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Digital Mod PDF
Digital Mod PDF
Dr Mike Fitton,
mike.fitton@toshiba-trel.com
Telecommunications Research Lab
Toshiba Research Europe Limited
Baseband
Data
ASK modulated
signal
A cos ct
l
l
A cos ct
f0
f0
f1
Baseband
Data
Binary PSK modulated
signal
s1
s0
s0
s1
+10
Magnitude (dB)
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-4
l
-3
-2
-1
Modulation - QPSK
(-1,1)
Q-Channel
Odd Data
(NRZ)
(1,1)
90
QPSK
Cos Wc t
Even Data
(NRZ)
I-Channel
(-1,-1)
(1,-1)
lQuadrature
Types of QPSK
10
l
l
l
11
-1
Time
2Tb
4Tb
6Tb
8Tb
Phase
Phase
Time
+1
Time
0
2Tb
4Tb
6Tb
8Tb
-2
-2
l
l
In MSK phase ramps up through 90 degrees for a binary one, and down
90 degrees for a binary zero.
For GMSK transmission, a Gaussian pre-modulation baseband filter is
used to suppress the high frequency components in the data. The degree
of out-of-band suppression is controlled by the BT product.
12
GMSK Signals
Tx
NRZ
GLPF
DATA
VCO
l
GMSK,
BT=0.5
MSK
1-2
GMSK
BT=0.3
Time
2T
2T
13
GMSK Spectra
0
Data Rate: 8192 bps
-10
QPSK
MSK
Power (dB)
-20
-30
-40
GMSK BT=0.3
-50
-60
GMSK BT=0.5
-70
0
16384
32768
49152
65536
F requency (Hz)
lGMSK
16 QAM
16 PSK
16 APSK
15
thus
16
17
Modulation Format
16 PSK
16 QAM
8PSK
4PSK
4QAM
BFSK
BPSK
2
2
1.585
1
1
0
0
18dB
15dB
14.5dB
10.1dB
10.1dB
13dB
10.5dB
18
=1.6bits/sec/Hz
19
Coherent Reception
An estimate of the channel phase and attenuation is recovered. It is then
possible to reproduce the transmitted signal, and demodulate. It is necessary
to have an accurate version of the carrier, otherwise errors are introduced.
Carrier recovery methods include:
l Pilot
20
Differential Reception
In the transmitter, each symbol is modulated relative to the previous symbol,
for example in differential BPSK:
0 = no change
1 = +180o
l In the receiver, the current symbol is demodulated using the previous
symbol as a reference. The previous symbol acts as an estimate of the
channel.
l Differential reception is theoretical 3dB poorer than coherent. This is
because the differential system has two sources of error: a corrupted
symbol, and a corrupted reference (the previous symbol).
l Non-coherent reception is often easier to implement.
21
Modulation Summary
l
l
l
l
22
23
24
Received Power
b
c
Excess Delay
The received signal is made up of a sum of attenuated, phaseshifted and time delayed versions of the transmitted signal.
Propagation modes include diffraction, transmission and
reflection.
26
27
-60
-65
-70
Tx B
Tx A
-75
-80
-85
-90
et
re
t
S
n
gio
e
R
er
n
r
Co
-95
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Distance (metres)
Reciprocal uplink/downlink
Amplitude
Noise
Power
0.1
0.01
0.001
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
lA
30
0.1
AWGN only
Rayleigh Fading
0.01
0.001
0.0001
1e-005
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Eb/No (dB)
Eye Diagrams
l
l
l
Motion of the mobile causes periodic phase shifts which change with time.
A typical spectrum for a Rayleigh channel is shown above. The rate of
change of phase gives rise to a Doppler frequency (Fd), which varies with
mobile speed (v) and the arrival angle of the rays (n).
Fd = v/cos n
(= wavelength)
33
lThe
a =
k =1
N
k2
k =1
2
k
k =1[ k a ] k
rms =
N
2
k
k =1
36
l
l
ISI arises when energy from one symbol slot is spread out over
neighbouring symbol slots.
ISI is introduced by the channel when the RMS delay spread
becomes an appreciable fraction of the bit period (say greater
than 10%).
37
lIntersymbol
l
l
39
lLow
symbol rate (narrowband): large phase change over long symbol period,
therefore errors arise due to Doppler.
lHigh symbol rate (wideband), small phase change over short symbol period.
Dispersion is large compared to the symbol period, therefore errors due to
intersymbol interference.
lWhether narrowband or wideband depends on the symbol rate and the
enironment.
40