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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Theory
The working of the project goes like this: The temperature, heartbeat, stress & Glucose
measurement of the patient will be monitored continuously and the status of the patient
will be monitored and sent to the doctor wherever he may be.
Thus, the four values will be sent to the doctor who knows the entire health conditions of
the patient. Thus, to send this data, we are using the wireless technology, GSM. When the
monitoring system sends a message to the doctors mobile, even this system should have
a device which can send or receive the messages from/to the doctor. The device we are
using is the GSM modem. The modem is exactly similar to our mobile phones. Even the
modem requires a SIM card to communicate with the outside world. The modem will be
interfaced with the microcontroller through serial interface.
The data which are monitored continuously in this project are Temperature, stress level,
glucose level and Heartbeat of the patient. The analog quantities are taken and converted
into corresponding digital values using a single channel ADC. This converted digital
value is sent to the microcontroller. The microcontroller temporarily stores this value.
The doctor can read value whenever he wishes to. The doctor can take care of the
patients condition wherever he may be. The doctor has to send predefined messages to
the modem to retrieve the data. The modem receives the predefined messages and
intimates the same to the microcontroller. Now, it is the job of the microcontroller to read
the value, process it and send the requested value to the doctors mobile. The user can
read the updated data whenever he reads the predefined messages to the modem. These
values can also be displayed on the LCD.
Age
Newborn
140
7 years
85 90
14 years
80 85
Adult
70 - 80
Table 1.2.2 Average Heart Rates
Heart rate is measured by finding the pulse of the body. This pulse rate can be measured
at any point on the body where the artery's pulsation is transmitted to the surface by
pressuring it with the index and middle fingers; often it is compressed against an
underlying structure like bone. The thumb should not be used for measuring another
person's heart rate, as its strong pulse may interfere with discriminating the site of
pulsation.
The resting heart rate (HRrest) is a person's heart rate when they are at rest, that is lying
down but awake, and not having recently exerted themselves. The typical healthy resting
heart rate in adults is 6080 bpm, with rates below 60 bpm referred to as bradycardia, and
rates above 100 bpm referred to as tachycardia.
Note however that conditioned athletes often have resting heart rates below 60 bpm. and
it is not unusual for people doing regular exercise to get below 50 bpm.
Heart beat sensor is designed to give digital output of heat beat when a finger is placed on
it. When the heart beat detector is working, the beat LED flashes in unison with each
heart beat. This digital output can be connected to microcontroller directly to measure the
Beats Per Minute (BPM) rate. It works on the principle of light modulation by blood flow
through finger at each pulse. However this sensor is of high cost, hence in this project we
are using a transducer to demonstrate the measure of heart beat rate. we are just showing
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When a ten digit mobile number is provided, the program instructs the modem to send the
text message using a sequence of AT commands.
AT
AT+CMGF=1
AT+CMGS="mobile number"
AT+CMGW="mobile number"
Here 1 is the index for the saved message. Later this index is
used to process the message like deleting it or forwarding to the
recipient number.
It is used to delete a message from the storage. The index of the
AT+CMGD=2
The GSM modem can be tested by connecting it with a PC. The modem is
equipped with a RS232 cable. Just use a Serial to USB converter and connect it
with the PC.
Now you can proceed with sending the commands to the modem using any serial
communication program like HyperTerminal, minicom etc. Ensure the serial
parameters are configured to 8N1 and the baud rate is set to 9600bps.
For each command you send the modem acknowledges with a message. Example:
Just try sending "AT" to the modem. It sends back a result code "OK" which states
that the modem is responding. If its not working fine, it sends "ERROR".
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 through 8F
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Name
VSS
VCC
VEE
RS
Pin.no. 5
Pin.no. 6
Pin.no. 7
Pin.no. 8
Pin.no. 9
Pin.no. 10
Pin.no. 11
Pin.no. 12
Pin.no. 13
Pin.no. 14
Description
Power supply (GND)
Power supply (+5V)
Contrast adjust
0 = Instruction input
R/W
1 = Data input
0 = Write to LCD module
EN
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
1.2.8 Microcontroller
Microcontrollers as the name suggests are small controllers. They are like single chip
computers
that
are
often
embedded
into
other
systems
to
function
as
processing/controlling unit. For example the remote control you are using probably has
microcontrollers inside that do decoding and other controlling functions. They are also
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When your designs need some extra muscle, you need the megaAVR. Ideal for
applications requiring large amounts of code, the megaAVR offers substantial program
and data memories with performance up to 20 MIPS. Innovative picoPower technology
minimizes power consumption. All megaAVRs offer self-programmability for fast,
secure, cost-effective in-circuit upgrades. You can even upgrade the flash while running
your application.
Based on industry-leading, proven technology, the megaAVR family offers our widest
selection of devices in terms of memories, pin-counts and peripherals. Choose from
general-purpose devices to models with specialized peripherals like USB, or LCD
controllers, or CAN, LIN and Power Stage Controllers. It's easy to find the perfect fit for
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Key Features
picoPower
technology -Selected
megaAVR
features
ultra-low
power
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I/O Ports: 23 I/ line can be obtained from three ports; namely Port B, Port C and Port D.
Timer/Counter: Three Internal Timers are available, two 8 bit, one 16 bit, offering
various operating modes and supporting internal or external clocking.
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TWI (Two Wire Interface): Another communication device that is present in ATmega8
is Two Wire Interface. It allows designers to set up a commutation between two devices
using just two wires along with a common ground connection, As the TWI output is made
by means of open collector outputs, thus external pull up resistors are required to make
the circuit.
Analog to Digital Converter: Inbuilt analog to digital converter can convert an analog
input signal into digital data of 10bit resolution. For most of the low end application, this
much resolution is enough.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY OR PROBLEM FORMULATION
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CHAPTER 3
WORKING
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The sensor consists of a super bright red LED and light detector. The LED needs to be
super bright as the light must pass through finger and detected at other end. When the
heart pumps a pulse of blood through the blood vessels, the finger becomes slightly more
opaque and so less light reached the detector. This signal is passed through the filter
circuit which is a parallel combination or capacitor and register from this filter circuit the
noise and variation are removed then this signal is amplified by the opamp. Then the
obtained signal is again filtered by the filter circuit and again amplified by the opamp.
This output of the opamp is considered as the final heart rate of the patient and it is given
as the output. At the output a LED is connected. Whenever a signal comes at the output it
blinks and rest it was off so we obtained a blinking of this LED which is the heart beat of
the patient. The duration in blinking is the rate of the heart beat of that patient.
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CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL/SIMULATION, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Experiments
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4.2 Result
we successfully design health monitoring system which continuously measure human
health issues which are very important in our daily lives such as heart beat, temperature,
stress level & glucose level.
We used arduino software for coding of ATMEGA8,Eagle software is used for PCB
designing, we used GSM modem for communication purpose.Assemble the circuit on the
PCB as shown in figure 4.After assembling the circuit on the PCB, check it for proper
connections before switching on the power supply.
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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
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5.1 Conclusion
The performance of the system is more efficient. Continuously reading the output
from the sensors and pass the data to the doctors mobile whenever the read values
exceed the normal values or whenever the doctor sends a request to the controlling
unit is the main job carried out by the microcontroller. The mechanism is
controlled by the microcontroller.
The performance has been verified both in software simulator and hardware
design. The total circuit is completely verified functionally and is following the
application software.
It can be concluded that the design implemented in the present work provide
portability, flexibility and the data transmission is also done with low power
consumption.
ECG, EEG, PH level & other health parameter can also be monitored.
Continuous monitoring & future diagnosis can be performed via the same system
More than a single patient at different places can be monitored using single system
by adding few more components.
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