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[(Figure_1)TD$IG]
Assuming the cut plane to have an area of unity, i.e. A = 1, the areas of
the remaining cube sides can be expressed as (Figure 2.2):
A1
A1 cosn; y
2:1
A2 cosn; x
A3 cosn; z
[(Figure_2)TD$IG]
or
S x A sx A2 t xy A1 t xz A3 0
Repeating the force balance for the other two directions, and inserting the
expressions for the areas given in Equation 2.1, the stresses acting on the
cut plane, after some manipulation, can be given by:
2 3 2 32 3
Sx sx t xy t xz cosn; x
4 S y 5 4 t xy sy t yz 54 cosn; y 5 2:2
Sz t xz t yz sz cosn; z
where [S] represents the resulting stress vector acting on area A, assuming
that the initial coordinate system of the cube will remain unchanged, and
[n] is the vector of direction cosines.
By rotating our coordinate system, all stress components may change in
order to maintain the force balance. For simplicity, we will first study a
coordinate transformation and its effect on the stress components in a two-
dimensional domain, before proceeding towards a general three-dimen-
sional analysis.
[(Figure_3)TD$IG]
Amn Apq
F F
(a)
FS
FN
(b)
Figure 2.3 (a) Tensile force applied on a bar, (b) Projected forces parallel and normal
to surface m-n.
Applying force balance on plane m-n will project the applied force F into
the normal force FN and shear force FS, i.e.:
F N Fcos u ; F S Fsin u
The resulting normal and shear stresses acting on plane m-n will be:
FN Fcos u
smn Apq spq cos2 u
Amn
cosu
FS Fsin u
t mn Apq spq sin u cos u
Amn
cosu
[(Figure_4)TD$IG]
mn
pq pq
mn
mn
pq
mn
The relation between the normal and shear stresses can most easily be
illustrated using Mohrs Circle in which normal stress appears on the
horizontal axis, shear stress corresponds to the vertical axis and the
circle diameter extends to spq as shown in Figure 2.5. By rotating the
imaginary plane, any combination of shear and normal stresses can be
found. Mohrs circle is used to determine the principal stresses, as
well as for implementing failure analysis using Mohr-Coulomb crite-
rion, which is going to be introduced and discussed in detail in
Chapter 5.
[(Figure_5)TD$IG]
mn
2
0.5pq mn
o
Figure 2.5 Mohrs circle for the stress state of plane p-q.
18 Stress Transformation in Space
We then transform the tractions into the new coordinate system, i.e. (x,
y, z), which is S x0 y ! S x0 y0 .
[(Figure_6)TD$IG]
or
0 0 0
S x0 x0 S x0 x cosx ; x S x0 y cosx ; y S x0 z cosx ; z
where:
2 3
h 0i s x0 t x0 y 0 t x0 z0
s 4 t 0 0
xy
s y0 t y0 z0 5 and
t x0 z0 t y0 z0 sz0
2 0 0 0 3
cosx ; x cosx ; y cosx ; z
q 4 cosy ; x cosy ; z 5
0 0 0
cosy ; y 2:8
0 0 0
cosz ; x cosz ; y cosz ; z
20 Stress Transformation in Space
It can easily be shown that the direction cosines will satisfy the following
equations:
0 0 0
cos2 x ; x cos2 x ; y cos2 x ; z 1
0 0 0
cos2 y ; x cos2 y ; y cos2 y ; z 1 2:9
0 0 0
cos2 z ; x cos2 z ; y cos2 z ; z 1
[(Figure_7)TD$IG]
y y
y y
y xy
xy x x
xy
xy
x
x x
o o
Assuming cos90 u sinuandcos90 u sinuand inserting
the above angles into Equation 2.8 gives the following transformation
matrix:
2 3
cosu sinu 0
q 4 sinu cosu 05 2:10
0 0 1
or
sx0 sx cos2 u sy sinu2 sz 02 2t xy cos u sin u
2t xz cosu 0 2t yz sinu 0
or
sx0 sx cos2 u sy sin2 u t xy sin2u
identical structures. This means that by replacing s with e and t with g=2,
the same transformation method can be used for strain. Using the method
defined in Sections 2.3 and 2.4 for stress transformation, the general strain
transformation may therefore be expressed by:
X3 X 3
eij ekl qik qlj 2:15
k1 l1
or
0 0
e xy 12 g xy ex sin2u 12 g xy cos2u
Example
2.1: A plane stress condition exists at a point on the surface of a loaded rock, where the
stresses have the magnitudes and directions as given below (where in this case, minus
implies a tension and plus a compression):
sx 6600psi
sy 1700psi
t xy 2700psi
Determine the stresses acting on an element that is oriented at a clockwise angle of 45
with respect to the original element.
Solution: Referring to norm where the counter-clockwise angles are positive, the
element of the loaded rock oriented at a clockwise angle of 45 would indicate
u = 45 (as shown in Figure 2.8).
Now, using Equation 2.12, we can readily calculate the stresses in the new coordinate
system of (x,y) as below:
24 Strain Transformation in Space
[(Figure_8)TD$IG]
y y
y = 1700 psi
y
xy = - 2700 psi
y= - 5150 psi
x = - 6600 psi
xy= - 4150 psi
x
x
O O
=- 45
x= 250 psi
(a) (b)
x
Figure 2.8 An element under plane stress, (a) in x-y coordinate system, (b) in x-y
coordinate system.
sx0 6600 cos2 45 2700 sin2 45 1700 sin2 45
sx 0 250 psi
sy 0 5150 psi
t x 0 y 0 4150 psi
Problems
2.1: Using the in-plane stresses of example 2.1, explain and show how the accuracy of
the stress results in the new coordinate system can be verified.
2.2: Derive the general stress transformation equations for sy, sz, t xy, t xz and t yz
using Equation 2.14 and compare them with those of Equation 2.12.
Stress and Strain Transformation 25
[(Figure_9)TD$IG]
y y
y y
y = 31 MPa
xy x
x
xy = 21 MPa
x = 52 MPa
x = 30 x
O O
(a) (b)
Figure 2.9 An element under plane stress, (a) in x-y coordinate system, (b) in x-y
coordinate system.
2.3: Derive the general stress transformation equations for ex, ey, ez, exz and eyz
using Equation 2.15.
2.4: An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses sx = 52 MPa, sy = 31 MPa,
t xy = 21 MPa, as shown in Figure 2.9. Determine the stresses acting on an element
oriented at an angle u {ts} = 30 from the x axis.
2.5: Using [q] in Equation 2.8, first find its transpose, i.e. [q]T, and then derive direction
cosines as given in Equation 2.9.