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This document is owned and controlled by the Survey & Mapping Manager.
The Data Manager is the delegated custodian.
All comments for revision should be submitted to the Data Manager.
Authorisation
As Executive Director of the Technology and Environment Directorate of Main Roads, I
authorise the issue and use of this standard.
......................................................................
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Date: ___/ ___/ ___
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CONTENTS
1.................................................................................................................PURPOSE
....................................................................................................................................4
2......................................................................................................................SCOPE
....................................................................................................................................4
3.........................................................................................................REFERENCES
....................................................................................................................................4
4........................................................DEFINITIONSANDINTERPRETATIONS
....................................................................................................................................4
5................................................................................................................GENERAL
....................................................................................................................................5
5.1
Survey....................................................................................................................5
5.2
Software.................................................................................................................5
5.3
Tender Volumes.....................................................................................................5
5.4
Embankment Foundation Surface......................................................................6
5.4.1
Rock Excavation.............................................................................................6
5.4.3
Unsuitable Material.........................................................................................6
5.5
6.1
6.2
Rock, Unsuitable Material, Borrow Pit, Stock Piles and Levees.....................7
6.2.1
Existing Surface..............................................................................................7
6.2.2
New Excavated/Fill Surface...........................................................................7
7.....................................METHODOLOGYFORVOLUMECALCULATIONS
....................................................................................................................................8
7.1
Design Models.......................................................................................................8
7.2
Boundary Strings.................................................................................................9
7.2.1
Embankment Volume Calculations.................................................................9
7.2.2
Rock (Embankment Foundation) Calculations.............................................11
7.2.3
Borrow Pits, Unsuitable Material, Stockpiling Calculations.........................11
7.3
Volumes................................................................................................................12
7.3.1
Embankment Construction Limits................................................................12
7.3.2
Rock (Embankment Foundation)..................................................................13
7.3.3
Borrow Pits, Unsuitable Material and Stockpiling.......................................14
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8...................................................................................VOLUMEVERIFICATION
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9................................................................VOLUMEANDDATALODGEMENT
..................................................................................................................................15
1.
PURPOSE
ThepurposeofthisStandardistodefinethemethodologyrequiredforallworkrelatedto
thecalculationofVolumes. All work shall be performed and presented in accordance with
the following requirements to ensure that Main Roads has continuity in standard, quality
and procedure.
2.
SCOPE
This standard shall be used where earthwork volume calculations are required for Main
Roads projects.
Advice and further information can be obtained by contacting:
Haydn Bufton
Data Manager
Road and Traffic Engineering Branch
Phone - 9323 4655
Email - haydn.bufton@mainroads.wa.gov.au
3.
REFERENCES
4.
Main Roads Survey & Mapping Standard 67-08-43 Digital Ground Survey
The following terms used in this procedure have the specific meanings indicated:
Superintendent Main Roads contract representative
Contractor - the party named to perform the Services
DTM - Digital Terrain Model
MX Software Road design Software (formerly known as MOSS)
SUP - Shared Use Path
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5.
GENERAL
Survey
All levels used to define digital terrain models for volume calculations shall be captured in
accordance with Main Roads Survey and Mapping Standard 67-08-43 Digital Ground
Survey.
Digital Terrain and Design models that are used to calculate volumes shall be accompanied
with Metadata Statements detailing the coverage and what surface each file represents.
5.2
Software
Only software that has the functionality of prismoidal methodology shall be used to
undertake volume calculations for payment for Main Roads projects.
Conversion of Digital Terrain and Design Models to a suitable format that allows importing
into a software package is acceptable however once the data has been imported, verification
is required as to the integrity of the imported data against the original information.
Cross section volume calculations are only to be used for verification purposes or in the
case of Tender Volumes for Mass Haul Analysis.
5.3
Tender Volumes
Where volumes are to be calculated for the inclusion in Schedule of Rates contracts, the use
of the prismoidal methodology shall apply. However as these volumes are calculated prior
to the construction phase an allowance for topsoil removal, from the existing surface, is to
be included in the volume calculations. Depending on the software used, this may
necessitate the lowering of the existing surface model by the topsoil allowance.
This allowance for topsoil removal shall be the amount defined in Specification 302, Topsoil
Removal Within Limits of Clearing clause.
No allowance is to be made for foundation compaction.
If required, Cross Section volumes shall also be calculated and supplied to the
Superintendent, for Mass Haul Analysis. These volumes shall take into account the topsoil
allowance with the cross section interval the same as the chainage interval of the master
alignment string.
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5.4
For the purpose of this standard, the Embankment Foundation Surface shall be the prepared
surface on which the embankment is constructed.
Volumes shall be calculated based on levels taken after embankment foundation compaction
has been completed.
5.4.1 Rock Excavation
The base level used for the calculation of the volume of excavated rock shall not exceed the
depth below Subgrade as defined in Specification 302 Earthworks - Rock Excavation.
Rock excavated outside the design limits shall not be measured.
5.4.3 Unsuitable Material
Where unsuitable material is excavated within the area bounded by the Embankment
Foundation Surface, any areas of unsuitable material shall not be included in the stripped
ground survey until backfilled and compacted to the required level.
5.5
A Digital Terrain Model defining the existing surface shall be captured prior to the
stockpiling or excavation of any material that the contract requires to be measured.
6.
CAPTURE OF DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS FOR VOLUME
CALCULATIONS
6.1
Embankment Foundation Surveys are performed by the Superintendent to define the base
surface of the prepared area for construction on which earthwork volume calculations are
based.
Embankment Foundation Surveys shall be performed after the clearing, removal of topsoil
and compaction of the embankment foundation and prior to the commencement of any
earthworks. Refer Specification 302 Earthworks - Survey.
Before any volume calculations are undertaken, the contractor undertaking the calculations
shall review the stripped ground model to ensure full coverage of the designated area
requiring volume calculations. If coverage is not sufficient it may be necessary for additional
survey to be carried out.
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The stripped ground survey shall cover the embankment foundation between the interface
strings for the length of embankment foundation required to have volumes calculated.
The methodology described at Section 7 shall apply for interim or full embankment volume
calculations.
6.2
7.
Design Models
The design model used for volume calculations shall be a clean model without any
erroneous strings, such as:
Boundary strings
Construction strings
Discontinuous strings
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Discontinuous strings are the most common causes of erroneous strings. Strings in a design
model may require breaks to allow the inclusion of side roads into the model. When a
discontinuity is inserted, the original string is divided into segments with the same label. The
first point on the discontinuity is stored with a negative X coordinate and the last point with
a negative Y coordinate as shown in Figure 1.
7.2
Boundary Strings
The prismoidal method of volume calculations compares the triangulation of two surfaces
to derive a volume. For all Main Roads projects the prismoidal method shall be used to
determine volumes and all calculations shall be done within a boundary string that defines
the extremity of the volume area.
This boundary string shall be derived from existing coincident strings (interface or
breaklines) and, where required, from strings interpolated from the defined surface. When
creating the boundary string from existing strings, copies of these strings should be used so
as not to degrade the integrity of the existing data. To ensure that the boundary string is not
included in volume calculations it is to be assigned a null elevation (-999.000).
When the boundary string has been created, each surface used for volume calculations shall
contain a three dimensional string that is coincident with the boundary string and shall
reflect the true height of the surface at the boundary location. This shall apply to all volume
calculations for Main Roads projects.
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Figure 2 - Triangulation
As defined in Section 7.2 three dimensional strings are to be coincident with the boundary
for each surface used. In the case of Figure 2, a three dimensional string intersecting the five
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design strings shall be defined (cross section) along sections A B and C D of the
boundary string. The resultant strings shall be included in the design surface.
If the 25 points in Figure 2 define the stripped ground, these points are to be triangulated
and a three dimensional string (cross section) between A B and C D is to be created
from the triangulation with the resultant two strings being included in the Embankment
Foundation (stripped ground) surface.
Figure 3 shows the resultant triangulation when these cross section strings between A B
and C D are created and included in the models.
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Where part of the area of rock to be excavated falls outside the toe of batter of the
embankment (interface string), the boundary shall consist of the area of rock within the
embankment and the line of the interface string. Refer Figure 5.
7.2.3 Borrow Pits, Unsuitable Material, Stockpiling Calculations
Where volumes are to be calculated on borrow pits, unsuitable material, rock excavation
(non foundation) or stockpiles, the boundary shall be defined as the interface of the existing
surface and the edge of the new excavation or stockpile.
7.3
Volumes
Only software packages that use the prismoidal method shall be used for volume
calculations and must use the following inputs:
For embankment construction, the volume is to be based on the area defined by the design
interface strings. (Refer to Section 7.1)
The area of stripped ground used for volume calculations is defined by dropping a vertical
line from the design interface strings to the stripped ground as shown in Figure 4. That is,
once the boundary string has been created using the interface strings, that boundary is used
for both surfaces.
As a result the coincident string on the boundary for the stripped ground should also be
coincident with the design interface strings although at different level depending on each
surface level.
In most cases this will differ to what is shown on Typical Cross Sections and Detail
drawings, as these drawings are compiled prior to the removal of topsoil and where
applicable the removal of the existing seal and/or existing pavement.
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VOLUME VERIFICATION
To minimise the possibility of operator error, and to provide confidence in the volumes
calculated, verification volumes shall be undertaken. In each case volumes are calculated
within the boundary defined at Section 7.1.
The verification can be done in one of two ways:
Where supported by the software used to calculate the volumes, and where it is not
used to calculate the original volumes, a prismoidal volume can be calculated from
each surface used (strip ground, design, existing or cut/fill surface) to an arbitrary
level. This level is to be a value lower than either surface.
Once the two volumes have been obtained, subtract the volume derived from the
stripped ground or existing surface from the volume obtained from the design
model, new fill or excavated surface.
If the resultant value is negative then the project is in a cut situation. If the value is
positive then the project is in a fill situation and this resultant value is to be used as a
check of the original calculated volume. From research undertaken, the variation
between the original and verification volume should not exceed 1%.
Where the software used does not support volume calculations to a base level, end
area volumes are to be calculated to verify the original volumes. Where the volumes
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are for embankment foundation the interval for the end area calculations will be the
same as the interval of the design master string. All other end area calculations will
be at an interval of 1 metre.
9.
Cross Section (End Area) volumes for Mass Haul Analysis and prismoidal
volume verification.
For Tender volumes, Cross Section drawings of the subgrade design surface
and existing surface at the interval of the master alignment string. Required
for visual verification of volume surfaces.
As these drawings may be included in tender documents, no allowance for
topsoil removal is to be included in the drawings.
For final volumes, Cross Section drawings of the subgrade design surface
against the stripped ground surface, at the interval of the master alignment
string. Required for visual verification of volume surfaces.
Design
Where required to lodge electronic copies of the above information, the following formats
shall apply.
Cross Section Volumes
Cross Section Drawings
Design
Stripped ground and/or existing surface
Boundary strings
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Appendix A
VOLUME REPORT
CONTRACT NUMBER:
PROJECT LOCATION:
Notes:
1. Topsoil allowance (if applicable) as per Specification 302 Topsoil,
Clause 302.17 Removal From Designated Areas.
2. No embankment compaction factor to be used.
UNIT
VOLUME
Prismoidal Volume
m3
mm
METADATA
Version of Design model used
Date
Date
Software used
Name
Name
Date of calculation
Date
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