Professional Documents
Culture Documents
General
Geology
Lithology -- general
Unusual lithology: Volcanics
Evaporites
Mineral identification
Correlation: stratigraphy
Facies, dep. environment
Reservoir
Geology
Fracture identification
Over-pressure identification
Petrophysics Porosity
Permeability
Shale volume
Interval velocity
- - + + + +
- - - - + + - - - - +
- + - - - - - - - + +
+
+ + + + + +
+
+
C C
C
+ +
C
- C
dip
C C
Image logs
Dipmeter
Neutron
Photoelectric
Density
Sonic
Spectral GR
Gamma Ray
Resistivity
SP
Uses
Caliper
Log
Temperature
Table 5-2. Principal uses of wireline logs (modified after Rider, 1996)
dip
Acoustic impedance
Legend: (-) essentially qualitative; (+) qualitative and semi-quantitative; (C) strictly quantitative
Borehole Geometry
From caliper
Gauged hole diameter of hole is about equal to the bit size
Increased borehole diameter
Washout general drilling wear, esp. in shaly zones and dipping beds,
both caliper larger than bit size, considerable vertical extent
Keyseat asymmetric oval holes, formed by wear against the drill
string at points where the borehole inclination changes
(doglegs)
Breakout similar to keyseat but not due to doglegs, small brittle
fractures (spalling) due to existing stress regime of the country
rock
Decreased borehole diameter
- generally due to formation of mud cake
Mud cake thickness = (bit size diameter caliper diameter reading)/2
- mud cake formation indicates permeability and involves loss of mud
filtrate into a permeable formation invasion.
Invasion Profile
Identify potential reservoir intervals; distinguish non-permeable, nonreservoir intervals from porous potential intervals.
Estimate thickness of the potential reservoirs.
Determine lithology (rock type) of the potential reservoirs.
Calculate porosity ().
Determine resistivity of formation water (Rw).
Calculate water saturations (Sw, Sxo) using resistivity (Rt, Rxo).
Estimate in-place and movable hydrocarbons.
Resistivity Logs
1 1000
(millimhos/m)
conductivity
Induction logs are used in wells drilled with a relatively fresh-water mud (low
salinity) to obtain more accurate value of true resistivity.
Table 5-3. Principal uses of the resistivity and induction logs
Used for
Knowing
Formation water resistivity (Rw)
Quantitative Fluid saturation:
Mud filtrate resistivity (Rmf)
Formation
Porosity () [and F]
Invaded zone
Temperature
(detect hydrocarbons)
SemiTexture
Calibration with cores
quantitative Lithology
Mineral resistivities
and
Correlation
qualitative
Facies, bedding
Gross lithologies
characteristics
Compaction, overpressure Normal pressure trends
and shale porosity
Source rock identification
Sonic and density log values
Source rock maturation
Formation temperature
The SP and GR logs measures naturally occurring physical phenomena in insitu rocks.
5.3.1 Spontaneous Potential
The SP log is a measurement of the natural potential difference or self
potential between an electrode in the borehole and a reference electrode at
the surface (problem with offshore wells, no ground). No artificial currents are
applied.
Three factors are necessary to produce an SP current:
1.
a conductive fluid in the borehole,
2.
a porous and permeable bed surrounded by an impermeable
formation, and
3.
a difference in salinity (or pressure) between the borehole fluid
and the formation fluid.
Shale volume
Permeability indicator
Facies (shaliness)
Correlation
Knowing
Mud filtrate resistivity and
formation temperature
SSP (static SP) and shale line
Shale line
Clay/Grain size relationships
( Rmf )e
( Rw)e
PSP
) 100
SSP
PSP (Pseudo-static SP) the SP value in the waterbearing shaly sand zone
read from the SP log.
SSP (Static SP) the maximum SP value in a clean sand zone.
The formula simply assumes that the SP deflection between the shale base
line (100% shale) and the static SP in a clean sand (0% shale) is proportional
to the shale volume. This is qualitatively true but quantitatively there is no
theoretical basis. Shale content from SP is subject to complications due to
SP noise, Rw/Rmf contrast, HC content, and high salinity drilling fluids.
GRlog GRmin
GRmax GRmin
5.4
5.4.1 Sonic
t t ma
t f t ma
5.4.2 Density
ma b
ma f
5.4.3 Neutron
D + N
D + N
2
if no light hydrocarbons
5.5
Archies Equation
F = Ro/Rw
F = formation resistivity factor or simply formation factor
Ro = resistivity of rock when water saturation is 1
(100% saturated)
Rw = resistivity of saturating water
F=
=porosity
a = cementation factor
m = cementation exponent
Figure 5-8. Schematic illustration of three formations with same porosity but
different values of F (formation factor).
Formation factor equations have been approximated through the years by
various workers and the following are the commonly used.
F=
0.62
2.15
F=
F=
0.81
simplified Humble
compacted formations
Swn = Ro/Rt
Sw = water saturation
Rt = resistivity of rock when Sw < 1
Combining the above equations gives Archies equation, the most
fundamental equation in well logging.
Swn =
aRw
Rw
=F
m
Rt
Rt
Character
Porosity
0.62
F (formation factor)
2.15
Rw
Ro
Rt
Sw
Sw Calculations
Conventional
Quick look
Rwa
F overlay
SP Quick Look
Clean Formation
Shaly
0.62 Rw
2.15 Rt
Derived from
Porosity logs (sonic, neutron,
density), cross-plots, etc.
Calculated using empirical formulae
(e.g. Humble formula) and porosity as
above
SP or laboratory measurements of
resistivities of formation water
samples
Ro = F x Rw (can only be calculated,
cannot be measured with logs)
Induction Logs and Laterologs (deep
resistivity)
Sw hydrocarbons
Ro
=
Sw 100% water
Rt