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Beam
Beam
1
dAdx
2A
1 M2
2
= 2 y dA dx
2 EI A
2
y
dA is the moment of inertia I
A
1
2
2
U = EI d v / dx dx
20
1
2
2
'
= EI d v / dx dx pvdx pm vm M k vk
20
m
k
0
Where-p is the distributed load per unit length
-pm is the point load at point m.
-Mk is the moment of couple applied at point k
-vm is the deflection at point m
-vk is the slope at point k.
Galerkins Approach
p
M
V+dV
M+dM
dV/dx = p
dM/dx =V
d 2 v / dx 2 = M / EI
dx
2
d2
d
v 2 p=0
EI
dx
dx 2
2
d
d
v
2 p dx = 0
dx 2 EI
dx
d vd
d d v
0 EI dx 2 dx 2 dx 0 pdx + dx EI dx 2
0
L
xk
d d v
d v d
d v d
EI 2 EI 2
EI 2
dx dx x
dx dx 0
dx dx
2
=0
xk
Further simplifying-
d 2v d 2
'
EI
dx
dx
m m m k k k = 0
0 dx 2 dx 2
0
L
e1
Q3
Q4
e2
Q5
Q6
e3
Q7
e4
Q8
Q9
Q10
Q = [Q1, Q2 , Q3 KQ10 ]
Local coordinatesq1
q2
q3
e
q4
q = [q1 , q2 , q3 , q4 ]
= [v1 , v , v2 , v ]
'
1
'
2
Slope=0
H1
H2
Slope=0
Slope=0
Slope=1
Slope=0
H3
Slope=0
Slope=1
Slope=0
H4
H i = ai + bi + ci 2 + d i 3 K i = 1,2,3,4
The condition given in following table must be satisfied.
H1 H2
H2 H3
H3 H4
H4
=-1 1
=1
H1
1
2
H1 = (1 ) (2 + )
4
1
2
H 2 = (1 ) ( + 1)
4
1
2
H 3 = (1 + ) (2 + )
4
1
2
H 4 = (1 + ) ( 1)
4
dv
v( ) = H1v1 + H 2
d
dv
+ H 3v3 + H 4
1
d
2
2
le
dx = d
2
dv le dv
=
d 2 dx
Therefore,
le
le
v( ) = H1q1 + H 2 q2 + H 3 q3 + H 4 q4
2
2
v = Hq
where
le
le
H = H1 , H 2 , H 3 , H 4
2
2
1
2
2
U e = EI d v / dx dx
2e
dv 2 dv
=
dx le d
and
d v 4 d v
=
2
dx
le d 2
= q 4
2
2
dx
le d
2
Where-
d 2H
d 2H
q
2
d
3 1 + 3 le 3 1 + 3 le
= ,
,
,
2
2
2
2
2
2
9 4 2 3 8 (1 + 3 )le 9 4 2 3 8 (1 + 3 )le
2
2
1 + 9 2
1 + 3 2 3
(
1
3
)
l
l
le
e
e
1
8
16
1 T 8 EI
4
d q
Ue = q
3
2
le 1 symmetric
2
3 8 (1 + 3 )le
9 4
1 + 3 2
l
Note that1
2
2
1 d = 3
d = 0 d = 2
12 6le 12 6le
2
2
EI 6le 4le 6le 2le
ke = 3
le 12 6le 12 6le
2
2
6le 2le 6le 4le
It can be seen that it is a symmetric matrix.
Load vectorWe assume the uniformly distributed load p over the element.
ple 1
l pvdx = 2 1 Hd q
e
Substituting the value of H we get-
pvdx = f
eT
le
where
ple pl ple pl
f =
,
,
,
12
2 12 2
e
2
e
2
e
Ple/2
Ple
le
2/12
Ple/2
e
-Ple2/12
1 T
= Q KQ QF
2
KQ F = 0
where = admissible virtual displacement
vector.
T
BOUNDARY CONSIDERATIONS
Let Qr = a.single point BC
Following Penalty approach, add 1/2C(Qr-a)2 to
C represents stiffness which is large in comparison
with beam stiffness terms.
C is added to Krr and Ca is added to Fr to getKQ = F
These equations are solved to get nodal displacements.
Ca
C
Dof =(2i-1)
C
Ca
Dof = 2i
and
v = Hq
12 6le 12 6le
q1 ple 2
R1
R
pl 2 12
2
2
l
l
l
l
6
4
6
2
q
2 EI e
e
e
e
e
2 +
=
R
q
l
l
pl
2
12
6
12
6
l
e
e 3
e
e
R4
6le 2le2 6le 4le2 q4 ple2 12
V1 = R1
V2 = -R3
M1 = -R2
M 2 = R4
1 l 2
additional term =
sv dx
2 0
v = Hq
1
= q T s H T H dx q
2 e
e
1
= q T kes
2 e
where kes is stiffness matrix for
elastic foundation
156 22le 54 13le
2
2
sle 22le 4le 13le 3le
s
ke =
PLANE FRAMES
Plane structure with rigidly connected members.
Similar to beams except that axial loads and deformations
are present.
We have 2 displacements and 1 rotation at each node.
3 dof at each node.
q =[q1, q2, q3, q4, q5, q6]T
q5
q4
q4
q6 (q6)
X
q2
q2
q1
q1
q3 (q3)
Y
X
q = Lq
Where-
l
m
0
L=
0
0
0 0 l m 0
0 0 m l 0
0 0 0 0 1
m 0 0 0 0
l 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0
k 'e =
EA
le
EA
0
le
0
12 EI
le3
6 EI
le2
6 EI
le2
4 EI
le
12 EI
le3
6 EI
le2
0
0
EA
le
6 EI
le2
2 EI
le
12 EI 6 EI
le
le2
6 EI 2 EI
2
le
le
0
0
12 EI
6 EI
0
2
3
le
le
6 EI
4 EI
2
le
le
0
Ue =
Y
Y
X
ple pl
ple pl
,
,0,
,
f ' = 0,
2
12
2
12
f = LT f '
In global form,
2
e
KQ = F
2
e