6.

POWER SERIES-RELATED QUESTION

6.1

Power Series

Determine the radius and interval of convergence for

x
x2

k
2

k!

k=0

Solution:

By using the Ratio Test,

x2 k+1

x2 k
x2 k ( x2)

k
x2
2k+1

2k+1

ak +1
lim
= lim
k a k
k

| |

Since k , Hence

When

lim

lim

1
=0
k +1

1
=0<1
, the series converge absolutely for all x .
k +1

Thus, the interval of convergence, r= .

12

6.2

Taylor Series

Question:

Find the Taylor Series about the indicated centre and determine the
interval of convergence
1
f ( x )=
, c=1
x+5

Solution:

By applying Taylors Theorem, f ( x )=

k=0

f k ( c)
( xc )k ,
k!

where k=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and c is constant and give as c=1, in this question. Thus,
f ( x )=

0
'
''
' ''
iv
f ( 1)
f (1)
f ( 1)
f ( 1)
f ( 1)
( x1 )0 +
( x1 )1+
( x1 )2 +
( x1 )3+
( x1 )4 +
0!
1!
2!
3!
4!

when

x=c=1

f ( 1 )=
f ' ( 1 )=

1
36

f ' ' (1 ) =

f 0 ( x )=

'

f ( x )=

2
216

f ' ' ' ( 1 )=

6
1296

f ' v ( 1 )=

24
7776

1
x+5

1
2
(x +5)

f ' ' ( x )=
'''

1
6

2
3
( x+5)

f ( x )=

6
4
(x +5)

13

f ' v ( x )=

24
5
( x +5)

Hence,

][ ()

][ ()

][ ( )

1 1
2 1
6 1
24 1
f ( x )= +
( x1 ) +
( x1 )2 +
( x1 )3 +
( x1 )4 +
6 36
216 2
1296 6
7776 24
1 1
1
1
1
( x1 ) +
( x1 )2
( x1 )3 +
( x1 ) 4 +
6 36
216
1296
7776

14

To determine the interval of convergence, Ratio Test is used where,

lim

|
| | |
|
[ ]|

lim

ak +1
1
= lim
( x1 ) 6
ak
k 36
1
36
( x1 )2
216
( x1 )

|16 ( x1)|
1
lim | |<0
where
, hence
6
lim

f ( x )=

Thus, the interval of convergence for

1
x+5

converges absolutely for all

f ( x )=

15

1
x+5

x .

the series is (, ) .

6.3

Maclaurin Series

Find the fourth Maclaurin polynomial (n=4) for the given function

Solution:
f ( x )=

1
1+ x

f ( 0 )=

1
=1
1+0

x
1+

'
f ( 0 )=(1)
x
1+

(1)(1)
x
1+

(1)
x
1+

''
f ( 0 )=(1)
x
1+

(1)(2)
x
1+

(2)

16

f ( x )=

1
1+ x .

x
1+

f (3) ( 0 )=(2)
x
1+

(2)(3)
x
1+

(6)
x
1+

( )
f 4 ( 0 )=(6)
x
1+

(6)(4)
x
1+

(24) x

p4 ( x )

p4

( 1+1 x )

f ( 0) + f ' ( 0 ) x +

1x +

f ' ' ( 0 ) 2 f (3) ( 0 ) 3 f ( 4) ( 0 ) 4

x+
x +
x
2!
3!
4!

2 2 6 3 24 4
x x+ x
2!
3!
4!

1x + x 2x 3+ x 4

17

6.4

Term-by-Term Differentiation of Power Series

Question: Differentiation the power series by using term-by-term differentiation.

f ( x )=
k=0

x
2

()

Solution:

f ( x )=
k=0

1 k k
1 k
( x ) , Let a k =
, c=0
2
2

()

()

In general, power series can be expressed in the form:

ak ( xc )k=a 0+ a1 ( xc )+ a2 ( xc )2+ a3 ( xc )3 + a4 ( xc )4 +
k=0

Where k =0,1, 2, 3, 4, and c

f ( x )=

is constant

1 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 4 4
x +
x+
x +
x+
x +
2
2
2
2
2

() () () () ()

1
1
1
1
f ( x )= 1+ x + x 2+ x 3 + x 4 +
2
4
8
16
f ' ( x )=

d
1
1
1
1
1+ x+ x 2 + x 3+ x 4 +
dx
2 4
8
16

1 1
3 2 1 3
0+ + x + x + x +
2 2
8
4
1 1
3
1
+ x+ x2 + x 3+
2 2
8
4

verify , f ' ( x ) , let u=

x k ' 1 x
,u = k
2
2 2

()

()

k1

, k =0,1,2,3,4, , Hence

18

1 x
f ( x )= u ' = k
2
k=1
k=1 2
'

1
x
(1 )
2
2

11

()

k1

()

1
x
+ ( 2)
2
2

21

()

1
x
+ ( 3)
2
2

31

()

1
x
+ ( 4)
2
2

4 1

()

1 1
3 2 1 3
+ x+ x + x + (verified)
2 2
8
4
6.5

Term-By-Term Integration Power Series

Question: Integrate power series by using Term-By-Term integration

f ( x )=

k 0

1
1+x 4

( )

Solution:

( 1+x1 ) dx
4

f ( x ) dx= [ ] +c
k 0

In general power series,

1
=1x + x 2x 3 + x 4
1+ x

Then the

x is replaced by

x4

1
=1x 4 + x 8x 12+ x 16
4
1+ x

Thus,

f ( x ) dx=[ ( 1x 4 + x 8x 12+ x 16 ) dx ]= x

19

13

17

x x x
x
+ + + c
5 9 13 17

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