CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Type 1: Real situation in the present or future

If clause
Main clause
* Future tense
If+Present Tense(Simple or
If Tina gets the job,she will buy a car.
continuous or Present Perfect
* can/may/might/must/should+infinitive
Simple (f the action has already If you have finished yourt homework,
finished)
you may go out with your friends.
* Present Simple
If you heat ice,it melts.
* Imperartive
If you are late for work,inform the
Manager about it.

Use
Real or probable
situations in the present or
future.
General truths
nstructions or commands

Use the verbs in paranthesis in correct form.

1-If Helen ..........................(study) hard,she will surely graduate.
2-If Tom studies hard,he ...............................(pass) his examination.
3-If she hurries,she ..............................(be able to/go) with us.
4-I ............................(explain) everything to John if he ...............................(come) before I
leave.
5-If the weather is good next week,we ................................(go) hunting.
6-If you ...............................(decide) to go to picnic, .............................(call) me at the office
before 5.30.
7-If you ..........................(wash) nylon,it ...............................(not/shrink).
8-If he ..........................(go) to bed earlier,he .......................(be) less tired.
9-If it .............................(snow) tonight,we .............................(have) to stay at home all day
tomorrow.
10-They ...........................(get) there on time,if they ..............................(leave) early.
Type 2: Unreal situations in the present or future.
If clause
Main clause
If+Past Tense (simple or
continuous)

Use

Would
could + present infinitive
migt
If I were still living with his parents,he would
be able to save more money.

Unreal situations in the

present.

If I won a lot of money,I would spend most

of it by travelling.

Events that are

unlikely to happen in
the future.
To give advice.

If I were you I wouldn't argue with him.

Unreal conditions-Type 2
1-If Henry .........................(spend) more time on his lessons,he would get better marks.
2-If I had his phone number,I .............................(call) him tonight.
3-If she ..........................(know) English,she .............................(get) the job.
4-If he .............................(like) languages,it ................................(be) easy to learn.
5-If Peter ..............................(not/go) out every evening,he ...............................(feel) lonely.
6-If we .........................(study) together,we ..............................(prepare) our homework easily.
7-If I .........................(be) the Prime Minister,I .............................(decrease) the inflation.
8-I ................................(understand) Mr.Brown f he ................................(speak) slowly.
9-She ......................(get) a better position if she ...........................(work) harder.
10-If I .............................(not/live) far away,I .............................(walk) to school.

Type 3: Unreal situations in the past.

If clause
If+ Past Perfect (simple or
Continuous)

Main Clause

Use

Would
could +perfect infinitive(have)
might
If he had known your phone number,he for actions that didn't
would have called you.
happen.
If I had been more careful,I would have to express criticism or
passed the driving test.
regret.

1-If I had known about it last night,I ................................(act) differently.

2-If he .............................(attend) class regularly,he would have been more successful.
3-If they .............................(leave) earlier,they ...............................(catch) the train.
4-I ...............................(go) with them if they .............................(invite) me.
5-I ..............................(be) less angry if they ..............................(tell) me the truth.
6-If I ............................(know) it was going to rain,I ................................(take) my umbrella.
7-If she ..............................(take) a taxi,she ..............................(not/miss) the train.
8-I ..................................(hurry) to get there f I .................................(know) you were waiting
for me.
9-If you ...........................(come) with us,you ..............................(meet) her.
10-If the driver .............................(stop) when the lights were red,the accident ................................. (happen).
Cross out the wrong answer.
1-If I installed/had installed an alarm,the thieves wouldn't be/have been able to break into my house last week.
2-I would make/would have made a film with Bruce Wills if I were/had been a famous director,but I'm not.
3-Karen would/will leave for New York tomorrow if the weather is/will be fine.
4-If I get/got the job,I would take/will take you out to dinner on Saturday to celebrate.
5-If I were/am in your shoes,I will/would apologise to them.
6-If you send/had sent the application to the company on time,they might called/have called you for an interview.I
can't understand why you didn't!
7-If he woke up/had waken up earlier this morning,he wouldn't be/have been late for work.
8-I had no map;that's why I got lost.If I had/had had a map I would be/would have been all right.
9-Tell him to bring his bicycle inside.If he leaves/left it outside,someone may steal/would steal it.
10-The job seems a profitable one.If I am/were you ,I will/would accept their offer.
Rewrite the following as conditional sentences.
1-He will probably pay me tonight.Then I'll have enough money for the tickets.
...........................................................................................................................
2-He doesn't work overtime,so he doesn't earn as much as I do.
..........................................................................................................................
3-My number is not in the directory so people don't ring me up.
......................................................................................................................
4-He is very thin;that's why he feels the cold so much.
.......................................................................................................................
5-She may come tomorrow,so we can go shopping together.
......................................................................................................................
6-We have no ladder,so we can't get over the wall.
......................................................................................................................
7-They may give me a rise soon.Then I won't resign from the job.
.......................................................................................................................

8-Nobody was on time yesterday,so the class started late.

........................................................................................................................
9-I can't park near my office;that's why I don't come by car.
........................................................................................................................
10-You washed it in boiling water;that's why it shrank.
.......................................................................................................................
11-You didn't wipe your feet,so you made muddy marks all over the floor.
.........................................................................................................................
12-I didn't know he was so quarrelsome.I'm sorry now that I invited him.
...........................................................................................................................
13-The flats aren't clearly numbered,so it is very difficult to find anyone.
.............................................................................................................................
14-We missed the train because we were using an out-of-date timetable.
...............................................................................................................................
Use the verbs in correct form.
1-Why didn't you say that you were short of money.If I ...........................(know),I ........................... (lend) you
some.
2-English is essantial in this job.All the telephonists speak it.If they ....................................... (not/know)
English,they .......................................(not/understand) half of the callers.
3-Be careful about the time.If you ...............................(spend) too long on the first question,you ...............................
(not/have) enough time to do the others.
4-I'm sorry you didn't tell me that dogs weren't allowed in the hotel;If I ....................................
(know),I ................................(not/bring) my dog.
5-My father will probably buy a new dress for me.If he ............................(buy) it before the
party,I ..................................(wear) it at the party.
6-Why don't you bring your car to work? If I ................................(have) a car,I ....................(bring) it to work.
7-Perhaps he will bring some steak.We .............................(cook) it over the camp fire if he
..................................... (bring).
8-He says he will probably help me with my homework..If he ..........................(help) me I
................(finish) it earlier and I .............................(come) with you.
9-A university degree is a useful thing.If I ...............................(have) a university degree,I ...................................(sit)
in a comfortable office instead of standing at a street corner selling newspapers.
10-My uncle coughs very much because he smokes too much.If he ........................(not/smoke)
he ................................(not/cough) very much.
Complete the text by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
If I were world leader,I ....................................(try) to stop the distruction of the earth and I ..................................
(make) the world better place for people.If the world's problems had been tackled sooner,the quality of
life ................................(improve) lon ago.First of all,I would try to bring about peace in the world.If wars
continue,children ............................(be) left without parents and ..................................(grow up) in a world of misery
and fear.But as long as people .........................(disagree) over land and possessions,the fighting ................................
(go on).Therefore I would ensure that all people were treated as equals and given the same oppurtunities in life.It
would also help if all countries .................................(stop) producing arms so there would no longer be the weapons
with which to fight.In addition,I would introduce laws to reduce pollution.If pollution levels had been controlled
earlier,life ...................................(not/become) so unbearable.If I .............
..........................(have) the power,I ...............................(ban) all cars from city centres and increase puplic
transport.If there ..........................(be) more trees,the air we breath ..............................(be) cleaner.If measures aren't
taken soon,it ................................(be) too late both for ourselves and our children.

OTHER CONDITIONALS
1-PROVIDED/PROVIDING THAT,AS LONG AS/SO LONG AS,ONLY IF
You can pass the exam only if you study hard.
provided(that)
providing(that)
as long as
so long as
I will lend him some money provided he promises to pay me back.
I would lend him some money provided he promised to pay me back.
I would have lent him some money provided he had promised to pay me back.
2-UNLESS
You cant pass the exam if you dont study.
You cant pass the exam unless you study.
Unless you leave home at once,you will be late for work.
The factory will have to be closed down unless the economic situation improves.
Dont go out in the midday sun unless you really cant avoid it.
3-EVEN IF
Even if it is cold tomorrow,we will go on a picnic.
I wont forgive him even if he apologizes to me.
I will go to the party even if they dont invite me.
I would go to the party even if they didnt invite me.
I would have gone to the party even if they hadnt invited me.
4-WHETHER ............OR NOT
I will go to the party whether he invites me or not.
I wont forgive him whether he apologizes to me or not.
You have to help him whether you like him or not.
You must hand in your exam papers whether you have finished writing or not.
5-SUPPOSE/SUPPOSING(THAT),ON CONDITION THAT and WHAT IF
Suppose that we miss the train,how else can we get there?
Suppose that he decieved you,how would you react?
I can allow you to use my car on condition that you promise to drive carefully.
What if your paycheck doesnt arrive on time?
What if he wouldnt come tomorrow?
What if you hadnt learnt the news?
6-IN CASE

I will take something to eat in case I get hungry during the journey.
I took an umbrella with me in case it rained.
I sent him a second letter in case he hadnt received the firs one.
The two sentences below are different in meaning.
I will go to my morthers tomorrow in case she needs help for my brothers wedding
preparatiopns.
I will go to my mothers tomorrow if she needs help for my brothers wedding
preparations.
I want to give you my phone number in case you need to call me/in case you should need to
call me.
I gave him my phone number in case he needed to call me/in case he should need to call
me.
He would always take(used to take) his umbrella with him in case it rained/should rain.
Take plenty of clothes with you while going on holiday in case you cant wash the dirty
clothes.
I am cooking plenty of meals in case someone comes/should come for dinner.
Ive already booked a seat for you in case you decide/should decide to come to the
Theatre with us.
I had already booked a seat for her in case she decided/should decide to come to the
theatre with us.
In case of+noun
In case of emergency,you can call this number.
The flights full,but well put your name on the list,in case of cancellation.

EXERCISES
A-Rewrite the sentences using UNLESS
1-You will never get fit if you dont exercise regularly.
2-She wouldnt have been chosen for the part if she hadnt impressed the judges.
3-I wont trust this supplier again if they dont deliver our order on time.
B-Rewrite the sentences below using EVEN IF
1-The owners of the house didnt lower the price,but whether they had or hadnt,I still
wouldnt have bought the house.
2-Whether the company offers him a much higher salary than his current one or not,he
doesnt want the job.
3-It is likely that they will be unable to come to the party,but we should invite them anyway.
C-Complete the sentences using IF or UNLESS
1-You cant cook really good curry .............................you use fresh ingredients.
2-.......................... (you/sell) over fifty machines in a month,you will receive a one-hundred-

dollar bonus.
3-You cant enroll on the elementary course ...................... you have passed the level-one test.
4-It would be a really popular hotel ..........................it werent in such a dreadful location.
D-Complete the sentences using IF or IN CASE
1-.......................you are unable to contact him at his office,you could try his home number.
2-I could give you his phone number .........................you need to contact him in an
emergency.
3-.........................they decide to go to Ankara on Wednesday,they will take you with them.
4-There is a bottle of milk in the refrigereator,which can be heated in the microwave,...............
the baby wakes up.
7-MIXED TIME IF CLAUSES
I spent all my money foolishly,and I am broke now.
If I hadnt spent all my money foolishly,I wouldnt be broke now.
We missed the bus because of you,and now we are waiting here in the rain.
If we hadnt missed the bus because of you, we wouldnt be waiting here in the rain.

-7EXERCISES:Write sentences with IF

1-They didnt treat the waste properly,and now the North Sea is heavily polluted.
2-We cant record the film because Martin hasnt given us our video recorder back.
3-He is lying in hospital now because he went climbing without the proper equipment.
4-He is a rude man,because he rebuked his wife in front of others at the party last night.
8-OMITTING IF
a-Type 1
If you need any help,dont hesitate to call me.
Should you need any help,dont hesitate to call me.
He can improve his English if he goes abroad next summer.
Should he go abroad next summer,he can improve his English.
If you dont pay your bills in time,you may get into trouble.
Should you not pay your bills in time,you may get into trouble.
b-Type 2
If I were you ,I would forgive him.
Were I you,I would forgive him.
I would feel happy now if he were here now.
I would feel happy now were he here.
I would give him your message if I saw him tomorrow.

Were I not to see him tomorrow,I would give him your message.
c-Type 3
If he had been more careful,he wouldnt have had an accident.
Had he been more careful,he wouldnt have had an accident.
If he hadnt forgotten about the meeting,he would have gone there.
Had he not forgotten about the meeting,he would have gone there.
EXERCISES:Rewrite the sentences with the same meaning by omitting if
1-If you lose your travellers cheques while on holiday,you can call our customer services on
this number.

-82-If they were more interested in their childrens achievements,their children would try
harder.
3-You may discourage your children if you push them too hard.
4-If you take any calls while Im out,please take a message and Ill call them back.
5-I would have concentrated my revision on the 17th century for last week2s history exam if I
had known that it had twenty questions on that period.
9-IMPLIED CONDITIONS
a-But
I would have come to see you yesterday,but I didnt have time.
He would be a lawyer now,but he had to quit school because of financial problems.
b-Otherwise or Or(else)
You have to hurry;otherwise,you will miss the bus.
You must study very hard,or(else) you wont pass the exam.
She must be very happy;otherwise she wouldnt be laughing so uproariously.
c-Without
I cant possibly finish this job without any help.
We would still be living like primitives without electricity.
Without his generous contributions,we could never have held the Charity Ball.
EXERCISES:Complete the sentences with the given verbs in parenthesis.Some of the
verbs are passive.
1-Without the elevator,it ........................................(be) impossible to climb to the top of
todays ever-increasing skyscrapers.
2-You should apply to a few other universities as well in case you ................................(you/

accept) by Oxford.
3-I ...................................(not/stay) with that company any longer even if they.........................
(double) my salary as I was strongly against their new policy.
4-Were I to get an oppurtunity to learn an instrument,I ........................................(learn) to play
the piano.
5-I .......................................(not/buy) a red blouse,but they didnt have the same style in any
other colours,and the price was quite reasonable.
-9-

EXERCISES
A-Complete the sentences using IF or IN CASE.
1- ................................. you are unable to contact him at his office,you could try his home
number.
2-I could give you his home number ............................ you need to contact him in an
emergency.
3-We should leave an extra half an hour to get to the airport .............................. something
unexpected happens on the way.
4- ................................ traffic is worse than it normally is,then it will take us over an
hour to get to the airport..
5-Shall we take some insect repellent with us .................................. they have mosquitoes
there?
6- ............................. they decide to go to Ankara on Wednesday,they will take you with
them.
7- .................................. you are planning to ski on your holiday,you should take out some
accident insurance .................................. you fall over and break something.
B-Write sentences with IF.
1-We cant record the film because Martin hasnt given us our video recorder back.
................................................................................................................................... .
2-He didnt make a decision about the house last week,and now the owners are offering it
to somebody else.
................................................................................................................................................. .
3-We cant have steak for dinner because we didnt take the meat out of rthe freezer before
we left work.
................................................................................................................................................. .
4-The restaurant where he worked closed down,so he is looking for work at the moment.
................................................................................................................................................. .
5-Martin is so forgetful! He hasnt remembered to bring our video recorder back.
................................................................................................................................................. .
C-Write the true situations for the given conditional sentences.
1-She wouldnt have to borrow some money from her friend now to pay the monthly
installment on her dishwasher if her comoany had paid her on the fifteenth,as was stated
in the contract. (and now)
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
2-Elephants wouldnt be an endangered species if so many of them hadnt been killed for their
ivory tusks. (because)
...................................................................................................................................................
3-If I had been reading the report very carefully,I wouldnt have missed that mistake.
(because)
.................................................................................................................................................. .

-104-His friends wouldnt be trying to keep him out of the group if he didnt tease them all the
time. (because)
................................................................................................................................................. .
5-If he were not so lazy,he wouldnt have been dropped from the team last weekend. (so)
......................................................................................................................................... .
D-Rewrite the sentences withe the same meaning ommiting if.
1-If he werent so bossy,his assistants would like him more.
.......................................................................................................................................... .
2-I would have concentrated my revision on the 17th century for last weeks history exam if
I had known that it had twenty questions on that period.
....................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. .
3-You may discourage your children if you push them too hard.
................................................................................................................................................. .
4-If they hadnt been behaving improperly,the teacher wouldnt have kept the boys behind.
............................................................................................................................................. .
5-If you take any calls while Im out,please take a message and Ill call them back.
............................................................................................................................................. .
E-Complete the sentences with the given verbs in paranthesis.Some of the verbs
are passive.
1-Had I known that you were looking for someone to look after your cat while you were
away,I .......................................................(offer) my help.
2-Its dreadful to think that one of our customers ......................................... (kill) if the sign
..........................................(fall) down one minute sooner.
3-If the names of the accused ............................................... (not,broadcast),they ...............
...............................(not,receive) all this media attention now.
4-We never allow children under fourteen in the bar area,Madam,even if they ......................
................................. (accompany) by an adult.
5-Without a significant amount of financial help from his parents,he .........................................
..........................(can,not,set up) his own business,and now he is glad that they were so
generous to him.

-11WISH CLAUSES
FORM
I wish(if only)
(wish/regret about the

+Past Tense

USE
wish/regret about the
present situation we want

present)

to be different
I wish I were on holiday(Its a pity we arent.)
I wish (If only)
wish/regret in the present
(wish/regret about the
+could+bare infinitive
concerning lack of ability
present)
I wish I could speak French.(but I cant)
I wish(if only)
regret that something
(Regret about the past)
+Past Perfect
happened or didnt
happen in the past.
I wish you had listened to me.(but you didnt)
I wish(if only)
+subject+would+bare inf. wish for a future change
(impossible wish for a
(wish and would
unlikely to happen or wish
future change)
should have a different
to express dissatisfaction;
subject.
polite request implying
dissatisfaction or lack of
hope.
I wish he would stop lying(But I dont think he will-wish for a future change
unlikely to happen.
I wish they would take this more seriously.(dissatisfaction)
I wish it would stop snowing.(But I am afraid it wont stop snowing-wish implying
disappointment)
I wish you wouldnt throw litter on the floor.(Please dont throw litter on the floorrequest implying lack of hope)

EXERCISES:
A-Write sentences as in the example.
1-You didnt watch the news so you didnt know there was a train strike.
I wish I had watched the news.If I had watched the news,I would have known there was a
train strike.
2-You work long hours and you cant spend much time with your family.
.........................................................................................................................
3-You wanted to travel abroad but you forgot to renew your passport.
...............................................................................................................................
4-You want to go swimming but you have lost your swimming costume.
................................................................................................................................
5-You want to go out tonight but you havent got enough money.
...................................................................................................................................
6-You didnt set your video correctly so you didnt record the film.
....................................................................................................................................
-12B-Complete the sentences using the correct forms of the verbs given in parentheses.Some of the verbs are
passive.
1-Most peole wish they ........................................(have) more free time than they do.
2-I wish I ..............................................(offer) the job at the head office when it was vacant.
3-I really wish you .............................................(allow) me to explain the situation before you
jump to any conclusions.
4-If only my father and mother ..............................................(not/keep) arguing with each
other all the time.There is never any peace in our house.
5-What a beautiful view! I wish I ...............................................(bring) my camera with me.
6-I wish peoples individual beliefs .........................................(respect)by others.If only
we ............................................(spend) more time trying to get along with others and less time crticising them,the
world .................................................(perobably/be) a more peaceful place.
7-At this very moment,I wish I ....................................(ski) down a mountain in the sunshine.

8-I wish the bell ....................................(ring) for break.I would really like a cup of tea.
9-The music and food are great,but I wish I ........................................(know) more people
here.I find it quite tiring talking to the strangers.
10-I really wish I ...............................................(can/stay) till the end of the party,but I had to
leave early to write an essay for the next day.

-13CONDITIONALS
TYPE 1
If-Clause(hyphothesis)

Main Clause(result)

If + Present Simple

will/may/can + infinitive without to

Type 1 conditionals express a real or very probable situation in the present or future.
If we leave early,we will catch the 8 oclock train.
You may borrow my motorcycle if you promise to be careful.
A-Match these parts to make conditional sentences.
1-Dan might help you ...
2-You will be late ...
3-You will enjoy the Jacques Tati film ...
4-They always stay out late ...
5-Theyll understand it all right ...
6-Ill give her a call ...

a- ... if they are enjoying themselves.

b- ... if I can remember her phone number.
c- ... if you miss the bus.
d- ... if you do not want to.
e- ... if you phone while I am out.
f- ... if you explain it to them.

7-Bill will take a message ...

8-Ill do the shopping ...
9-You cant get in ...
10-You neednt come to the party ...

g- ... if I have the time.

h- ... if you dont have a ticket.
i- ... if you can understand french.
j- ... if you ask him.

B-Penny is thinking about her future.Use the prompts to write type 1 Conditional sentences.
1-study hard/pass exams
............................................................................................
2-pass exams/go university
............................................................................................
3-do well/university/get degree
............................................................................................
4-get degree/get good job
............................................................................................
5-get good job/ have a lot of money ..........................................................................................
6-have a lot of money/buy nice things ......................................................................................
C-Rewrite the sentences using an if construction.
1-He will probably pay me tonight.Then Ill have enough money for the tickets.
_______________________________________________________________ .
2-She may come tomorrow,so we can go shopping together.
________________________________________________________________.
3-They may give me a rise soon.Then I will not resign from the job.
________________________________________________________________ .
4-They may have to sell their car soon.Then travelling around will be difficult for them.
_____________________________________________________________________ .
5-Perhaps he will get the job.Then he will have to work 10 hours a day.
______________________________________________________________________ .
TYPE 2
if clause (hyphothesis)
if + past simple

main clause (result)

would/could/might + bare infinitive

Type 2 conditionals are used to express imaginary or improbable situations,which are unlikely to happen in
the present or future.
If I had a lot of money,I would buy a house in Monte Carlo.(But I dont have a lot of money.Here,we refer to the
present)
If my car broke down,I would take the bus.(But I dont expect my car to break down.Here we refer to the future.)
A-Match these parts to make conditional sentences.
1-If I had their address ...
2-If you saw her now ...
3-If I took more exercise ...
4-If you got a new job ...
5-If you asked Heather ...
6-If I travelled first class ...
7-If it was a little warmer ...
8-If she didnt answer the phone ...
9-If you went to the doctor ...
10-f you stopped off in Ankara ...

a- ... it would cost over 650 pounds.

b- ... you might earn a bit more money.
c- ... I could probably stay with mehmet.
d- ... she must have been out of work.
e- ... she would give you a certificate.
f- ... she would probably give you a lift.
g- ... we could go for a swim.
h- ... I might lose a bit of weight.
g ... I could write and ask them.
h- ... you would hardly recognize her.

B-Answer the following questions using type 2 conditionals.

1-Someone describes you as miserly.Are you pleased or annoyed?
______________________________________________________ .
2-Theres a leak in your bathroom.Do you call a plumber or a carpenter?
________________________________________________________.
3-You have to change a wheel on your car.Do you need a saw or a spanner?

_____________________________________________________________ .
4-You have a budgie as a pet.Do you keep it in a tank or a cage?
_____________________________________________________________ .
5-Someone describes you as witty.Are you flattered or insulted?
______________________________________________________________ .
C-Write type 2 conditionals to match these situations.
1-I dont have a spare ticket.I cant take you to the concert.
__________________________________________________ .
2-She drinks too much coffee.She doesnt feel calm.
___________________________________________________ .
3-He cant type.He isnt able to operate a computer.
____________________________________________________ .
4-They dont understand the problem.They wont find a solution.
____________________________________________________ .
5-He sits around too much.He isnt fit.
_____________________________________________________ .
TYPE 3
f clause (hyphothesis
f + past perfect

main clause (result)

would/could/might + have + past participle

Type 3 conditionals are used to express imaginary or improbable situations which never happened in the
past.They are also used to express regret or criticism.
If I had known that Stanley was in town,I would have invited him to the party.(But I didnt know that Stanley was
in town,so I didnt invite him to the party.)
If we had arrived at the theatre earlier,we would have found a seat.
A-Rewrite the sentences as conditionals 3.
1-He didnt realize what was happening or he would have run away.
___________________________________________________________ .
2-They got in because you didnt lock the door properly.
___________________________________________________________ .
3-It only happened because you didnt follow the instructions.
____________________________________________________________ .
4-He was so tired that he went home at lunchtime.
_____________________________________________________________ .
5-You didnt wipe your feet,so you made muddy marks all over the floor.
_____________________________________________________________ .
B-Read the story below and make type 3 conditional sentences.
Carl had a horrible camping trip last weekend.He woke up late,so he had to rush.He forgot to pack his sleeping
bag,so he slept on the cold,hard ground.He didnt take any insect repellent,and as a result he was bitten by
mosquitoes.It rained on Sunday,so he left early.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________
WISHES

*Wish/if only + subject + past simple is used to express wish/regret about a present situation.
I wish/if only I were taller(But am not.)
*wish/if only + subject + past perfect is used to express regret about a past situation.
I wish/if only I hadnt lied to him. (Im sorry I lied to him.)
A-Rewrite the following sentences to express either an unreal situation in the present or regret about a past
event.
1-I scratched my sisters favourite CD.
__________________________________________________ .
2-I haventt got a motorcycle.
__________________________________________________.
3-I am not old enough to get a driving licience.
__________________________________________________ .
4-I didnt call my grandmother last night.
_________________________________________________ .
5-I forgot my parents anniversary.
_________________________________________________ .
MIXED EXERCISES
A-Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1-If Steven ..........................................(wake up) half an hour earlier,he wouldnt have been late for work.
2-If I .......................................(be) you,I would study law.
3-If Mary had enough money,she .........................................(open) her own restaurant.
4-If George ........................................(know) her name,he would tell me.
5-A:If you ......................................(go) to the supermarket, .......................................(you/buy)
some milk,please?
B: Of course.
6-A: I havent been feeling well lately.
B: If I ...................................(be) you, I ..........................................(call) the doctors for an
appointment.
7-A: Mum,I didnt pass the Maths test.
B: If you ............................................(study) for it,you ............................................(pass) it.
8-A:I cant believe that people still drop litter!
B: I know! If everyone .........................................(stop) dropping litter,our neighborhood
......................................(be) a nicer place to live in.
9-Be careful about the time.If you .....................................(spend) too long on the first
question,you ...............................................(not/have) enough time to do the others.
10-He says he will probably help me with my homework.If he ...............................(help) me,I ...................................
(finish) it earlier and I .................................(come) with you.
B-Make sentences as in the example.
1-have a car/drive to Antalya.
I wish I had a car.If I had a car,I would drive to Antalya.
2-have a job/not feel bored
________________________________________________ .
3-know the answers/be able to pass the exams
________________________________ .
4-have a hat/not be so hot
________________________________________________ .
5-own a camera/take some pictures
__________________________________________ .

CONDITIONALS AND WISHES

A-read the text and then say how the problems of Mr Browns day could/might have been avoided.
Mr Brown woke up late yesterday morning,so he left the house in a hurry.As he was speeding down the road,he
didnt the rubbish bin lying in the middle of the street.He didnt have the time to avoid the bin so he crashed into a
tree.he suffered shock.the ambulance wasnt called immediately,so he arrived at the hospital two hours later.The
doctors were on strike,so he didnt receive immediate treatment.Finally,after a five-hour delay,he arrived at his
office.His boss was very angry with him.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
B-Rewrite the following as conditional sentences.
1-You need to pass your driving test before you can drive.
.............................................................................................................
2-Tom had to ask for a pay rise or he wouldnt have got one.
...............................................................................................................
3-You need all the right spices to make an authentic Indian meal.
...............................................................................................................
4-Going there by train will be cheaper than going there by bus.
................................................................................................................
5-You have to go to Athens to see the Acropolis.
.................................................................................................................
C-Complete the sentences using wish clauses or if caluses.
1-He didnt do the experiment carefully so he blew up the lab.
If he had done the experiment carefully, ................................................................................. .
2-She isnt careful;she often makes mistakes.
If she ........................................................................................................... mistakes so often.
3-He ate the fruit without washing it,now his stomach hurts.
He wishes he ............................................................. before eating it;now his stomach hurts.
4-It is a pity I dont have a compass with me.
I ..................................................................................... a compass with me.
5-It is a pity that I wasnt given the position.
I wish .......................................................................... the position.
6-I have been offered a job in Spain,but I cant speak Spanish.
I wish ....................................................... because I have been offered a job in Spain.
7-I think Bill should look for a better job.
If ..................................................................................... look for a better job.
CONDITIONALS
TYPE 1
If-Clause(hyphothesis)

Main Clause(result)

If + Present Simple

will/may/can + infinitive without to

Type 1 conditionals express a real or very probable situation in the present or future.
If we leave early,we will catch the 8 oclock train.
You may borrow my motorcycle if you promise to be careful.

A-Match these parts to make conditional sentences.

1-Dan might help you ...
2-You will be late ...
3-You will enjoy the Jacques Tati film ...
4-They always stay out late ...
5-Theyll understand it all right ...
6-Ill give her a call ...
7-Bill will take a message ...
8-Ill do the shopping ...
9-You cant get in ...
10-You neednt come to the party ...

a- ... if they are enjoying themselves.

b- ... if I can remember her phone number.
c- ... if you miss the bus.
d- ... if you do not want to.
e- ... if you phone while I am out.
f- ... if you explain it to them.
g- ... if I have the time.
h- ... if you dont have a ticket.
i- ... if you can understand french.
j- ... if you ask him.

B-Rewrite the sentences using an if construction.

1-He will probably pay me tonight.Then Ill have enough money for the tickets.
_______________________________________________________________ .
2-She may come tomorrow,so we can go shopping together.
________________________________________________________________.
3-They may give me a rise soon.Then I will not resign from the job.
________________________________________________________________ .
4-They may have to sell their car soon.Then travelling around will be difficult for them.
_____________________________________________________________________ .
5-Perhaps he will get the job.Then he will have to work 10 hours a day.
______________________________________________________________________ .
TYPE 2
if clause (hyphothesis)
if + past simple

main clause (result)

would/could/might + bare infinitive

Type 2 conditionals are used to express imaginary or improbable situations,which are unlikely to happen in the present
or future.
If I had a lot of money,I would buy a house in Monte Carlo.(But I dont have a lot of money.Here,we refer to the present)
If my car broke down,I would take the bus.(But I dont expect my car to break down.Here we refer to the future.)
A-Match these parts to make conditional sentences.
1-If I had their address ...
2-If you saw her now ...
3-If I took more exercise ...
4-If you got a new job ...
5-If you asked Heather ...
6-If I travelled first class ...
7-If it was a little warmer ...
8-If she didnt answer the phone ...
9-If you went to the doctor ...
10-f you stopped off in Ankara ...

a- ... it would cost over 650 pounds.

b- ... you might earn a bit more money.
c- ... I could probably stay with mehmet.
d- ... she must have been out of work.
e- ... she would give you a certificate.
f- ... she would probably give you a lift.
g- ... we could go for a swim.
h- ... I might lose a bit of weight.
g ... I could write and ask them.
h- ... you would hardly recognize her.

B-Write type 2 conditionals to match these situations.

1-I dont have a spare ticket.I cant take you to the concert.
__________________________________________________ .
2-She drinks too much coffee.She doesnt feel calm.
___________________________________________________ .
3-He cant type.He isnt able to operate a computer.
____________________________________________________ .
4-They dont understand the problem.They wont find a solution.
____________________________________________________ .
5-He sits around too much.He isnt fit.

_____________________________________________________ .
MIXED EXERCISES
A-Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1-If I .......................................(be) you,I would study law.
2-If Mary had enough money,she .........................................(open) her own restaurant.
3-If George ........................................(know) her name,he would tell me.
4-A:If you ......................................(go) to the supermarket, .......................................(you/buy)
some milk,please?
B: Of course.
5-A: I havent been feeling well lately.
B: If I ...................................(be) you, I ..........................................(call) the doctors for an
appointment.
6-A:I cant believe that people still drop litter!
B: I know! If everyone .........................................(stop) dropping litter,our neighborhood
......................................(be) a nicer place to live in.
7-Be careful about the time.If you .....................................(spend) too long on the first
question,you ...............................................(not/have) enough time to do the others.
8-He says he will probably help me with my homework.If he ...............................(help) me,I ...................................(finish) it
earlier and I .................................(come) with you.
B-Make sentences using a wish clause and an if clause.
1-have a car/drive to Antalya. _________________________________________________ .
2-have a job/not feel bored
________________________________________________ .
3-know the answers/be able to pass the exams
________________________________ .
4-have a hat/not be so hot
________________________________________________ .
5-own a camera/take some pictures
__________________________________________ .
C-Using the words given and other words,complete the second sentence so that it has a
similar meaning to the first sentence.Do not change the word given.Use 2-5 words in
total.
1-People believe that the chairman of the comittee is involved in the scandal.
be
The chairman of the comittee ...................................................... in the scandal
2-Dont take photographs in the museum.
must
Photographs ............................................................... in the museum
3-The teacher didnt let us leave before we finished the essay.
allowed
We ..................................................................... before we finished the essay.
4-They were giving the dog a bath when I arrived.
given
The dog ................................................... a bath when I arrived.
5-Angela,youre not old enough otherwise you would be able to get a motorbike. were
Angela, .................................................................,you would be able to get a motorbike.
6-If he decides to go shopping,theres a chance that I will go with him.
might
If he decides to go shopping,I ........................................................... with him.
7-The Economist is published every week.
a
The Economist ........................................................... magazine.
8-He couldnt find a cheaper computer.
the
That was ................................................................... he could find.
D-Put each verb in brackets into the correct tense.
1-Who .......................................................(Sue/dance) with? Thats not her brother,is it?
4-This is the first time I ...................................................(eat) japanese food.
6-Mary ..................................(not/wear) her glasses at the time,so she .......................................
(not/notice) it clearly.
7-I .....................................................(do) some shopping yesterday,when I ...............................
(see) that Spanish friend of yours.
9-I ....................................................(see) the play Hamlet at least five times.

10-This is one of the most interesting stories I ...............................................(ever/read).

11-Next Sunday,after he .....................................(eat) his breakfast,Jack ....................................
(go) fishing.
12-Someone ........................................... (eat) all the cakes.Ill have to buy some more.
15-................................................(you/see) my bag anywhere? I cant find it anywhere.
16-I am phoning about your advertisement for a bicycle for sale,which I ..................................
(see) in the local paper. ..............................................(you/sell) it? Or is it still available?
17-I cant see you on Thursday afternoon.I ..................................................(visit) our
Birmingham branch.
19-A lot of people think that the Sun ....................................(go) round around the earth.
21-Where is Sally? She isnt in,she ........................................(go) to the bank.
22-Alan ....................................(fly) to Barcelona tonight.he ........................................(already/
pack) his suitcase but he ...............................................(not/call) a taxi yet.