1

CONTENTS

CONTENTS.................................................................................................................1
LIST OF TABLE..........................................................................................................3
LIST OF FIGURE........................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................4
1.1

Introduction........................................................................................................4

1.2

Problem Statement.............................................................................................5

1.3

Objective............................................................................................................6

1.4

Project Scope.....................................................................................................7

1.5

Report Outlines..................................................................................................7

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW..............................................................................................8
2.1

Introduction........................................................................................................8

2.2 Economic Load Dispatch........................................................................................9

2.3

Hydro-Thermal Economic Load Dispatch.........................................................9

2.4

Hydro-thermal generation................................................................................10

2.4.1

Short-Term Hydro-Thermal Scheduling......................................................10

2.4.2

Long-Term Hydro-Thermal Scheduling.......................................................11

2.5

Review of Optimization Method.....................................................................11

2.5.1

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)............................................................12

2.5.2

Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO)......................................................12

2.5.3

Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) Algorithm......................................................13

2.6

Summary..........................................................................................................14

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................15
3.1

Introduction......................................................................................................15

3.2

Problem Formulation.......................................................................................17

3.2.1

Economic Load Dispatch (ELD)..................................................................17

3.2.2

Short-Term Hydro-Thermal Scheduling......................................................18

3.3

Objective Function...........................................................................................18

3.3.1

System Constraints.......................................................................................20

3.3.2

Transmission Losses....................................................................................21

3.4
3.4.1
3.5

Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) Algorithm.........................................................22

Step in Algorithm.........................................................................................26
Summary..........................................................................................................29

CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND ANALYSIS........................................................................................30
4.1

Introduction..................................................................................................30

4.2

Case Study 1.................................................................................................30

4.3

Case Study 2.................................................................................................32

4.4

Summary......................................................................................................34

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................35
5.1

Conclusion...................................................................................................35

REFERENCES...........................................................................................................36

LIST OF TABLE
DETAILS

PAGES

Table 4.1: Data for 6-Generating Unit System

31

Table 4.2: Result of 6-generating units using ABC

32

Table 4.3: Data System of Five Generating Unit

33

Table 4.4: Discharge rates and Volume of Hydro plants

33

LIST OF FIGURE
DETAILS

PAGES

Figure 3.1: Project Flowchart

16

Figure 3.2: Behaviour of honeybee foraging for nectar

24

Figure 3.3: Flowchart of Artificial Bee Colony

25

Figure 4.1: Convergence of Best Cost Optimization

32

Figure 4.2: Generating Unit of Transmission Network System

32

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction.

Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) is the main function in power consumption system
for application of optimum power generation. The main objective of ELD is to
minimize cost in power generation and at the same time its need to meet the power
demand of system and operational constraint. Hence, solve an economic dispatch
problem properly and efficiently [1]. In practical power systems, minimizing the total
operation costs is very important. Thus, the ELD technique is applied for allocating
power generation among the committed units so that the total generation cost of the
system is minimized and satisfying all the constraints. [2][3]. It is a method to
schedule power generator outputs with respect to the load demands and to operate a
power system economically, so as to minimize the operation cost of the power
system [4].
Nowadays, have a various power generation system to generate electricity
such as hydroelectric, wind generation, solar generation, fossil fuel power plant and
etc. Most of generation in power system has substantial advantages in generation
stability, easier for generation planning and no limits on locations but their produces
much problem of economic cost [3]. Moreover, this research is targeted of hydro and
thermal power generation system while considering the short-term and long-term
scheduling problem.
The electric power systems mostly produced from conventional nonrenewable energy source that contains both thermal and hydro plants. The

combinations of hydro and thermal generation plant aimed to meet the total power
demand depend on power consumption, hence it similarly focusing on minimize the
total cost. [5]. To minimize that cost especially in optimization problem, it must be
control and operate that function as well as possible to stabilize the power
consumption [6].
Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm is stochastic finding that defined by
Dervis Karaboga in 2005 that imitate the behavior of bee colony where it consists of
three categories which are employed bees, onlooker bees and scout bees. The number
of employed bees is equal to them number of food sources around the hive. The first
half of the colony consists of the employed artificial bees and the second half
includes the onlookers. For every food source, there is only one employed bee. In
other words, the number of employed bees is equal to the number of food sources
around the hive. The employed bee whose food source has been exhausted by the
bees becomes a scout [7][8]. .The employed bee whose food source has been
abandoned becomes a scout. In ABC algorithm the position of food source
determines the solution and the amount of nectar represents the fitness of the
respective solution [9][10].

1.2

Problem Statement

Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) is one of the important issues need to concern in
planning and operational the power system especially related with hydro and all
thermal generation.
ELD in the power system is coordinate the total of power and energy that
used for reduce economical cost. On electrical power generation is necessary the
highest cost of installation, fuel cost, workers, resources and maintenance [1]. Hence,
the problem occurs due to load dispatch that unstable electrical energy in term of
load power system and operational constraints. Optimal load dispatch gave more
advantage in many aspect especially on efficiency and linearity of energy produced
[6], in that case, it can reduces more cost and increase the energy saving consumption
while avoiding the causes of irregular energy production.

In the generation system has a several problem especially the optimal cost
and to meet the total load demand, the problem are considering the hydro-thermal
generating unit. To determine the optimal generation level for each thermal and
hydro plant to meet the total load demand over a scheduling period. This is to
determine, optimally, which of the thermal generating units should run and how
much power is generated by the hydro and thermal plants so as the total operating
cost are minimized. The total cost to be minimized is subject to various control and
operational constraints.
On this project, the method of Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm is used
for solve the ELD problem of hydro and thermal generation. ABC algorithm is
stochastic finding that defined by Dervis Karaboga in 2005 that imitate the behavior
of bee colony where it consists of three categories which are employed bees,
onlooker bees and scout bees [10]. ABC algorithm is one of the meta-heuristic that
used for solve the problem of function multi-objective and non-linear problem.

1.3

Objective.

The major objective of this research is to investigate the best method for ELD of
hydro and thermal generation. Its measurable objectives are as follows:
1. To formulate the problem of hydro and thermal generation for ELD by using
Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm.
2. To investigate the performance of ABC algorithm for solving ELD problem
of Hydro-Thermal Generation.
3. To compare ABC algorithm with existing result of others algorithm in term of
optimal cost and quality performance.

1.4

Project Scope.

This project is primarily concerned with the ELD problem that occurs on hydro and
thermal generation. Scopes of this project are:
1. Several references of literature review from IEEE journal, articles and
reference books.
2. Application of ABC algorithm to solve the ELD problem of hydro-thermal
generation by using MATLAB software.
3. Investigate the performance of ABC algorithm based on optimal cost in term
of solution quality and statistical result.

1.5

Report Outlines

Chapter 2 presents the ELD and ABC algorithm. The different methods of constraint
handling such as repairing infeasible solution method and penalty function are also in
this chapter.
Chapter 3 discusses the details methodology used in this project. The general
ELD formulation and development of ABC algorithm for solving ELD problem are
explained. It also explains the constraint handling method for ELD problem.
Chapter 4 presents the result and analysis of this research. The result are
obtained by comparing the two constraint handling method in such as the optimal
result, convergence characteristic, robustness and comparison with existing method.
Chapter 5 concludes the objectives of this project where the objectives of this
project are achieved. A recommendation is written in order to improve the upcoming
research.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
In this chapter will be discussed about the literature review of Economic Load
Dispatch (ELD) problem and the several method that were used to solve it problem.
The various methods have been to generate an energy which are hydro, wind, solar
and fuel power plant. Increasing of power demand will produces high cost of
operation and planning. The operation cost of power system has becomes an
important issues due to increase power demand and fuel cost. One of the options is to
operate the committed generator units efficiently and economically based by
performing Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) optimization [3][4].
In this research is to commit the generation of hydro unit and all thermal units
with optimal schedule for supply with require load demand in minimum cost while
satisfying all system constraint. Additionally, have more previous optimization
method that are used to solved ELD problem which is Genetic Algorithm (GA),
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Firefly Algorithm (FA), Differential Evolution
(DE), Evolution Programming (EP) and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm.

2.2 Economic Load Dispatch

Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) can be defined as determining the minimization of

fuel cost of generating units under some constraints while satisfying system equality
and inequality constraints and to meet the power load demand [1] [11]. The objective
of ELD is allocate the electricity load demand to committed generating units in the
most economic or profitable way while continuously respecting the physical
constraints of the power system.
The ELD optimization is usually considered as a challenging problem.
Another aim of economic load dispatch problem is to find the optimal combination
of generators in order to minimize the operating cost of the system [12]. The load
demand must be appropriately shared among the various generating units of the
system [13]. For the purpose, ELD problem was classified as a meta-heuristic
problem with considered of fuel cost minimization and committed the load demand
as an objective.

Hydro-Thermal Economic Load Dispatch

Hydro and thermal Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) is determination of

economic hydro and thermal generation level that satisfies of two important
constraints consists of physical and operational constraints. The capital cost of hydroelectric plants is high but their operating cost does not depend on the output power.
In contrast, the capital cost of the thermal plants is lower but their operating cost
varies with the output power. In large-scale hydrothermal generation systems, it
needs to operate thermal and hydro plants integrated in the same grid in order to
achieve the optimal economic operation.

10

Hydro-thermal generation

Basically, Electrical power is generated using various conventional and

renewable sources including thermal, hydro, nuclear, wind, solar and tidal energy.
The major part of the electric power is produced by thermal plants that use fossilbased fuel such as oil, coal and natural gases to generate electricity. For the hydro
system, it require some differences which are the natural differences in the
watersheds, the differences in the manmade storage and release elements used to
control the water flows and the different constraints imposed on the operation of
hydroelectric systems. Hydro-thermal plant involves the scheduling of water release
that consists of short term and long term scheduling.

2.4.1

Short-Term Hydro-Thermal Scheduling

The scheduling period of the short-term hydro-thermal problem can range from 1 day
to 1 week [5] [14]. The solution to the short-term problem is to determine the hourby-hour scheduling of all available generation in order to obtain the optimal
economic production cost over the scheduling period.
The short-term hydro-thermal scheduling (STHTS) optimization problem is
treated considering the optimal allocation of available hydro and thermal electrical
energy for the duration of a scheduling period of time [5]. The objective of hydrothermal scheduling is to determine the generation level for each committed hydro
and thermal unit in such a way that the total operating cost is minimized while
satisfying various operational constraints [15].
The short-term problem can be categorized into two main groups which are
the fixed-head and variable-head. The first group is associated with plants with large
capacity reservoirs while variable-head reservoirs have limited amounts of water.
The short-term hydro-thermal scheduling problem is discussed extensively in the rest
of this chapter as it is the main focus of this thesis [16].

11

2.4.2

Long-Term Hydro-Thermal Scheduling

Long-term hydro-thermal generation scheduling typically ranges from 1 week to 1

year or several years [5]. This long-term scheduling problem consists of the longterm water availability forecasting and the scheduling of water releases from the
reservoirs. It also involves meteorological and statistical analysis related to the
availability of water over several seasons.
Long-term scheduling also involves the optimization of policies regarding
various unknowns such as load forecasting, generating unit availability and water
inflows[17]. In general, the long-term hydro-thermal scheduling problem can be
classified into three categories depending on the plant location.

1.4 Review of Optimization Method

Optimization method has been employed to solve different ELD problems. There two
types of optimization method which are the traditional method and the meta-heuristic
method. Traditional numerical model methods are applicable if the function between
operating cost and fuel or heat are piecewise linear and increasing categorically [18].
In order to overcome this issue, the meta-heuristic approaches based on tabu
search, Hopfield, hill climbing, evolutionary computation, swarm intelligence, and
ant/bee colony optimizations can outperform [18]. Meta-heuristic method such as
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Bacterial Foraging
Optimization (BFO) and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm are promising and
still evolving in this field. Some of those techniques have been modified to enhance
their solution performance or to overcome other limitations.

2.4.3

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is an intelligent search optimization technique

first developed by Kennedy and Eberhart [19]. It is inspired by social dynamics and

12

the behaviour emergent from socially organized populations known as swarms. The
particles change their positions by flying around in a multi-dimensional search space
until a relatively unchanged position has been encountered, or until computational
limitations are exceeded [13].
Saumendra Sarangi [20] used the PSO for solve the ELD problem to find out
the advantages of application of the evolutionary computing technique and PSO in
particular to the economic load dispatch problem also to find out the minimum cost.
The effectiveness of PSO has tested by using the data of 3 and 6 generating units.
The results are compared with the traditional technique and GA, PSO seems to give a
better result with better convergence characteristic.

2.4.4

Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO)

The Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) is an optimization technique found by

K.M. Passino based on the foraging behaviour of E.coli bacteria [3]. The BFO is
created to defeat the non-gradient optimization problems and also to solve the
complex and non-differentiable objective functions. The biology is inspired through
the natural selection of bacteria with victorious foraging strategies while ridding
those with poor foraging strategies [1].
Ibrahim A. Farhat [5] presents of Economic and Economic-Emission Operation
of All-Thermal and Hydro-Thermal Power Generation Systems to solve the problem
of economic load dispatch (ED) and the short-term hydro-thermal generation
scheduling (STHTS) with several test system of optimal economic dispatch with
considering the hydro and thermal generation system with 2 categories which are
transmission losses neglected and considered. Results have demonstrated the
effectiveness and capability of the proposed it algorithm.

13

2.4.5

Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) Algorithm

Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) is one of the most recently define algorithm by Dervis
Karaboga in 2005 [10] [21]. It is a swarm based a stochastic search algorithm which
imitates the scrounging behaviour of honeybees. In ABC, the colony of artificial bees
consists of three groups of bees which are employed bees, onlookers and scouts. In
other words, the number of employed bees is equal to the number of food sources
around the hive. The employed bee whose food source has been abandoned becomes
a scout [22]. In ABC algorithm the position of food source determines the solution
and the amount of nectar represents the fitness of the respective solution.
Jianzhong Zhou, Xiang Liao, Shuo Ouyang, Rui Zhang, Yongchuan Zhang
[23] have been proposed the Multi-objective artificial bee colony algorithm for shortterm scheduling of hydrothermal system. The goal of multi-objective short-term
hydrothermal scheduling (MOSHS) is to minimize the both fuel cost and exhaust gas
emission of hydrothermal system by determining the water releases of hydropower
unit in each scheduling interval while satisfying the various complex constraints
including power balance, generation limits, storage and discharge limits and
hydraulic network balance. In order to solve the problem, the consideration of
interconnected system which including four cascaded hydropower units and three
thermal units has been used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed MOABC
method. The simulation results show that the proposed MOABC can obtain better
schedule results with less fuel cost and environment pollution, more close to the true
Pareto front and better diversification of non-dominated solutions compared to other
existing methods [23].

14

1.5 Summary

As a summary for this chapter, there are two generating unit that needs to considered
in term of short-term or long-term scheduling which are hydro and thermal
generation unit. Additionally, the meta-heuristics method also to consider for solves
the ELD problem. Have two major objectives must be considered to achieve the
optimal minimization cost and committed the total load demand. Several method are
reported in literature related with solving ELD which are Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Firefly Algorithm (FA) and Artificial
Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm that method for optimization ELD. To finish the
research, the existing methods that discussed are follows as a references for
investigate the optimization ELD problem.

15

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter discusses the methodology used in this study. The first section describes
the steps involve, follows by ELD problem formulation and then PSO. The fourth
and fifth part describes constraints handling in ELD. This methodology plays an
important role in implementing this research study accordingly. The details of the
methodology are explained in detail in this chapter. The MATLAB software is used
to simulate the ELD problem.
In the methodology, collecting information about a topic related to the project
is done. The theory of the projects studied in any listing formulas do. Moreover, the
method used for this final year project also is described in the methodology. Finally,
the results of which comparing constraint handlings are expected to be highlight and
explained.

16

The research of this project is focusing based on the flowchart in Figure 3.1.

Problem Formulation of
ELD

Apply ABC Algorithm to Solve ELD Problem

Investigate the parameter changes (size of colony) of ELD

Comparison the performance of ABC with other method to achieve the best solution of ELD in term

ELD considered STHTS

Conclusion

Figure 3.1: Project Flowchart

17

1.6 Problem Formulation

Problem formulation related with objective function where it needs to considered the
ELD of hydro and thermal generating unit based on several constraints which are
Long-term and Short-term hydro thermal scheduling. There are several things to be
considered on problem formulation which are economic load dispatch (ELD), Shortterm hydro thermal scheduling (STHTS) with considered losses and losses neglected.
Hence, the objectives function of the constraints in term of Load Balance and
Thermal and Hydro generating capacity limits.

3.4.1

Economic Load Dispatch (ELD)

Economic Load dispatch (ELD) is generation allocation problem and defined as the
process of calculating the generation of the generating units so that the system load is
supplied entirely and most economically subject to the satisfaction of the constraints
[24]. The objective of solving ELD problem is minimizing the generation cost rate
and to meet the load demand of a power system over some appropriate period while
satisfying various generators constraints.

To solve ED problem, the basic constrained optimization problem at specific

operating interval can be modified as:
Ng

Minimize

F T = F i( P i )
i=1

where:
FT

= The total fuel cost

Fi ( Pi ) = The cost function

Pi

= The real power output of generator i

Ng

respectively
= The number of committed generators.

(3.1)

18

The formulation expressed above is for the basic model of the conventional
ELD problem. It should be noted that the results of the ELD solution of an allthermal system can be applied to a hydro-thermal system by considering an
equivalent thermal characteristics.

3.4.2

Short-Term Hydro-Thermal Scheduling

The objective of hydro-thermal scheduling is to determine the generation level for

each committed hydro and thermal unit in such a way that the total operating cost is
minimized while satisfying various operational constraints [6]. The solution to the
short-term problem is to determine the hour-by-hour scheduling of all available
generation in order to obtain the optimal economic production cost over the
scheduling period. Depending on the head of the reservoir, the short-term problem
can be categorized into two main groups which are the fixed-head and variable-head
[17].
The hydro-thermal generation system consists of
plants and

MH

Ng

thermal generating

hydro-electric plants. In particular, the solution to the problem is

to determine the active power generation level of each of the hydro and thermal
plants over the scheduling period T.

1.7 Objective Function

a) Thermal Model
The short-term hydro-thermal optimization is to minimize the total system operating
cost represented by the fuel cost of the thermal units[17]. Mathematically, this
objective function to be minimized is expressed as follows:

19
T

FT = F i ( P gi ( t ) ) dt
0 i=0

(3.2)

where:
Pgi ( t )

= Power generation of thermal unit i at time t

Fi (P gi ( t )=) Operating cost for thermal unit i at time t

Ng
T

= Number of thermal generating units

= Scheduling time period

The fuel cost function Fi (P gi ( t ))

of the

i TH

thermal generating unit at time t is

expressed as the following:

2

Fi ( P gi ( t ) ) =a i Pgi ( t ) +b i P gi ( t )+ c i

(3.3)

where,
ai , bi

and

ci

= The cost coefficients of the i th thermal generating unit.

b) Hydro Model
As mentioned above, there is no fuel cost associated with the hydro power
generation. The input-output characteristics of a hydro-electric generating unit is
formulated as a water discharge rate in terms of its reservoirs effective water head
and the output active power as defined by the Glimn-Kirchmayer model [17][5].
q j (t )=K(h j ) ( P Hj ( t ) )

where,

(3.4)

20

q j (t )

= Water discharge rate for the reservoir j at time t

PHj ( t ) = Power generation of hydro unit j at time t

,

= Independent functions

= Constant of proportionality.

The short-term hydro thermal scheduling consists of 2 types which are fixedhead reservoir and variable-head reservoir. For the variable-head reservoir, the
variable of

(h j )

need to considered. This research is focusing of fixed-head

reservoir where the variable of

(h j )

remains constant and the equation becomes:

q j (t )=K ( P Hj ( t ) )

(3.5)

For the scheduling period, the amount of water available for each hydro plant is
limited by a pre-specified quantity

Vj

q j ( t ) dt=V j

(3.6)

where,
q j (t ) = Water discharge rate for the reservoir j at time t
Vj

= Pre-specified quantity of water available

The characteristics equation of the discharge rate

q jk

can be modelled as follows:

q jk = j P 2Hj + j PHj + j
k

where,
q jk

= Water discharge rate of the hydro plants j at time interval k

(3.7)

21

, = Discharge rate coefficient for the

th

hydro plant

j
PHj

3.4.3

= Power generation of hydro unit j at time interval k

System Constraints.

The objective function represented by Equation (3.1) is subject to a number of

constraints as follows:
i.

Load balance equation: The total power generation must meet the total load
demand over the scheduling period

PD ( t ) including the transmission power

losses PL ( t ) . This is represented by the following equality constraint:

Ng

MH

P gi ( t )+ P Hj ( t ) P D ( t )P L (t)
i=1

ii.

j=1

(3.7)

Thermal and hydro generation capacity limits: The maximum and minimum
power of the thermal and hydro generating plants are expressed as the
following inequality boundary constraints:
Pgi (t)min P gi(t ) Pgi (t)max

(3.8)

Phj (t)min PHj (t ) PHj (t )max

(3.9)

where,
min

Pgi

= Minimum power generation for thermal generating unit i

= Maximum power generation for thermal generating unit i

Pmax
gi

22
min

PHj

= Minimum power generation for hydro generating unit j

= Maximum power generation for hydro generating unit j

Pmax
Hj

3.4.4

Transmission Losses

In power system where electrical energy is transmitted, network losses cannot be

neglected as they significantly affect the generation dispatch. In practical systems, it
is estimated that the system power losses can be as much as 5% to 10% of the total
power generation [17]. Accordingly, the objective function expressed in Equation
(3.6) is to be minimized while satisfying the following active power balance equation
where

PL

is the active power losses as a function of only the real power

generation. The function of loss formula and its simplest form is known as Georges
formula [6]:
Ng

Ng

PL = . P gi B ij P j
i=1

The parameters

B ij

(3.10)

j=1

are called the loss coefficients or B-coefficients. In order to

obtain a more accurate loss formula, a linear term and a constant is added to the
expression of (3.9) to form what is referred to as Krons loss formula [25]:
Ng

Ng

Ng

PL = . P gi B ij P j + Bi 0 P gi B00
i=1

j=1

i=1

(3.11)

This formula can be expressed in a vector notation as the following:

PL =[ P g 1+ P g 2+ P gNg ]

][ ]

B11 B12
B1 Ng Pg 1
B21 B22
B2 Ng Pg 2

BNg 1 BNg 2 BNgNg P gNg

23

+ [ Pg 1 P g 2 P gNg ]

[]

B01
B02
+ B00

B0 Ng

(3.12)

The B-coefficients mainly depend on the operating condition of the system. They are
usually assumed to be constant parameters, unless the system operating state of a
new generation scheduling is significantly different from the base case.
The loss formulas defined by Equations (3.9), (3.10) and (3.11) are applied to
model the transmission network losses. Accordingly, the Krons B-coefficients loss
formula is expressed as follows:
N g+ M H

PL (t)=

N g+ M H

i=1

j=1

Ng

Pi (t) Bij P j (t)+ Bi 0 Pi (t) B 00

i =1

(3.13)

where,
Pi ( t ) = Power generation of thermal plant
P j ( t ) = Power generation of hydro plant
B ij

= Loss coefficients or B-coefficients.

1.8 Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) Algorithm

Artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm was first proposed by Karaboga [39] to solve
single objective optimization problems. Similar to other intelligent swarm
optimization technique, it imitates the foraging behaviour of honey bees.
Additionally, ABC use the three operators to search the optimal solution in feasible
region which named employed bees phase, onlooker bees phase and scout bee phase.
In this paper ABC algorithm inspired by foraging behaviour of honey bees
proposed to solve economic load dispatch problems is presented and the
effectiveness of proposed algorithm to hydro and thermal generation units having
cost function consists of transmission losses either considered or neglected. In ABC

24

algorithm the position of food source determines the solution and the amount of
nectar represents the fitness of the respective solution.

In ABC algorithm, the colony of artificial bees contains three groups of bees:
employed bees, onlookers and scouts [10]. First half of the colony consists of the
employed artificial bees and the second half includes the onlookers. For every food
source, there is only one employed bee. In other words, the number of employed bees
is equal to the number of food sources. The employed bee of an abandoned food
source becomes a scout. The search carried out by the artificial bees can be
summarized as follows:
i.

Employed bees determine a food source within the neighbourhood of the food

ii.

source in their memory.

Employed bees share their information with onlookers within the hive and

iii.

then the onlookers select one of the food sources.

Onlookers select a food source within the neighbourhood of the food sources

iv.

chosen by themselves.
An employed bee of which the source has been abandoned becomes a scout
and starts to search a new food source randomly.

In order to understand the basic behaviour characteristics of foragers better,

let examine the Figure 3.2. Assume that there are two discovered food sources, A and
B. At the very beginning, a potential forager will start as unemployed forager. That
bee will have no knowledge about the food sources around the nest [10].

25

Initialization food position Random point in

Calculate the nectar amounts

Determine neighbours of the chosen food sources by the employe

Calculate the nectar amounts

Amounts

Selection
Figure 3.2: Behaviour of honeybee foraging for nectar.
(i)

It can be a scout and starts searching around the nest spontaneously for a
No
foodchosen
due to some
motivation
oremployed
possible external
clue (S).
All
onlookers
distributed?
Determine neighbours of the
foodinternal
sources
by the
bees
(ii)
It can be a recruit after watching the waggle dances and starts searching
for a food source (R).
Yes
After finding the food source, the bee utilizes its own capability to memorize
Memorize
position
of best
food source
the location and then immediately starts
exploitingthe
it. Hence,
the bee
will become
an

No

employed forager. The foraging bee takes a load of nectar from the source and
returns to the hive, unloading the nectarFind
to a the
foodabandoned
store. Basically,
order to
foodinsources
understand the principle of ABC algorithm, the flowchart in Figure 3.3 as follows:
Produce new positions for the abandoned food sources

Are termination criteria satisfied?

Yes
Final food positions

26

Figure 3.3: Flowchart of Artificial Bee Colony

3.4.5

Step1:

Step in Algorithm

27

A randomly distributed initial population solutions is being dispersed over the D

dimensional problem space. . Initial food sources are produced randomly within the
range of the boundaries of the parameters. In the power system, the food source is
defined as no of power value that generated of each generating units.
max
min
( )
X ij =X min
j +rand 0.1 ( X j X j )

(3.14)

where,
max

= Max no of food source in j dimension

Xj

= Min no of food source in j dimension

X min
j
i

= 1...SN (number of food sources)

= 1...D (number of optimization parameters)

Step 2:
Number of food source sites is equal to the number of employed bees. An employed
bee produces a modification on the position of the food source (solution) in her
memory depending on local information (visual information) and finds a
neighbouring food source, and then evaluates its quality.
V ij =X kj + ij (X ij X kj )

(3.15)

where,
k

= {1, 2 D}

= {1, 2 N} are randomly chosen indexes.

ij = Random number between [-1, 1]

Step 3:
If a parameter value produced by this operation exceeds its predetermined
boundaries, the parameter can be set to an acceptable value. In this work, the value of
the parameter exceeding its boundary is set to its boundaries. If
max

X i= X i
Step 4:

and if

min

Xi<X i

then

min

X i= X i

max

Xi>X i

then

28

After producing

Vi

within the boundaries, a fitness value for a minimization

problem can be assigned to the solution

Vi

fitness i= 1 /(1+f i ),if f i 0

1+|(f i)|, if f i < 0

(3.16)

where,
fi

= Cost value of the solution t

Step 5:
After the source is evaluated, greedy selection is applied and the onlooker bee either
memorizes the new position by forgetting the old one or keeps the old one.
Step 6:
Allow the employed bees to share the food information with onlooker bees. For
maximization problems, the cost function can be directly used as a fitness function. A
greedy selection is applied between

X ij

and

V ij

then the better one is selected

depending on fitness values representing the nectar amount of the food sources at
X ij

and

V ij

. If

X ij

cannot be improved, its counter holding the number of

trials is incremented by 1, otherwise, the counter is reset to 0.

Step 7:
Memorize the food source of the best solution. Allow the onlooker bees to choose the
best food source based on the probability calculation.
Step 8:
After all employed bees complete their searches, they share their information related
to the nectar amounts and the positions of their sources with the onlooker bees on the
dance area. This is the multiple interaction features of the artificial bees of ABC. An
onlooker bee evaluates the nectar information taken from all employed bees and
chooses a food source site with a probability related to its nectar amount. This
probabilistic selection depends on the fitness values of the solutions in the population
[26]. An artificial onlooker bee chooses a food source depending on probability value
associated with food source, Pi, calculated by following expression:

29

P i=

f i ti
N

f i tn

(3.17)

n=1

where,
f i t i = Fitness value of the solution i which is proportional to the nectar amount of
the food source in the position i.
N = Number of food sources which is equal to the number of employed bees.

Step 9:
In ABC, Providing that a position cannot be improved further through a
predetermined number of cycles, then that food source is assumed to be abandoned.
The value of predetermined number of cycles is an important control parameter of
the ABC algorithm, which is called limit for abandonment. The food source
abandoned by its bee is replaced with a new food source discovered by the scout,
which represents the negative feedback mechanism and fluctuation property in the
self-organization of ABC.
Step 10:
.Abandonment criteria: Limit and scout production. Assume that the abandoned
source is
with

X ij

X ij

, then the scout randomly discovers a new food source to be replaced

. Check for an abundant solution, and (if exists) initiate a new food-

source position Otherwise, follow the next step.

Step 11:
Retain the best solution with final food position. End.

30

1.9 Summary

In this project of solving the Economic Load Dispatch problem of hydro and thermal
generation is focusing on the Short Term Hydro Thermal Scheduling with
transmission losses consideration and transmission losses neglected by using
Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) Algorithm. This algorithm used as the constraint
formulation in order to solve the ELD problem. Hence, it compared the ABC
algorithm with existing result of others algorithm in term of optimal cost and quality
performance.

31

CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction
Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) is to determine the generation level for committed
hydro and thermal unit in such way that the total operating cost is minimized while
satisfying various operation constraints. In this project, ABC algorithm is use for
solving ELD problem that consists of two case studies. Case study 1 is investigating
the performance of ABC by using test system of 6 generating unit. For the case study
2 will be continue for hydro-thermal generating unit and applied the ABC to solve
ELD problem.

4.2 Case Study 1

This case study of ELD problem consists of 6 generating unit without considered the
hydro plants and the total load demand of 500MW with fuel cost characteristics in
table 4.1. The data are taken on paper [27].

32

Table 4.1: Data for 6-Generating Unit System

Generating

ai

bi

Parameter
ci

units i

$ / MW 2 h

$ / MW h

$ /h

MW

MW

1
2
3
4
5
6

0.1525
0.106
0.02083
0.0356
0.0211
0.0179

38.54
46.20
40.159
38.31
36.33
38.27

756.80
451.40
1049.99
1234.50
1658.60
1356.70

10
10
35
35
130
125

125
150
225
210
325
315

Pmin
gi

Pmax
gi

The losses are considered in this system by using the loss formulation in equation
(3.12). The B-loss coefficients are as follows:

B=104

1.40
0.17
0.15
0.19
0.36
0.22

0.17
0.60
0.13
0.16
0.15
0.20

0.15
0.13
0.65
0.17
0.34
0.19

0.19
0.16
0.17
0.71
0.30
0.25

0.26
0.15
0.24
0.30
0.60
0.32

0.22
0.20
0.19
0.60
0.32
0.85

The result is presented in table 4.2.

Table 4.2: Result of 6-generating units using ABC
Generating
units
Power
Dispatch

Pg1
(MW)
157.480
3

Pg2
(MW)
119.4241

Pg3
(MW)
405.274

Pg4
(MW)
242,468

Pg5
(MW)
155.415

Pg6
(MW)
135.041

The result obtained shows the performance of ABC to minimize cost and power
losses. The system was tested for 5 times randomly and the result of operational cost
shows:
Ploss (PW)
Cost ($/h)

= 623.7277 PW
= 67,145 $/h

33

The performance of the ABC algorithm to solve ELD problem of 6 generating units
shows with the graph in Figure 4.1. The graph indicates the convergence of best cost
optimization of 6-generating units
Cost optimization ($/h)

Figure 4.1: Convergence of Best Cost Optimization

4.3 Case Study 2

The Hydro and thermal system consists of three unit generator which are one thermal
and two hydro plants is employed as a case study as shown in figure 4.2. On the
other hand thermal system consists of all thermal generators. The system data are
taken from paper [5]. From the data, ABC algorithm is applied to solve the ELD
problem. Table 4.3 is shows the data that use in this project to satisfy the formulation.

FT
FH
FH

P1
P2
P3

Figure 4.2: Generating Unit of Transmission Network System

PD

34

The optimal generations obtained based on the data in tables 4.3 and table 4.4 with
considered the power demand used for analysis.
Table 4.3: Data System of Five Generating Unit
Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6

PD (MW)
30
33
35
38
40
45

Hour
7
8
9
10
11
12

PD (MW)
50
59
61
58
56
57

Hour
13
14
15
16
17
18

PD (MW)
60
61
65
68
71
62

Hour
19
20
21
22
23
24

PD (MW)
55
50
43
33
31
30

The characteristics of the thermal plants are given by:

2

Fi ( P gi ( t ) ) =0.01 Pgi (t ) +3.0 Pg 1 ( t ) +15

(4.1)

The discharge rates of two reservoirs in term of hydro power produced by the two
plants are as follow:
Hydro

Volume of water (

Discharge rates ( M . f / h

M.f
Plant 1

q1 ( t )=0.00005 P2H 1 ( t ) +0.03 P H 2 ( t ) +0.2

573.916

Plant 2

q1 ( t )=0.00001 P 2H 1 ( t ) +0.06 ( t )+ 0.4

803.488

Table 4.4: Discharge rates and Volume of Hydro plants

Test system of one thermal and two hydro generating unit considered the
transmission loss coefficients based on the data in paper [5] the B-coefficients data is
as follows:
3

B=10

0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.1 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.5

[]

0.0
B 0= 0.0
0.0

B 00=0.0

The scheduling is 1 day divided into 24 time interval of 1 hour each.

(4.2)

35

4.4 Summary
This chapter as a pre result of this project, by focussing on economic load dispatch
problem of hydro and thermal generation system and to applied the ABC algorithm
to solve them. To overcome the objective, ABC will be applied to solve ELD
problem of hydro and thermal generation system with several constraints.

36

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion
In this project, ABC algorithm is used for solving Economic Load Dispatch (ELD)
problem of hydro and thermal generating unit. There have a system of 6 generating
unit to investigate the performance of ABC algorithm to solve ELD problem. On this
PSM 1, the project is more focussing on Study Case 1 that is an investigate the
performance of ABC algorithm for solving ELD problem of Thermal Generation unit
which means the performance was shows in graph and the result data. For the PSM
2, it will be continue the research based on case study 2 of ELD problem for hydro
and thermal generation unit to achieve the project objective.

5.2 Recommendation
This project supposedly to solve Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) problem of hydro
and thermal generation by using ABC algorithm, in order to achieve this project, the
research of hydro thermal generating units via ABC needs to compares with more
other algorithm to ensure it the best result.

37

REFERENCES

[1]

A. Y. Saber and G. K. Venayagamoorthy, Economic load dispatch using

bacterial foraging technique with particle swarm optimization biased
evolution, 2008 IEEE Swarm Intell. Symp., pp. 18, 2008.

[2]

B. Vanaja, S. Hemamalini, and S. P. Simon, Artificial immune based

economic load dispatch with valve-point effect, in IEEE Region 10 Annual
International Conference, Proceedings/TENCON, 2008.

[3]

A. Y. Saber, Economic dispatch using particle swarm optimization with

bacterial foraging effect, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 34, no. 1, pp.
3846, 2012.

[4]

W. Warsono, D. J. King, C. S. Ozveren, and D. A. Bradley, Economic Load

Dispatch Optimization of Renewable Energy in Power System Using Genetic
Algorithm, 2007 IEEE Lausanne Power Tech, pp. 21742179, 2007.

[5]

I. A. Farhat and M. E. El-Hawary, Multi-Objective Short-Term HydroThermal Scheduling using Bacterial Foraging Algorithm, in Electrical Power
and Energy Conference (EPEC), 2011 IEEE, 2011, pp. 176181.

[6]

I. A. Farhat and M. E. El-Hawary, Optimization Methods Applied for Solving

the Short-Term Hydrothermal Coordination Problem, Electr. Power Syst.
Res., vol. 79, no. 9, pp. 13081320, 2009.

[7]

S. K. Nayak, K. R. Krishnanand, B. K. Panigrahi, and P. K. Rout, Application

of artificial bee colony to economic load dispatch problem with ramp rate
limits and prohibited operating zones, 2009 World Congr. Nat. Biol. Inspired
Comput. NABIC 2009 - Proc., pp. 12371242, 2009.

38

[8]

M. S. Payam and E. Bijami, An artificial bee colony algorithm to solve

nonlinear and nonconvex economic dispatch problem in power systems, Int.
Rev. Electr. Eng., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 51445154, 2012.

[9]

A. G. Abro and J. Mohamad-Saleh, Enhanced probability-selection artificial

bee colony algorithm for economic load dispatch: A comprehensive analysis,
2014.

[10]

D. Karaboga and B. Basturk, On the performance of artificial bee colony

(ABC) algorithm, Appl. Soft Comput. J., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 687697, 2008.

[11]

A. Y. Saber and D. M. F. Rahman, Economic load dispatch using particle

swarm differential evolution optimization, 2011 IEEE Power Energy Soc.
Gen. Meet., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 18, 2011.

[12]

B. Mandal, P. K. Roy, and S. Mandal, Economic load dispatch using krill

herd algorithm, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 57, pp. 110, 2014.

[13]

B. Zhao and Y. Cao, Multiple objective particle swarm optimization

technique for economic load dispatch, J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci., vol. 6A, no. 5,
pp. 420427, 2005.

[14]

A. J. Wood and B. F. Wollenberg, Power Generation, Operation, and Control,

vol. 37. 1996.

[15]

E. Gil, J. Bustos, and H. Rudnick, Short-term hydrothermal generation

scheduling model using a genetic algorithm, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol.
18, no. 4, pp. 12561264, 2003.

[16]

S. Yin Wa Wong, Hybrid simulated annealing/genetic algorithm approach to

short-term hydro-thermal scheduling with multiple thermal plants, Int. J.
Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 565575, 2001.

[17]

I. A. Farhat and S. Member, Fixed-Head Hydro-Thermal Scheduling Using a

Modified Bacterial Foraging Algorithm, Electr. Power Energy Conf. (EPEC),
2010 IEEE, vol. 10, pp. 1 6, 2010.

[18]

E. G. Talbi, M. Basseur, A. J. Nebro, and E. Alba, Multi-objective

optimization using metaheuristics: Non-standard algorithms, Int. Trans.
Oper. Res., vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 283305, 2012.

[19]

M. N. Abdullah, A. H. A. Bakar, N. A. Rahim, H. Mokhlis, and C. Tan,

39

Implementation of hybrid particle swarm optimization for combined

Economic-Emission Load Dispatch Problem, in 2014 IEEE 8th International
Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO2014), 2014, pp.
402407.
[20]

S. Sarangi, Particle Swarm Optimisation Applied To Economic Load

Dispatch Problem, Dep. Electr. Eng., vol. Master Of , p. 98, 2009.

[21]

D. C. Secui, A new modified artificial bee colony algorithm for the economic
dispatch problem, Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 89, pp. 4362, 2015.

[22]

G. P. Dixit, H. M. Dubey, M. Pandit, and B. K. Panigrahi, Artificial bee

colony optimization for combined economic load and emission dispatch,
Sustain. Energy Intell. Syst. (SEISCON 2011), Int. Conf., no. Seiscon, pp. 340
345, 2011.

[23]

J. Zhou, X. Liao, S. Ouyang, R. Zhang, and Y. Zhang, Multi-objective

artificial bee colony algorithm for short-term scheduling of hydrothermal
system, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 55, pp. 542553, 2014.

[24]

A. Wood and B. Wollenberg, Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units and

Methods of Solution, Power Gener. Oper. Control, pp. 1572, 1996.

[25]

S. Y. Caliskan and P. Tabuada, Towards Kron reduction of generalized

electrical networks, Automatica, vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 25862590, 2014.

[26]

B. Akay and D. Karaboga, A modified Artificial Bee Colony algorithm for

real-parameter optimization, Inf. Sci. (Ny)., vol. 192, pp. 120142, 2012.

[27]

Y. K. Singh, Nagendra, Economic Load Dispatch with Environmental

Emission Using MRPSO, 2013.