Si Chen

Network reduction in power

system analyses

Master project Thesis, March 2009

Si Chen

Network reduction in power

system analyses

Master project Thesis, March 2009

Network reduction in power system analyses

Author:
Si Chen
Supervisor(s):
Arne Hejde Nielsen, Associate Professor in DTU Electrical Engineering
Zhao Xu, Associate Professor in DTU Electrical Engineering
Ole Holmstrm, Specialist in DONG Energy Power Holding A/S

Department of Electrical Engineering

Centre for Electric Technology (CET)
Technical University of Denmark
Elektrovej 325
DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
Denmark
www.elektro.dtu.dk/cet
Tel: (+45) 45 25 35 00
Fax: (+45) 45 88 61 11
E-mail: cet@elektro.dtu.dk

Release date:

31-03-2009

Class:

1 (public)

Edition:

First

Comments:

This report is a part of the requirements to achieve Master of

Science in Electrical Engineer at Technical University of
Denmark.
The report represents 30 ECTS points.

Rights:

Si Chen, 2009

iii

PREFACE

I would like to thank my parents for supporting me all the time.

The project was proposed by DONG Energy Power Holding A/S and accomplished at
Centre for Electrical Technology (CET)/Technical University of Denmark (DTU) as a
part of requirements to achieve the Master of Science in Electrical Engineer.
I would like to thank my supervisors Associate Professor Arne Hejde Nielsen in DTU
Electrical Engineering, Associate Professor Zhao Xu in DTU Electrical Engineering and
Ole Holmstrm, Specialist in DONG Energy Power Holding A/S for their valuable
guidance, data supporting and all the valuable advices. I also want to thank Professor
Vladislav Akhmatov in DTU Electrical Engineering for some detailed advices.
At last, I would like to appreciate my fellow Nan Qin study together with me over the
years. And, those technical and philosophical discussions in power system filed impel
me to accomplish the project.

Si Chen
03.2009

iv

ABSTRACT

The future integration of large off-shore wind farm requires a more advanced external
grid for testing the transient behavior of the wind farm. A reduced entire power network
system was proposed replace the present external grid which calculated by Thevenin
equivalent. Based on the literature study the different technique of the dynamic network
reduction, the coherent based equivalent method will be implemented in a real power
system model. The model established in the power system analysis tool DIgSILENT
PowerFactory. While, the Network reduction module inside the software will be tested
by some study cases. The systemized procedure has been introduced and realized in the
model simulation. An automatic network reduced program is developed.

vi

vii

Contents
Preface............................................................................................................................. iv
Abstract........................................................................................................................... vi
List of tables .................................................................................................................. xii
List of figure ................................................................................................................. xiv
1

Introduction............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 1
1.2 State of the art .................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Goals .................................................................................................................. 2
1.4 Delimitation ....................................................................................................... 3
1.4.1
Power system transient time frame ............................................................. 3
1.4.2
1.5

Transient stability ....................................................................................... 5

Method ............................................................................................................... 6

Dynamic power network reduction theory ........................................................... 7

2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 7
2.2 Dynamic power network reduction techniques .................................................. 8
2.2.1
Modal equivalent technique ........................................................................ 9
2.2.2

Estimate equivalent technique .................................................................... 9

2.2.3

Coherency equivalent technique ............................................................... 10

2.2.4

Summary of multiple power network reduction techniques ..................... 10

2.3 Coherency equivalent method .......................................................................... 11

2.3.1
System model establish............................................................................. 11

2.3.2

Typical disturbances ................................................................................. 13

2.3.3

Indentify the coherent generators ............................................................. 14

2.3.4

Generators aggregation ............................................................................. 16

2.3.5

Aggregate the generator controller ........................................................... 18

2.3.6

Power network topology reduction ........................................................... 19

2.3.7

Evaluation ................................................................................................. 20

Network reduction function in DIgSILENT Powerfactory .............................. 21

3.1 Introduction of the Network Reduction function ............................................. 21
3.2 Network Reduction process ............................................................................. 22
3.2.1
Reduced system definition ........................................................................ 22
3.2.2

Network Reduction command .................................................................. 23

viii

3.2.3

Technical Background of Network Reduction ......................................... 23

3.3 Study Case........................................................................................................ 24

Case 1........................................................................................................ 24
3.3.1
3.3.2
4

Case 2........................................................................................................ 26

Modeling West Denmark Power System (WDKPS) .......................................... 28

4.1 Background of the WDKPS model .................................................................. 28
4.2 Model layout .................................................................................................... 29
4.3 The mixed power unit ...................................................................................... 30
4.3.1
Modeling of local CHP unit ...................................................................... 32
4.3.2

Modeling of local wind energy ................................................................. 33

4.3.3

Modeling of consumption centre .............................................................. 33

4.4 Modeling of conventional power plant ............................................................ 33

4.5 Modeling of large wind farm ........................................................................... 33
4.5.1
Aggregated model for a large wind farm .................................................. 34
4.5.2
5

Modeling of the ongoing offshore wind farm- Anholt ............................. 35

Time Domain Simulation of WDKPS ................................................................. 37

5.1 Predefined short circuit event........................................................................... 37
5.2 Set up Time domain simulation ....................................................................... 39
5.2.1
Set up calculation of initial condition ....................................................... 39
5.2.2

Result object ............................................................................................. 40

5.2.3

Run a simulation ....................................................................................... 40

5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6

Identify coherent generator group .................................................................... 41

Aggregate coherent generators ......................................................................... 45
Aggregate Busbars ........................................................................................... 50
Reduction result evaluation .............................................................................. 53

Extra result ............................................................................................................ 55

Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 58
7.1 Summary .......................................................................................................... 58
7.2 Future Work ..................................................................................................... 59

Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 60
A.

Appendix Modeling nine-bus system in DIgSILENT PowerFacotry ............... 63

A. 1 IEEE 9 bus bars system .................................................................................... 63
A. 2 Reduce No.2 generator for nine-bus system (Case 1) ...................................... 65
A.2.1 Using Load Equivalent ................................................................................. 66
A.2.2 Using Ward Equivalent ................................................................................. 67
A.2.3 Using Extended Ward Equivalent ................................................................. 68
ix

A. 3 Reduce Load C for nine-bus system (Case 2) .................................................. 69

A.3.1 Using Load Equivalent ................................................................................. 70
A.3.2 Using Ward Equivalent ................................................................................. 71
A.3.3 Using Extended Ward Equivalent ................................................................. 72
B.

Appendix WDKPS Simulation ............................................................................ 73

B. 1 Original system model ..................................................................................... 73
B. 2 Reduced system model ..................................................................................... 75
B. 3 DPL script ........................................................................................................ 77
B.3.1 Fault definition .............................................................................................. 77
B.3.2 Identify coherent generator group ................................................................. 78
B.3.3 Aggregate coherent groups ........................................................................... 78
B.3.4 Reduce Busbar ................................................................................................ 5

xi

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Summary of multiple power network reduction techniques .......................... 10

Table 4.1: Mixed power unit data for 150kV Busbars of WDKPS ................................ 31
Table 4.2: The generator type data in pu for modeling the local CHP unit .................... 32
Table 4.3: Key parameters using in modeling large off-shore wind farm in
WDKPS ................................................................................................................. 34
Table 4.4: The synchronous generator parameter for simulating Anholt
offshore wind farm ................................................................................................ 36
Table 5.1: List of coherent group of WDKPS ................................................................ 44
Table 5.2: Busbarss Number look up table for aggregate script ................................... 46
Table A.1: Generator Data of nine-bus system (100MVA base) ................................... 64
Table A.2: Preliminary calculation of nine-bus system (100MVA base)....................... 64
Table A.3: Collection of common impedance parameters when eliminated No.2
generator in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function ........................ 65
Table A.4: Equivalent loads parameters for nine-bus system when eliminated
No.2 generator in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function................ 66
Table A.5: Equivalent voltage sources parameters for nine-bus system when
eliminated No.2 generator in nine-bus system using Network Reduction
function.................................................................................................................. 67
Table A.6: Equivalent extended voltage sources parameters for nine-bus
system when eliminated No.2 generator in nine-bus system using
Network Reduction function ................................................................................. 68
Table A.7: Collection of common impedance parameters when eliminated
Load C in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function ............................ 69
Table A.8: Equivalent loads parameters for nine-bus system when eliminated
Load C in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function ............................ 70
Table A.9: Equivalent voltage sources parameters for nine-bus system when
eliminated Load C in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function .......... 71
Table A.10: Equivalent extended voltage sources parameters for nine-bus
system when eliminated Load C in nine-bus system using Network
Reduction function ................................................................................................ 72
xii

xiii

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1.1: Typical time frames for a full range of power system transient [2] ............... 4
Figure 2.1: Divide the entire power network system into two parts ................................. 7
Figure 2.2: Divide the power system as several circles by electrical distance ............... 14
Figure 3.1: Network reduction button in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory tools
Icon bar. ................................................................................................................. 23
Figure 3.2: Swing curve of No.3 generator when eliminate No.2 generator of
nine-bus system ..................................................................................................... 25
Figure 3.3: Swing curve of No.3 generator when eliminate Load C of nine-bus
system .................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 4.1: Sketch map of WDKPS respecting the geographical location ..................... 29
Figure 4.2: Local mixed power production and consumption unit using in
WDKPS model ...................................................................................................... 30
Figure 4.3: Sketch map of showing the location of Anholt wind farm
integration point .................................................................................................... 35
Figure 5.1: The flow chart of predefine the short circuit even in WDKPS .................... 38
Figure 5.2: Fault location selected dialog ....................................................................... 38
Figure 5.3: Look up table corresponding Busbar name and number. ............................. 39
Figure 5.4: The flow chart of identify the coherent group for WDKPS model .............. 43
Figure 5.5: Outer loop of aggregate coherent generator ................................................. 46
Figure 5.6: First inner loop for calculate the equivalent generators ............................... 48
Figure 5.7: Second inner loop for Create the new generators ........................................ 49
Figure 5.8: The flow chart of Busbars aggregation ....................................................... 51
Figure 5.9: Boundary definition of the WDKPS model ................................................. 52
Figure 5.10: Swing curve of Anholt offshore wind farm equivalent generator.............. 53
Figure 5.11: Terminal voltage measured in per unit for Anholt offshore wind
farm equivalent generator...................................................................................... 54
Figure 6.1: Swing curve of Anholt offshore wind farm equivalent generator................ 56
Figure A.1: Nine-bus system model layout in DIgSILENT Power factory.................... 63

xiv

Figure A.2: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced No.2 generator using
Load Equivalent .................................................................................................... 66
Figure A.3: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced No.2 generator using
Ward Equivalent .................................................................................................... 67
Figure A.4: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced No.2 generator using
Extended Ward Equivalent .................................................................................... 68
Figure A.5: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced Load C using Load
Equivalent .............................................................................................................. 70
Figure A.6: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced Load C using Ward
Equivalent .............................................................................................................. 71
Figure A.7: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced Load C using Extended
Ward Equivalent .................................................................................................... 72
Figure B.1: Original 400 kV part WDKPS model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory ......... 73
Figure B.2: Original 150 kV part WDKPS model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory ......... 74
Figure B.3: Reduced 400 kV part WDKPS model in DIgSILENT
PowerFactory......................................................................................................... 75
Figure B.4: Reduced 150 kV part WDKPS model in DIgSILENT
PowerFactory......................................................................................................... 76

xv

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The wind energy penetration in the power grid is dramatic increasing in the last decade
worldwide. The Danish government also releases the energy political about increasing
the share of renewable energy to at least 30 per cent of the energy consumption in 2025.
[1] In order to achieve the goal, one aspect is erection of the new wind energy
generation unit. On 21 February 2008, the Danish government agreed to erection of new
offshore wind turbine with an installed capacity of 400MW by 2012. The other aspect
is1 future expansion of the Danish electricity transmission grid.
The interaction between the transmission system and the new large wind farms is the
priority research area nowadays. Several grid impacts of the transient stability studies
need to be approved on the security of supply before the integration. The studies of
wind farm involve harmonic impact, reactive power, voltage stability, frequency
stability and so on. Many stability studies concern only a local area normally the point
of common coupling (PCC).[2] The surrounding area is then regards as the small or
large parts of external network. The ultimate aggregation is the simple Thevenin
equivalent which only contents the steady state information of the external grid. This,
however, is not appropriate to the transient simulation. Thus, the more advanced
external grid which contents the dynamic information is required.
Electrical power system is one of the largest systems because its components tend to
have a high order of complexity.[15] The simulation time of the wind farm studies
which involved such large amount entire grid data will be significantly slowing down
even with the powerful computing capabilities available today. Therefore, a method to
reduce the original complex power network model both respecting the steady state and
dynamic characteristics has been proposed. Especially, the method will be realized for a
DIgSILENT PowerFactory model of a large power system.

1.2 State of the art

Based on the two system concept, one of the systems considering as the internal study
area where the wind farm integrated. The rest of the power system considering as the
external area is then aggregated to one or several equivalent generators. Although many
dynamic reduction techniques such as the modal approach, the estimation approach and
coherency approach are developed, the widely practiced technique is the last approach
because of its visualized result elements and other advantages.
So far, the network reduction has been practiced in many grid cases with various
platforms. DIgSILENT PowerFactory is an electromagnetic transients program (EMPT)
which is almost standard industry practice software widely used in power system
analyses especially including the wind energy.[2] Furthermore, the DIgSILENT
Programming Language (DPL) offers an interface for automating tasks in such a
processed program. The new calculation functions of the program script could used for
mathematical expressions, input/output routines, Powerfactory object procedure calls,
subroutines calls and PowerFactory commands.
These will make the automatic power system reduction with different study area
definition possible.

1.3 Goals
Besides the variation network reduction techniques investigation in theoretically, this
master project has two objectives:

Testing the Network reduction module both in DIgSILENT PowerFactory 13.2

and 14.0 with IEEE nine-bus system. Investigate whether the function can be
used in the dynamic reduction purpose or not, or how much it can be used in
dynamic reduction.

Develop a systemization procedure for generic dynamic network reduction in

DIgSILENT PowerFactory using DPL script. Perform and evaluate the
reduction result for West Denmark power system (WDPS) model.

The DIgSILENT PowerFactory Network Reduction module doesn't intent to use in

dynamic reduction. However, by the exploration of the network reduction object and
result characteristics in different precondition, the module is useful for one of the steps
in systemization dynamic reduction. The dynamic reduction is performed respecting the
coherent approach network reduction technique. The scripts were programmed in
2

several steps with independent function that can be checked in the middle of the
reduction process.
This project does not aim at developing a new technique of network reduction but at
developing a systemization procedure respecting one of the network reduction
techniques and valid it in DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The procedure should in generic
level that also fit to other power system model only with modifying some key input
parameters.

1.4 Delimitation
Reduction techniques of power system are different for various studies. Thus, different
power system stability studies need to be classified. And the relevant transient stability
is the specific research area for this master project.

1.4.1 Power system transient time frame

Electric power system is one of the most complex systems which need to be maintained
the electric quantity and quality continuously. However, in large scale power system,
some elements, such as generators and controllers, have their own dynamic behaviours
when receive a specific disturbance. The dynamic behaviour of modern power system
has been experiencing significant changes due to restructuring of power industry,
especially for the dramatically increased wind energy penetration. Thus, the power
system dynamic stability issue become the essential problem of power system
analysis.[6] Power system dynamic stability defined as whether or not the system can
maintain the stable operation after various disturbances. The transitional period of the
power system is called power system transient. Figure 1.1 shows typical time frames for
a full range of power system transient.

Figure 1.1: Typical time frames for a full range of power system transient [2]
Classify the transients by the time range of the study is an appropriate investigation
method from the modelling point of view. The time frame for lightning and switching is
in micro to milliseconds. The system recovery from this disturbance is either negligible
or depending on the information sought. Thus, in this master project, the lightning and
switching transient were not included. The main researched power transient was
transient stability period which estimate the power system dynamic stability during
large disturbance, such as fault. The first swing stability is about 1 second and the
second swing stability is about 3 to 10 seconds.
The Longer term dynamic period could last minutes or hour. For different research
period, the analysed element model and computing algorithm were quite different.
Another wide used classify method is concerning various disturbances and system
simulation mathematics method. According to the definition formulated by the Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the stability problem can be classified as
transient stability and steady state stability. If the duration of disturbance was very short
that could be considered as the small disturbance, and the system recovery tend to the

same operation condition before the small disturbance occurring, the system is call
small signal stable. In small signal analysis reality, the nonlinear differential equations
which represent the power system were replaced by linear differential equation
generally. Furthermore, the linear equations reduced following such assumptions as
neglect the dynamic behaviours of the system elements and controllers. Consequently,
the system stability estimation which could be calculated by algebraic functions is
called steady state stability. Obviously, the method concerning the elements dynamic
behaviours was the strictly small signal stability, but the method neglect the element
dynamic behaviours was steady state stability also as the reduced small signal stability.
Contrarily, the large disturbance, such as fault, knowing as the transient stability
analysis is mainly discussed direction which will be given in detail in the following
chapter.

1.4.2 Transient stability

The previous section classified the power system dynamic stability, and investigated
different periods of transient behaviour. The way in which a system responds to a large
disturbance such as short circuit or line tripping is basic evaluation method of a reduced
system according to this thesis project aim. It is the problem of large disturbance
stability, and the effect of such a disturbance has on the system behaviour, that is called
transient stability analysis.
Assume that before the fault occurs the power system is operating at some initial stable
steady state operating condition. The power system transient stability problem is defined
as that of assessing whether or not the system will reach an acceptable steady state
operating state. Obviously, in order to verify the system transient stability, in
accordance with different initial conditions and various disturbances, plenty of
calculation must be carried out. During these processes, the power system presents as
nonlinear system which using nonlinear differential equations represent. There are two
methods estimate the transient stability problem, the time simulation technique and the
transient energy function technique.
Firstly, the time domain simulation technique can be taken up in 5 major steps:

The elements modelling and topologic between elements were represent as

simultaneous equations which were composed of differential equations and
algebraic functions.

Calculate load flow or steady state operation as the initial operation.

Setting a valued fault as the large disturbance.

5

Calculate the state variable following the time serious step by step, the time
domain curve consequently made. (In general, the state variable was generator
rotor angle.)

Estimated the transient stability by assessing whether or not the system will
reach the acceptable steady state operating state.

Secondly, there is another technique estimated transient stability by assessing the

transient energy function which is not discussed in this project.

1.5 Method
In order to achieve the project goals illustrated above, a suitable dynamic network
reduction technique that can be practised in DIgSILENT PowerFactroy will start off
with review of the candidate reduction techniques. A most feasible technique will be
picked up and studied in detail after introduced and compared with other techniques.
The DIgSLENT PowerFactory simulation environment will be investigated. The
systemization reduction procedures performed in the platform will respected the
selected reduction technique. So, the flow chart is necessary connected between the
theory and the practice. A cleared and feasible procedure is translated in a
programmable form. This is also useful when the script applying to other power system
models. Then, it will be convenient to find the part needed to be modified.

2 DYNAMIC POWER NETWORK REDUCTION

THEORY

2.1 Introduction
Electrical power system is one of the largest scale systems which contents the
components tend to have high order of complexity. It is impossible or not economical to
build detail models even with the powerful computing capabilities available nowadays.
Therefore, it becomes necessary to develop the equivalent models that properly
represent both steady state and dynamic characteristics of the full order models.
When dealing the stability analysis, in general, the system can be divided into an
internal system and an external system. The internal system used to treat as the
researched system which is a specific utility owns or a particular power market defined.
The rest part of the power system called the external system. The external system was
often a large system which has certain electrical distant or geographical extent. The
external system is the one which need spend considerable effort to reduce. That is
because the interesting research is the effect of the internal system from the external
system. In historic experiments, the external system which may include several
generators and loads has been reduced to an equivalent generator and a load even an
infinite Busbar. The power network reduction technique nowadays has better
systematization and feasibility. The requirement was fixed: the equivalent system need
to have similar response as the original system. After the reduction process the
equivalency system can save a lot of simulation time and manpower still remaining the
required accuracy.

External
system

Internal
system

Figure 2.1: Divide the entire power network system into two parts

The equivalent model of power system is desirable for many applications.[4] Generally,
there are three kind of dynamic analysis applications:
1. Large scale power system off-line transient stability analysis with large
disturbance.
2. Large scale power system off -line dynamic stability analysis with small
disturbance.
3. Large scale power system on-line security assessment.
The first application for transient stability needs have the detail model include the
system structure and element parameters. During this situation, the physical power
system which is a non-linear system can be represented as a linear system. The
requirement of the equivalent system is the similar rotor oscillation trace as the original
system during a large disturbance. For the second application, the system was described
in linear differential equations. The requirement of the equivalent system is the
approached mode and mode shape of the original system. The third application is used
when have variable system operation situations, variable system parameters and a large
number of measured positions. The requirement is fast responded in order to have an
equivalent system having similar security assessment result.
The main research filed of this thesis project was focused on the first application. The
transient stability analysis can evaluate the power network reduction result in dynamic
level. In virtue of DIgSILENT PowerFactory, the physical power network can be
simulated as a linear model. Then, the network reduction work is based on this linear
model.

2.2 Dynamic power network reduction techniques

The literature presents a number of dynamic power network reduction techniques,
basically, there are three different methods used transient RMS-simulation. The
methods are:
1. The modal equivalent
2. The estimation equivalent
3. The coherency equivalent

2.2.1 Modal equivalent technique

The modal equivalent method is based on the linear power network model and the
eigenvalue of the external system which reduced as reducing the order of the system.
The original system can be represented with a complete set of differential equations and
a reduced set of differential equations. It is mostly used for the large scale power system
off-line transient stability analysis with small disturbance. The result described as the
linear state space formulation by depression the order. Thus, it is not based on the real
electrical power system element. That is means the results are amount of equations
which cant be visualized as a simplified system.
Assuming the original system can be separated as an internal system and an external
system. And the disturbance in the internal system doesnt affect the external system a
lot. With respecting a particular mode of oscillation, according to the modal equivalent
theory, some nodes were in non-important oscillation mode for external area dynamic
response that can be eliminates. The dynamic equivalent is the determination of the
modal generators parameters.

2.2.2 Estimate equivalent technique

The estimate equivalent technique is normally used in large scaled power system on-line
security assessment. The estimate equivalent technique doesnt need the detail
information about the entire structure and parameters of the external system. The
procedure of the estimate equivalent is:
1. Perform a disturbance.
2. Record the system responds on the boundary between internal and external
system.
3. Estamat the parameters of the external system base on the recorded signal.
The last step used several optimal parameter identification methods.
Because of this equivalent technique used for on-line analyses, the reduce speed was
one of the important requirements. Also, the reduced system was estimated by the
record of the original system. The record accuracy will influence the accuracy of the
result.

2.2.3 Coherency equivalent technique

The coherency equivalent technique is based on identifying the coherent generators by
comparison of the generators rotor angle deviation during a off-line large disturbance
condition. If the generator rotor angle deviation curves have highly similarity, the
generators can be aggregated as one by modified the generator parameters in
theoretically. This means the reduction degree is mainly dependents on how many
coherent generators can be found. Then, when the generators aggregated in a dynamic
way, the Busbars and loads will be aggregated accordingly by equivalent impedance.
Consequently, the full order power system which contents many Busbars can be
represented as a reduced power system with less Busbar number.
The reduction method is based on the full model have already been built, and the fault
test can be performed in the internal researched area. Then the coherent generators can
be accordingly found. The result of the reduced system is a number of aggregated real
elements with modified parameters.

2.2.4 Summary of multiple power network reduction techniques

The network reduction techniques are based on the system which divided as internal and
external. With compare the three power network reduction techniques, the advantages
and disadvantages will be list in table below. Then the coherency equivalent as the real
elements based reduced method will be discussed in detail and finally practised in the
real system.
Table 2.1: Summary of multiple power network reduction techniques
Reduction
techniques
Modal
equivalent
Estimate
equivalent
Coherent
equivalent

Precondition

Application

Detailed
model
Boundary
information
only
Detail
model

Reduce
speed
Off-line small Acceptable
disturbance
On-line
Fast
disturbance

Reduction result
form
Modal
elements
Experiential
equivalent elements

Off-line large Acceptable

disturbance

Aggregated
equivalent elements

10

2.3 Coherency equivalent method

The coherency approach method is a widely used technique. Coherency means that,
upon a remote disturbance, some groups of generators swing together and can be
represented by a single aggregated machine finally.
Power network reduction researches based on coherency technique can be taken up in 5
procedures.
1. Divide the system into internal and external system. Remain the internal system
and reduce the external system.
2. Assume a large disturbance inside the internal system and identify the coherency
generators in external system.
3. Aggregate those coherency generators as one.
4. Reduce the topologic of the network system.
5. Obtain the reduced system and calculated the parameter.
Besides the reduce steps, the equivalent model need to be evaluated. If there is a similar
rotor oscillation trace measured at one of the generator terminal inside the internal
system during a large disturbance, the equivalent model was successful. The criterion of
the evaluation will be discussed in the simulation result chapter.

2.3.1 System model establish

Dynamic equivalent model is for electromechanical dynamic analysis. Considering a
power network system which has N generators, the system based on the classical
second-order electromechanical model, the well-known swing equations for generator i
could be represented as:

( = 1,2, , )

(2.1)

Where,

11

 : Inertia
: Rotor speed of the generator
: Mechanical power
: Electrical power

: Damping coefficient

When the generator worked at an operation point, the generators rotor motion equation
can be reduced as a linear differential equation around that operation point. As the
preconditions, assuming the mechanical power as zero and all the coefficients combined
as one coefficient .

+ +
=0

(2.2)

: The rotor angel increment of generator i

Then, the eigen equation of the this differential equation is:

2 + + = 0

(2.3)

When the damping is zero, the root eigen value can be represented as:
1,2 =

(2.4)

These pairs of root eigen values indicate that after a disturbance, the generator rotor
angle will oscillate with a rotor angle frequency . With tracking this rotor angle
frequency change, the system sensitivity mode approach can be found.
The specific method will be illustrated below. In the power network system which
contents N generators and n nodes, can be represented as 2N differential equations and
N+n algebraic equations. There are 4N+2n variables. They are:
: The generator rotor speed increment
: The generator rotor angle increment

12

 : The generator electrical power increment injected to the grid

: The generator mechanical power increment
: Load increment
: The generator mechanical angle increment

If the simultaneous equations system has N+n boundary conditions, with using the
implicit trapezoidal integrator method, the system differential equations will be solved
with steady numerical answers. Furthermore, the DIgSILENT PowerFactory indicates
that this method is used in its real time simulation to obtain the calculated parameters. In
this case, we care about the generator rotor oscillation curve.
The boundary conditions will be simulated as the mechanical power increment and load
increment. Under steady state condition, these two variables are all equal to zero. And,
during the large disturbance, they have another simulation profile. This will be
illustrated in the next subchapter.

Most of coherent power network reduction techniques were based on the second-order
generators equivalent model because of its simplified and can explain the dynamic
electrical characteristics of the system.

2.3.2 Typical disturbances

In this subsection, the 4 typical disturbances are discussed and simulated. They are:

Three phase short circuit

Load shedding
Generator shedding
Transmission line shedding

By investigated the 4 typical disturbance, the generator rotor oscillation curve can be
obtained. Take the three phase short circuit as an example, the boundary conditions can
be represented as:
= | = 0+

= 0

(2.5)

The three phase short circuit normally occurs in a short time, about 0.1 seconds. Thus,
the electrical power increment and load increment simulate as a constant equaling to the

13

value at = 0 . And, the mechanical power increment simulate as an accelerated

increment.
The reduction result will be different because of the location and size of the disturbance.
The coherent reduction technique based on assumption that the considering fault on a
certain Busbar and observing that the coherency behavior of the generators are not
change much as the fault clearing time increasing or decreasing.

2.3.3 Indentify the coherent generators

It is well known that the essential system parameter for determination of coherency
behavior is the electrical distance between generators. The electrical distance concept is
considered both geographic distance and the electrical element. And, the electrical
distance is measured starting at the fault location in the internal system.
Three difference circles will be explained for the external system. Outside the inner
circle represent the region has short distance with the fault location. In this area, the
dynamic behaviors of the generators affect the internal system a lot. Therefore, more
groups of coherent generators will be found. Outside the middle circle, the region
contents more generators. However, the long electrical distance between this region and
the fault location made the generators less affect to the internal system. Thus, in this
region, generators are easier to be reduced than the inner circle. The outer circle defines
the boundary of the system beyond which no generator representation of any kind is
necessary.

Figure 2.2: Divide the power system as several circles by electrical distance

14

This coherency region identification is useful when considered the new facility adding
to the power network system is offshore wind farm. If treat the offshore wind farm as
the internal system, the other generators all have certain distance from the wind farm.
That is made more generators in the outside middle circle or outer circle, and fewer
generators in the middle circle. Consequently, fewer groups of coherency generators
will be found if research on the offshore wind farm as the internal system.
In order to indentify the coherent generators fast and accurately, there are four basic
assumptions for simplify the elements.
1. The coherent group identification is independent with the magnitude of the
disturbance. With a certain disturbance the system can be divided into several
groups by linearization the system.
2. The coherent group identification is independent with detailed model of each
generator unit model. Thus, the generator model is expressed by the secondorder electromechanical model. The excitation system, driven motor and
governor system are neglected.
3.

The coherent group identification has little effect with load. The dynamic
equivalent is composed of a generator and an electric load in parallel.

4. On the assumption that the X/R ratio is big enough. The active and reactive load
flow will calculate independently.
Based on the four assumptions written above, the coherent generators identification will
be calculated fast and met the accuracy requirements.
There are several methods that can be used for coherency identification: (1) linear time
simulation, (2) weak-link method, (3) two time scale method, and (4) tolerance based
method. The tolerance based method is wildly used, and the simulation will be carried
out in time domain. It is also possible to identify the coherency in frequency domain
based on FFT (Fast Fourier Transform). In power network system, the generators rotor
angles have relative oscillation when facing a disturbance. This low frequency
oscillation (Electromagnetic oscillation) normally is within 0.25~2.5 Hz. The Since the
model using in this thesis is simplified power network system model of west Danish
system, the generator rotor oscillation frequency during the disturbance of each
generator is approximate 0.6 Hz. And, because of the computer precision it is difficult
to identify the coherent group. Then, the coherency efficiency was decided to be used
for the identification.
The strictly coherency identification criterion is:

15

 () () (0, ]

(2.6)

Where,
= 1~3 is the recorded simulation time.
= 5~10 is rotor angle deviation between two generators.
, are rotor angles.

The equation means within a simulation time , after a large disturbance, the difference
of two generator rotor angle deviations are not larger than a very small criterion in
every sampling points. The generators rotor angle deviations during the simulation time
are defined as the deviations of a reference generator rotor angle. This kind of coherent
area always in a closed region where has close electrical distance from one generator to
another.
Practically, there is another definition:
() () =

(2.7)

This equation gives another option that the two coherent generators may have lager
difference of rotor angle deviation than . But is always approximate equals to a
constant angle within the simulation time. Consequently, the two generators are
coherent. This kind of coherent area will like a cycle around the fault location. The
electrical distances measured from recorded generators to the fault location are similar.
In this thesis work, from the DIgSILENT PowerFactory simulation platform, because
the tracing of all generator rotor angles can be obtained, there is a numerical method
that calculated the variables correlation coefficient. A coherent generators identify
program will be developed and executed in a real model. Further method used in the
program will be discussed in the simulation chapter.

2.3.4 Generators aggregation

After identify the coherent generator group, the generators in the same group can be
aggregated as a single equivalent generator. The criterion of aggregation is the
16

mechanical power and electromagnetic power of the equivalent generator equal to the
summary of each generator in group. In this thesis, the generator using the classical
second order model, accordingly only considering aggregate the mechanical parameters
and transient impedance. The equivalent motion equation of the generator rotor
represented as:

=1

=1

=1

( )
= ( )

=1

(2.8)

Thus, the parameters of the equivalent generator are listed below.

The inertia of the equivalent generator is:

=
=1

(2.9)

The damping coefficient of the equivalent generator is:

=
=1

(2.10)

In the motion equation of generator rotor, the electrical power also can be represented
as:
=

sin

(2.11)

Where,
: Transient electromotive force
: Generator terminal voltage
: The power factor
17

The is the summary of the generator impedance which contents the transient
impedance .

Thus, the transient impedance of the equivalent generator is:

=1

(2.12)

Finally, the three main parameters inertia, damping coefficient and transient impedance
are aggregated to establish the equivalent generator.

2.3.5 Aggregate the generator controller

Since the mainly pending reduced Busbars of the power system in this thesis project are
the 150kV Busbars which contents the local CHP generators and local wind generators.
Those generation units do not constrain the reactive power and voltage control. The
generators just assumed as directly feed into the local network.
The generator controller in this thesis project mentions the automatic voltage regulator
(AVR) and power system stabilizer used to control the excitation of the central
generators.
The additional state variables of the AVR are the measured value of the terminal
voltage, the internal state in the AVR and the output from the AVR (the excitation
voltage). While, the additional state variables of the PSS are the internal and output
electrical torque signals of PSS. All the generator excitation voltage control effect
dependent on the time constant of the generator. Generally, AVR as well as speed
governor are not action in the first two seconds. Hence, identify and aggregation the
coherent generators dont consider the effect of the AVR.
If concerning aggregation the control chain of the central power plane which is not
include in this project, the theoretical method is aggregating the transfer functions of the
control chain. In reality, the function will have high complex order that cant be reduced
as the equivalent parameters. Hence, firstly, the centre power plants dont recommend
to be reduced because of its playing an important role in the power system. Secondly,
when reduce the control chain of the centre power plant the empirical method has been

18

used. Several equivalent parameters for the equivalent controller have been tested to
approach the original control effect.

2.3.6 Power network topology reduction

After aggregate the coherent generators, the remained Busbars and transmission lines
connected between also need to be reduced. The topological reduction method was
required. Then, the external system can be divided as two parts, the remained part and
the pending eliminated part. Gauss elimination method has been used for eliminating
the part which doesnt contents the equivalent generators.

(2.13)

Where,
: The injection current vector of the remained node
: The injection current vector of the eliminated node
: The voltage vector of the remain node
: The voltage vector of the eliminated node
: The self-admittance of the remained system
: The self-admittance of the eliminated system
: The mutual-admittance of the remained system
: Then mutual-admittance of the eliminated system

The injection current vector of the remained node can be represented as:
= 1 + 1

(2.14)

The first item of representing the remained node current is either admittance elements or
the remained node voltage. The second item contents the eliminated node current which
can be represented as the injection power of the remained node. Thus, the equivalence
injection power can be obtained. This aggregated method is based on all the elements
can be represented as constant impedance. Obviously, the constant load also can be
aggregated in this step.

19

2.3.7 Evaluation
With the same remote fault, compare the measuring swing curve and power flow of the
generator on the fault Busbar between the reduced system and original system. The
power network reduction result should achieve the transient stability model without
introducing a significantly differences between the reduced system and the original
system.
Firstly, the load-flow calculation in the reduced system should give the same result with
acceptable error for the internal researched area as for the original system. Secondly, the
swing curve for the testing generator inside the internal system also should give the
acceptable similar result.
In this project, one of the numerical compared criterions will be given as the form of the
correlation coefficient between two systems. A coefficient value close to +1.0 and the
acceptable error at magnitude of the curve will prove the reduction method is approved.

20

3 NETWORK REDUCTION FUNCTION IN

DIGSILENT POWERFACTORY

3.1 Introduction of the Network Reduction function

DIgSILENT PowerFactorys network reduction algorithm produces an equivalent
representation of the reduced part of the network.[28][29] The equivalent representation
contains the interface nodes (connection point) that may be connected by equivalent
common impedances and voltage sources. After the reduction process, the new elements
are created in the gird folder which can be found in Data Manager. But, they are not
drawn in the diagram automatically. The user needs to draw existing net elements to
compare the load flow information on the connection point between original system and
reduced system.
For testing the network reduction function both in DIgSILENT PowerFactory Version
13.2 and 14.0, the example configuration used is classical nine-bus system.
The network reduction function is independent from the number of bus bars which user
defined to remain. That means if there is only one connection between external system
which is expected to be reduced and the internal system, the network reduction module
will work as well. The reduction result will just be an equivalent voltage source on that
bus bar. Also, if there are three Busbars expected remained, the equivalent result will be
three voltage sources on each Busbar and three common impedances interconnected
between each of Busbar.
In PowerFactory Version 13.2 the slack element should be inside the grid which will be
reduced. If the slack element has been selected as the expected remained system, the
reduction function cant be processed. The error comes as There is no coupling
Busbars. In classical nine-bus system, the slack element is defined as No.1 generator.
Comparing with Version 13.2, Version 14.0 has improvements at this point. In Version
14.0, if the slack element is located in the grid which is to be reduced, a neighbourhood
around this slack element will be automatically defined. That means the neighbourhood
around this slack element will automatically remain after Network Reduction procedure.
The neighbourhood is defined based on a search from the slack element towards each
21

connection, until a non-zero impedance element is passed. This means that the
neighbourhood contains all elements encountered up to and including the non-zero
impedance element. This improvement from Version 13.2 to 14.0 is reasonable because
the slack bus which contents the slack element is vital information for the original
power network. The slack bus is an infinite bus where the voltage magnitude is
predetermined and which is at the same time reference node and balancing bus.
The technique of solving a classical transient stability problem is illustrated by
conducting a study of the classical nine-bus system. The basic data of the classical ninebus system for preliminary calculation is given in Appendix A. 1 in detail. The
disturbance initiating the transient is a three-phase fault occurring on one of a remained
Busbar after the Network Reduction procedure. The fault is clear in around five cycles
(0.1 s).

3.2 Network Reduction process

The Network Reduction process will be emphasized in Version 14.0, also compared to
the Version 13.2 when it is a difference.

3.2.1 Reduced system definition

First of all, the nine-bus system shall be divided into an internal system and an external
system. The internal system is the study area expected to be remained. In Version 13.2,
the system needed to be divided into two grids, a distribution system and a transmission
system. While, the Version 14.0 has more flexible definition: boundary element
definition. The grid boundary divides the power network into two systems. One of the
parts shall be remained as its original detailed representation and the other part that is to
be reduced.
The method for define a new Boundary is as below:

Freeze the network diagram.

Choose the desired cubicles, right click them. (The desired cubicles orientate
the interior system which shall be remained.)
Choose in the context sensitive menu Define...-->Boundary... The dialogue
of the new Boundary will pop up. Press OK.

Chosen the alternative interior system was by defined different boundary elements.

22

3.2.2 Network Reduction command

In version 14.0, there is a Network Reduction button in the additional tools Icon bar.

Figure 3.1: Network reduction button in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory tools Icon bar.
This is one of an improvement from Version 13.2 to 14.0. In Version 13.2, the process
is executed by a command in the input window. And, the network reduction command
provides only one option: the original grid data which defined to be reduced will be
destroyed. So, to avoid loss of data, it is needed to create a copy version before execute
the Network Reduction.
In Version 14.0, the Network Reduction command provides four main setting options:

Basic Options
Output Options
Advanced Options
Verification Options

It is worth to mention the Output option. The Output tab is used to specify whether the
reduced grid parameter shall be reported only, or whether the reduced grid shall be
stored in a new variation. This function is useful when original data must be remained
and the equivalent parameter required.
Further information about process the Network Reduction shall be found in [29].

3.2.3 Technical Background of Network Reduction

The Network Reduction function in DIgSILENT PowerFactory is applied to load flow,
short circuit and stability calculations. The stability analysis is in the steady state level
until the present version. The more advanced transient stability will be discussed. The
algorithm in Version 14.0 based on the sensitivity matrices. The basic idea is that the

23

sensitivities of the equivalent grid, measures at the connection point in the retained grid,
must equal to the sensitivities of the gird that has been reduced.[13]

3.3 Study Case

The load flow equivalent result which obtained from Network Reduction module is
consist of common impedance between each two boundary buses and apparent power
injection at boundary bus bars. In DIgSILENT PowerFactory 14.0, the apparent power
injection can be represented by different equivalent elements. Take load flow equivalent
result as the example, there are three optional models available.

Load Equivalent: a load demand.

Ward Equivalent: an AC voltage source which is configured as a Ward
Equivalent.
Extended Ward Equivalent: an AC voltage source which is configured as an
Extended Ward Equivalent.

The last two equivalent models were based on the same element (AC voltage source)
but different element type definition.[11] The three equivalent models all can give the
same load flow result as the original system. However, different equivalent model and
different area selected as the reduced system will affect the result of classical transient
stability test.
The disturbance initiating the transient is a three-phase short circuit occurring on Busbar
No.3 at 0.0 second. The fault is cleared at 0.1 second. The layout of the nine-bus system
is in Appendix A. 1.
Two study case results will be compared. They reduce the original nine-bus system to
eight buses system. In the case 1, the bus which contents a generator will be selected as
the external system to be reduced. While, in Case 2, the reduced bus selected will be a
bus contents a load. The loads in this nine-bus system are treated as constant impedance.
During analyze each study case, all the three optional equivalent models will be tested
and compared.

3.3.1 Case 1
The boundary definition of case 1 split the No.7 Busbar and No.2 Busbar as the external
system to be reduced, and the rest Busbars as the internal system. All three result model
options have been selected one by one. From collecting and comparing the result
24

elements parameter, it is not difficult to find their common impedances have the same
result during the three alternative models. All the collected results are listed in
Appendix A. 2. It also contents the two loads, two ward equivalent model voltage
sources and two extended ward model voltage sources parameters.
In order to track the dynamic performance of the No.3 generator, the Run Simulation
command will be initialized and executed. The simulation time is 5 seconds and
represented as RMS calculations. Further information for set up the initialize and run
simulation command will be given in the chapter 5.2. The No. 3 generator has been
selected as the result object, and its rotor angle selected as the tracking signal in rad.

Figure 3.2: Swing curve of No.3 generator when eliminate No.2 generator of nine-bus
system
In Figure 3.2, the red curve is from tracking the No.3 generators rotor angle change
respecting the time before reduced the system. Then, the green, blue and golden curves
represent the rotor angle change after reduce the Busbar No.2 and Busbar No.7. From
this selection of external system, the No.2 generator will be deleted and replaced by the
common impedance, general load or voltage source elements. The rotor angles starting
points of all the curves are equal. They are proving the reduction result from Network
Reduction module was right in load flow calculation. Although none of reduced
tracking curves is identical as the original systems which testified the Network
Reduction module cant be used in Dynamic simulation. The differential of the three

25

curves after the reduction process can still exhibit the characteristics of three different
equivalent elements. The two equivalent model content voltage sources are showing the
same track representing as blue and golden curve. And, the two curves are generally
narrow than the green curve which represent the equivalent load reduced model. That is
because the voltage source can dominate the voltage on the connection node. Thus,
during the time domain simulation, the voltage source makes the so connected generator
faster to achieve the next stead state operating condition. However, the load equivalent
models curve in green represents the natural damping.
To sum up, when the reduced system contents the elements which have dynamic
performances, like generators, the Network Reduction equivalent system cant represent
the original system in dynamic analyses.

3.3.2 Case 2
In case 2, it is aim to test the Network Reduction module when the reduced part defined
as a constant load. Furthermore, the constant load represents a kind of elements in
power system which doesnt have dynamic characteristics like cables, lines, Busbars. It
is defined the Load C and its neighborhood elements until another Busbar has been
found. The results collection in the Appendix A. 3.With the same simulation and
selection procedure as in Case 1, the swing curve of No.3 generator when eliminate
Load C of nine-bus system shows below.

26

Figure 3.3: Swing curve of No.3 generator when eliminate Load C of nine-bus system
In Figure 3.3, the red curve also represents the rotor angle change of No.3 generator
before reduce the system. If reduced system has the same tracking rotor angle change of
No.3 generator, the reduced system can fully represent the original system in dynamic
analyses. In the study case 2, the No.8 Busbar (A. 3) was replaced by common
impedance between two neighborhood bus bars and two general loads on the two buses.
However, if the equivalent model selected as voltage source, the equivalent impedance
wasnt the same with the original system.
From the result curve from Case 1 and Case 2, two conclusions jumped up. Firstly,
when the reduced Busbar contents the elements dont have the dynamic characteristics,
like cable and load, the load equivalent model of Network Reduction result can be used
in dynamic analyses. Secondly, the other two equivalent models have the same dynamic
behavior for the transient stability analyses.
This testing result is useful for the network topology reduction after reduce the
generator kind elements which have dynamic characteristics.

27

4 MODELING WEST DENMARK POWER SYSTEM

(WDKPS)

4.1 Background of the WDKPS model

As the purpose of the project, the WDKPS model will be as the original system model
for developing and testing the coherent based network reduction algorithms in
DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The model in is provided by DONG Energy Power Holding
A/S.[25] As a preparatory work, it is important to investigate the object of study. Also,
some preliminary definition will be made as a reduction conditions. The simulation
process and result in chapter 5will be bases on these assumptions.
Against the physical power network of west Denmark, the model used in this project
concern the transmission power system at the voltage of 150kV and 400kV. The
simplified model of WDKPS established based on this two voltage level. Also, there are
many wind turbine site and CHP units feeding into the local distribution networks at the
voltage level 60kV. In this study case, the 60kV consumptions have been translated into
150kV Busbars. Hence, all the generation and consumption unites are equivalented at
the 150kV Busbars.
It is well known that Danish power network as hub connected between the European
electrical transmission grid and the Nordic electrical transmission grid. This WDKPS
model represent three connection point indicate the model connecting with Sweden at
Vester Hassing, connecting with Norway at Tjele, and the European grid as the external
grid connecting at Kass.
For better understanding the geographical location is shown in Figure 4.1. And, the real
location names and the corresponding Busbar symbols are shown in Table 4.1.

28

Figure 4.1: Sketch map of WDKPS respecting the geographical location

4.2 Model layout

From the WDKPS model layout in DIgSILENT PowerFactory shown in Figure B.1 and
Figure B.2, we can see the system can be separated as two transmission circle according
to the voltage level. Nearly all the 400kV Busbars connect with the 150kV Busbars via
400kV/150kV transformer. The model contents totally 45 Busbars. 30 Busbars is at
150kV level and 15 Busbars is at 400kV level. It is of which 11 150kV Busbar and 11
400kV Busbar connected with transformers. At 150kV network system, each Busbar
29

contents a mixed power unit: local combined heat power (CHP) plant, local Wind power
generation and local consumption. Besides, there are two large off-shore wind farm
involved in this model: Horn Rev I and II. Several conventional large power plants also
take into account. The model is a simplified model which represents some basic
characteristics of the entire WDKPS in a specific operation scenario in the condition of
2005. The detail information will be given in the chapter 4.3 to chapter 4.5.

4.3 The mixed power unit

The wind energy penetration in the Danish power grid is dramatic increasing in the last
decade. The traditional power system was built of the large power plants supported by
oil and gas feeding into the transmission power networks. Because of the increasing
wind energy inject to the power grid, the mainly dominated traditional power plant has
been changed into a mixed unit dominated form. The contents of the mixed dominated
unit for WDKPS are the different kinds of concept amount of wind energy and the local
combined heat power (CHP). Additionally, the large consumption centre will be an
important relevant element considering in the unit. These mixed units are the basic cell
concept about modeling the 150kV network of WDKPS. The Figure 4.2 below shows
the mixed unit which consist of the three elements. The two concept of power
production under different operation represented as two generators with two system
load flow operation characteristics. The operation characteristics are several trigger
element used to define the production of the generators by percentage.

Figure 4.2: Local mixed power production and consumption unit using in WDKPS
model
The Table 4.1 shows the Busbars, generators and loads data at 150kV network. They
will be used for aggregating the coherent generators in chapter 5.4.

30

Table 4.1: Mixed power unit data for 150kV Busbars of WDKPS
Location

Bus

Abildskov
Bredebro
Bilstrup
Endrup
Ferslev
Frstrup
Hatting
Herning
Hornbk
Idomlund
Karlsgrde
Kass
Kingstrup
Klim
Knabberup
Landerupgrd
Loldrup
Lykkegrd
Malling
Modelund
Mosbk
Nordjyllandsvrket
Rev
Ribe
Endstedvrket
Skrbkvrket
Studstrupvrket
Tange
Tinghj
Tjele
Trige
Vester Hassing

ADL
BBR
BIL
END
FER
FRT
HAT
HER
HNB
IDU
KAE
KAS
KIN
KLM
KNA
LAG
LOL
LYK
MAL
MLU
MOS
NEV
REV
RIB
SHE
SKV
SSV
TAN
TH
TJE
TRI
VHA

CHP
WDG
Nominal
Rated Nominal Rated
9.42
8
1.18
1
37.65
32
148.24
126
43.53
37
125.89
107
43.53
37
45.89
39
11.77
10
29.42
25
22.36
19
50.59
43
67.06
57
30.59
26
142.36
121
70.59
60
49.42
42
94.12
80
95.3
81
387
327
138.84
118
211.78
180
247.07

210

34.13
45.9
78.83

Load
Peak
132
77
103
61
28
57
163
159
33
249
233

29
39
67

235.32
51.77
85.9
97.66
3.53

200
44
73
83
3

599
8
164
243
50

10.6
62.36
56.49
264.73

9
53
48
225

20.01
31.77
142.36
235.32

17
27
121
200

197
76
132
329

21.18

18

35.3

30

41

163.54
17.65

139
15

72.95
45.89

62
39

177
38

76.5

65

168.25

143

356

31

4.3.1 Modeling of local CHP unit

With the considering of the simplified WDKPS modeling, the local CHP unit
represented by standardized synchronous generator model inside the DIgSILENT
PowerFactory. The parameters of the generators are user defined. The significant
effective parameters are synchronous reactance, inertia, transient time constant,
transient reactance and so on.
As the power network reduction research issue, all the generators can be simplified
represented as the same basic generator type but with different nominal power and load
flow demand. The nominal power data come from the size of the real aggregated
generator at predefined location. The load flow dependents on the central operator for
all local CHP unit. In this situation, the central CHP operator commission 70% of rated
active power production for each of the local CHP unit, and require none reactive power
from them. It indicates the local CHP unit import or export reactive without control, and
it doesnt ability to control the Busbar voltage.
The basic parameters of each local CHP generator type represent in the Table 4.2
below:
Table 4.2: The generator type data in pu for modeling the local CHP unit
Parameters

Data
2 pu
2 pu
2 pu
2 pu
0.1 pu
6.66667 s
10 s

: The synchronous reactance in axis

: The synchronous reactance in axis
: The transient reactance in axis
: The transient reactance in axis
: The leakage reactance

0
: Transient time constant
: Acceleration time constant

32

All the data defined as the per unit value. The SI values of each local CHP unit also
dependent on the nominal apparent power. The local CHP unit data defined in the
WDKPS model listed in the Table 4.1.

4.3.2 Modeling of local wind energy

The local wind energy also known as the distribution wind generators (DWG) inject in
the 150kV Busbars considering in the present model. The wind speed variations doesnt
taking into account in this project. Thus, the entire model represents a specific operation
state. Under these assumptions, the DWG also modeled as the standardized synchronous
generator model inside the DIgSILENT PowerFactory. Whereas it operated by a centre
distribution model as 100% production. It is of cause a best assumption of the wind
energy injection. Actually, the theory of modeling the local CHP and the local Wind
energy are the same. However, it is worth to deal the two units separately for the better
representation of the real power system. Also, the reduced result of the model will base
on the equivalent mixed unit.

4.3.3 Modeling of consumption centre

The consumption centre represented as a general load model inside the DIgSILENT
PowerFactory with constant active power commissioned the 100% rated situation and
constant reactive power as none requirement. Those active power and reactive power
are independent from the dynamic voltage behavior.

4.4 Modeling of conventional power plant

The conventional power plant of a power system is the centre unit which has to be
100% under control. They all have large capacity may be hundreds of MW and located
in few points along the power system. So, it is difficult to find two conventional power
plants operated coherently. Furthermore, the modeling of conventional power plant in
the simplified model doesnt content its controller information. For the coherent based
network reduction purpose, the conventional power plant defined as the slack element
that remained in the reduced system.

4.5 Modeling of large wind farm

33

4.5.1 Aggregated model for a large wind farm

Modeling the large wind farm depends on the purpose of the investigation. In the
investigation of power network reduction, the large wind farm can be represented as a
reduced model. Because the attentive point is the response of the wind farm to a
disturbance event occurring in the entire power system. In the WDKPS model, the large
wind farm reduced as one wind turbine model. Because the result from the wind farm
internal network that does no matter to the collective response of the wind farm can be
neglected in this case.[24]
The size of the offshore wind farms tend to above 100 MW. In this WDKPS model,
there are two large scale offshore wind farm, Horns Rev I and Horns Rev II.Horns Rev I
has 160MW capacity and Horns Rev II has 200MW capacity. Therefore, integration
such amount of power has to be restricted by the Transmission system operator (TSO).
The necessary voltage control and frequency control of such large scale offshore wind
farm are also utilized for stable and reliable of the Danish transmission system.
According to the grid, the active power shall be regulated upon a forecast desired power
production or a required production under the desired value. Also, the wind farm shall
be equipped with reactive power as more or less neutral value. However, with such
amount of power produced and temporarily replacement of central power plant, the
wind farm will be oblige to provide more ancillary system service.
The reduced wind farm model can be represented as a synchronous generator modeling
in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory 13.2. In the version 14.0, the wind turbine can be
represented as a synchronous generator with an option wind generator. Because of this
WDKPS model was a modified simplified model with 46 Busbars, the two large scaled
offshore wind farms modeling on the same Busbar END 150, and they share the same
generator type. The simplified model of large wind farm still shall achieve the required
accuracy.
Table 4.3: Main parameters using in modeling large off-shore wind farm in WDKPS
Name of WF
Connected Busbar
Nominal Apparent Power
Active Power set point
Power Factor

Horns Rev I
END 150
220 MVA
160 MW
1

Horns Rev II
END 150
220 MVA
200 MW
1

The two large scaled wind farms operated under the rated production in this model.

34

4.5.2 Modeling of the ongoing offshore wind farm- Anholt

With the Danish Energy Agency agreement of 21 February 2008, it was decided to
build largest offshore wind farm of Denmark at Djursland Anholt.[1] Anholt offshore
wind farm will have an installed capacity of 400MW. Thus, it will twice larger than the
resent largest offshore wind farm, Horns Rev2, 200MW capacity. It is appropriate to
consider alternative technical solutions for design Anholt, and most importantly to take
the external grid dynamic behavior into account. Various examined technical solutions
for grid connection have been done by Energinet.dk, a TSO company of Denmark. The
studies have shown that 400kV power station Trige is the optimal wind farm connection
point to land. Because the surrounding power networks are sufficiently developed to
consume production from offshore wind farm. Similarly, a large share of wind energy
could be consumed locally in the rhus area or efficiently transferred to the other major
centers in East Jutland.
Anholt wind farm planned by Danish government, and it expected online in 2012. Until
2008, there are three alternative solutions recommended used in connection the wind
farm to the 400kV transmission grid. There are:

Two parallel 150kV cables connected to 400kV network through a single

400/150kV transformer.
A 220kV cable connected to 400kV network through a separate 400/200kV
transformer.
A VSC-HVDC solution which created a special platform in the vicinity of
offshore wind farm.

Figure 4.3: Sketch map of showing the location of Anholt wind farm integration point

35

In this thesis work, based on the WDKPS model in the condition in 2005, the Anholt
will simulated as a new wind farm adding to the model. And, the wind farm will be
performed as a synchronous generator. The generator parameter given in the table
below:
Table 4.4: The synchronous generator parameter for simulating Anholt offshore wind
farm
Generator name
Rated MVA
Rated Voltage
Power factor
Type

Anholt
400MVA
400kV
0
Offshore
Farm
2 pu
2 pu
2 pu

Wind

2 pu
0.1 pu
6.66667 s
10 s

For entire WDKPS steady state and transient stability study, there are several reasons
why the Anholt offshore wind farm can be simulated as a single generator.

36

5 TIME DOMAIN SIMULATION OF WDKPS

5.1 Predefined short circuit event
Various fault events can be introduced to the transient stability study. Furthermore, it
also dependents on the critical fault clearing time. Because of the symmetrical network
representation, the basic simulation function only allows the insertion of symmetrical
fault. In this case, the symmetrical short circuit event will perform at t=0.0s and clear at
t=0.1s according to the time axis built in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory starting from 0.1. The location was at 150 kV Busbar Trige where the tested new large scale offshore
wind farm will be integrated.
The algorithm of predefine the short circuit and short circuit clear events shows in the
flow chart below. With input a Busbar number, the location of the short circuit event
can be automatically selected. It is worth to mention that the default general selection of
a DPL script only contents the element object. Thus, a general set selection for short
circuit event objects have to be made before perform the script.

37

Input short circuit

Busbar N0
N=0
First Busbar oBus
Next Busbar
N+=1

No

N=N0?
Yes
Break

Record Busbar as the short

circuit location object

Figure 5.1: The flow chart of predefine the short circuit even in WDKPS
After execute the script, in the upcoming dialogue of the selection fault location a
number represented a Busbar was required. For example, No.42 indicates 150 kV
Busbar Trige.

Figure 5.2: Fault location selected dialog

38

Then, by kick OK, all the short circuit and short circuit clear event have been set up. A
look up table of corresponding Busbar name and number were list below. Because of
DPL doesnt support to find object by a variable string letter, every object picked up by
their order number in the data manager. This object selection method will be used
across all the scripts in this project. The most critical thing when extent this script to
other power network system model is the object identification compatibility.
Figure 5.3: Look up table corresponding Busbar name and number.
Busbar
ADL 150
BBR 150
BIL 150
END 150
END 400
FER 150
FER 400
FRT 150
HAT 150
HER 150
HNB 150

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Busbar
IDU 150
IDU 400
KAE 150
KAS 150
KAS 400
KIN 150
KIN 400
KLM 150
KNA 150
LAG 150
LAG 400

No.
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Busbar
LOL 150
LYK 150
MAL 150
MAL 400
MLU 150
MOS 150
NEV 150
NEV 400
REV 400
RIB 150
SHE 150

No.
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

Busbar
SKV 150
SKV 400
SSV 150
SSV 400
TAN 150
TH 150
TJE 150
TJE 400
TRI 150
TRI 400
TYSK
VHA 400

No.
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

Apparently, for different fault location, the relevant results will be different. Then, the
correlation generator group will be found differently. The final network reduction grid
firstly depends on the fault location selection. So, it is convenient to use a function
when the option fault location selected.

5.2 Set up Time domain simulation

5.2.1 Set up calculation of initial condition

As a preparatory work, before the running the time domain simulation, the initial
condition shall be set up and calculated. The correct setting up is very important for the
follow up simulations in order to observe the right phenomena in the result. So, some
setting of this step should be declared.
The power network will under balanced network condition, so the basic function of
symmetrical steady state (RMS) has been selected suit for the calculation of initial
condition. The balanced RMS simulation function considers dynamic in

39

electromechanical, control and thermal device. In this case, the dynamic behavior in
electromechanical was the attention point.
If the required operation status allows fulfill the initial condition, the power system will
be in steady state conditions. In this calculation, the Verify Initial Condition is enabled.
Then, the convergence load flow condition is check for state variables.
In this case, the initial condition have been used the fixed step size for the simulation by
deactivate the Automatic Step Size Adaption in basic options. At the same time, some
parameters for electromechanical transient (RMS) has to be set. Firstly, the start time of
the simulation can be set. This point of time is typically negative,-0.1 as the software
start condition, and the event to be analyzed can take place at t=0s. The integration step
size for electromechanical transient is typical 0.01 second. And, the Output time is
typical equals to the electromechanical transient. For the RMS simulation, the minimum
time step should always be smaller than the time constants in the system.

5.2.2 Result object

During the RMS simulation, the signal variable is changing in time domain. In this case,
the rotor angle of each generator is the concerned variable need to be selected as the
result object. Then, the data analysis of the result object can be performed. In this case,
one of a generator on each Busbar has been selected. Because of the rotor angle is a
signal parameter that only can be selected after perform a calculation of initial
condition. Then, after perform a calculation of run simulation, the result object contents
a fulfilled matrix. The role of the matrix is the time scale and the columns indicate each
generator.
According to this thesis project, the result object was selected manually. The matrix of
the result object will be change as the fault location and size. The matrix will be used in
the coherent generator identification step.

5.2.3 Run a simulation

When the short circuit event and the result object have been set up, and the initial
condition has been calculated without warning, the calculation of run a simulation can
be performed. The simulation will start from -0.1s as the default starting time and finish
by a predefined stop time. In this project, the stop time is 10s which at least five cycle of
swing curve can be viewed. Also, there is a option that user can stop the simulation in
the middle manually.

40

5.3 Identify coherent generator group

In this thesis work, a systematization method for identify coherent generators in a power
network system has been developed in DIgSILENT PowerFactory using DPL
(DIgSILENT Programming Language). With a predefined fault and each generators
rotor angle change, the coherent generators could be found classed by a predefined
correlation coefficient rank. The correlation coefficient is the most important thing to
identify coherent group. And, the correlation coefficient indicates the strength and the
direction of a linear relationship between two series variables. Higher value of the
correlation coefficient rank that predefined by user less generators will be found in one
coherent group.
In probability theory and statistics, there are several coefficients for measuring
correlation adapted different kinds of data. The wide used one is the Pearson productmoment correlation coefficient which is gained by dividing the covariance of the two
variables by the product of their standard deviations. The correlation coefficient , for
, series of data defined as:
, =

(, )

(5.1)

The result obtain from software is often a sample. So the data , can be written as a
series of , . The correlation coefficient can be estimated as sample correlation
coefficient. As the condition of this estimate, the two series of the data are in the same
and finite size .The equation of the sample correlation coefficient is:
=

2 ( )2 2 ( )2

(5.2)

Where,
=

=
=

41

2 =

2 =
The correlation coefficient value turns out that always between -1.0 and +1.0. The
coefficient close to +1.0 indicated the two series variables curves are in the similar
form and same direction. Contrarily, the coefficient close to -1.0 indicated the two
curves are in the similar form but totally opposite direction. The coefficient close to 0
indicated nothing similar between two series of variables.
All the theory shown so far is how to compute a correlation between two variables. In
most studies it has considerably more than two variables. In this project, there are 30
150kV Busbar which content 26 units of generator as the original system. And, the
relationships among all of them need to be estimated between all possible pairs of
variables. Thus, each of two generators rotor angle variables recorded in 2 seconds
simulation time have been compared. Therefore a correlation coefficient matrix has
been calculated. A correlation matrix is always a symmetric matrix with the diagonal
consists of one. Because of the variable is always perfectly correlated with itself. For
series of variables, there is a formula to calculate how many possible correlation
coefficients will be obtained.
( 1)
2

(5.3)

In this case, there are 26 CHP generators need to be measured. And therefore, 325
correlation coefficients need to be analyzed.

42

Load result data matrix

Define Column interval i

start with 1

First column

First column+i

First row

First row

Data x

Data y

Acc X+=x; Y+=y; XX+=x*x;

YY+=y*y; XY+=x*y

Next row

i+1

No

Last row?

Next row

No
Yes

Next column

Next column

Calculate correlation
coefficient r of two columns

No

R> criterion cl?

No

Yes
Record No. of current
column & column+i
No

No

Last column?
Yes
Maximum interval?
Yes
Print coherent Group

Figure 5.4: The flow chart of identify the coherent group for WDKPS model
43

In the flow chart, the input data is the result element predefined in the study case folder.
The contents of the result element are 26 series of rotor angle changing with time. When
facing the same predefined fault and running a 10 seconds simulation in time domain,
the rotor angles in each generator will response differently. However, according to
coherent generator theory, the two rotor angle curves with high correlation coefficient
are recognized as two coherent generators. Then, several generators which all have high
correlation coefficient of each of other are in the coherent group.
With this theory, the first thing is to calculate all possibility correlation between each
pairs of generators. In this script, the method is selecting two generator data in the same
time. The first generator data is sweep from the first column of data to the last column.
In the same time, the second generator data is a column after the first generator with an
interval. After a round sweep of first generator, the interval increase one. With this
method all 325 possible correlation will be found. Also, in the internal loop, the data
will be sweep from first row to the last row, and accumulate the , for the final
calculation.
Each of correlation coefficient will compare to a criteria correlation rank. If the
correlation coefficient value higher than the criteria, the two generators are coherent and
need to be recorded. In other side, if not, it will not record and go to next condition.
At last, the coherent group for the specific fault bus as the internal system will be found
and shown in the table.
Table 5.1: List of coherent group of WDKPS
Reference Machines TJE

END IDU

LAG TRI

Generator Groups

2
END
HER
KAE
LYK
RIB

4
KAN
LAG
SKV
SHE

1
ADL
BIL
FER
LOL
MOS
TAN

3
FRT
IDU
KLM
NEV

5
HNB
MLU
TRI
MAL
SSV

There two methods for identify the coherent generators in a group. One is each of the
generators have the correlation coefficient higher than the criteria can be recognized as
a group. The other method is selecting a reference machine, the generator with high
correlation coefficient with the reference machine recognized as in this group. The key
point of the second method is identifying the reference machine in order to make each
reference machines independent with each other.

44

In fact, the first method is a systemization method can be better used in power network
which contents thousand Busbar. In this project, the object is a 45 Busbar system. So, it
will also consider some other conditions to reduce the system Busbar maximum. For
example, the 150kV Busbar which connected to 400kV Busbar with 150/400kV
transformer is primarily considered as the reference Busbar. Because of the transform is
not involved in this reduction process. Moreover, the Busbar which is defined as the
slack Busbar will also be consider as the reference machine. In this project, the two
methods all have been used in order to gain the maximum number of reduced Busbar.

5.4 Aggregate coherent generators

In this thesis work, a systematization method for aggregate coherent generators and
automatically create equivalent generator on the selected Busbar has been studied and
performed in DIgSILENT PowerFactory using DPL (DIgSILENT Programming
Language). Once the equivalent generators are inserted into the system, the generators
in the associated coherent groups are terminated in the same time.
The motivation of separated the aggregated process with the identified coherent
generators process is that the two process have independent functions. In some cases,
multiple methods needed be used in coherent identification process even the artificial
method may be used at last. Moreover, it is easy to check the correctness of the coherent
generator identification results.

45

First Group
Enter Group Info
Calculate equivalent G
parameters
Next Group

Disable original G in
Group
Create new G unit for
Group

Is there any
more group?

Yes

No
Break

Finish Aggregate process

Figure 5.5: Outer loop of aggregate coherent generator

The whole script will be explained in three parts. The first part is the external loop
sweep by groups. When execute the DPL script, it default that at least one coherent
group serial number and its members serial number have to be input. The general idea
of this script is ask input coherent group information with using a popup dialog window.
Because DPL only has the dialog window input as number, all the Busbar definition
will convert to a serial number. The look up table from Busbar name to serial number is
given below:
Table 5.2: Busbarss Number look up table for aggregate script
No.

Busbar

No.

Busbar

No.

Busbar

46

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

ADL 150
BBR 150
BIL 150
END 150
FER 150
FRT 150
HAT 150
HER 150
HNB 150
IDU 150

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

KAE 150
KAS 150
KIN 150
KLM 150
KNA 150
LAG 150
LOL 150
LYK 150
MAL 150
MLU 150

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

MOS 150
NEV 150
RIB 150
SHE 150
SKV 150
SSV 150
TAN 150
TH 150
TJE 150
TRI 150

The practice process is with executing the script, the first popup window will ask which
group the user would like to select. In this case, with the result from coherent group
identification process, the available serial number is 1 to 5. Then, the serial number of
Busbar in this group will be asked. Take Group 1 as an example, a serial number 1, 3, 5,
17, 21, 27, 29 need to be input. In this script, the maximum Busbar in one group is
seven. When another group contents Busbar less than seven the rest blanks will be filled
in with zero. Furthermore, which Busbar that the created generators will connect with
also be asked. For Group 1, it is 29 which indicate TJE150.
After input the groups information, there are two other parts of script executed one by
one. Part one is calculating the parameters for the equivalent generators. This part will
not modify the original power system model. Then the script will create an equivalent
CHP generator and an equivalent Wind generator named with group name. And, it will
connect the generator unit to the selected equivalent Busbar. In the same time, because
of the equivalent generators represent the original generators on the Busbar which in the
group, the original generators need to be disabled. Then equivalent generator unit
replace the original generators. At this time, the aggregate action for single group has
been finished.
At last, it will pop up a dialog window ask if the user would like to continue aggregate
the next group. 1=Yes and 0=No. So, it is possible for user aggregate all coherent
groups once. Also, user could test one of group result.
As the second part, in the process of calculating the parameters of the equivalent
generators, the inertia, damping coefficient and transient admittance are the main
parameters that need to be sum up. In DIgSILENT PowerFactory model, the generator
type was defined in the same per unit scaled parameters with different nominal power.
So the equivalent generator type has the summary of nominal power of each generator
in the group. Also, the rated power for the equivalent generator is the summary of each
generator in the group.

47

So, the first thing is to pick up the generators in the group and make a filter. Then
accumulate the rated power and the nominal power.

Define Aggregated Group

First CHP Generator

First Wind Generator

Next
CHP G

Next
Wind G
No

No

Is CHP G
in Group?

Is Wind G
in Group?

Yes

Yes

Acc

Acc

Acc

Acc

Last CHP G?

Last Wind G?

Yes

Yes

No

No

Record Equivalent CHP G &

Wind G parameters

Figure 5.6: First inner loop for calculate the equivalent generators
The result of this function is to obtain the equivalent rated power and nominal power,
and prepare for using the next step.
In the third part, there are two input act as the initial condition. It needs user to fill in a
desired Busbar that the equivalent generator will be connected. Also, the result from the
second part will be the other initial condition of this part.

48

Define Equivalent Busbar

Record Equivalent CHP G &

Wind G parameters

Is there exist
equivalent element?

Yes
Delete all equivalent
elements created before

Create Equivalent CHP G &

Wind G for the Group
Create Cubic on the
equivalent Busbar
Connect the Equivalent G
unit
Edit G parameters

End

Figure 5.7: Second inner loop for Create the new generators
The DPL provide a command can create element in the selected folder. However, the
new element will not draw in the graphic. If user needs to draw the element in the

49

graphic, it could only be performed manually by the function: Draw exist element. In
order to connect the new generator to the desired Busbar, a new cubic on the Busbar
also need to be created. Then select the cubic as an object and fill it in the generators
terminal parameters. The new generator has been successful connected. By edit all
relevant parameters of the generators, the equivalent generator has been obtained.
It is worth to mention that the created command of DPL will create new element every
time which means if test the script several times, it may create several redundant copy
element. Thus, it is necessary to search if the element is already existed. If yes, it needs
to delete the element created last time before create a new element this time.

5.5 Aggregate Busbars

After aggregate coherent generators, some Busbar that only remain load and
transmission line connected between needed to be reduced. Similar with aggregation of
generators, the new equivalent impedance are inserted into the system between the
remained Busbars, the cables, lines, loads as well as the reduced Busbars in the
associated coherent groups are removed in the same time.
In DIgSILENT PowerFactory 14.0 and 13.2, the reduction function testing shown that
the reduced system only remain the power flow characteristics. The result proved the
specification of DIgSILENT, the reduction module can be used in steady state study.
However, in 14.0, the reduced result was equivalent impedances and loads. Thus, if the
external system where have been reduced only contents constant impedance elements
like constant load and cables, the reduction result will also valid in the dynamic studies.
The theory has been test in this project, and a manual procedure also given before. The
Busbar reduction algorithm flow chart for the WDKPS model is given below.

50

Define Groups

First Busbar
Next Busbar
Busbar pending
reduced?

No

Yes
Define Boundary
First Cable connected
on Busbar
Select the other side
cubic on the cable as
the boundary

Last Cable?

Next Cable

No

Yes
Set up Reduction Command
Execute Reduction Command

No

Last Busbar?
Yes
Finishing reduce Busbar

Figure 5.8: The flow chart of Busbars aggregation

51

This script is executed with the condition that the pending reduced Busbar doesnt
contents anything but line. Firstly, the pop up dialog will ask to input the pending
reduced Busbar. In this process, it is required input the Busbar Number in reverse order.
It means input No.30 back to No.1. Because the theory behind this script is searching
the elements with its class name and order. And, the Network Reduction Function will
delete the elements in the external system. Then, in each loop, delete element will break
the order in the class. As long as using the reverse order, the Busbar Number at back
will not break the order of the front Busbar Number.
Then, the key point of this process is set up the boundary element of the selected
Busbar. The boundary element is a new function of DIgSILENT PowerFactory 14.0.

Figure 5.9: Boundary definition of the WDKPS model

Take the No.29 Busbar TAN 150 as the example. The area within the red line is the
desired external system to be reduced. The boundary for this kind of system spilt
defined as the four cubic pointing with arrowhead. In order to select the cubic, the line
type elements have been found. Then, script records all the other side of the line
elements. Furthermore, because of as the Network Reduction execute one by one, it is
not only the line type elements need to been get but also the equivalent impedance need
to been considered. Thus, when all Busbars haven been deleted, the network system is
the final reduced model.
For the set up reduction command step, the output form will be selected as reduce
network without create a new variation. This is because other options cant achieve the
requirement. But, this option will bring a risk that the reduced system cant go back to
the original system. So, it is highly recommend copy the variation or the whole project
before execute the script.
52

5.6 Reduction result evaluation

After the pervious step from 5.1 to 5.5, the 28 Busbars reduced system has been
obtained from the original 45 Busbars WDKPS. The reduce rate is approximate at 38%.
And, remained part mainly contents the 400kV Busbars and the 150kV Busbars which
connect with transformers. The result layout is given in Appendix B. 2. Following the
procedure of network reduction technique explained in 2.3.7, the evaluation result is
shown as Figure 5.10:

Figure 5.10: Swing curve of Anholt offshore wind farm equivalent generator
(38% reduction rate)
The two curves are measured signal of the Anholt equivalent generator rotor angle
curve as a function of time. The simulation time is shown 10 seconds. The red curve is
the result from the original full order WDKPS, while the green curve is from the
reduced system. The correlation coefficient between the two curves is 0.995203 which
indicated a highly correlation relation. According to the acceptable relation and size of
the equivalent system, the reduced system can represent the original system in this
particular operation condition.

53

Figure 5.11: Terminal voltage measured in per unit for Anholt offshore wind farm
equivalent generator
As the same result from Figure 5.10, Figure 5.11 shows the terminal voltage simulation
in time domain with a three phase short circuit fault. The green curve represents the
result from original system and the red curve is obtained from the reduced system. The
result shows they have highly correlation relation. It is also proved the reduced system
successful represent the original system.
As discussed in the previous chapter, the coherent generator groups will be found based
on the selection of correlation level. Obviously, when the correlation level was high,
fewer generators identified as coherent. Consequently, the reduced part will be limited.
However, when the correlation level was low, more generators will be found as
coherent. Generally, higher reduced rate will make the reduced system less similar the
original system. But, the reduced rate and degree of two systems consistency werent
follow linear relation.
Because of the advantage of having the local CHP generation, local Wind generation
and local consumption unit in the power system, the simplified 45 Busbars WDKPS
model have very high coherency between those units. When the correlation level is
defined higher than 0.98, nearly all the generators identified as coherent generator. So
we tested start with 0.999 and decrease with a step 0.001 to see the coherent group
result. Finally, it got the present result.
54

6 EXTRA RESULT
In the main part of this thesis, a coherent power network reduction technique has been
introduced in detail and implemented in WDKPS. The important characteristic of
WDKPS is that it has two voltage level transmission grid. And, each voltage level has
completed transmission loop. Hence, the first constrain condition of the simulation work
is the Busbar which connected with 400/150kV transformer as the default remained
part. Under this assumption, the maximum number of Busbar that can be reduced is 17.
This 17 Busbars are neither connected with transformers nor included slack elements.
The coherent equivalent technique can reduced the 17 Busbars with high correlation
relation with the original system.
However, the negative effect of the default remained Busbars assumption is the reduced
rate is low. With the maximum number of Busbars can be reduced, the reduced rate is
approximate 38%. And, the method that identified coherent generator with correlation
level cant be fully validated. In this case, all the selected correlation level will obtain
similar high accuracy up to 0.99 or even higher. Because up on a large power system,
when the reduced rated was very low, all different low reduced rates will obtain similar
high accuracy. However, when across a certain correlation level boundary, with the
same step of increasing the reduced rate, the accuracy will extremely decrease to zero.
The boundary condition is the optimum reduction state of the original system which is
not only remains the high accuracy of the original system but also has high reduction
rate.
So, because of this two voltage level power network, how to reduce the transformer is
became a critical issue. For this simplified WDKPS model, take the advantage of using
per unit calculation, it is also possible to translate the 150kV power network system into
the 400kV system. It is because the EMTP software simulated the transformer as the
ideal transformer with various impedances and a phase shift. These transformers
characteristics can be simulated and replaced by the standardized common impedances
element in DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The procedures of translating the 150kV
network to 400kV network are shown below:
1. Creating new common impedance replace the 400/150kV with the same nominal
power, nominal phase shift, positive-sequence and zero-sequence impedances.
55

2. Change the line-to-line voltage of the 150kV Busbar the same with the 400kV
Busbar to make the two areas using a uniform base value.
3. Change all base values of the generators and loads on 150kV Busbar.
4. Modify positive-sequence impedance, zero-sequence impedance as well as the
relevant capacitance of the transmission lines in 150kV network.
After those operations list above, the swing curve of internal system has tiny errors of
accuracy that acceptable. The errors may come from elements parameter modification
deviations brought by base value calculation. If respecting this single voltage system as
the original system, taking the same network reduction procedures discussed in chapter
5, the reduction rate will be improved.
The result shows there are 32 Busbars can be eliminated by the method of coherent
identification. It bring on the reduction rate is 71%. The swing curve show in Figure
6.1:

Figure 6.1: Swing curve of Anholt offshore wind farm equivalent generator
(71% reduction rate)

56

By exporting the rotor angle data both for the original system and for the reduced
system, the data analyses result shows that the correlation coefficient is 0.963677.
Whereas, there are some error introduced to the magnitude and the start point of the
swing curve.
The correlation coefficient between the swing curves of the original system and the
reduced system is one of the methods for measuring whether a network reduction is
successful. However, it is not the unique criterion of weigh the reduction result. High
reduction rate will introduce low accuracy of equivalency. The requirement of the
accuracy for power system reduction work will depends on the category of the research
issue.
The 71% reduction rate reduction model for equivalent the simplified WDKPS model
gives another solution of the reduction work.

57

7 CONCLUSIONS
7.1 Summary
In this thesis work, the implementation of the coherent based power network reduction
for WDKPS model is carried out by performing of RMS dynamic time domain
simulation using the power system analysis tool: DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The
primary test for the Network Reduction module in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory is
verified based on the nine-bus system. The result proves that the Network Reduction
module can only valid for the steady state calculation. However, when the predefined
reduced part only contents steady elements, the behavior after perform Network
Reduction model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory version 14.0 will not break the original
dynamic characteristics. Contrary, the module in version 13.2 or earlier versions which
only have voltage sources as its equivalent result break the original dynamic
characteristics no matter which part is the reduced part.
The modeling verification is then extended to the entire WDKPS considering local
production, local consumption, conventional power plant, large off-shore wind farm and
other relevant connection facilities. Large wind farm integration point is the significant
interaction boundary between entire power system and wind farm that has to be
researched in detail. In order to ensure integrate a new facility to power system in
security, several tests have to be made before. And, the large disturbance transient
stability responds is one of the important studies.
A systemized coherent based network reduction method has been introduced in this
report. The guidance of implement the network reduction procedure explained step by
step. Each step is represented by a general DPL script which not only suitable for the
simplified WDKPS model but also can be used in other network. The script speeds up
the whole process of reduction work and makes the variable internal system selection
possible. By comparing the similarity of the swing curve of the researched generator
between the original system and the reduced system, the reduction method and
implementation have been verified correct.

58

7.2 Future Work

This master thesis has introduced three basic network reduction techniques and
implemented one of them in a real model. The preliminary restrictive condition is only
17 Busbars can be eliminated. The network reduction work has achieved this goal with
high accuracy comparing to the original system. There is no numerical criterion for
evaluation the network reduction result at present literatures.
It is hard to classify the reduction degree and evaluation accuracy because of different
original system object. However, the approximate 30%-50% network reduction rate and
the synchronous swing curve are indicated in most of present literatures with a network
reduction practice in a real power system model.
For the quality and security network reduction, investigation of the numerical criterion
for evaluation the network reduction result is proposed. This future work will involved
amount of different kinds of power system reduction test with different reduction rate.
In addition, a further reduction has been carried out based on reduced the transformers
in the power system in chapter 6. So, the network reduction also affect by the
preliminary restrictive conditions. How to define the centre elements that will be
restrictive remain in the system became to another issue. In chapter 5, the restrictive
remain part contents the centre conventional power plant, transformers and the
connection to the outside country. The definitions limit by the simplified WDKPS
model which does contents control elements and other detail information of the physical
power system. Moreover, the further reduction work considering the transformer has
been carried out. Also the criterion of definition of the restrictive remain element
various in different cases.
The aim of network reduction is serving different kinds of tests on the network
reduction. So, the network reduction result evaluation is recommend investigated based
on the class of the test. The systemized network reduction procedures developed in this
thesis project will be a useful tool for studies of the large number of network reduction
work.

59

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1]. ELINFRASTRUKTURUDVALGET (2008): Technical report on the future

expansion and undergrounding of the electricity transmission grid, summary. Denmark.
[2]. N. Watson and J. Arrillaga: Power Systems Electromagnetic Transients Simulation.
[3]. P. Sowa: Representation of Power System for Electromagnetic Transient
Calculation. Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology,
Vol. 30, July 2008.
[4]. Lou van der Sluis: Transient in Power System. John Wiley & Sons, LTD.
[5]. M. A. Laughton, D. J. Warne: Electrical Engineers Reference Book. Sixteenth
edition.
[6]. Prabha Kundur, John Paserbam, Venkat Ajjarapu and so on: Definition and
Classification of Power System Stability. IEEE Transactions on Power System, Vol. 19,
No. 2, May 2004.
[7]. V. Akhmatov and A. Hejde Nielsen: A Small Test Model of the Transmission Grid
with a Large Offshore Wind Farm for Education and Research at Technical University
of Denmark. Power System Conference and Exposition, 2006. PSCE apos; 06. 2006
IEEE PES volum, Issue, Oct. 29 2006-Nov. 1, 2006 Page(s): 650-654.
[8]. P.M. Anderson and A.A. Fouad: Power System Control and Stability, Vol. 1, The
Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA, 1977.
[9]. Hermann W. Dommel: Digital Computer Solution of Electromagnetic Transients in
Single-and Multiphase Networks. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and System,
Vol. PAS-88, No. 4, April 1969.
[10]. de Oliveira S E M, de Queiroz J F: Modal dynamic rquivalent for electric power
systems. I, II. IEEE Trans on Power Systems, 1988, 3(4): 1723-1737.
[11]. T. L. Baldwin, Lamine Mili, Arun G. Phadke: Dynamic Ward Equivalent for
Transient Stability Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Power System, Vol. 9, No. 1,
February 1994.
[12]. Brend R. Oswald, Markus A. Pller: Modeling Power System with General
Difference Equations-A Systematic Formulation. DIgSILENT technical paper.

60

[13]. Jochen Alber, Markus A. Pller: Observability of power systems based on fast
pseudorank calculation of sparse seneitivity matrices. DIgSILENT technical paper.
[14]. M. L. Ourari, L. A. Dessaint, V. Q. Do: Generating Units Aggregation for
Dynamic Equivalent of Large IEEE Power System. Power Engineering Society General
Meeting, 2004.
[15]. Luigi Vanfretti: Notions of Phasor Measurement-Based Power System Model
Reduction of Large Power Systems. AThesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE, New York July 2007.
[16]. Neriman, Erkan ATMACA: A Correlation Based Approach for Power Network
Reduction.
[17]. H. Kim, G. Jand, K. Song: Dynamic Reduction of the Large-Scale Power System
Using Relation Factor. IEEE Transaction on Power System, Vol. 19, No. 3, August
2004.
[18]. YANG Jing-ping, XU Zheng: Application of dynamic Equivalence Based on
Identification of Coherent Generator Group in Engineering. Power System Technology,
Vol. 29 No. 17, September 2005.
[19]. ZHAO Liang, LI Bei, BU Guang-quan, CHEN Zhi-gang, ZHONG Jie-feng: Study
on Dynamic Equivalence of 800kV DC Transmission System from Yunnan to
Guangdong. Power System Technology, Vol. 30 No. 16, August 2006.
[20]. AKIRA TAKIMOTO: Power System Dynamic Equivalence Based on a New
Model Reduction Technique. Electrical Engineering in Japan, Vol. 114 No. 7, 1994.
[21]. E. Atmaca, N. Serifoglu: A rank corrrlation-based method for power network
reduction. Electrical Engineering 85 (2003) Page(s): 211-218.
[22]. Sung-Kwan Joo, Chen-Ching Liu, Jong-Woong Choe: Enhancement of Coherency
Identification Techniques for Power System Dynamic Equivalents.
[23]. Lee, S.T. Y.; Schweppe, F. C.: Distance Measures and Coherency Recognition for
Transient Stability Equivalents. IEEE Power apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-92,
September 1973, Page(s): 1550-1557.
[24]. Vladislav Akhmatov: Analysis of Dynamic Behaviour of Electric Power Systems
with Large Amount of Wind Power. phD Thesis, Technical University of Denmark,
Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, April 2003.
[25]. Nicola Barberis Negra: Offshore Wind Power: Grid Connection and Reliability.
phD thesis, Ferdericia August 2008.
[26]. Bo Eliasson: Damping of Power Oscillations in Large Power Systems. phD thesis,
Lund, 1990.
61

[27]. PowerFactory Manual DIgSILENT Programming Language (DPL). DIgSILENT

PowerFactory Version 13.1. DIgSILENT GmbH, Gomaringen, Germany, 2005.
[28]. Manual DIgSILENT PowerFactory Version 13.1. DIgSILENT GmbH,
Gomaringen, Germany.
[29]. Manual DIgSILENT PowerFactory Version 14.0. DIgSILENT GmbH,
Gomaringen, Germany, 2009.

62

A. APPENDIX MODELING NINE-BUS SYSTEM IN

DIGSILENT POWERFACOTRY

A. 1

IEEE 9 bus bars system

The classical model of the nine-bus system contents three generators and three load.

Figure A.1: Nine-bus system model layout in DIgSILENT Power factory

63

Table A.1: Generator Data of nine-bus system (100MVA base)

Generator
Rated MVA
kV
Power factor
Type
Speed
Xd
Xd
Xq
Xq
Xl
Td0
Tq0
Stored energy at rated
speed

1
247.5
16.5
1.0
hydro
180r/min
0.1460
0.0608
0.0969
0.0969
0.0336
8.96
0
2346 MW.s

2
192.0
18
0.85
steam
3600r/min
0.8958
0.1198
0.8645
0.1969
0.0521
6.00
0.535
640 MW.s

3
128.0
13.8
0.85
steam
3600r/min
1.3125
0.1813
1.2578
0.25
0.0742
5.89
0.600
301 MW.s

Table A.2: Preliminary calculation of nine-bus system (100MVA base)

Generator
No.1
No.2
No.3
Transmission lines
L1
L6
L2
L5
L3
L4
Shunt admittances
Load A
Load B
Load C

Bus
no.

1-4
2-7
3-9

0
0
0

0.1184
0.1823
0.2399

0
0
0

-8.4459
-5.4855
-4.1684

4-5
4-6
5-7
6-9
7-8
8-9

0.0100
0.0170
0.0320
0.0390
0.0085
0.0119

0.0850
0.0920
0.1610
0.1700
0.0720
0.1008

1.3652
1.9422
1.1876
1.2820
1.6171
1.1551

-11.6041
-10.5107
-5.9751
-5.5882
-13.6980
-9.7843

1.2610
0.8777
0.9690

-0.2643
-0.0346
-0.1601
0.1670
0.2275
0.2835

5-0
6-0
8-0
4-0
7-0
9-0

Impedance

Admittance

64

A. 2

Reduce No.2 generator for nine-bus system (Case 1)

Table A.3: Collection of common impedance parameters when eliminated No.2

generator in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function
Name
Sn
bus1
bus2
iequalz
r_pu
x_pu

Value
100
B5
B8
0
0.0574064
0.2257371

Description
Nominal power (MVA)
Terminal i
Terminal j
Not use equal impedances
Positive sequence impedance i-j (Real part)
Positive sequence impedance i-j (Imaginary
part)
r_pu_ji 0.05778598 Positive sequence impedance j-i (Real part)
x_pu_ji 0.2256919 Positive sequence impedance j-i (Imaginary
part)
Use Impedance Z2=Z1
Iz2eqz1 1
1
Use same impedance as for Load flow
iZshc

65

A.2.1 Using Load Equivalent

Figure A.2: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced No.2 generator using Load
Equivalent

Table A.4: Equivalent loads parameters for nine-bus system when eliminated No.2
generator in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function
Name
loc_name
bus1
plini

Value
eqLod-0
B5
-47.94591

Value
eqLod-1
B8
-113.0409

qlini

-13.14794

-11.82888

Description
Equivalent Load Element name
Terminal i
Active power operating point
(MW)
Reactive power operating point
(Mvar)

66

A.2.2 Using Ward Equivalent

Figure A.3: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced No.2 generator using Ward
Equivalent

Table A.5: Equivalent voltage sources parameters for nine-bus system when eliminated
No.2 generator in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function
Name
Value
loc_name eqVac_WD0
B5
bus1
2
itype
Pgen
Qgen
Pzload
Qzload

18.99875
38.04273
-29.20178
25.11376

Value
eqVac_WD1
B8
2
66.74919
216.9047
-44.85556
198.7136

Description
Voltage source name
Terminal i
AC Voltage Source type as
Equivalent
Generated power (MW)
Generated power (Mvar)
Constant Load Impedance (MW)
Constant Load Impedance (Mvar)

Ward

67

A.2.3 Using Extended Ward Equivalent

Figure A.4: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced No.2 generator using Extended
Ward Equivalent

Table A.6: Equivalent extended voltage sources parameters for nine-bus system when
eliminated No.2 generator in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function
Name
Value
loc_name eqVac_EW0
B5
bus1
3
itype
Pgen
Qgen
Pzload
Qzload
usetp
Rext
Xext

18.9988
13.14794
-29.20172
0
0.9956309
0
1053.203

Value
eqVac_EW1
B8
3
66.74917
11.82888
-44.85558
0
1.015882
0
133.1062

Description
Voltage source name
Terminal i
AC Voltage Source type as Extended Ward
Equivalent
Generated power (MW)
Generated power (Mvar)
Constant Load Impedance (MW)
Constant Load Impedance (Mvar)
Extended Ward Voltage Magnitude (pu)
Extended Ward Resistance (Ohm)
Extended Ward Reactance (Ohm)

68

A. 3

Reduce Load C for nine-bus system (Case 2)

Table A.7: Collection of common impedance parameters when eliminated Load C in

nine-bus system using Network Reduction function
Name
Sn
bus1
bus2
iequalz
r_pu
x_pu

Value
100
B9
B7
0
0.01385139
0.1757749

Description
Nominal power (MVA)
Terminal i
Terminal j
Not use equal impedances
Positive sequence impedance i-j (Real part)
Positive sequence impedance i-j (Imaginary
part)
r_pu_ji 0.01359292 Positive sequence impedance j-i (Real part)
x_pu_ji 0.1753686 Positive sequence impedance j-i (Imaginary
part)
Use Impedance Z2=Z1
Iz2eqz1 1
1
Use same impedance as for Load flow
iZshc

69

A.3.1 Using Load Equivalent

Figure A.5: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced Load C using Load Equivalent

Table A.8: Equivalent loads parameters for nine-bus system when eliminated Load C in
nine-bus system using Network Reduction function
Name
Value
Value
loc_name eqLod-0(2) eqLod1(2)
B9
B7
bus1
42.17408
58.2931
plini
qlini

-2.446525

4.173102

Description
Equivalent Load Element name
Terminal i
Active power operating point
(MW)
Reactive power operating point
(Mvar)

70

A.3.2 Using Ward Equivalent

Figure A.6: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced Load C using Ward Equivalent

Table A.9: Equivalent voltage sources parameters for nine-bus system when eliminated
Load C in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function
Name
loc_name
bus1
itype

Value
eqVac-0
B9
2

Value
eqVac-1
B7
2

Pgen
Qgen
Pzload
Qzload

-17.94325
-7.165738
22.73589
-9.019226

-33.80866
-15.96313
23.2697
-11.20509

Description
Voltage source name
Terminal i
AC Voltage Source type as
Equivalent
Generated power (MW)
Generated power (Mvar)
Constant Load Impedance (MW)
Constant Load Impedance (Mvar)

Ward

71

A.3.3 Using Extended Ward Equivalent

Figure A.7: Layout of Nine Bus System with reduced Load C using Extended Ward
Equivalent

Table A.10: Equivalent extended voltage sources parameters for nine-bus system when
eliminated Load C in nine-bus system using Network Reduction function
Name
loc_name
bus1
itype

Value
eqVac-0(1)
B9
3

Value
eqVac-1(0)
B7
3

Pgen
Qgen
Pzload
Qzload
usetp
Rext
Xext

-17.94324
2.446525
22.7359
0
1.032353
0
-2932.622

-33.80867
-4.173102
23.26969
0
1.025769
0
-2360.536

Description
Voltage source name
Terminal i
AC Voltage Source type as Extended Ward
Equivalent
Generated power (MW)
Generated power (Mvar)
Constant Load Impedance (MW)
Constant Load Impedance (Mvar)
Extended Ward Voltage Magnitude (pu)
Extended Ward Resistance (Ohm)
Extended Ward Reactance (Ohm)

72

B.

APPENDIX WDKPS SIMULATION

B. 1 Original system model

Figure B.1: Original 400 kV part WDKPS model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory

73

Figure B.2: Original 150 kV part WDKPS model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory

74

B. 2 Reduced system model

Figure B.3: Reduced 400 kV part WDKPS model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory

75

Figure B.4: Reduced 150 kV part WDKPS model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory

76

B. 3 DPL script

B.3.1 Fault definition

DPL Command Name: Fault definition
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

set S, sBus;
object oEvent, oBus;
int N0, N;
ClearOutput();
S=SEL.All();
sBus=AllRelevant('*.ElmTerm');
input(N0,'Select fault location Example:43=TRI 150');
N=0;
for(oBus=S1.First();oBus;oBus=S1.Next()){
N+=1;
if(N=N0) {break;}
continue;}
oShort=S.First();
oShort:i_shc=0; ! Fault Type : 0=3-Phase SC ; 4=Clear SC
oShort:time=0; ! Start time (s)
oShort:outserv=0; ! 0=Enable ; 1= Out of Service.
oShort:p_target=oBus; ! Fault Location
oShort:loc_name='Fault';
! Name the fault
oShort=S.Next();
oShort:i_shc=4;
oShort:time=0.1;
oShort:outserv=0;
oShort:p_target=oBus;
oShort:loc_name='Fault Clear';

77

B.3.2 Identify coherent generator group

DPL Command: Identify coherent group
Input parameters: double cl=0.9985 (The correlation coefficient rank)
External object: Res: Result of All calculation (26 generators rotor angle data curve in
time domain)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

object obj;
double x,y,X,Y,XY,XX,YY,r;
int Nvar, Nval, n, ix, iy,i;
string str,st,s;
LoadResData(res);
Nvar = ResNvars(res);
Nval = ResNval(res,0);
for (i=0;i<Nvar;i+=1) {
st=sprintf('%d:',i);
for (iy=i+1;iy<Nvar;iy+=1){
X=0;Y=0;XX=0;YY=0;XY=0;
for (ix=0;ix<Nval;ix+=1){
GetResData(x,res,ix,i);
GetResData(y,res,ix,iy);
X+=x;Y+=y;XY+=x*y;XX+=x*x;YY+=y*y;
}
r=(Nval*XY-X*Y)/(sqrt(Nval*XX-X*X)*sqrt(Nval*YY-Y*Y));
if(r>cl.and.{.not.i=iy}){
st=sprintf('%s %d',st,iy);
}
}
str = sprintf('%s\n %s',s,st);
s=str;}
printf('%s',str);
printf('Nvar=%d Nval=%d',Nvar, Nval);

C:\Documents and Settings\NanQin\\M.docx

B.3.3 Aggregate coherent groups

DPL Command Name: Aggregate coherent generators
External object: Grid: The grid folder (Transmission system)

78

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

16.

17.

18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.

Lib: The library folder

set S, SZC, SZW, ST, SC,sCub,sTE;
object oCHP, oWind, oBus, o, oCHP_Type, oWind_Type, oAgg,oCub,oTE;
int n, m,mm,mmm,nn,a,b,c,A,B1,B2,B3,B4,B5,B6,B7,G,E;
double CHP_rp,Wind_rp, CHP_np, Wind_np;
SZC=AllRelevant('Z C*.ElmSym'); ! Filter all local CHP generators.
SZW=AllRelevant('Z WF*.ElmSym'); ! Filter all local Wind generators.
ST=AllRelevant('*150.ElmTerm'); ! Filter all 150kV Busbars.
flag=1; ! 1=Disable all generator in group; 0=Enable.
for(next=1;next<100;next+=1){ ! Loop 0
! Part 1: Calculate parameters for equivalent generator.
CHP_rp=0;
Wind_rp=0;
CHP_np=0;
Wind_np=0; ! Clear equivalent parameters before input a new group data.
input(G,'Group No 1-5'); ! Input coherent group No. used for name the
equivalent generator.
input(B1,'No.1 in group 0=NAN'); ! Input the Busbar No. in the coherent group.
Maximum 7 Busbars.
input(B2,'No.2 in group 0=NAN'); ! <7 Busbar in a group, fill in zero indicated
none.
input(B3,'No.3 in group 0=NAN');
input(B4,'No.4 in group 0=NAN');
input(B5,'No.5 in group 0=NAN');
input(B6,'No.6 in group 0=NAN');
input(B7,'No.7 in group 0=NAN');
for(A=1;A<31;A+=1){ ! Loop 1-1: sweep all Busbars.
if(A=B1.or.A=B2.or.A=B3.or.A=B4.or.A=B5.or.A=B6.or.A=B7){ ! Loop 1-2:
Record the Busbars in Group.
if(A<12){a=A;b=A;c=A;}
if(A=12){a=0;b=0;c=A;}
if(A=13){a=A-1;b=A-1;c=A;}
if(A=14){a=0;b=A-1;c=A;}
if(14<A<26){a=A-2;b=A-1;c=A;}
if(A=26){a=0;b=0;c=A;}
if(26<A<29){a=A-3;b=A-2;c=A;}
if(A=29){a=0;b=0;c=A;}
if(A=30){a=A-4;b=A-3;c=A;} ! Rearrange the Busbar, generator order.
n=0;
for(oCHP=SZC.First();oCHP;oCHP=SZC.Next()){ ! Loop 1-3: CHP
n+=1;
if(n=a){ ! Loop 1-4: Record CHP Generator in group.
oCHP:outserv=flag; ! 1=Disable CHP Generator in group.
2

39.

40.
41.

42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.

50.
51.

52.
53.
54.
55.
56.

57.
58.

59.

60.
61.
62.
63.
64.

65.
66.

67.

68.
69.
70.

CHP_rp+=oCHP:pgini; ! Accumulate the rated active power of each CHP

generator in group.
oCHP_Type=oCHP:typ_id; ! Get the CHP generator type.
CHP_np+=oCHP_Type:sgn; ! Accumulate the nominal power of each CHP G
type in group.
} ! Ending Loop 1-4
} ! Ending Loop 1-3: CHP
m=0;
for(oWind=SZW.First();oWind;oWind=SZW.Next()){ ! Loop 1-3: Wind
m+=1;
if(m=b){ ! Loop 1-4
oWind:outserv=flag; ! 1=Disable Wind Generator in group.
Wind_rp+=oWind:pgini; ! Accumulate the rated active power of each Wind
generator in group.
oWind_Type=oWind:typ_id; ! Get theWind generator type.
Wind_np+=oWind_Type:sgn; ! Accumulate the nominal power of each Wind G
type in group.
} ! Ending Loop 1-4
} ! Ending Loop 1-3: Wind
} ! Ending Loop 1-2
}! Ending Loop 1-1
printf('Group%d:CHP_rp=%fMW;Wind_rp=%fMvar;CHP_np=%fMW;Wind_n
p=%fMvar',G,CHP_rp,Wind_rp,CHP_np,Wind_np); ! Print 4 parameters for
check.
! Part 2:
input(E,'Equivalent Bus for Group'); ! Select the equivalent Busbar for the
group.
if (flag=1){ ! If all the coherent generators are disabled, the new generator start
to create.
mm=0;
for(oBus=ST.First();oBus;oBus=ST.Next()){ ! Loop 2-1
mm+=1;
if(mm=E){ ! Loop 2-2
sCub=oBus.GetContents('Cub_CHP.StaCubic'); ! Search weather the element
has been created before.
oCub=sCub.First();
Delete(oCub); ! If the element exist, delete it, and prepare create a new one
instead of it.
oBus.CreateObject('StaCubic','Cub_CHP'); ! Create a cubic for new CHP
generator on equivalent Busbar.
sCub=oBus.GetContents('Cub_CHP.StaCubic');
oCub=sCub.First();
SC=AllRelevant('ECHP*.ElmSym'); ! Delete exist equivalent CHP generator
3

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nn=0;
for(oAgg=SC.First();oAgg;oAgg=SC.Next()){
nn+=1;
if(nn=G){Delete(oAgg);}} ! Delete exist equivalent CHP generator.
Grid.CreateObject('ElmSym','ECHP',G); ! Create new equivalent CHP
generator, Named with group No.
SC=AllRelevant('ECHP*.ElmSym');
nn=0;
for(oAgg=SC.First();oAgg;oAgg=SC.Next()){ ! Loop 2-3
nn+=1;
if(nn=G){ ! Loop 2-4: Modify equivalent generator.
oAgg:bus1=oCub; ! Connect the equivalent CHP generator on the selected
Busbar.
oAgg:pgini=CHP_rp; ! Edit the rated active power of equivalent CHP generator.
sTE=Lib.GetContents('TECHP*.TypSym');
mmm=0;
for(oTE=sTE.First();oTE;oTE=sTE.Next()){
mmm+=1;
if(mmm=G){Delete(oTE);}} ! Delete CHP generator type if exist.
Lib.CreateObject('TypSym','TECHP',G); ! Create generator type in Library
folder.
sTE=Lib.GetContents('TECHP*.TypSym');
mmm=0;
for(oTE=sTE.First();oTE;oTE=sTE.Next()){ ! Loop 2-5
mmm+=1;
if(mmm=G){ ! Loop 2-6
oTE:sgn=CHP_np; ! Edit nominal power of CHP generator type.
oTE:ugn=150; ! Edit Busbar voltage.
oTE:cosn=0.85; ! Edit power factor.
oAgg:typ_id=oTE;
} ! Ending Loop 2-6
} ! Ending Loop 2-5
} ! Ending Loop 2-4
} ! Ending Loop 2-3
! The method create equivalent generator is the same with the CHP generator.
sCub=oBus.GetContents('Cub_Wind.StaCubic');
oCub=sCub.First();
Delete(oCub);
oBus.CreateObject('StaCubic','Cub_Wind');
sCub=oBus.GetContents('Cub_Wind.StaCubic');
oCub=sCub.First();
SC=AllRelevant('EWind*.ElmSym');
nn=0;
4

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for(oAgg=SC.First();oAgg;oAgg=SC.Next()){
nn+=1;
if(nn=G){Delete(oAgg);}}
Grid.CreateObject('ElmSym','EWind',G);
SC=AllRelevant('EWind*.ElmSym');
nn=0;
for(oAgg=SC.First();oAgg;oAgg=SC.Next()){!3
nn+=1;
if(nn=G){ ! Loop 2-4
oAgg:bus1=oCub;
oAgg:pgini=Wind_rp;
sTE=Lib.GetContents('TEWind*.TypSym');
mmm=0;
for(oTE=sTE.First();oTE;oTE=sTE.Next()){
mmm+=1;
if(mmm=G){Delete(oTE);}}
Lib.CreateObject('TypSym','TEWind',G);
sTE=Lib.GetContents('TEWind*.TypSym');
mmm=0;
for(oTE=sTE.First();oTE;oTE=sTE.Next()){ ! Loop 2-5
mmm+=1;
if(mmm=G){ ! Loop 2-6
oTE:sgn=Wind_np;
oTE:ugn=150;
oTE:cosn=0.85;
oAgg:typ_id=oTE;
} ! Ending Loop 2-6
}! Ending Loop 2-5
}! Ending Loop 2-4
}! Ending Loop 2-3
}! Ending Loop 2-2
}! Ending Loop 2-1
} ! flag
input(next,'Next Group? 0=No;1=Yes'); ! Ask if user like to continue with next
group.
if(next=0){break;}
} ! Ending Loop 0

B.3.4 Reduce Busbar

DPL command Name: Busbar reduce
External object: oRed: Network reduction command;
Boundaries: Boundary folder.
5

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set ST,sCub,sB,sBCub;
object oBus,oCub,oLine,oBCub,oB;
int n,a,i,m,mm,nn,aa,A,j;
for(A=0;A<1;A+=0){! Loop 0
! Part 1: Find Boundary cubic for selected Busbar.
input(a,'Busbar Pending reduced'); !Input the Busbar No. Pending reduced (In
reverse order:30-1).
n=0;
for(oBus=ST.First();oBus;oBus=ST.Next()){ ! Loop 1-1
n+=1;
if(n=a){ ! Loop 1-2: search the pending reduced Busbar.
oBus.ShowFullName(); !Print the input Busbar Name, Check if it is right.
sCub=oBus.GetContents('*.StaCubic'); ! Filter all the cubic on the Busbar.
for(oCub=sCub.First();oCub;oCub=sCub.Next()){ ! Loop 1-3
m=oCub:obj_bus;!m=0 Terminal i;m=1 Terminal j.
oLine=oCub:obj_id; !Get the element for the cubic.
i=oLine.IsClass('ElmLne');
j=oLine.IsClass('ElmZpu');
if(i.or.j){ ! Loop 1-4: Element is line or equivalent impedance.
if(m=0){oBCub=oLine:bus2;}
else if(m=1){oBCub=oLine:bus1;} ! Only get the other side cubic for the
element.
sBCub.Add(oBCub); ! Filter all cubic in set.
} ! End Loop 1-4: All boundary cubic have been found.
} ! End Loop 1-3: Finishing sweep all cubic on the Busbar
} ! End Loop 1-2.
} ! End Loop 1-1.
! Part 2: Initialize the Boundary.
sB=Boundaries.GetContents('*.ElmBoundary'); ! Filter all Boundary elements.
mm=0;
for(oB=sB.First();oB;oB=sB.Next()){ ! Loop 2-1
mm+=1;
if(mm=a){ ! Loop 2-2: Select the Boundary element with the same No. of
Busbar.
nn=-1;
for(oBCub=sBCub.First();oBCub;oBCub=sBCub.Next()){ ! Loop 2-3: sweep all
cubic results from Part 1.
nn+=1;
if(nn=0){oB:e:cubicles:0=oBCub;} ! Write cubic in the boundary definition
window.
if(nn=1){oB:e:cubicles:1=oBCub;}
if(nn=2){oB:e:cubicles:2=oBCub;}
if(nn=3){oB:e:cubicles:3=oBCub;}
6

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if(nn=4){oB:e:cubicles:4=oBCub;}
if(nn=5){oB:e:cubicles:5=oBCub;}
if(nn=6){oB:e:cubicles:6=oBCub;}
if(nn=7){oB:e:cubicles:7=oBCub;}
if(nn=8){oB:e:cubicles:8=oBCub;}
if(nn=9){oB:e:cubicles:9=oBCub;}
if(nn=10){oB:e:cubicles:10=oBCub;}
if(nn=11){oB:e:cubicles:11=oBCub;}
if(nn=12){oB:e:cubicles:12=oBCub;}
if(nn=13){oB:e:cubicles:13=oBCub;}
if(nn=14){oB:e:cubicles:14=oBCub;}
if(nn=15){oB:e:cubicles:15=oBCub;}
if(nn=16){oB:e:cubicles:16=oBCub;}
if(nn=17){oB:e:cubicles:17=oBCub;}
if(nn=18){oB:e:cubicles:18=oBCub;}
if(nn=19){oB:e:cubicles:19=oBCub;}
if(nn=20){oB:e:cubicles:20=oBCub;}
} ! End Loop 2-3
break;} !End Loop 2-2
} ! End Loop 2-1.
! Part 3: Edit the network reduction command and execute.
oRed:pBound=oB; ! Fill in the boundary parameter.
oRed:ildf_rep=0; ! Choose Load equivalent model as the power injection.
oRed:iopt_new=2; ! Reduce network without create a new variation.
input(aa,'Execute the Reduction? 1=Yes;0=No');
if(aa=1){oRed.Execute();} ! Execute the reduction module after confirm.
input(A,'0=Next Bus;1=Break'); ! Continue to select next Busbar?
} ! End Loop 0

www.elektro.dtu.dk/cet
Department of Electrical Engineering
Centre for Electric Technology (CET)
Technical University of Denmark
Elektrovej 325
DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
Denmark
Tel: (+45) 45 25 35 00
Fax: (+45) 45 88 61 11
E-mail: cet@elektro.dtu.dk