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PrelectureVideo:SpeedandVelocity
ClickPlaytowatchthevideo.Answertheungradedquestionsinthevideoandthegradedfollowupquestionsatright.
PartA
Supposeyouarehikingalongatrail.Makeacomparisonbetweenthemagnitudeofyourdisplacementandyour
distancetraveled.
Checkallthatapply.
ANSWER:
Themagnitudeofyourdisplacementcanbeequaltoyourdistancetraveled.
Themagnitudeofyourdisplacementcanbelessthanyourdistancetraveled.
Themagnitudeofyourdisplacementcanbegreaterthanyourdistancetraveled.
Themagnitudeofyourdisplacementmustbeequaltoyourdistancetraveled.
Themagnitudeofyourdisplacementmustbegreaterthanyourdistancetraveled.
Themagnitudeofyourdisplacementmustbelessthanyourdistancetraveled.
Correct
Themagnitudeofyourdisplacementrepresentsyourchangeinposition.Thatis,themagnitudeofyour
displacementishowfaryouarefromyourstartinglocationalongastraightline.
PartB
Supposearunnercompletesonelaparounda400mtrackinatimeof50s.Calculatethemagnitudeoftheaverage
velocityoftherunner.
Expressyouranswerinmeterspersecondtothenearestinteger.
ANSWER:
0 m/s
Correct
PartC
Supposearunnercompletesonelaparounda400mtrackinatimeof50s.Calculatetheaveragespeedoftherunner.
Expressyouranswerinmeterspersecondtothenearestinteger.
ANSWER:
8 m/s
Correct
Averagevelocityisdefinedintermsofdisplacement,whereasaveragespeedisdefinedintermsoftotaldistance
traveled.
PartD
Consultingthegraphshownin,determinetheobject's
averagevelocityoverthetimeintervalfrom2to4
seconds.
Expressyouranswerinmeterspersecondtothe
nearestinteger.
ANSWER:
5 m/s
Correct
Averagevelocitycanbedeterminedfromtheslopeofalineconnectingtwopointsonapositionversustime
graph.
PrelectureVideo:Acceleration
ClickPlaytowatchthevideo.Answertheungradedquestionsinthevideoandthegradedfollowupquestionsatright.
PartA
Whichofthemotiondiagramsinthefigurebelowbestmatchesthemotionofthebungeejumpershowninthevideo?
ANSWER:
A
B
C
D
Correct
Becausethevideoonlyfollowsthefreefallportionofthejump,thecorrectmotiondiagramshowsconstant
downwardacceleration.
PartB
Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheaccelerationofabungeejumperduringfreefall?
ANSWER:
positive
constant
negative
zero
Correct
Freefallaccelerationisconstantandhasavalueof9.8m/s2 .
PartC
Threecarsdrivearoundaperfectlycirculartrack.Thespeedometersinthefigurebelowshowthespeedofeachcar
overthesame10stimeinterval.Whichofthecarsareaccelerating?
ANSWER:
CarA
CarsAandB
CarsA,B,andC
Correct
Allthreecarsareacceleratingbecausethedirectionsoftheirvelocityvectorschangeconstantlyastheydriveina
circle.Inaddition,thespeedsofcarsAandBarechanging,whichalsoindicatesacceleration.
PartD
Fourcarsundergoaccelerationasdescribedbythedatainthefollowingtable.
Car
InitialVelocity(m/s)
FinalVelocity(m/s)
Timeperiod(s)
2.0
11.0
3.0
5.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
5.0
2.0
0.0
25.0
10.0
Ranktheaccelerationsfrommostpositivetomostnegative.
ANSWER:
Reset
mostpositiveacceleration
CarB
Help
mostnegativeacceleration
CarA
CarD
CarC
Thecorrectrankingcannotbedetermined.
Correct
Theaverageaccelerations,frommostpositivetomostnegative,areasfollows:(B)4m/s2 ,(A)3m/s2 ,(D)2.5
2
2
m/s ,and(C)3 m/s .
PrelectureConceptQuestion2.01
PartA
Whichofthefollowingbestdescribeshowtocalculatetheaverageaccelerationofanyobject?
ANSWER:
Averageaccelerationisalwayshalfwaybetweentheinitialaccelerationofanobjectanditsfinal
acceleration.
Averageaccelerationisalwaysequaltothechangeinspeedofanobjectdividedbythetimeinterval.
Averageaccelerationisalwaysequaltothedisplacementofanobjectdividedbythetimeinterval.
Averageaccelerationisalwaysequaltothechangeinvelocityofanobjectdividedbythetimeinterval.
Correct
PrelectureConceptQuestion2.04
PartA
Thefigureshowsthevelocityversustimegraphforacardrivingonastraightroad.Whichofthefollowingbest
describestheaccelerationofthecar?
ANSWER:
Theaccelerationofthecarisnegativeanddecreasing.
Theaccelerationofthecarisnegativeandincreasing.
Theaccelerationofthecarispositiveanddecreasing.
Theaccelerationofthecarispositiveandincreasing.
Theaccelerationofthecarisconstant.
Correct
ConceptualQuestion2.05
PartA
Whenthevelocityandaccelerationofanobjecthaveoppositesigns,thespeedoftheobjectincreases.
ANSWER:
True
False
Correct
SolvingQuadraticEquations
LearningGoal:
Tousethequadraticformulatosolvequadraticequations.
Mariawantstoplantasmalltomatogardeninheryard.Shebought25tomatoplants,andshehasreadthatideally
tomatoesareplantedinasquaregridtohelpthempollinateeachother.
PartA
Howmanyplantsxshouldsheplantineachrowsothather25plantsendupinasquare(i.e.,xplantsineachofx
rows)?
Expressyouranswerasaninteger.
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Ifthegardenerhasxplantsineachofherxrows,thenthetotalnumberofplantswillbex2 .Sincethereare25
totalplants,thecorrectvalueofxwillsatisfytheequationx2 = 25.Solvethisequationbytakingthesquare
rootofbothsides.Notethat25hasbothapositiveandanegativesquareroot.Sinceyoucan'thaveanegative
numberofplants,youonlywantthepositivesquareroot.
ANSWER:
5
Correct
Youmayhavebeenabletosolvethispartsimplybyintuitionorwithsimplearithmetic.Inthenextpart,youwill
usethequadraticformulatofindthevalueofx.Althoughthisinvolvesmoreworkthannecessarytosolvethis
part,usingthequadraticformulaonaproblemthatyou'vealreadysolvedshouldhelpyoutofeelcomfortablewith
it.
Thereareseveraltechniquesforsolvinganequationoftheformax2 + bx + c = 0,wherea,b,andcarenumeric
constants,suchasfactoringandcompletingthesquare.Thequickestwaytosolvesuchanequationthatwillworkallthe
timeistousethequadraticformula.Foranequationwiththeaboveform,thequadraticformulagives
2
x=
bb 4ac
2a
wherethesymbolmeansthattherearetwosolutions:oneobtainedbyreplacingwitha+andtheotherobtainedby
replacingwitha.Thestepsforusingthequadraticformulaareasfollows:
1.Getyourequationintotheformax2 + bx + c = 0.
2.Identifythevaluesofa,b,andc.
3.Substitutethesevaluesintothequadraticformula.
4.Simplifytheresultingvaluesforx.
Fromthepreviouspart,ifthegardenerhasxplantsineachofherxrows,thenthetotalnumberofplantswillbex2 .To
makeasquareusing25totalplants,thevalueofxmustsatisfytheequationx2 = 25.
PartB
TofindxinPartA,youwouldneedtosolvetheequationx2 25 = 0.Whichofthefollowingshowsthepropervalues
inthequadraticformulabeforesimplifyingtheradicalanddividing?
Hint1.Thevaluesofa,b,andc.
isthevalueofthecoefficientofx2 ,sointhisproblem,a = 1(becausex2 = 1 x2 ).bisthevalueofthe
coefficientofx.Noticethattheequationgivenhasnoxterm.Since0 x = 0,thecoefficientofxmustbe
zero.Therefore,b = 0.Finally,cistheconstantterm,sointhisproblem,c = 25 .Plugthesevaluesintothe
quadraticformulaandthenreduceittotheformshowninoneoftheanswerchoices.
a
ANSWER:
250
2
250
5
0100
2
100
2
Correct
Noticethatthevalueofcis25,not+25.Youshouldalwaysincludethesigninthevaluesofa,b,andc.Also,
noticethattheanswerimpliestherearetwosolutionstoPartA:x = 5andx = 5.Ofcourse,youcan'thave5
tomatoplants,soforsolvingthepracticalproblemofplantingtomatoes,theonlycorrectsolutionis5plantsper
row.
PartC
Considertheequation2x2 3x 5 = 0.Plugthevaluesfora,b,andcintothequadraticformula,butdonot
simplifyatall.Whichofthefollowingshowsthepropersubstitution?
ANSWER:
3(3) 4(2)(5)
x=
2(2)
2
3(3) 4(2)(5)
x=
2(2)
2
2(2) 4(3)(5)
x=
2(3)
2
2(2) 4(3)(5)
x=
Correct
2(3)
PartD
UsetheresultfromPartCtofindthetwosolutionstotheequation2x2
3x 5 = 0
Enterthetwosolutionsseparatedbyacomma.(Theorderisnotimportant.)
ANSWER:
2.50,1
Correct
InterpretingGraphs
LearningGoal:
Tobeabletogainmanydifferenttypesofinformationfromagraph.
Beingabletoreadgraphsisanimportantskillinphysics.Itisalsocriticalindaytodaylife,asinformationinthenewsand
inbusinessmeetingsisoftenpresentedingraphicalform.Inthisproblem,youwillconsiderasinglegraphandallofthe
informationthatcanbegainedfromit.Sincethegraphaxeshave
nolabels,thinkofitasagraphofsomethingimportanttoyou,
whetherthatisGPA,yourbankbalance,orsomethingelse.
Specificapplicationswillbenotedforeachwayofanalyzinga
graph.
Theeasiestinformationtoobtainfromagraphisitsvalueatapoint.Theheightofthegraphabovethehorizontalaxisgives
thevalueofthegraph.Pointsabovethehorizontalaxishavepositivevalues,whereaspointsbelowtheaxishavenegative
values.Theverticalaxiswillusuallyhavespecificvaluesmarkedoffsothatyoucantellexactlywhatvalueeachheight
correspondsto.Inthegraphyou'vebeengiven,therearenoexactvalueslabeled,butyoucanstilltellrelativevaluesyou
canmakestatementssuchas,"AtpointD,thegraphhasagreatervaluethanatpointC."
PartA
Atwhichpoint(s)doesthegraphhaveapositivevalue?
Enterallofthecorrectlettersinalphabeticalorder.Forinstance,ifyouthinkthatthecorrectchoicesareBand
F,youwouldenterBF.
Hint1.Determiningpositivevaluesfromagraph
Anyvalueabovethehorizontalaxisispositiveanybelowisnegative.Wherethegraphintersectsthehorizontal
axis,thevalueofthegraphiszero,whichisneitherpositivenornegative.
ANSWER:
ABCDEF
Correct
Thedifferencebetweenpositiveandnegativeisimportantinmanysituations,forinstanceonyourbank
statement.Inphysicsitmakesabigdifferenceinmanyscenarios.Positivepositionmeanstotherightorabove
somereferencepointnegativepositionmeanstotheleftorbelowthereferencepoint.Positivevelocitymeans
movingtotheright,whereasnegativevelocitymeansmovingtotheleft.
Thegraphisoftenmoreconvenientthanatableofnumbersoranequation,becauseyoucanimmediatelysee
wherethegraphtakespositivevaluesandwhereittakesnegativevalues.Withanequationoratableofnumbers,
thiswouldtakesomealgebraorguesswork.
Sincethevalueofthegraphatapointisindicatedbyitsheightabovethehorizontalaxis,themaximumvalueofthegraph
isthehighestpointonthegraph.Similarly,theminimumvalueofthegraphisthelowestpoint,whichmaybebelowthe
horizontalaxis.
PartB
Atwhichpointdoesthegraphhaveitsmaximumvalue?
Enterthecorrectletter.
ANSWER:
E
Correct
Rateofchangeandslope
Anothertypeofinformationthatcanbegleanedfromagraphistherateofchangeofthevalues.Justasyoucarewhether
yourbankaccounthasapositiveornegativevalue(i.e.,ifyouhavemoneyorowethebankmoney)youmayalsobe
interestedintherateofchangeofyourbankaccount.Iftherateofchangeispositive,thenyouaregainingmoney.Ifthe
rateofchangeisnegative,thenyouarelosingmoney.
Therateofchangeofagraphisgivenbytheslopeofthegraph.Ifthegraphisaline,thentheslopeisjusttheslopethat
youareaccustomedtoforlines(i.e.,thechangeintheverticalpositiondividedbythechangeinthehorizontalposition).
Thereareafewimportantthingstorememberaboutslope.Ifthelinetiltsupwardasyoufollowittotheright(likethis:/)
thenthegraphhasapositiveslope.Wewouldsaythatthegraphisincreasing(becomingmorepositive).Similarly,ifittilts
downwardasyoufollowittotheright(likethis:)thentheslopeisnegativeandwesaythatthegraphisdecreasing
(becomingmorenegative).Thesteeperthetilt,thelargerthemagnitudeoftherateofchange."
PartC
Lookatthegraphfromtheintroduction.ThethreepointsC,D,andFareallonstraightsegments.Rankthemfrom
mostpositiverateofchangetomostnegativerateofchange.
Hint1.SlopeatpointC
Whenthegraphishorizontal,theslopeofthegraphiszero.Youcanseethisbynoticingthatthechangein
verticalpositionasyoumovefromlefttorightacrossahorizontalgraphiszero.Nomatterwhatthechangein
horizontalpositionalongahorizontalgraph,whenyoudividetofindtheslopeitwillbezero.
ANSWER:
Reset
Help
Mostpositive
Mostnegative
Thecorrectrankingcannotbedetermined.
Correct
Formorecomplexcurves,youwillhavetodrawthetangentlineatapointtodeterminetherateofchangeofthegraphat
thatpoint.Thetangentisalinethatjusttouchesthecurve.Todo
this,insteadofpassingthroughtwonearbypoints,thelinehasto
alignitselfsothatitsrateofchangeisthesameastherateof
changeofthegraphatthatpoint.Therefore,onceyou'vedrawn
thetangentline,itsslopeisthesameastheslopeofthecurveat
thatpoint.
Ingeneral,youwillbeabletorelyonyourintuitivesenseof"Is
thegraphgrowinghigherorloweratthispoint?"butit'sgoodto
keepinmindthismoreprecisedefinitionintermsofthetangent
line.Itwillhelpyououtinsituationsthatarehardtofigureoutby
simpleexamination.
Inthefollowingtwoparts,consideragainthegraphshowninthe
introductiontotheproblem.
PartD
Atwhichpointisthegraphincreasingatthegreatestrate?Fornow,ignorepointE.Wewilldiscussitafterthispart.
Enterthecorrectletter.
Hint1.Drawingthetangent
Tofindthetangentlineataparticularpoint,youshoulddrawadotatthatpointonthegraphandthendrawpairs
ofpoints,oneoneithersideofthepointyoucareabout,thatarethesamedistancefromthepointyoucare
about.
Ifyouthenconnectthosepairsofdots,thelinesconnectingthemwillgetcloserandclosertotheproperslope
asyoumovetopairsthatarecloserandclosertothepointyoucareabout.Onceyougetprettyclosetothat
point,youshouldbeprettyconfidentoftheslopeforthetangentline.
Withpractice,youwillgainanintuitiveabilitytoseeroughlyhowtheslopeofthetangentatapointshouldlook.
ANSWER:
D
Correct
YouweretoldtoignorepointEforthispart.Thisisbecausetherateofchangeisnotwelldefinedatsharp
corners.Youwon'teverbeaskedfortherateofchangeofagraphatasharpcorner,thoughpointsnearthecorner
shouldhavewelldefinedratesofchange.
PointsBandCarealsospecial,becausetheslopeatthosepointsiszero.ThisshouldbeeasytoseeatC,since
thegraphisactuallyahorizontallineintheareanearC.IfyoucarefullyworkoutthetangentatpointBusingthe
methoddescribedinthehintforthispart,youwillseethatthetangentishorizontalthereaswell.Sincea
horizontaltangenthasaslopeofzero,whichisneithernegativenorpositive,thegraphisneitherincreasingnor
decreasingatpointsBandC.
PartE
Atwhichpoint(s)isthegraphdecreasing?
Enterallofthecorrectlettersinalphabeticalorder.Forinstance,ifyouthinkthatthecorrectchoicesareBand
F,youwouldenterBF.
ANSWER:
FGH
Correct
Areaunderagraph
Theotherpieceofinformationimportanttophysicsthatcanbefoundfromagraphistheareaunderthegraphbetweentwo
pointsonthegraph.Thelightblueregioninthefigureshowstheareaunderthegraphbetweentwopoints.Theareaundera
graphisimportantifyouhavegraphedtherateofchangeinsome
quantity.Inphysics,youmighthaveagraphofthevelocityof
someobjectvs.time.Sincevelocityistherateofchangeof
position,theareaunderthevelocitygraphbetweentwotimes
givesthetotalchangeinpositionbetweenthosetwotimes.
Animportantpointisthatifthegraphdipsbeneaththehorizontal
axis,thentheareabelowtheaxisissubtractedfromthearea
abovetheaxis.Inthisfigure,thesamegraphisshown,butnow
thearea
is
between
two
more
widely
separatedpoints.However,ifyoucomparethisfiguretothepreviousone,you'llseethatequalareaswereaddedaboveand
belowthehorizontalaxis.Therefore,the"areaunderthegraph"inthetwofiguresisthesame,eventhoughyouseemore
shadinginthesecondfigure.
Inthefollowingtwoparts,consideragainthegraphshownintheintroductiontotheproblem.
PartF
Youwishtofindtheareaunderthegraphbetweentheoriginandsomepointonthegraph.Whichpointwillyieldthe
greatestarea?
Enterthecorrectletter.
ANSWER:
G
Correct
PartG
Youarelookingattheareaunderthegraphbetweentwopoints.Theareaiszero.Whichtwopointsareyoulookingat?
Enterthetwolettersinalphabeticalorder.Forinstance,ifyouthinkthatthecorrectchoiceisBandF,you
wouldenterBF.
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Sinceyouwanttheareaunderthecurvebetweentwopointstobezero,thegraphmustdefineequalsized
shadedregionsaboveandbelowthehorizontalaxis.Lookfortwopointsthatareneareachother,oneabove
andonebelowthehorizontalaxis.
ANSWER:
FH
Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis97.8%.
Youreceived68.47outofapossibletotalof70points.