. Cng nh ch (h), li hi th
phi o ln: ni (ng thy khi),(ng thy d quy) mi c, nu ni
(ng khi thy), (ng quy d thy) l trt vy.
Ngoi ra cng c khi dng nh adjectif, ging ch quel, quelle; tc l khi ni
(thy nhn) th ngha cng nh (h nhn): ngi no?
2/ Ch (thc) cng nh ch (thy), khc nhau l n ch lm sujet ch khng
lm complment c nh ch (thy).
Vy khng th ni (ng thc khi) hay l ni (th thc chi qu)
c.
Mt iu khc na l ch (thy) ch l pronom th cho ngi, ch cn ch
(thc) th c c cho ngi li cho s vt na. Bi vy trong sch Lun ng mi
ni: , (Th kh nhn d, thc bt kh nhn d): iu y m nh
lng c, th iu g m chng nh lng c. Ch (thc) khng c th i ra
ch (thy).
IV. Tp t ch (thy).
Hy t nhng cu ny:
1/ Ai l cha my? 2/ Ai ngi trong xe? 3/ Ai ni chuyn vi cha anh? 4/ My s theo
ai? 5/ Hai ngi y, ng s la ai? 6/ Con khng yu cha m th yu ai? 7/ Ny l sch
ca ai? 8/ Li ni y l li ca ai?
Sp th nht, nhng cu 1, 2, 3, tp t ch lm sujet.
Sp th nh, nhng cu 4, 5, 6, tp t ch lm complment direct.
Sp th ba, nhng cu 7, 8, tp t ch lm complment ca nom.
Dch xong, coi theo y m bit mnh dch trng hay trt:
1/
6/ ? (qun l
ng,
coi nh pronom, 2e personne
2/
singulier; pluriel th ni ; ch
3/ ?
trch l la)
4/ ?
7/?
5/ , ?
8/?

Ch thch
[a] Trong bi xp ch (b phc) nhng li ghi m b bc, tc l ra ng vi
ch ; hm ngha hai t ny tng ng nhau.
[b] Trong bi ghi m l cnh, y sa l cnh ng vi cc bng tra ch
Hn-Vit.
[c] Cc thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi: nom: danh t; verbe: ng t; nom
propre: danh t ring; verbe infinitif: ng t khng hon thnh; terme interrogatif: t
ng nghi vn; affirmatif: t ng khng nh; adverbe: ph t; impratif: mnh lnh
thc; pronom interrogatif: i t nghi vn; complment: b ng; complment direct: b
ng trc tip; complment indirect: b ng gin tip;prposition: gii t;
[d] Cc t ch Php khc: offrir: biu, tng, dng, mi.
BI HC TH 21
I. Li vn t s
(Hn Tn vi thi): Ni v Hn Tn thu cn hn (tip theo)
1/ , (Cp Hng Lng Hoi, Tn trng kim tng chi):
Kp khi Hng Lng qua sng Hoi, Tn nng gm theo .
2/ , (C huy h, v s tri danh): di c, khng ch bit danh.
3/ , (Hng Lng bi, hu thuc Hng V): Hng Lng b tht bi,
Tn li thuc v Hng V.
4/ (V d vi lang trung): V dng Tn lm chc lang trung.
5/ , (Sc d sch can V, V bt dng): Tn hng ly chc cu
Hng V, V chng dng.
6/ , , (Hn vng nhp Thc, Tn vong S quy Hn,
v c tri danh): Hn vng vo t Thc, Tn trn S v Hn, cha c bit danh.
7/ , (Vi lin ngao, ta php ng trm): Tn lm chc lin ngao,
phm php ng chm.
8/ , (K bi thp tam nhn giai d trm, th ch Tn): Bn
ca hn ta mi ba ngi u b chm, th n Tn.
9/ , ,:, (Tn ni ngng th,
thch kin ng cng, vit: Thng bt dc tu thin h s h? H vi trm trng s?): Tn
bn ngc xem, thy ng ng cng, ni rng: B trn chng mun lm yn thin h ?
Lm sao chm k trng s?
10/ , (ng cng k k ngn, thch nhi bt trm): ng cng
ly lm l li ni ca Tn, tha m chng chm.
II. Ct ngha thm
Hng Lng l ch Hng V, mt v tng mnh ca nc S by gi, dy binh nh
nh Tn; qua sng Hoi tc l ko binh i nh Tn.

Ch (trng), ngha l em thn nng vo ci g. Mang gm l ly thn nng

vo cy gm, cho nn ni (trng kim). Tn mang gm i theo Hng Lng,
ch (chi) ch Hng Lng.
Ch (huy) l cy c ln ca ng tng cai mt o qun. di c, tc l lm b
thuc ca ng tng y. y ni Tn
lm b thuc ca Hng Lng, m khng c dp
no cho ai bit tn tui. Trong cu, verbe chnh l ch (c), cn ch (tri) lverbe
infinitif. [a]
Theo S k, Hng Lng tht trn, cht, Hng V ni Lng lm tng, cho nn Tn
li thuc Hng V.
Cu 4 l ng ni (d Tn vi lang trung), nhng lc bt ch (Tn).
Ch (can) ngha l cu, verbe trong cu ny. Ch (sc) hc ri, ngha
lplusieurs fois. [b] Ch (sch) l k sch, mu chc. (Sc d sch
can V) ngha l Hn Tn nhiu ln by ra mu n chc kia cu cho Hng V bit mnh
c ti dng mnh. Nhng Hng V chng dng.
(Hn vng) tc l Lu Bang, cng tc l Bi Cng, lc c phong Hn
vng, v sau gi l Hn Cao T. V Hng V khng dng nn Tn trn b bn S m v
bn Hn, tc l v vi Hn vng Lu Bang. Khi Tn mi v bn Hn, cng vn cha
c bit tn tui g.
Ch (ta) ngha l ngi; nhng c ngha ring l phm php. Tc nh mt ngi
phm php m li ly n nhiu ngi, gi rng (lin ta). (ta php
ng trm) ngha l Tn phm ti m theo php th phi chm. Trong khi , Tn ng
lm chc lin ngao l mt vin quan nh coi vic i khch.
Cu 8, ch (k) ch Hn Tn. Khng phi mt mnh Tn phm php, c bn Tn c
n 13 ngi na cng u b ti chm v chm xong, n phin Tn chm sau ht.
Trong khi Tn ng qu xung cho ngi ta chm bn ngc mt nhn ln th va thy
ng ng cng l mt v quan coi vic hnh hnh. Ch (thch) l va, hc
ri, adverbe,ph ngha cho ch (kin).
(vit) l verbe ly (Tn) lm sujet. T ch (thng) nhn xung l li Tin
ni.
Ch (thng) ngha l trn. Sch S k bt u dng n lm nom de personne[a]
ch nh vua, ri cc s i sau quen dng nh th. Ch (thng) y ch Hn vng.
Ch (tu) l ti, y ngha l nn, thnh tu. Ni (tu s) cng nh ni
(thnh s).
(trng s) l k s hng trng, Tn t khoe mnh lm cho ng cng ch . (k)
l l, y dng nh verbe. (k k ngn) tc l (d k ngn vi k).
K ch (thch) ng l c ch (chi) ch Hn Tn, nhng lc bt.
III. Vn php
Ch (gi)
Ch l pronom, dng thay v ngi hay thay v s vt u c c.
Khi thay v ngi th c ba cch t nh vy:
1/ ch adjectif ln trn n, nh: (hin gi): k hin; (nhn gi): k nhn.

2/ ch verbe ln trn n, nh: (hnh nhn): ngi i; (c gi): ngi .

Nhng khi y ch (gi) hip vi ting adjectif hoc vi ting verbe trn n m
thnh ra mt ting nom kp.
3/ cui mt propostion m lm sujet cho proposition y; nh cu trong Lun ng :
, (Bt hiu phm thng nhi hiu tc lon gi, v chi
hu d): Ci ngi ( gi) chng a phm ngi trn m a lm lon l cha h c
vy.
Li nh cu trong Mnh T:
(B nhn hu tang thng gi tr qun): Trong m ngi hu cn
c k (( gi) tn l Tang Thng ngn vua.
Thay v s vt cng c ba cch t.
1/ ch adjecif ln trn n, nh ni: ,,, (Mc hu trc gi,
khc gi, trng gi, on gi): Cy c cy thng, cy cong, cy di, cy ngn.
2/ ch verbe ln trn n, nh ni: ,,, (M hu lp gi, ht
gi, m gi, su gi): Nga c con ng, con nhai, con ung, con i.
(Ch gi thay v s vt phi ty theo ting nom no n thay m ct ngha. Vy
nh cu trn, ch gi thay cho ch mc th ct ngha l cy; cu di, ch
gi thay cho ch m th ct ngha l con).
3/ cui mt proposition, khng ch hn v s vt g, m lm sujet choproposition y,
nh cu trong Mnh T:
(Nhn chi s d d cm th gi ky hi): Ci iu lm cho
ngi ta khc vi cm th ch c my mn. ( cm; th; ky hi : my mn, t
lm).
Ngoi ra, ch thng dng sau mt proposition ng thuyt minh iu g. Khi y
n thng i vi ch (s) hoc (s v). Lut trc kia hc. Nay ni thm
rng c khi khng c ch (s v) trn, l cng phi hiu nh c. Vy nh ni:
(nhn gi nhn d) phi hiu l (s v nhn gi), v.v
REMARQUE Nhng ch (gi) hip vi verbe thnh ra nom kp, nh (c
gi), (hnh gi) u i ra (c nhn), (hnh nhn) c, nhng khi
ni (tc gi, auteur) li khng i ra (tc nhn) c, l v ty theoverbe.
Nhng verbe neutre nh (c), (hnh), (m), (thc), t n trn ngha ri
th ch (gi) theo sau n i ra ch c, nhng verbe actif nh (tc) phi
c complment mi trn ngha th ch theo sau n khng i c lm ch .
IV. Gii tr
Theo hc thuyt nh Nho, ng hnh l mt l gc, cho nn em n phn phi vi
nhiu s vt. Nh v khng gian th phi vi t phng; v thi gian th phi vi t thi;
v nhn thn th phi vi ng tng, v.vNhng hi ra s d ti sao m phi nh vy v
phi nh vy lm g, th khng c sch no ct ngha nghe cho tng tn c.
Phi vi ng phng: ng thuc mc, ty thuc kim, nam thuc ha, bc thuc thy,
trung ng thuc th. Phi vi t thi: xun thuc mc, h thuc ha, thu thuc kim,
ng thuc thy, th vng t qu (t qu l bn thng cui cng ca bn ma: thng ba
l xun qu, thng su l h qu, thng chn l thu qu, thng chp l ng qu). Phi vi

ng tng: tm thuc ha, can thuc mc, t thuc th, ph thuc kim, thn thuc thy.
Ng hnh cn phi vi nhiu ci khc na, nhng ta hng bit s qua my ci . L ny
hay em ng dng trong ngh lm thuc, v ta c th ni n l l gc ca y hc Trung
Hoa. i khi nh ngi bnh au v t ng lc ma ng th cc ng lang c th ni
rng: bnh ny s ra ging tr nng. Hi ti sao, th h ct ngha rng: t thuc th, m
xun thuc mc, thng ging l u xun, nh th l mc li khc th, cho nn bnh
nng. Ni nghe cng thng, nhng ch thng my ci danh t thi, ch theo khoa
hc m ni cho tch bch u ra th khng th no ni c. Nu n c l tht th ci
l huyn diu qu sc hiu ca chng ta!
Chng ti mun k cho cc bn nghe mt cu chuyn bun ci v ch Hn m phi
ging qua ci l trn , thnh ra ci tr ci m cng c ch.
S l trong bch thoi Tu dng ch (ng ty) m th cho ch (vt): khi mua
vt g khng ni (mi vt) m ni (mi ng ty). C mt ng vua i
Minh thy vy ly lm l, bn em hi mt v Hn lm:
Ti sao khng ni (mi vt) m ni (mi ng ty)?
Quan hc s tu rng:
Nam thuc ha, bc thuc thy, m theo sch Mnh T ni:
(Hn m khu nhn chi mn h cu thy ha v bt d gi), ngha l: m ti
g ca ng ngi ta m xin nc hoc la th khng ai m chng cho. Th th nam bc l
vt hi ht lm, cho nn khng cn mua m ch phi mua ng ty thi.
Vua nghe, cho l bt thip, c ti ng i. Song le, theo tht m ni th cu tr li y l
xuyn tc ch khng ng. Trong ting Tu ku (ng ty) bt c vt g, ch
khng phi duy c vt nn b tin ra mua th mi gi l (ng ty). Song bi ti cu
hi ca vua l hi lun ch (mi ng ty) thnh ra quan hc s tr li nh vy
nghe mi c l. , ngi ta ng dng ci nguyn l ng hnh ra n vic nh th!
Ch thch
[a] Cc thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi: verbe: ng t; verbe infinitif:
ng t khng hon thnh; nom: danh t; pronom: i t; adjectif: tnh t; proposition:
mnh ; verbe actif: ng t ch ng;verbe neutre: ng t trung tnh.
[b] Cc t ch Php khc: plusieurs fois: nhiu ln.
BI HC TH 22
I. Li vn t s
(Hn Tn vi thi): Ni v Hn Tn thu cn hn (tip theo)
1/ ,, (ng cng d Tn ng, i duyt chi, ngn thng):
ng ng cng cng Tn ni chuyn, c vi vua.
2/ , (Thng bi vi Tr tc y, v chi k d): Vua dng
Tn lm Tr tc y, cha l vy. [a]
3/ , (Tn sc d Tiu H ng, H k chi): Tn hng cng Tiu H
ni chuyn, H ly lm l .
4/ , (Ch Nam Trnh, ch tng hnh o vong gi s
thp nhn): n Nam Trnh, cc tng ng i ng m trn y n vi mi ngi.

5/ , , (Tn c H d sc ngn k thng,

thng bt ng dng, tc vong): Tn lng H tng ni mnh vi vua, vua chng
dng ta ri, bn b trn.
6/ ,, (H vn Tn vong, bt cp d vn, t truy chi): H nghe
Tn trn i, chng kp em tu vua nghe, t mnh ui theo .
7/ : (Nhn hu ngn thng vit, tha tng H vong): C
ngi ni vi vua rng: quan tha tng l Tiu H i trn.
8/ , (Thng i n, nh tht t hu th): Vua c gin, nh mt tay
bn t bn hu.
9/ ,,,,:, (C nht nh nht, H lai yt
thng, thng th n th h, m H vit: nhc vong, h d?): mt vi ngy, H n
ra mt vua, vua va gin va mng, mng H rng: My i trn, sao vy?
10/ :, (H vit: thn bt cm vong d, thn truy vong gi):
H tha rng: Ti chng dm i trn u; ti ui theo k i trn.
II. Ct ngha thm
Trong cu 1, ch (duyt) ngha l vui lng; ch (i) l adverbe, ph ngha cho
ch (duyt); ch (chi) ch Hn Tn. Ba ch y ngha l: ng cng rt ly Hn
Tn lm vui lng. (ngn thng), sau ch (ngn) ng l c ch
(Tn) hoc ch (chi) m lc i.
(tc) l thc; (Tri tc y) [b] l mt chc quan coi vic lng phn.
Dng nh th l khng phi ti ca Tn, cho nn Tn khng tr ti ra c m vua cha
ly lm l.
Vua cha ly Tn lm l m H ly lm l, ch ny t Tiu H bit ngi hn Hn
vng, v Hn vng dng c Hn Tn l nh c Tiu H.
Hi Hn vng ng ko qun i, n Nam Trnh th xy ra s cc tng i trn.
Cc tng i ng th ng m nhng k i trn ch vi chc ngi; nh th nn hiu
ch (gi) l ch mt phn ca ch (ch tng).
Ch c l , ngha l ch hoc lng, nhng y bin ra nhp thanh, cc
l c, ngha l tnh, l lng.
Cu 5 ngha l: Tn ngh bng ( c) by lu H chc nhiu ln (sc ) ni v
mnh vi vua ri, m vua chng dng ta (cho lm tri tc y, cha phi l dng), nn
cng liu (tc ) i trn nh cc tng khc.
Ch (d vn) l mt verbe kp, c ngha ring dng ch khi em mt vic g ni
cho vua bit, bng vi ch (tu). khng tu cho vua bit v li ly ch thn quan
tha tng ui theo mt ngi, l s phi thng lm: ch (t) t ra c c hai ngha
y. Ch (chi) trong cu (t truy chi) cng ch Hn Tn.
Cu 7, ch (nhn hu) m ct ngha l c ngi l vn kho i, ch ng l
phi ct: trong m ngi (i theo vua) c k ni vi vua rng, v.v Th th sau ch
(thng) trc ch (vit) c th thm mt ch (gi), nhng khng thm cng
c.
Hn vng tin cy v trng dng Tiu H lm, nu mt H i th cng nh mt c hai
tay tri v mt, bi vy nn vua c gin.

Cu 9, trong lc ny qun ng li mt ni, khng i na, cho nn ni

(c nht nh nht). Lai v yt l hai verbe, ly (H) lm sujet.
(n), (h) v (m) l ba verbe, ly (thng) lm sujet.
Hn vng, theo s ni, c tnh hay mng by ti, n i vi quan tha tng m
cng khng cha. Ci mng trong cu ny l ch (nhc); (nhc) l my,
cng nh (nh) (nh) m cn khinh hn (nh) (nh) na.
Cu 10, ch (d) bao gi cng l li qu quyt, y n n ln ch (bt), cho
nn ct ngha: chng u.
IV. Vn php
Ch ch
Ch (ch) c ba cch dng:
1/ Ch (ch) ng trc nom th l article pluriel, [c] nh (ch thin) l cc
tng tri; (ch ph) l cc cha; (ch cng) l cc ng; n ging ch lestrong
ting Php.
2/ Khi no sau verbe intransitif [c] ng t ch () lin lc vi complment, m
trn ch () li cn phi c ch (chi) thay cho nom no trn na, th khng
ni (chi ) m ni (ch). Nh cu trong sch Lun ng :
: (T vit: Thc v Vi Sinh Cao trc?
Hoc kht h yn, kht ch k ln nhi d chi): c Phu t ni rng: Ai bo Vi Sinh Cao
l ngay? C k xin dm ni anh ta, anh ta xin dm ni (hai ch ny l dch ch ch) hng
xm mnh m cho . (Ngi ta xin dm ni mnh, mnh c th cho, khng th thi, th
mi l ngay ch. Ci ny, Vi Sinh Cao khng c dm m cho, li i xin hng xm m
cho, ly ca ngi lm n cho k khc, sao gi l ngay c?)
Trong cu ng l ni (kht chi ) (ch th ln ch h) m khng
ni, ni (ch).
3/ Khi no cui cu hi ng dng ch (d l vay) m trn n cn phi c ch
th cho nom no trn th t ni (chi d) m ni (ch). Nh cu trong
sch Lun ng :
(cng):?? (T Cng vit: hu m ngc
d tn, un c nhi tng ch? Cu thin gi nhi c ch?): T Cng ni rng: C ngc tt
y, ct trong ci m giu vay (ch )? hay l cu gi lnh m bn vay (ch
)?
Trong cu trn ng l ni (tng chi d?) (c ch d?) (ch
th li ch ngc) m khng ni, ni ch.
(Chi ni mau cng thnh ch ; chi d ni mau cng thnh ch ; c
l v c y m ngi i xa mi dng m th. Nhng iu l do son gi chng
m ni, ch trong cc sch Tu ni v vn php, cha thy sch no ni n iu y).
IV. Vn liu
Vn liu l g, ct ngha trong mt bi hc trc.
(Trng thinh): Ni v ngi cha n ni ic, nhng m ni chm nghe; nh ta
ni: nng tai.

 (Phong vn): Nghe thong; nghe n. Nghe mt tin g chng phi bi ai bo

cho, nh gi a n. (Hy phn bit thnh vi vn: vn l entendre, thnh l
couter).
(Ngu m): Ni v k ung ru nhiu, bng c ve m nc, ung nh tru b
ung nc.
(Th tu): m ba mi cui nm m lch, theo tc xa, ngi ta thng thc
lun, ku bng "th tu", c l thc gi nm c li.
Ch thch
[a] bo gc, hai cu u nm phn bo b rch nn mt mt s ch Hn v Vit.
y ngi bin son nh nh nghin cu Trn Nho Thn tham kho nguyn tc Hoi m
hu lit truyn trong S k ca T M Thin khi phc li nguyn vn 2 cu ch Hn.
V dch ngha cu 2, bn Thn gi : c l khng nn dch l chc Tr tc y m ch
nn hiu l chc y coi vic thc go. Xin cm n bn Trn Nho Thn. N.S.T.
[b] Ch c son gi ghi m l hy; y sa li l y cho ph hp vi cc
bng phin m Hn-Vit thng dng hin nay.
[c] Cc thut ng ng hc bng ch Php dng trong bi: nom: danh t; article
pluriel : mo t s nhiu;verbe intransitif : ni ng t; complment: b ng.
BI HC TH 23
I. Li vn t s
(Hn Tn vi thi): Ni v Hn Tn thu cn hn (tip theo v ht)
1/ : ? (Thng vit: nhc s truy gi thy h?): Vua rng: ci
ngi my ui theo l ai no?
2/ : (Vit: Hn Tn d): H rng: y l Hn Tn vy.
3/ :,,, (Thng phc m vit: Ch
tng vong gi d thp s, cng v s truy, truy Tn, tr d): Vua li mng rng: Trong
cc tng, k i trn ly chc m k, ng khng ui theo ai, m ui theo Tn, l di.
4/ :,, ,,,
, (H vit: Ch tng d c nh, ch nh Tn gi quc
s v song; vng tt dc trng vng Hn trung, v s s Tn; tt dc tranh thin h,
phi Tn v kh d k s gi, c vng sch an s quyt nh?): H ni: Cc tng d ng
m thi; n nh Tn l trong hng quc s khng hai; nu vua quyt mun lm vua lun
lun t Hn trung th khng ch cn dng Tn; cn nu quyt mun ginh thin h th
chng phi Tn, khng ai c th cng tnh vic: c iu khng bit ci chc ca vua s
quyt v u thi.
5/ :, (Vng vit: Ng dic dc ng nh, an
nng ut ut cu c th h): Vua rng: Ta cng mun xung phng ng m thi, u
c th ut ut lu chn ny ?
6/ :,,,,(H vit: Vng k tt dc
ng, nng dng Tn, Tn tc lu; bt nng dng, Tn chung vong nh): H rng: Nu ci
k hch ca vua l quyt mun xung phng ng, v hay dng Tn, th Tn lin li;
cn nu khng hay dng th rt cuc Tn cng i trn m thi.

7/ : (Vng vit: ng v cng d vi tng): Vua rng: Ta v ng

dng Tn lm tng.
8/ :, (H vit: Tuy vi tng, Tn bt tt lu): H rng: Tuy lm
tng, Tn quyt chng li.
9/ : (Vng vit: d vi i tng): Vua rng: dng lm i tng.
10/ : (H vit: hnh thm): H rng: Th th may lm.
11/ ( th Hn vng d Hn Tn vi i tng): Khi y
ri Hn vng dng Hn Tn lm i tng.
II. Ct ngha thm
Ch (s gi) hc mt bi vn php trc.
Ch (thy h) l pronom interrogatif; [a] c th dng mt ch (thy) cng
ngha, nhng thm ch (h) cho mnh hn.
Cu 2 ng l ni: , (Thn s truy gi, Hn Tn d), nhng lc
i, thnh ra trong cu ny khng c verbe.
Ch (phc) l li; (phc m) ngha l mng mt ln ri, cn mng mt ln
na.
(ch tng vong gi) ng l ni (ch tng chi trung vong
gi) ngha l: Trong hnh cc tng, nhng ngi (gi ) i trn
Ch nguyn m l s, nombre, [b] bin lm kh thanh, c l s, compter,[b] bin
lm nhp thanh, c l sc, plusieurs fois. [b]
Ch (s) vn ngha l ce que, nhng c khi l ce qui. Ch (s) trong cu 3
dng th cho ngi, nn ct ngha l ai.
Trn kia vua xng Tiu H bng (nhc), my, t ra mng. Trong cu ny
bng i xng bng (cng), ng, ting ng y l ku ly, cho nn cng l t
mng. (Ngi mnh nhiu khi gin y t, gi n bng ng, cng mt y).
Cu 4, ng l trn ch (d c) c ch (ni), di n c ch (gi) th
mi verbe v thnh cu, nhng lc i. (Ch tng ni d c gi)
ngha l: Cc tng ch l ( ni) ngi ( gi) d tm c m thi.
Ch (nh) thng dng thay cho ch (nhi d) v nhi d ni mau
thnhnh, ngha n nh ne que trong ting Php.
Ch (gi) sau ch (Tn) trong cu 4 gi khng c cng c, nhng thm n
vo chi vi ch (ch tng) trn v cng ny thn phn ca Tn ra.
(Nh Tn gi) ct ngha l: ngi nh Tn.
Di (ch nh Tn gi) ng l c ch (ni) v (quc s v
song) lm attribut [a] ca chun ng t (ni), nhng lc i.
(trng) l di, adjectif; [a] nhng y ngha l lun lun, adverbe, ph ngha
choverbe (vng), ch ny vn l nom, y dng nh verbe.
(s) l vic, nom, y cng dng nh verbe, ngha l dng hay cn dng.
(tranh thin h) l ni ginh thin h (nc Tu) vi Hng V.
(phi Tn): chng phi Tn, cng nh ni: ngoi Tn ra.
Ch (c) l oi, quay u li, verbe, nhng y dng lm lin t, ngha nh
chpourtant. [b]

Ch (an) ngha l bnh an, m y ngha l u, ging nh ch (yn).

Cu 4 ngha l: Cc tng l hng ngi d tm thy, h c i trn bao nhiu cng
khng cn ui theo. n nh Tn c ti khng ai bng, vua nu tnh vic lm vua lun
Hn Trung, thi th khng cn dng hn lm chi; cn mun ginh thin h v mnh th
ngoi Tn ra, khng c ngi no cng lo vic y c c. C iu khng bit vua quyt
b no thi: ginh thin h hay lm vua Hn Trung?
(ng) l phng ng, nom, y dng lm verbe.
(th) l y, ny, tc ch ny, ch Hn Trung.
(ut ut) l ci b dng bt c ch, v (cu) u l adverbe, ph ngha
cho verbe (c).
Cu 5, ch (an) n xung ch (h), terme interrogatif. [a] Ch (an) nu
i lm ch (khi) l h cng c.
Ch (chung) ngha nh enfin.
Cu 7 t ra Hn vng khng thch Tn lm, ch n mch lng tha tng m dng
thi.
Cu 8, H bit Tn t ph mnh c ti ln lm, nu ch cho lm tng, Tn s khng
thm lm.
Cu 9, c t cho ra Hn vng tn nhim Tiu H.
III. Vn php
Ch mc
Ngi ta rt hay lm ngha ca ch ny. Cho n trong t in thch ngha cng khng
ng. Tc nh Tn t in, di ch mc, thch ngha l: v d, vt d, bt kh d;
ni nm ra, ch mc ngha l khng, l ch, l chng nn, th tht cn st ca n
nhiu.
Nay theo nhng cu c ch mc trong cc sch m nh ngha n li, th thy ch
mc hi ging cc ch aucun, personne, nul trong ting Php. Vy ta nn ct ngha n
l chng ai hoc chng g.
Theo vn php, ta tm cho n l pronom ngatif. [a] Bi l pronom nn n lun lun
lm sujet trong cu.
Khi ct ngha l chng ai, v n ch v ngi. Nh cu trong Mnh T: ,
(Mc chi vi nhi vi, mc chi tri nhi tri): Chng ai lm m lm, chng ai xui
n m n.
Khi ct ngha l chng ai, v n ch v s vt. Nh cu trong Trung dung: ,
(Mc hin h n, mc hin h vi): Chng g d by ra hn ch kn, chng g d
rng ra hn ch nhim.
Mt mnh ch mc th n l ngatif, m khi n i vi ch (bt), ni (mc
bt), hai ngatif i vi nhau, th li thnh ra positif. Nh cu trong Trung dung:
(Nhn mc bt m thc d): Ngi ta chng ai chng ung n vy. Th ngha l
ai cng ung cng n c, thnh ra positif vy.
Ch thch
[a] Cc thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi: pronom interrogatif: i t nghi
vn; attribut: thuc ng; nom: danh t; adjectif: tnh t; adverbe: ph t; verbe: ng

t; terme interrogatif: t ng nghi vn;pronom ngatif: i t ph nh; ngatif: tiu cc,

th ng; positif: tch cc, ch ng.
[b] Cc t ch Php khc trong bi: nombre: s; compter: tnh ton; plusieurs fois:
nhiu ln; pourtant: th m, th nhng.
BI HC TH 24
I. Nhng cu vn p
1/ (H v lc kinh): G gi l lc kinh? (Dch,
Thi, Th, L, Nhc, Xun Thu, th v lc kinh): Kinh Dch, kinh Thi, kinh Th, kinh L,
kinh Nhc, kinh Xun thu, y gi l su kinh.
2/ (tc l lm)? (Tc lc kinh gi, thy d?): Ci ngi lm ra su kinh
y l ai? (Lc kinh tc gi phi nht, n san nh chi
gi ni Khng T d): Tc gi ca su kinh chng phi mt ngi; c iu ci ngi san
nh n l Khng T vy.
3/ ? (Th nhn dic hu danh vi ng kinh, h gia?): Ngi i
cng c ku l nm kinh, sao vay? . (C
nho gia ngn, Tn thi phn th, Nhc kinh nhn chi vng /vong/, c duy tn ng kinh
d): C theo li nh nho, thu nh Tn t sch, kinh Nhc nhn m mt, cho nn ch
cn c nm kinh vy.
4/ ? (Khng T chi sinh d Mnh T thc tin?): Khng T vi
Mnh T ai sanh ra trc?
. (Khng T chi sinh tin Mnh T bch hu d nin, nh nhn bt ng
thi nhi ng a, ci giai L nhn d, L, kim chi Sn ng d): Khng T sanh ra
trc Mnh T hn mt trm nm; hai ngi chng ng thi m ng t, v u l
ngi nc L, L tc l tnh Sn ng ngy nay.
5/ ? (Khng T th thy th chi t?): Khng T l con nh ai?
(Khng T ni Thc Lng Ht chi t; k mu Nhan th,
danh Trng Ti): Khng T l con ca ng Thc Lng Ht; m ngi l h Nhan, tn
Trng Ti.
6/ ? (Khng T san nh ng kinh chi s, thy nng
tri ngn chi?): Ci vic Khng T san nh su kinh, ai c th bit m ni ?

. (Khng T t ngn vit: ng t V phn L, nhin hu Nhc

chnh, Nh Tng cc c k s, th san nh Thi, Nhc chi chng d; Mnh T ngn
Khng T tc Xun Thu; tin Tn ch t dic a ngn cp th s, c kh tn d): Chnh
mnh Khng T c ni rng: "Ta t nc V tr v nc L, vy sau Nhc c chnh,
th Nh th Tng u ng ch n". y l ci chng ngi san nh kinh Thi v kinh
Nhc vy; Mnh T ni Khng T lm kinh Xun Thu; cc T v i tin Tn cng c
nhiu ngi ni n vic y, cho nn c th tin c vy.
II. Ct ngha thm
Ch c hai ting: mt l dch, ngha l i, kinh Dch l nom propre m cng ly
ngha y, bi sch y ni v ci l bin i trong v tr; mt l d, ngha l d, i vi
(nan) l kh.

Cu 2 c th t l (Thy tc lc kinh?) Nhng c ch trng v s tc lc

kinh nn em ln trn m ch (thy) l li hi l xung di. vy th phi
thm vo mt ch (gi) ch v ci ngi, v cho n lm sujet lun th.
Cu tr li 2 vn l (Lc kinh chi tc gi phi nht
nhn)nhng b bt ch v ch . S b ch l thng, v khng c n cng
hiu; cn b ch l bi c ch ri, nu c ch na th tha ra.
(san) l dn, b bt; (nh) l sp t cho u ra ; y nhp hai ch
lmverbe kp. (san nh chi gi), ch ch li lc kinh; ch ngha l
ci ngi.
Cu hi 3, ch (danh) dng nh verbe, ngha l ku tn. (h gia) cng nh
(h d), cng l li hi. (nho gia ngn), trn ch (ngn) ng l c ch
(chi) m b bt.
Verbe (phn) y khng c sujet, v vic vua Thy Hong nh Tn t sch chn
hc tr l mt vic to tt trn lch s, khng cn ni r cng bit; (nhn chi), ch
(chi) ch li s t sch.
Cu hi 4 nu ct ngha ng theo ch th phi ni: S sanh ra ca Khng T cng s
sanh ra ca Mnh T s no trc? Nhng ting An Nam khng c th ni nh vy nn
mi sa i. Vy di ch (Mnh T) cn c ch (chi sinh) na m b
bt. Phi hiu trong cu y ch lm sujet cho verbe (tin) ch khng phi ch
(Khng T). Trong cu tr li cng vy.
Ch (th) y cng nh ni famille.
Trong cu tr li 6, dn li Khng T, li ny thy trong sch Lun ng.
Kinh Thi chia lm ba phn: 1. phong , 2. nh 3. tng . Phong l th
phong dao chn dn gian; Nh l th ni v chnh tr chn triu nh. Tng l th
ph vo nhc m dng ni tng miu trong lc c vic t t.
(c k s ) c ni: nh sp t m c u ra .
Vo khong i y v trc mt t, nhng ngi c hc vn, c ch trng mt ci
thuyt g, c lm sch i, u c xng bng t c. Tc nh Lo T, Trang T,
v cho n Khng T cng vy.
Trong cu tr li 6, (th s) tc l (san nh lc kinh chi s).
(c kh tn d), sau ch ng l c ch (th s) na, song v mi
va ni hai ch y cu trn , cho nn lc bt i cng hiu.
III. Vn php
Ch (cc) v ch (giai)
Hi trc chng ta hc ch Hn, gp ch (cc) v ch (giai) u ct ngha l
u c, (cc) l u m (giai) cng l u. V ting ta khng nn phi ct
ngha nh th, ch hai ch y vn c ngha khc nhau xa.
Ch (cc) nu ct cho ng ngha th phi ct l mi mt. N c do s nhiu
m tch ra tng s mt.
Nh cu trong T truyn: (Nhn tm bt ng, cc nh k din):
Lng ngi khng ging nhau, u nh ci mt ca n. Ch (cc) trong cu y nu

ni cho tch bch th ngha n l mi mt ci lng. V c cu ngha l: Ci mt ca ngi

ta mi ngi mt khc, th ci lng ca ngi ta cng khng ging nhau, mi mt ci
lng cng nh ci mt ca ngi ta. Vy ch (cc) ging nh chacun trong ting
Php.
Cn ch (giai) c hip li mt s nhiu m ni chung. Nh cu trong Mnh
T: (giai th d): u phi vy; ngha l: Ht ht cc ngi ni trn u
phi c. Vy ch (giai) ging nh ch tous, pronom indfini [a] trong ting Php.
Hai pronom y u dng lm sujet ch khng h lm complment [a]
REMARQUE. - Ch (cc) c khi dng nh ch chaque, ni (cc nhn) th
khi , ngha n cng nh ch (mi): mi mt ngi.
V. Php chm cu
Php chm cu ca ch Hn c hai li: li c v li mi.
Li c th chm mt cch s lc lm, ch chia ra hai th dt cu l (c) v
(u) (ch ny nguyn m l c, ngha l c, lire, nhng bin ra kh thanh, c l
u.
(c) l cu dt hn, nh point trong ch Ty.
(u) l ch ngt ra tng khi gp cu no c nhiu , nh virgule ca ch Ty.
Ch u, ngi ta dng chm nh m chm vo di t ch; cn ch c, dng
chm ln m chm ni pha di ca gc bn hu ch.
Theo li An Nam ta hc ch Hn hi trc, cn c by thm ra my cch chm na.
Nhng cch ny cng do Tu m ra, nhng An Nam ta em ng dng khng ton ging
vi Tu.
1/ Du vng ch tn ngi. Ngi ng trng nh cc bc vua cha, thnh hin, th
dng du y. Ci vng h mt phn m t vo gia pha hu ca hai hoc ba ch tn.
Tc nh Vn Vng th ci vng pha hu ca ch v ch ; T Khu
Minh th ci vng sut c pha hu ca ba ch .
2/ Du chm ngi. Cng ch tn ngi m l ngi thng hoc l ngi ng
kinh r. [b] Ci tn mt ch th chm vo gia ch; ci tn hai ch th chm mt chm
vo khong gia ca hai ch; ci tn ba ch th chm hai chm vo khong gia ba ch.
3/ Du s ch tn t v tn khc. Gp tn t nh Hu th s mt s sut bn hu
ch y; tn t hai ch th s qu giang gia hai ch, ba ch th s qu giang gia ba ch
m cng u bn hu. Khng phi tn t m l tn triu i, nh ng, Tng,
inh, L, hoc tn mt nc nh Cao Ly, Vit Nam th cng dng
du y. Cho n tn sng tn ni cng vy.
Ba th du chng qua dng phn bit nhng nom propre [a] ch chng c g l,
v ch Hn khng c vit hoa nh ch Ty th cn phi lm nh th mi phn bit c.
T ngy bn Tu dng li vn bch thoi th h cng i lun li chm cu na, h dng
li ca ch Ty m c thay i mt t. Nhng hin nay li chm cu y (h gi l tiu
im php) bn Tu cng cha c duy nht. Ngi th dng ngay nhng point,
nhng virgule ca Ty; ngi th cn dng nhng chm, pht ca Tu. Duy c v nom
propre th bt lun tn ngi tn t h u lm du bng ci s, nhng ci s bn t
ch.

Ch thch
[a] Cc thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi: pronom indfini : i t phim
nh; sujet : ch ng;complment: b ng; nom propre: danh t ring; point: du
chm; virgule: du phy.
[b] Ch ny khng tht r son gi: sao khng vit khinh r m li kinh r? hoc
y c li sp ch? Tht ra on trn ni cch nh du nhng tn ngi c
knh trng, th cn li ch l cch nh du tn ngi thng hoc ngi b khinh r m
thi.
BI HC TH 25
I. Nhng cu vn p
1/ ? (T th gi, h th d?): T th/ th [a] y l sch g vy?
. (i hc, Trung dung, Lun ng, Mnh T, ngn chi t th):
Sch i hc, sch Trung dung, sch Lun ng, sch Mnh T, gi l t th.
2/ ? (T th chi danh thy h ?): Ci tn "T th" bt u t hi
no? :
. (C v t th chi danh: i hc, Trung dung tp lai L k chi
trung, Lun ng Mnh T ng lit vi ch t; ch Tng nho thy biu chng chi; c t
th chi danh thy Tng thi d): i xa khng c ci tn "T th". Lc by gi sch
"i hc" sch "Trung dung" th ln trong sch "L k", sch "Lun ng", sch "Mnh
T" th ng sp hng lm cch sch T; n cc nho nh Tng mi biu chng ra.
Cho nn ci tn "T th" bt u t i Tng vy.
3/ ? (Nhin tc i hc Trung dung bn phi c lp
chi th h?): Th th "i hc", "Trung dung" vn khng phi l sch ng ring mt
mnh ? , .
(Thnh nhin! Th nh th bn cc vi L k trung chi nht thin, Tng nho d k ngn
ti hu ch hc gi, c th vi chuyn th nh): Tht vy! "i hc", "Trung dung" vn
u l mt thin ca trong sch "L k", Tng nho cho rng li ni ca hai thin rt c
ch cho k hc, cho nn ly ra lm sch ring thi.
4/ ? (i hc, Trung dung chi tc gi vi thy?): Tc gi ca
sch "i hc", "Trung dung" l ai?
. (i hc tc gi ni Tng t cp k mn nhn; Trung
dung vi T T s tc. Tuy nhin, th giai Tng nho chi ngn, bn v xc chng, v kh
tn tn): Tc gi ca sch "i hc" l Tng T cng hc tr ngi; "Trung dung" do T
T lm ra. Tuy vy, y u l li ni ca Tng nho, vn khng c chng chc, cha c
th tin ht c.
5/ ? (Tng t, T T th h thi nhn?): Tng T v T T l ngi
i no? ,;,(Tng t danh Sm, vi
Khng mn chi cao ; T T danh Cp, ni Khng T chi tn d): Tng T tn l Sm,
lm hc tr lp cao ca ca Khng; T T tn l Cp, l chu ni c Khng vy.
6/ ? (Lun ng, Mnh T vi h nhn s tc?): Sch "Lun ng"
v sch "Mnh T" l ca ngi no lm ra?
,

,. (Lun ng a k Khng
mn s tng d m lun chi ngn, c vit Lun ng; k th vi Khng T chi t
s k, hoc vi k t chi mn nhn s k, giai v kh tri. Mnh T tht thin tc Mnh
T d k s tc d. i c nhn tr th bt th danh; ng nhn v tng tri k thc
h): Sch "Lun ng" phn nhiu chp nhng li m lun cng nhau ca thy tr ca
Khng, cho nn ku l "Lun ng". Sch y l ca hc tr c Khng chp, hay l hc
tr ca hc tr ngi chp, u cha bit c. Sch "Mnh T" by thin th l ca Mnh
T cng ngi lm ra. i ngi i xa lm sch khng c ghi tn, chng ta
khng bi u bit c s thc ca cc sch y vy.
II. Ct ngha thm
(L k) tc l "kinh L".
Ch (ch t) c hai ngha: mt l cc T i xa, nhng ngi c lp ra hc
thuyt, c lm sch i, ct ngha mt bi trc; mt l ch v sch v ca cc
ngi y. Ch (ch t) hc hm nay thuc v ngha sau. Ngha ny vn phi ni
(ch t chi th) nhng quen ni tt nh vy.
(biu chng) l nu ln m lm cho t sng ra, verbe kp.
Ch (nhin) hc ri, ngha l phi; li c ngha l nhng m, nh ch mais.
y n li c ngha khc na, (nhin) y l vy, th, pronom ch v s vt ni
thng vn. y l tch ra tng ch m ct ngha cho r, ch khi n i vi ch
(tc) nh y th li thnh ra conjonctif ni hai proposition [b] vi nhau.
i hc, Trung dung by gi l sch dng ring mt mnh (c lp) m i xa khng
phi vy, trong c s quan h v thi gian. y, trong cu hi, ngi hi vn bit
ngy nay n l sch c lp, nhng mun hi v hi xa th n c phi sch c lp
khng, th khng nn qun ch quan h y. Vy trong cu y phi t ch (bn). Ch
y ladverbe, ph ngha cho verbe auxiliaire (phi), t ra mt s m v thi
gian qua lu ri. Thm ch (bn), lm cho ngi ta hiu rng ci s "i hc"
"Trung dung" thnh sch c lp ngy nay vn nh vy ri; nhng hi y l hi v
thu trc. Cu ny nu t bng ch Php th phi t temps pass; trong ch
Hn verbe khng temps, nn phi nh adverbe ch temps. [b]
(chuyn th) ch (chuyn) l adjectif. [b] Phm sch g ng ring mnh n,
hay l sch y ni tinh mt vic g, u ni nh th. (th vi chuyn th) (trn
ch vi ng l c ch chi ch li hai thin, lm complment cho ch th m
lc i), l proposition chnh trong cu; cn (d k ngn ti
hu ch hc gi) l proposition ph.
(Tuy nhin) ch (nhin) cng l pronom th cho s vt, ch li iu ni
trn; song i vi (tuy) th cng thnh ra conjonctif ni cu trc.
Ch (cp) trong cu (cp k mn nhn) c th i lm (d) c. Hai
ch u l conjonction ni hai nom vi nhau, nh ch et trong ting Php, ty mnh
mun dng ch no th dng, ngha n khng khc nhau.
Ch (tn) trong cu p 4 l adverbe, ph ngha cho verbe (tn), ch v trnh
trong khi tin. Cha c th tin ht c, cng nh ni khng nn tin trn.
() l th, l ng . Trong ch (cao ) khng c ch g ngha l hc tr,
nhng quen ni nh th; thy th phi hiu l hc tr lp cao.

Hm nay c my cu t bng passif (vi s), song ting ta khng ct ngha l

b c, hy nhn cho ra.
Sch Mnh T c by thin.
(i ) tc l ch i m trong ting ta thng ni, cng nh (i
khi).
(tng) y cng nh (t), (do), ngha l bi, nhng ch (v tng)
y i lm (v do) c m khng ni (v t) c, y l theo thi quen.
Ch (h) l adverbe, lun lun cui cu, c khi ch temps pass, c khi t
exclamatif, sau s hc ring n.
III. Vn php
Ch (yn)
Ch (yn) , mt ch m c hai ngha i nhau, tht ging vi ch u ca ting Php
qu. Ch u mt ngha l en quel endroil, u; mt ngha l auquel, sur lequel, ;
th ch (yn) cng vy. N ging ch u ngha l u, khi n i
trc verbeintransitif, khi y n l terme interrogatif v dng th cho ch ( h).
Nh: trong Mnh T ni: , ? (K ph quy chi, k t yn vng):
Cha n v , con n i u? Th th (yn vng) tc l ( h vng).
Li trong Lun ng ni: ? (Trng Ni yn hc): c Trng Ni (tn t c
Khng) hc u? Th th (yn hc) tc l ( h hc).
Ch (yn) y bi n l li hi cho nn lun lun ng trc verbe. N ging
chu ngha l auquel khi n i lin sau verbe intransitif, ch li nom no trn v
trong n gm c ch () na; khi y n dng th cho ch ( th). Nh:
Sch Trung dung ni: (Kim ph thy ng bic sinh yn): Nay
i nc... c trnh sanh ra . Th th ch (yn) y l th cho ch ,( thy,
sinh yn) tc l (sinh thy).
Sch Lun ng ni: (Trng Th, Kit Nch
ngu nhi canh, Khng T qu chi, s T L vn tn yn): Trng Th, Kit Nch cp m
cy; Khng T i ngang qua , khin T L hi bn ni h. Th th ch (yn) y
l th li ch ( Trng Th Kit Nch vn tn yn) tc l
(vn tn Trng Th, Kit Nch).
N cn my ngha na, song hng bit hai ngha thng dng , sau s hc thm.
REMARQUE Ch (yn) v ngha th nht i lm ch (an) c, nh
(yn vng) i ra (an vng) c. Nhng ngha th nh li khng i c ra ch
(an).
Ch thch
[a] Lu : y su tp sa li theo phin m Hn-Vit thng dng hin nay i vi
nhng t son gi dng phng ng min Trung phin m ch Hn; ch li dch su
tp mi gi li cch dng phng ng ; v d: (th / th), (bn / bn);
[b] Cc thut ng ng hc bng ch Php trong bi: pronom: i t; conjonctif : lin
ng; proposition: mnh ; adverbe: ph t; verbe auxiliaire: tr ng t; temps: thi, th

(ca ng t); temps pass: th qu kh; adjectif: tnh t, tnh ng; adverbe de temps: ph
t ch thi gian; adverbe de lieu : ph t ch ni chn; exclamatif : cm thn.
[c] Cc t ch Php khc trong bi: mais: nhng, nhng m.
BI HC TH 26
I. Nhng cu vn p
1/ ,?? (Ng v h v? Ng sc h sc?): Ng v l nhng v g? Ng
sc l nhng sc g?
(Tn, cam, toan, kh,
hm, ng v d; Thanh, hong, xch, bch, hc, ng sc d): Cay, ngt, chua, ng, mn,
l ng v (nm mi) vy. Xanh, vng, , trng, en, l ng sc (nm sc) vy.
2/ ? (H v bt m?): G gi l bt m (tm th ting)?
(C nhn s dng d vi
nhc kh chi vt hu bt, bt gi s pht chi m, v chi bt m, tc bo, th, cch, mc,
thch, kim, ty, trc, th d): Ci vt ca ngi i xa dng lm nhc kh c tm th;
ci ting ca tm th y pht ra, gi l bt m, tc l: bo, th, cch, mc, thch, kim, ty,
trc, phi vy.
3/ , ? (Dch hu bt qui, k danh vi h): Kinh Dch c bt qui
(tm qu), tn n l g? (Bt qui
gi, kin /cn/ nht, oi nh, ly tam, chn t, tn ng, khm lc, cn tht, khng bt, th
d): Tm qu y l: qu Kin th nht, qu oi th nh, qu Ly th ba, qu Chn th t,
qu Tn th nm, qu Khm th su, qu Cn th by, qu Khn th tm; phi vy.
4/ ?? (Bt qui chi tng nhc h? K dng kh
c nhi ngn d?): Ci tng ca bt qui nh th no? S dng ca n c th ni ra
c d?
! (C dch ngn, Kin vi thin, Khn vi a, tn vi
phong, chn vi li, ly vi ha, khm vi thy, cn vi sn, oi vi trch, th bt qui chi
tng d; nhc k vi dng thm huyn, bt nng d nht ngn tt chi h!): Theo li kinh
Dch: Kin l tri, Khn l t, Tn l gi, Chn l sm st, Ly l la, Khm l nc, Cn
l ni, oi l chm: y l ci tng ca tm qu vy. n nh s lm dng ca n rt
huyn diu, chng c th ly mt li m ni ht c vy!
5/ ?? (Tam i th h thi i? C kim k h nin?): Tam
i l thuc v thi i no? Cch nay bao nhiu nm?
(Tam i th H, Thng, Chu tam triu, thuc thng c
thi i; c kim d tam thin d nin h): Tam i y l H, Thng, Chu ba triu, thuc
v thi i thng c, cch nay hn ba ngn nm ri.
6/ ? (Ng nhn d tam i tng cch thi
vin, ni nho gi l xng chi, h gia?): Chng ta vi tam i cch nhau xa qu, th m
nh nho hng xng , sao vay? (thnh) (tng),
. (Nho gi d vi tam i a thnh qun hin tng, k
thi thin h thng c thi bnh, c ngn tri gi tt xng tam i): Nh nho ly lm
thu tam i nhiu vua thnh, tng hin, lc y thin h thng c thi bnh, cho nn
k ni chuyn tr an t xng tam i.

II. Ct ngha thm

Ch c ba m: 1. nhc; 2. lc, ngha l vui; 3. nho, ngha l a thch. Nhc l
musique, nhc kh l instruments de musique.
(bo) l bu, nh ci n bu ca ta; bn Tu i xa cng dng bu lm ci sinh
ci vu l hai th nhc kh. Th l ci nhc kh g dng t m lm, nh bn Tu
i xa c ci nhng . Cch l da thuc ri, nh cc th trng. Mc l cy,
nh ci sanh phch. Thch l nhc kh lm bng , nh ci khnh . Kim l
nhc bng ng, nh ci chp cha. Ty l t, tc cc th giy n. Trc l tre, nh
ng tiu, ng so.
Bt qui c hai cch sp. Mt cch sp nh y, y l theo "php dch hu thin", ca
Vn Vng; cn mt cch sp: Kin, Khm, Cn, Chn, Tn, Ly, Khn, oi, y l theo
"php dch tin thin", ca Phc Hy. Phc Hy trc Vn Vng n hng ngn nm.
(tng) ngha l con voi. y (tng) ngha l ci biu tng, ting nm
khng c ting g dch ra c ht; nu dch ra ting Php l symbole.
(d) l li hi dng cui cu, cng nh ch (gia). Nguyn i xa dng ch
(d) m c l d ch ngha y; n sau ngi ta thm (khim) mt bn phn
bit vi (d) l cng. Ting ta cng dng d hoc m lm li hi.
(trch) ch v ch nc t li, nh cc ci h ln v bin. Ting "chm" y l ting
xa ca ta, nay t thy dng. Nh Bin H Cao Min, y l mt ci chm .
Ch (nhc) y ngha l n nh; mun i lm ch (ch, ngha l n) cng
c.
(huyn) l abstrait, i vi ch (tr) hoc (st) l concret, [a] ting ta cng
khng c ting dch c.
(c) l cch nhau, ni v khng gian hay thi gian u c c. Ting nom l
(c ly), distance. [a]
(ky) y c k. (k h) l bao nhiu. Li c mt ting na: (nhc
can), cng ng mt ngha. Nhng (nhc can) li c khi c ngha khc, ging nh
ch certain trong khi ni un certain nombre. [a]
Nhn y ni lun: Nhiu ngi khng hiu ti sao Tu li dch ch gomtrie ra l k
h hc. H thy ch (k h) ngha l bao nhiu, ri h tng dch nh vy t c
ngha g. Khng ng Tu dch ch l dch m hai ch g- m thi. Go, Tu c nh
[ji he]. Hin nay nhiu nh hc gi ng n b ci danh t y i m khng dng
na, v cho l dch m c hai vn th khng m li d lm cho hiu lm. H bn dng
ch (hnh hc) th cho (k h hc).
Ch (ni) y ct ngha l th m; khc vi ngha thng ca n l bn, hay
l.
(tng) l nhau, y bin lm kh thanh, c l tng, ngha l ng quan ln
ng u triu gip vua. Tng vn th l ch tng ny; cn tng v th ch
,ch ny cng nguyn l bnh thanh m bin lm kh thanh.
Ch thch
[a] Cc t ch Php trong bi: abstrait: tru tng; concret: c th; distance: khong
cch, c ly; certain: chc chn l; no ; un certain nombre: