FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN DAN BAHASA

SARJANA MUDA PENGAJARAN (SMP)

( SEMESTER SEPTEMBER 2015 )

OUMH2103
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TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE
1

PAGE

PART A
CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY
Watching too much TV is one of the major sociological issues of
this country, which has many effects on the physiology and
psychology of people

PART B
SUMMARISE
REFERENCES

PART A
Watching too much TV is one of the major sociological issues of this country, which has
many effects on the physiology and psychology of people
TV or television is a particular type of device, which served as the hub of audio-visual
entertainment in a given household or a telecommunication medium for transmitting and
receiving moving images that can be monochrome or coloured, with accompanying sound.
Television was invented with positive thought as it should be no national borders in education
or communication would be world- wide. We depend on television for entertainment, news,
education, culture, weather, sports and music. But, this useful device, become the major
problem of human today when they spend too much time to watch them until it effects their
social life, physiology and psychology. Physiology can be defines as the study of how living
systems function and for human physiology it is concerned with how the human body works.
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It also means the functions and activities performed by the body structures. Meanwhile,
psychology can be defined as the mental or behavioural characteristics of an individual or
group.

Though, television is a very benefit devices, when is too much time to spend

watching it, it will become the major sociological issues and many effects on the physiology
and psychology of people especially to the children and teenager. Patriarca (2009) said,
Indeed, a negative relationship exists between the amount of time spent watching TV and
children and adolescents health status, including overweight, school and verbal
performance, perceived cognitive and attention abilities, and violence or bullying
(Patriarca, 2009).
Refer to Patriaca, many bad effects of watching so much TV especially in social issue or
social problem. Sociology issues refer to social conditions that disrupt or damage society as
example antisocial, criminal behaviour and racism. While, physiology effects of watching too
much television is eating disorders, obesity and poor eyesight. Watching too much television
also effects human psychology as a communication problem likes no interpersonal talk and
violence. Watching too much TV is one of the major sociological issues of this country,
which has many effects on the physiology and psychology of people, physiological effect
such as eating disorders, obesity and eye strain and psychological such as violence and
communication problem of the people.
Obesity, is one of the physiological effects of watching too much of television. Television
is a powerful machine that people feel addicted to it. People who spend hours and hours
in front of the TV set every day are highly risk of becoming overweight or obesity. This
problem occur because of two different directions such as it considerably reduces
physical activity of obsessive TV viewers and at the same time promotes unhealthy eating
choices by commercials like the foodstuffs with high content of sugar and fat. Recently,
people who watch TV are often snack on junk food like pop corn, gum, candy,

sweet desserts, fried fast food, and sugary carbonated beverages especially when watching
exciting programs like sports, competitions, movies among adults and even cartoon for
the children.

Commonly, all this kind of food contains excessive fat, sugar, salt,

and calories. Excessive fat, carbohydrates, and processed sugar found in junk food TV.
specifications for contributes to obesity or weight gain, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and
many other chronic health conditions. Besides, too much TV also caused less movement or
physical activities like running, jumping, or doing activities that burn calories and
increase metabolism. Usually, metabolic rate during television viewing was significantly

lower. A recent study confirms this finding, suggesting that even just an hour of TV is
associated with childhood obesity.

Another physiology effect of excessive watching TV is eye strain. Eyestrain happened

when eyes get overtired from too much use. One of the most common cause of eye strain is
watching a small, bright object in an otherwise dark room. TV addicted usually watching TV
without having any care specifications for their watching television must be placed at the
same height and 5 meters away from eye and the room the must be adequately lit. Strongly
focus on one spot in a long period can cause tiredness of the eyes. Beside eye strain, watching
TV in the dark can cause headache.

On the other hand, psychology effects of watching too much television is exposure to
violence. Dr. Daniel R. Anderson, Professor of Psychology University of Massachusetts said:
Television violence increases negative behaviour. Most researchers now believe that the
evidence is about as strong as the evidence that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer."
A Surgeon General's reported that 61% of all television programming contains
violence, for example wrestling series, war film and others. According to the American
Academy of Paediatrics (AAP), a child who watches three to four hours a day of non
educational TV will see about 8,000 small-screen murders by the time he or she completes
grade school. After seeing many violent scenes on television, people especially kids and
teenagers thought that violence is a normal action, so they lose sensitivity of their
environment. Kids and teenagers who watch media violence are more likely to treat their
peers with rudeness and mean behaviour. And the worst effect, researchers by Columbia
University found that adolescents who watch more than an hour a day of TV are more prone
to aggression and violence once they reach their late teens and were more likely to be arrested
and prosecuted for criminal acts as adults.
The other effect of watching violence movies or series, it can produce a short
tempered and aggressive behaviour among kids and children. Research by psychologists L.
Rowell Huesmann, Leonard Eron and others starting in the 1980s found that children who
watched many hours of violence on television when they were in elementary school tended to
show higher levels of aggressive behaviour when they became teenagers. However, later
research by psychologists Douglas Gentile and Brad Bushman, among others, suggested that

exposure to media violence is just one of several factors that can contribute to aggressive
behaviour. Watching too much television among adults also can give mental and emotional
effect, as example by watching news also can cause anxiety or stress. Alison Holman,
professor at University of California Irvine said:
"People who exposed themselves to six or more hours of media daily actually
reported more acute stress symptoms than did people who were directly exposed,"
Television is one of the media channels that are used to deliver latest news and always
repeated. News about violence, disasters, crimes, and terrorism is one of the popular news
and is delivered in the form of a bombastic thus giving the deep impression to the audience.
The repetitive showing of traumatic clips and images that are likely to be displayed on news
outlets can be the cause for such extreme reactions. There have been several studies through
the year linking watching too much television to depression and anxiety, for example,
University of Pittsburgh and Harvard Medical School (2009) researchers found that each hour
of television increased the chance of becoming depressed by 8 percent. The study divided
news shows into three categories: negative, neutral and positive and randomly assigned
participants to watch the shows. Those watching negative news shows became more
depressed and anxious and exaggerated the importance of their own worries more often. So,
though watching news is important to find out the newest news, it also can arouse anxiety,
stress and fear among people.
The other effects to human psychology especially for children are language and
communication skills. As we know, children loved to watch cartoons such as fairy tales,
action-based cartoons, and animated series whereas boys and some girls even usually have
their favourite super hero cartoons like Spiderman or Batman or action flicks like Bay
Blade or Dragon Ball-z. At such an early stage children consider the things they watch in
cartoons to be real, they are unable to differentiate between fantasy and reality either which
one right or wrong. A child's brain is like a sponge so children are literally soaking in
everything around them. Usually, in this stage, children improve their communication and
language skill by people around and the environment. And the bad thing is in this stage; all
this kids are exposed to excessive television by their parents. So, all the cartoon heroes
become their role models and influence them. From the language aspects, children will
imitate the language that being used by their favourite character without knowing whether the
term is wrong or right. For example favourite cartoons like Upin and Ipin series always uses
an incorrect sentence structure and wrong intonation. Besides language, children also learn
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communication from their favourite series. For example, one of the favourite cartoons, The
Amazing World Of Gumball, shows the bad manners among family members, friends and
teachers. So, by watching this cartoon, children who are easy to imitate are highly influence
to have bad manners.
Too much watching television also gave effect in human sociology such as antisocial,
criminal behaviour and racism. For example, person who spends too much time in front of
television can become an antisocial person. Excessive too television can reduce social
interaction with peers and family especially for children. The quality time that they should be
spend to play with their friends or do activities with family, they already used in front of
television. If this situation continued, this child will become an antisocial person and grows
up to become adults with antisocial personality disorder. Of course this problem will affect
their interaction in their real life.
The second effect in sociology is criminal behaviour. Today television show to much
violent in movies, drama even cartoon and news. For example, in the movies always shows
that criminal has a power, have follower, formidable and good in martial arts and women
always exploited. All this kind of shows wills easily fluency by the people especially children
and teenager. Their will think and accepted that violence is common in the community and
become child with violent behaviour. If they dont change this behaviour they will be grow to
be adult with violent personality and easily involve with criminal behaviour. And the last
effect is racism. Today television always show the news and movies involve racism. For
example movies that show Islam is terrorism. It caused Islamophobia among society in whole
world such as America and Europe. This Islamophobia increase day by day in society,
example innocence teenager Muslim Ahmed Mohamed, 14 year old was arrested for bringing
an electronic clock he had made to school to show off to his teacher.
So, watching too much television is one of the major sociological issues of this
country, which has many effects on the physiology and psychology of people. People who
watch a lot of television as children and teens are more likely to develop physiological
problem such as eating disorders, obesity and eyestrain. Besides that the major problem is in
psychology aspect which people who exposed too much violence in television will become
aggressive and violence person. They also encounter in communication problem. Excessive
television also gave effect to sociology aspect such as antisocial, criminal behaviour and
terrorism. So if this issue not be handled properly, then we will see next generation that has
problem in physically, emotionally and socially. Therefore, preventive should be taken to
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avoid bad effect of excessive television. One of the preventive is all the parents should
observe what the suitable, useful and good television program for their kids. Parents also
must set the balance time schedule for watching and activities with their peers and family.

PART B

The maps show an island, before and after the construction. The first maps show
island condition before any development and the second maps shows island conditions after
the construction of some tourist facilities. So in this paper, we will compare and look the
differences between the maps or the island, before and after construction. Overall, from the
maps, a major improvement to the island can be seen in terms of facilities and development
of infrastructure. The change of the island is quite dramatic, where we can see from the maps
more tourist facilities and activities were develop almost the entire island.
The first map is an island with before development clearly shows that the entire island
still dont have any infrastructure even population in this island but still have a habitats. We
just can see only sea around the island and the widely sandy beach at the west part of the
island. Besides that, some parts of the island have nature plant.
The second map is an island after development. This maps show major development
in tourist facilities and activities had changes to the island. At the respect of development in
the infrastructure or facilities aspect, it clearly shows more tourist facilities were developing
such as resort, accommodation and pier. The central part of the island after construction, full
of resort and accommodation facilities were developing. This resorts and accommodations
was arranges in attractive and centrally ways. It also was arranges close to each other. The
7

most important facilities for this island is pier, where it was built at the bottom or south parts
of the island. This pier location is very strategic place because it is near the resort and
accommodation areas.
Beside facilities development, tourist activities also changes. For example, before
construction, no swimming activities available for tourist on the beach locates on the west of
the island compared after construction.
But the good thing is, the rapid development of the island still not destroys the nature
of the island. As we can see, from the maps before and after development, the nature plant
areas still same and nothing changes.
The conclusion is the island had changes and has well developed in tourist facilities
without destroys the nature. With all the facilities and attractive environment it will attract
more tourists to the island and it will become one of the famous tourism.

(396 words)

REFERENCE:
1. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/psychology
2. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/91/2/281.short

3. Too Much TV Leads to Antisocial Behavior in Kids, Study Finds, By Amir Khan,
Everyday Health. Retrieved from:
(http://www.everydayhealth.com/kids-health/0219/too-much-tv-leads-to-antisocialbehavior-in-kids-study-finds-7591.aspx)

4. Is TV Really So Bad for Kids?Reviewed by Michael W. Smith, MD. Retrieved from

(http://www.webmd.com/parenting/features/tv-violence-and-impact-on-children)

5. Good And Bad Effects Of TV On Children - TV Violence & Screen Time

Saara Fatema Doctor On September 30, 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015 from
http://www.momjunction.com/articles/good-bad-effects-television-children_0074078/
6. Patriarca, A., Giuseppe, G., Albano, L., Marinelli, P., & Angelillo, I. (2009). Use of
television, videogames, and computer among children and adolescents in Italy. BMC
Public Health. 2009; 9: 139. Retrieved 14 October 2015 from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19439070
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7. University of Glasgow (31 October 2013). "Pizza perfect! A nutritional overhaul of 'junk
food,' ready-meals is possible". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 14 October 2015.

8. Roizman, Tracey. Retrieved 29 October 2015.

"Reasons Eating Junk Food Is Not Good".

9. Debra Donca , Is too much TV really bad for your eyes?. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/eye/tv-bad-foreyes2.htm

10. Huesmann, L. R., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C. L., & Eron, L. D. (2003). Longitudinal
relations between children's exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent
behavior in young adulthood: 1977-1992. Developmental Psychology, Vol. 39, No. 2,
pp. 201-221.
11. Gentile, D.A., & Bushman, B.J. (2012). Reassessing Media Violence Effects Using a
Risk and Resilience Approach to Understanding Aggression. Psychology of Popular
Media Culture, Vol. 1, No. 3.
Traumatic events in the news Causes spikes in stress,
https://www.anxiety.org/newsincreases-stress
12. Antisocial Behavior - Causes and characteristics, Treatment, Retrived 29 October 2015,
http://psychology.jrank.org/pages/37/Antisocial-Behavior.html