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Axialforcesandbendingmomentsbothcreatenormalstressesonamemberscross
section.ThecombinedeffectofaxialcompressionandflexureisconsideredintheAISC
EquationsH11aandH11b

P
for r 0.2 :
Pc
Pr 8 M r
+
1.0
(H11a)
Pc 9 M c

P
for r < 0.2 :
Pc
Pr
M
+ r 1.0
(H11b)
2 Pc M c

TheequationsabovehavebeenmodifiedfromtheAISCequationsintheManualto
considerflexureaboutonlyoneaxis.TheAISCequationsintheManualconsiderflexure
abouttwoaxes(thexaxisandtheyaxis).

PrandMrrepresentrequiredstrengths,PuandMufortheLRFDmethod.PcandMc
representthedesignstrengths,cPnandbMnfortheLRFDmethod.UsingLRFDnotation,
theequationsbecome

P
for u 0.2 :
c Pn
Pu
8 Mu
+
1.0
(H11a)
c Pn 9 b M n

P
for u < 0.2 :
c Pn
Pu
Mu
+
1.0
(H11b)
2 c Pn b M n

ThecompressivedesignstrengthcPniscalculatedusingtheequationsofChapterEandthe
flexuredesignstrengthbMniscalculatedusingtheequationsofChapterF.Theaxialforce
fromfactoredloadsPuiscalculatedasbefore,butthebendingmomentfromfactored
loads,Mu,mustincludesecondarymomentswhicharisethroughtheinteractionof
compressiveforcesandbendingmomentsonamember.Proceduresforcalculating

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secondarymomentsarepresentedinChapterCoftheManual,StabilityAnalysisand
Design.

Secondarymomentsariseduetoaxialforcesactingonmemberdeflections.Secondary
momentsassociatedwithmemberdeflectionsbetweenbracepointsarecalledPeffects
(Plittledeltaeffects),andsecondarymomentsassociatedwithjointdisplacementsdueto
framesideswayarecalledPeffects(Pbigdeltaeffects).

BracedFrame

UnracedFrame

Figure1.PversusPsecondarymoments.

VariousproceduresarepresentedbyAISCinChapterCforconsideringsecondarymoments.
TheprocedureillustratedinthesenotesisarelativelynewprocedurecalledtheDirect
AnalysisMethod.ThismethodispresentedinAppendix7(pp.16.1196through198)inthe
Specification.Keyfeaturesofthismethodinclude:

Acomputerstructuralanalysisprogramcapableofperformingasecondorder
analysisthatconsidersbothPandPeffectsisrequired.

Theflexuralstiffness,EI,andtheaxialstiffness,EA,ofallmembersthatcontributeto
thelateralstabilityofthestructurearereducedtoaccountfortheeffectsofresidual
stresses.
EI*=0.8tbEI
EA*=0.8EA

Notional(imaginary)lateralloadsequalto0.002xgravityloadsareaddedto
accountforoutofplumbnessofcolumns(topofcolumnisnotdirectlyoverthe
bottom)andcurvatureofcolumns(columnisnotcompletelystraight).
Ni=0.002Yi,Yi=factoredgravityloadforLeveliofframe

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allow=L/500
V
L

Figure2.AISCconstructionoutofplumbnesstolerance

base

=0

P = V L

P
PL
P
V=
=
=
= 0.002 P
L
500 L 500

WewillusethestructuralanalysisprogramRISA3Dtohelpusanalyzesteelframesusing
DirectAnalysisprocedures.RISA3DcanperformaPanalysis(basedonnodaldeflections)
butnotaPanalysis(basedonmemberdeflections).Wewilladdintermediatenodes
(typicallythree)tocolumnstoapproximatearigorousPanalysis.RISAwillreducethe
flexuralandaxialstiffnessesofappropriatemembers,includingiterativecalculationofb,to
calculatesecondarymoments.Notionallateralloadsequalto0.002timethetotalfactored
gravityloadwillneedtobeaddedforeachloadcombination.