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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
OF CURRENT RESEARCH
International Journal of Current Research
Vol. 4, Issue, 09, pp.009-011, September, 2012

ISSN: 0975-833X

RESEARCH ARTICLE

UTILIZATION OF BOUGAINVILLEA GLABRA FOR PREPARED NATURAL COLOURING AGENT AND

BIOPESTICIDES
A. Kalirajan, R. Mariselvam, J. Savarimuthu Michael, K. R. Narayanan, G. Athi Narayanan and
A. J. A. Ranjit Singh*
Department of Zoology, Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi-627 412, Manonmaniam Sundaranar
University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India *Corresponding author: singhspkck@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO

ABSTRACT

Article History:

Natural dyes play a major role in dyeing industries these days. In this present investigation the natural
dyes extracted from the flowers of the ornamental plant Bougainvillea glabra was tested for the
dyeing potential of cotton cloth and also the Biopesticidal activity against rice borne insect
Shitophilus oryzae. In normal dyeing procedure the cotton cloth showed pink colour and in the mean
time it showed grey colour when hot dyeing process performed at 600C and at 450C it showed light
pink colour. The O.D value before the dyeing process was 2.792 and after the dyeing process is over,
the O.D value was 2.498 in normal dyeing procedure. In hot dyeing process carried out at 60 0C the
initial O.D value was 2.792 and the final O.D value was 2.118 and for the dyeing process which
carried out at 450C the initial O.D was 2.793 and the final O.D value was 2.329. In normal dyeing
procedure, the lemon juice treated cloths the initial O.D value of the dye was2.711 and after the
dyeing process the O.D value was 2.424 and in the meantime the Tamarind juice treated cotton cloth.
Before the dyeing process the O.D value was 2.381 after the dyeing process is over and the initial
O.D value was2.590 The mordants used in this study showed its impact on the dyeing of the cotton
cloth.Tamarind juice extract showed effective mordant potential comparatively than that of the lemon
juice salt. The flower extracts of Bougainvillea glabra showed effective Biopesticidal activity against
the rice borne insect Shitophilus oryzae. The mortality rate was concentration specific. The death rate
recorded was 80%, 60% and 40% respectively for the groups treated with 100%, 50% and 25%
aqueous flowers extract of Bougainvillea glabra.

Received 12th July, 2012

Received in revised form
16th August, 2012
Accepted 24th August 2012
Published online 30th September 2012

Key words:
Natural dye,
Cotton Cloth,
Mordants,
Rice borne insects,
Biopesticides,
Bougainvillea glabra.

Copy Right, IJCR, 2012, Academic Journals. All rights reserved.

INTRODUCTION
The art of making natural dyes is one of the oldest known to
man and dates back to the dawn of civilization. In India, it was
traditionally used for colouring of fabrics and other materials.
In recent days the inherent advantages of natural dye has
resulted in the revival and use of natural dyes (Nilani., 2008).
As we know the synthetic dyes are commonly in use for the
dyeing of fabrics, but they are not eco-friendly and harmonious
to human skin (Mariselvam et al., 2012; Kulkarni et al., 2011).
In the last decade, investigations about possible use of natural
dyes in textile dyeing process have been performed by various
research groups. The dyeing of cotton and jute with tea as a
natural dye using alum, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate
mordants has been studied by (Deo and Desai, 1999).
Some of the merits of natural dyes are they are obtained from
renewable resources, free from health hazards, eco-friendly and
pollution free. The use of natural dyes has increased gradually
during the last couple of years. The main uses are (I) hobby
groups (II) designers (III) traditional dyers and printers (IV)
NGOs (V) museums (VI) academic institutes and research
associations etc. Parts of plant such as leaves, flowers, fruits,
seeds, barks, and roots are being utilized for the preparation of
natural dyes (Singla. 2011). During recent years, the dyes

derived from natural sources have emerged as an important

alternative to synthetic dyes. Being biodegradable and highly
compatible with environment, the natural dyes are free from
the defects associated with synthetic dyes such as harmfulness
to human body, pollution and wastewater problems (Eom et al,
2001).Biopesticides are biochemical pesticides that are
naturally occurring substances that control, kill or inactivate
the pests by nontoxic mechanisms. Rice is the most important
crop in India, grown about 70% of the total cultivated land
(3.64 million hectares) in the state (Sarma and Rahman, 2010;
Partha Pratim Bhattacharjee and Ray. 2010).
Insects from Stored product can cause post harvest losses,
estimated from 9% in developed countries to 20% or more in
developing countries (Pala Rajasekharreddy & Pathipati Usha
Rani, 2010; Murli Manohar Kiradoo and Meera Srivastava,
2010). The uses of plant materials in pest control become an
important alternative to the use of synthetic insecticides, plants
are a rich source of the chemical compounds with various
medicinal and insecticidal properties. The insecticidal activity
of many plant derivatives against several stored product pests
has been demonstrated, many plant chemicals have larvicidal,
pupicidal, and adulticidal activities (Pala Rajasekhrreddy and
Pathipati Usha Rani, 2010; Kumar and Indrapriyadarshini,
2010). The aim of the present investigation is to screen out the

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International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 4, Issue, 09, pp. 009-011, September, 2012

flower extract of this plant to utilize as an effective natural

dyeing agent and controlling sources to destroy the pests
encountered in storage of rice. Natural pest control agents that
can be grown easily in the farmers residential or cropping
area. So that the pesticides of natural origin that are
economically viable and environmentally safe are easily
available for the user. (Pala Rajasekharreddy and Pathipati
Usha Rani., 2010; Joseph et al., 2010; Karr and coats 1992; ).
Bougainvillea glabra is a genus of flowering plants native to
South America from Brazil West Peru and South to Southern
Argentina. Bougainvillea glabra are thorny, woody vines
growing anywhere from 1-12 meter tall, scrambling over other
plants with their hooked thorns. The thorns are tipped with a
black waxy substance.
The actual flower of the plant is
small and generally white, but each cluster of three flowers is
surrounded by three or six bracts with the bright colours
associated with the plant, including pink , magenta, purple, red,
orange, white or yellow. Bougainvillea glabra is sometimes
referred to as paper flower because the bracts are thin and
papery. The fruits narrow five - lobed achene (Sarah chew,
2010; Pokharna Gavray et al., 2010).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant collection and extraction
The fresh leaves of Bougainvillea glabra was collected from
Sri Paramakalyani college premises, Alwarkurichi during the
month of December in a sterile polythene bag and brought
about to the laboratory. They were used for the preparation of
methanol extract and aqueous extract preparation.
Aqueous extract preparation
The shade dried flower of this plant of about 100 g was taken
in a beaker and mixed with 400 ml of sterile distilled water and
boiled to heat at 100o C with constant stirring in a boiling water
bath for about 30 minutes. After cooling, the beaker extract
was filtered using a filter paper inside the laminar air flow
chamber and stored in refrigerator at -4o C for further usage.
Methanol extracts preparation
The fresh flower of about 300 g was mixed with 1 litre
methanol in an airtight container for about 10 days. Then the
crude extract was condensed in a rotatary vacuum evaporator
under reduced pressure at 45o C to remove away the excess
methanol. The crude extract obtained was relatively about
16.8 %. The crude extract was stored in refrigerater for further
usage.
Preparation of cotton cloth
The plain white cotton cloth was soaked in a detergent solution
for about 60 minutes, followed by extensive washing with tap
water until free from any detergent. The clean cotton cloth
were then washed with deionished water, squeezed and
allowed to dry in air at 60o C and were then stored in a vacuum
desiccators ready for use.
Mordanting
In this experiment mordanting was done prior to dyeing (called
pre mordanting) to assist the adsorption to the dye and to
promote good binding of dye on cotton. Sodium chloride was
used as an effective mordant as well as the Citric acid and

Tamarind was used as a mordant source. Firstly the cotton was

submerged in citric acid and Tamarind juice for about 24
hours, which could make the cotton more receptive to dyeing.
Then in the next day the cotton was taken out from the solution
and allowed to submerge in the natural dyes of the plant
Bougainvillea glabra. (Siva, 2007)
Dyeing procedures
The dyeing procedures were performed in accordance with the
general dyeing method the cloth was immersed in a dye bath
composed of 1% aqueous solution of the dye. The dye liquor
ratio was maintained (1:20) for all the sample and the result
were observed with the formation of colour in the next day.
The O.D value before and after dyeing process was read using
UV visible spectrophotometer at 585 nm scale. In case of hot
dyeing procedure the cloth piece was mixed with 30 ml of
aqueous extract of Bougainvillea and kept in water bath at 60o
C for 15 minutes with constant stirring and one of the samples
was kept at room temperature for about 30 minutes. (NourEddine ES-Safi. 2004). Two more cotton cloths were dyed
using a dye bath containing different amount of sodium
chloride (20 g-1) and the calculated amount of the dye with
liquor ratio 40:1, heated at 60 degree Celsius for 15 minutes
and in the meantime one cloth was subjected to natural dyeing
at room temperature and the colour formation was observed
after 24 hours (Ali & Mohamedy, 2010)
TLC technique
TLC plates were prepared by dissolving 10 g of adsorbent
silica gel in distilled water properly. Then the gel was spread
uniformly on the TLC plate and kept inside the hot air oven at
110o C for around 30 minutes in order to solidify and activate
the plates. The thickness of the plate was 0.1 - 0.25 mm. After
solidification the plates were taken out and 5l of crude extract
was spotted on the TLC plates and run using Chloroform:
Hexane: Methanol solvent system (7:4:1) to elute the
compounds. After complete development of the TLC plate,
was observed under the light of the UV spectrophotometer in
order to
visualize the UV
visible compounds
(Nittayachanayath et al., 2010)
Biopesticidal Activity
Sitophilus oryzae was collected from the local market in
Alwarkurichi region and was brought about to the laboratory,
where it was maintained at the laboratory at 280 C, 55-65%
Relative Humidity without any disturbance. The collected
insects were divided into four groups of 5 insects each and
were kept inside the petriplates spread with soft cotton. Then
the plates were sprayed with different concentration of natural
dye extracts of the flower of the ornamental plant
Bougainvillea glabra by using a sprayer and the results were
observed after 12 h and the death rate was calculated.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

In the present study, the cloth which soaked in lemon and
tamarind juice has been stained well when stained with natural
dyes of this Bougainvillea glabra. The colour of the stained
dye was grey in colour. The hot dyeing procedure of this plant
extract showed grey colour when it was stained at 600C in a
water bath and in the mean time the stained cloth at room
temperature showed pink colour . Moreover the sodium
chloride mordant treated cloth the staining process was little bit

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International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 4, Issue, 09, pp. 009-011, September, 2012

increased and it was the formation of grey colour at room

temperature and at 45oC treatment it was light pink in colour.
In case of O.D of the extracts before and after dyeing process,
the O.D value got changed in a dramatic way. In normal
dyeing with aqueous extract of Bougainvillea at room
temperature the O.D value was 2.792 and 2.498 respectively
before and after dyeing process is over. For the dyeing process
completed at 60oC with constant stirring in water bath showed
O.D value of 2.118 than that of the initial O.D value of 2.792.
It indicates that the 60o C shall be suitable for the dyeing
process. In the extract added with 1% salt the initial O.D value
was 2.159 and after dyeing with the cloth the O.D value was
2.132 and 2.031. It indicates that there is no impact on the
colour formation with the application of salt. In case of the
lemon extract treated cloth the initial O.D value was 2.711 and
after the dyeing process is over the O.D value was 2.434.In the
cotton treated with tamarind juice the O.D value was 2.381
after the completion of the dyeing process and the initial O.D
before the dyeing process was 2.590. Both lemon juice and
tamarind juice treated cloths have been found with potential
Mordents towards the dyeing of cotton cloths.

Figure: 1 Effect of Bougainvillea flower extract on mortality of Sitophilus

oryzae.

Bio pesticides
The result of this present study revealed that the aqueous
extract of this plant has been found with effective antipesticidal
activity. In case of pests treated with 25% of aqueous extracts
destroyed 2 out of 5 pests in the IVth group the III group of
pests sprayed with 50% of aqueous extracts destroyed 3 pests
our of 5 pests. In the II group of pests sprayed with 100% of
aqueous extracts 4 our 5 pests. The death rate of the pests was
40%, 60%, 80% respectively in the 25%, 50%, and 100%
concentration sprayed different groups of insects (IV, III, & II).
The result of the study revealed that the aqueous flower extract
of this plant would have possessed some compounds which
having the mechanism to destroy the pests.
Thin Layer Chromatography
The result of the thin layer Chromatography technique showed
the presence of red coloured pigment. When it was observed
under the light of UV visible spectrophotometer. The RF value
of the compound was 0.786.
Conclusion
The results of the present investigation showed the flower
extract of Bougainvillea glabra have potential to be a natural
colouring agent and also the Biopestide. As it showed its
potentiality, we can utilize the flowers of this plant for the
production of natural dyes in dyeing industries and also an

effective biopestides to destroy the insects often encountered

from agricultural origin in the days to come.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to thank the Management and Principal of Sri
Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi for provided facilities to
carry out the research.

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