Industrial Crops & Products 112 (2018) 556–560

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Industrial Crops & Products

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/indcrop

Curcuma longa L. plant residue as a source for natural cellulose fibers with T
antimicrobial activity
⁎
Manikandan Ilangovana, , Vijaykumar Gunaa,b, Chunyan Huc,d,e, G.S. Naganandaa,
⁎
Narendra Reddya,
a
Centre for Incubation, Innovation, Research and Consultancy, Jyothy Institute of Technology, Thataguni Post, Bengaluru 560082, India
b
Visvesvaraya Technological University – Research Resource Centre, Jnana Sangama Belagavi-590018, India
c
College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
d
National Engineering Research Center for Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
e
National Cashmere Products Engineering & Technical Research Center, Erdos Cashmere Group, Ordos, Inner Mongolia 017000, PR China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Natural cellulose fibers extracted from stems of Curcuma longa L. have properties similar to fibers from lig-
Curcumin longa nocellulosic crop residues and also inherit antimicrobial properties. Turmeric contains curcumin, the natural
Natural cellulose fibers compound known to have many medicinal benefits including anti-cancer activity. Turmeric plants are mainly
Antibacterial properties cultivated for its rhizome (tuber) but the plant generates considerable amounts of stem and leaves as residues.
Valorization
Leaves and stems of turmeric plants have been reported to contain oil and other extractives having antimicrobial
and anti-insecticidal activities. Such extracts are of limited quantity and hence it is difficult to justify the eco-
nomic feasibility of using the residues for large scale applications. Natural fibers have a large market and offer
higher value addition and options to develop various products. However, fibers obtained from lignocellulosic
sources do not have inherent antimicrobial properties. Turmeric stems were treated with alkali solution to obtain
natural cellulose fiber bundles. These fibers had cellulose content of about 50%, lignin content of 12% and about
10% ash. Alkali treatment removed surface substances resulting in smooth fiber bundles. Cellulose in the fibers
showed typical diffraction peak at 22.7° belonging to the 002 plane. Tensile strength of the fibers at 2.5 g/den
(325 MPa) was similar to jute. Fibers showed antimicrobial activity against both gram positive and gram ne-
gative bacteria. Turmeric fibers could be useful for wound dressings, textiles, composites and other applications.

1. Introduction
Multipurpose agricultural crops that yield more than one produce/
processed products are limited. Most of the major crops such as wheat,
corn, rice, sugarcane etc are grown primarily for their produce.
Unfortunately, the amount of produce generated from these crops is
considerably low compared to the waste or residues they generate. For
instance, the corn collected is much low in quantity compared to the
stalks, leaves, husks and cobs generated as byproducts or residue.
Generally, these residues are either burnt or buried in the ground. This
means that the natural resources and energy used to grow the crop are
not utilized efficiently. Owing to the large amounts available at low cost
and in a sustainable route, considerable efforts are being made to utilize
the agricultural residues for industrial applications (Reddy and Yang,
2009a,b,c). Similar to the agricultural residues, high yield and low re-
source intensive biomass such as switchgrass and water hyacinth are
also considered for various industrial applications (Guna et al. 2016,
2017).
Agricultural residues such as stalks, leaves and husks have been
used to develop fibers, composites, filters, sorbents for waste water etc.
Among the various uses, fibrous applications are most promising due to
the high value addition possible. Fibers have been extracted from
cornhusks, stalks, wheat and rice straw, cotton stalks and other agri-
cultural residues with properties similar to that of the fibers in current
use (Anandamurthy et al., 2017; Reddy, 2015). Properties of textiles
and composites made from fibers extracted from agricultural residues
have been found to be suitable for automotive composites and other
areas (Vinayaka et al., 2017; Bhuvaneswari et al., 2017).
Curcumin longa, commonly referred to as turmeric is an herb used
for its medicinal properties. India is the largest producer of turmeric
with annual production of about 25 M tonnes. Turmeric is grown in
about 180,000 ha in India and the yield is about 39 t per hectare. It
typically takes about 225 days for the plants to be mature. Although
considerable quantity of turmeric is produced, the most valuable

⁎
Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: narendra.r@ciirc.jyothyit.ac.in, nreddy3@outlook.com (N. Reddy).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.12.042
Received 7 September 2017; Accepted 17 December 2017
0926-6690/ © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
M. Ilangovan et al.
component curcumin yield from turmeric is about 6–7% depending up
on the variety and the conditions during growth (Hossain and Yukio,
2005). Since turmeric is a rhizome, the stem and leaves above the
ground are not considered useful and are generally disposed as waste.
Unfortunately, the amount of residues generated is considerably higher
than the turmeric harvested.
Several attempts have been made to utilize parts of the turmeric
plant in addition to the rhizome and curcumin extracted from the tur-
meric. About 40% oil is extracted when turmeric is processed to obtain
the yellow pigment curcumin (Negi et al., 1999). Four different frac-
tions were separated from the oil. Ar-Turmerone, turmerone and cur-
lone were found to be the major compounds in the oil with one of the
fractions having considerably higher antimicrobial activity (Negi et al.,
1999). Curcumin was also reported to correct cystic fibrosis (Egan et al.,
2004). Fractionation of curcumin yields three curcuminoids having
enzyme inhibition activity. Other compounds extracted from curcumin
have exhibited antifungal and mosquitocidal activity (Roth et al.,
1998). Given such unique and distinct applications, it is reasonable that
curcumin is considered a novel and highly valuable biocompound.
Since curcumin only forms a minor part of the crop, it is highly practical
to use other parts of the plant for value added applications. Such efforts
will not only add value to the crops but will also decrease the amount of
waste generated.
In addition to the tuber, other parts of the turmeric plant have also
been reported to have medicinal and other properties. Arutselvi et.al,
studied the photochemical content and potential antimicrobial activity
of the extractants from turmeric leaves (Arutselvi et al., 2012). Leaf
extractants were composed of flavanoids, cardiac glycosides and phe-
nols and showed antimicrobial activity against S.pyrogens, B.subtilis and
C. albicans (Arutselvi et al., 2012). In another study, hexane extracts
from turmeric leaves contained labda-8(17),12-diene-15,16 dial. These
compounds were found to effectively inhibit growth of Candida albi-
cans, Candida kruseii and Candida parapsilosis. One of the extract (12-
diene-15,16 dial) was also found to act as mosquitocide against A. ae-
gyptii larvae when used at a concentration of 10 μg mL−1 and also acted
against three different types of beetle (R. dominica, S. oryzae and T.
castaneum) (Roth et al., 1998). Similar to the rhizome, oil extracted
from the leaf contained about 60 compounds, prominent among them
being alpha-phellandrene (18.2%), 1,8-cineole 04.6%) and p-cymene
(13.3%) (Sharma et al., 1997).
Although some efforts have been made to identify and utilize parts
of turmeric plant other than the rhizome, to the best of our knowledge,
turmeric residues have not been studied to understand their potential as
sources for natural cellulose fibers. In this research, we have extracted
natural cellulose fibers from the stalks of the turmeric plant and char-
acterized the structure and properties of the fibers. In addition, we have
studied the potential antimicrobial properties of the fibers.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Raw material
Turmeric plants were collected from a field on campus after the
rhizome was harvested. Leaves and stalks were dry and used directly
without any treatment. Laboratory grade sodium hydroxide, acetic acid
and other chemicals required for fiber extraction were purchased from
local vendors.
2.2. Extraction of fibers
Turmeric plants were treated with 1 M sodium hydroxide solution
for 30 min at 90 °C. Material to the alkali solution ratio was maintained
at 1:10. After treatment, the liquid that contained dissolved hemi-
cellulose, lignin and other extractives was decanted and disposed.
Fibers extracted were thoroughly washed several times until the pH of
the fibers in water was about 7. Later, the fibers were immersed in 10%
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Industrial Crops & Products 112 (2018) 556–560
acetic acid solution for about 10 min, rinsed and dried.
2.3. Composition
Composition of the untreated turmeric stems and the fibers ex-
tracted were determined in terms of cellulose, hemicellulose, solubles,
lignin and ash. The compositional analysis was done using standard test
methods. Cellulose and hemicellulose were determined using the acid
and neutral detergent procedure. Neutral detergent was added into the
biomass at 1:100 ratio along with decalin and anhydrous sodium sul-
fite. Beaker was boiled for 5–10 min and continued to heat for 60 min.
Similar procedure was also followed to determine the acid detergent
fiber. Residue obtained after treatment was called Acid Detergent Fiber
(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) which represent cellulose and
hemicellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, respectively. ADF and NDF
values were used to determine the% cellulose and hemicellulose. About
2 g of sample was placed in a crucible and heated in a muffle furnace for
5 h at 550 °C to determine the ash content. Weight of the sample after
burning was recorded and the difference in weight was used to calcu-
late the% ash content. Klason lignin was determined using the sulfuric
acid hydrolysis approach. Samples were treated with 72% sulfuric acid
(1:5 ratio) and allowed to stay at room temperature for about 2 h under
constant stirring. Later, the solution was diluted with water at 1:540
ratio and boiled for 6 h under reflux. After the thorough boiling, the
residue in the flask was washed several times until the pH was neutral.
Weight of the residue was determined after drying and used to calculate
the% lignin. The flavonoid and phenolic contents in the turmeric plant
and extracted fibers were determined using qualitative and quantitative
methods based on established protocols (Sadasivam and Manickam,
1997; Nagananda et al., 1986; Tripathi et al., 2002).
2.4. Tensile properties
Tensile strength, elongation and modulus of the fibers were de-
termined using a universal tensile tester (MTS Mechatronics,
Ichalakarnji, India). Samples were tested using a gauge length of 1 inch
and crosshead speed of 18 mm/min according to ASTM standard D
3822-14. A 500 N load cell was used for testing. All tests were done at
room temperature and about 30 fibers each from three different ex-
tractions were tested. The average and ± one standard deviation of the
values has been reported.
2.5. Morphology
A Hitachi (Model SU 3500) scanning electron microscope was used
to observe the morphology of the turmeric stems before extraction and
the fibers obtained after extraction. Changes in the surface and cross-
sections were studied. Samples were sputter coated in an Ion beam
coater for 60 s before observation. Images were collected using the
secondary electron detector operating at 15 kV.
2.6. X-ray diffraction studies
Turmeric stems and fibers were powdered in a Wiley mill for the X-
ray powder diffraction studies. Samples were powdered and placed in a
Teflon holder. Readings were taken on a Bruker D8 Advanced Eco X-ray
diffractometer having Bragg-Brentano Focusing geometry. A Cu-Kα ra-
diation at a wavelength (λ = 1.54 Å) was used for the measurement. A
SSD 160 recorded the diffraction intensities for 2θ angles varying from
5 to 40°. Readings obtained were analyzed using Origin and the peak
positions were identified.
2.7. Thermogravimetric analysis
Thermal degradation of the turmeric stalk and fibers were de-
termined using a Shimadzu DTG 60 thermogravimetric analyzer. About
M. Ilangovan et al.
10–15 milli grams of the powdered specimen was placed in the analyzer
and heated from room temperature to 600 °C at a heating rate of 20 °C/
minute. Tests were conducted under nitrogen atmosphere flowing at a
rate of 50 ml/min.
2.8. Antimicrobial activity
Ability of the turmeric plants and the extracted fibers to resist
common bacteria was studied. Four common bacterial strains
(Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens and Bacillus
cereus) were selected. Out of the four bacteria, two were gram positive
and two were gram negative. Master cultures maintained on nutrient
agar at our institution were used for the study. Initial culture was
prepared by inoculating fresh organisms into Mueller-Hinton broth and
later incubating at 37 °C for 12 h. Turmeric plant and fibers were
powdered and two concentrations (50 or 100 mg) were added into test
tubes. To the test tubes, about 10 ml of Muller-Hinton broth was added
and later autoclaved. About 50 μl of broth containing the bacteria was
added into each test tube and incubated on a shaker incubator at 37 °C
for 6 h. Control samples that did not contain the turmeric plants or the
fibers were also incubated. At desired time intervals, the absorbance of
the solution in the test tubes was measured on a spectrophotometer at a
wavelength of 600 nm. At least three trials were conducted for each
condition and the average and standard deviations are reported.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Composition of the fibers
Considerable changes in the composition of the turmeric stem can
be observed due to the treatment with alkali. Composition of biomass
and fibrous materials varies drastically depending on the function,
growth and extraction conditions. For example, cotton is mostly cellu-
lose (> 90%) whereas coir contains only about 30–35% cellulose and
up to 30% lignin. As expected, fiber extraction results in the removal of
some of the non-cellulosic substances. Consequently, amount of cellu-
lose in the fibers was 84% higher compared to that in untreated stalk
(Table 1). About 50% decrease in hemicellulose content also occurred
due to the treatment. The fibers have relatively high amounts of lignin
and ash but typical levels of cellulose and hemicellulose compared to
other natural fibers. Before treatment, the fibrous cellulose is protected
by the lignin and hemicellulose. Although it is necessary to remove the
lignin and hemicellulose to obtain the fiber bundles, excessive removal
will result in shorter fibers not suitable for high value applications.
Extent of removal of the non-cellulosic components depends on the
treatment conditions and should be controlled depending on the
properties of the fibers desired. The flavonoid content in the fibers was
about 25% lower and the phenol content decreased by about 20%
compared to that in the untreated raw material. Phenolic concentration
in the fibers is considerably high compared to other common lig-
nocellulosic fibers.
3.2. Morphology
Before treatment, the surface of the turmeric stalks is covered with a
Table 1
Composition of the turmeric plants and fibers extracted from the plants.
Composition Turmeric Stalk Turmeric Fibers
Cellulose, % 30.7 ± 0.5 56.5 ± 0.6
Hemicellulose, % 26.1 ± 1.0 12.4 ± 0.2
Lignin, % 17.7 ± 1.6 14.8 ± 1.3
Ash, % 15.4 ± 0.5 10.2 ± 1.2
Flavonoids, μg/ml 260 ± 0.2 196 ± 0.1
Phenols, μg/ml 226 ± 0.2 180 ± 0.1
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Industrial Crops & Products 112 (2018) 556–560
protective layer without the individual fibers being visible.
Longitudinal strips of about 50 μm in width are seen which should be
the fiber bundles (Fig. 1a). Higher magnification image shows spherical
deposits on the surface which are a few microns in diameter (Fig. 1b).
In cross-sectional view, the stalks are seen to be quiet porous and have
bundles of fibers connected together (Fig. 1c). Width of the bundle is
about 5–30 μm. During the treatment, the connecting places and com-
ponents between these bundles are removed resulting in individual fi-
bers. Fiber bundles have a much smoother surface than the untreated
stems. A number of fibrils are held together to form the fiber bundle as
seen (Fig. 1d). Some of the spherical deposits seen on the surface of the
stalks are retained even after extraction and are seen on the fibers
(Fig. 1e). Bundles of fibers are composed of individual fibrils which
have a width of about 2–5 μm similar to that in most lignocellulosic
fibers (Fig. 1f). Length and width of the individual fibers plays a major
role in determining the properties of the fibers. Raw materials with
longer and finer individual fibrils can produce finer fibers as with linen
whereas shorter fibrils result in coarser fibers as with rice, wheat straw
and other unconventional natural cellulose fibers.
3.3. X-ray diffraction
Major differences in the position and number of peaks can be ob-
served between the X-ray diffraction patterns of turmeric stalk and fi-
bers obtained from the stalks (Fig. 2). Minor peak at the prominent
cellulose 002 crystal plane at 22° suggests that the stalks have lower
composition of cellulose. Increase in the intensity of the 002 plane peak
in the fibers substantiates the compositional analysis which showed
that the fibers had 84% higher cellulose content. Additional peaks (24,
27°) seen in the stalks but absent in the fibers should be from the mi-
nerals or impurities that are removed during extraction. Using the area
under the diffraction curve, the% crystallinity of the fibers was found to
be about 33% compared to 30% in the untreated stalks. A prominent
peak seen only in the treated fibers at about 28° is from the calcium
carbonate that was probably due to the washing of the fibers in the hard
water.
3.4. Thermal degradation
Thermal degradation profile of the fibers is shown in Fig. 3 in
comparison with the untreated fibers. Although both the fibers and
stalk had similar residual content of about 10%, their degradation be-
havior was different. Throughout the temperature range, the weight
loss of the stalk was higher than that of the fibers which is probably due
to the presence of impurities that have lower thermal stability. Rate of
degradation of the fibers was also considerably higher than that of the
stalks suggesting that the substances present in the stalk provide better
thermal insulation. Stability of the fibers up to 300 °C (about 20%
weight loss) is high and hence the fibers would be suitable for most
applications.
3.5. Tensile properties
Tensile properties of turmeric fibers are typical to those of many
other lignocellulosic fibers. Strength and elongation of the fibers are
similar to that of jute whereas modulus is considerably lower. Turmeric
fibers are also coarser than the fibers in common use (Table 2). Since
turmeric fibers are from an agricultural waste unlike jute or linen which
are exclusively grown for fibers, the raw material is not ideally suited
for extraction of fibers. For instance, the single cells in turmeric fibers
should be considerably smaller than in cotton or linen (Reddy and
Yang, 2009b). This makes it difficult to extract finer fibers. In addition
to the single cells, composition of the raw material and extraction
conditions used make a significant difference on the fiber properties.
Turmeric fibers are extracted from an agricultural residue using a
simple process which makes the fibers inexpensive. Although it may be
M. Ilangovan et al.
Fig. 1. Scanning electron images reveal the longitudinal and cross-sectional features of the turmeric plants and fibers extracted from them. A and B are the surface features of the
untreated stems and C is the cross-section of the untreated stem. D, E and F show the surface of the treated fibers at different magnifications after removal of the non-cellulosic substances.
Fiber bundles composed of individual fibers/cells are clearly seen in the SEM pictures of the fibers.
Fig. 2. X-ray diffractogram of the turmeric plant stem (before extraction) and the fibers
extracted from the stems.
difficult to process the fibers as cotton, jute and linen due to their coarse
diameter, the fibers can be used for composites, as blends with common
fibers and for other applications.
3.6. Antimicrobial properties
There was considerable difference between the antibacterial activity
of the fibers and the turmeric plant. Extent of antibacterial activity also
varied depending on the type of bacteria evaluated. As seen from
Table 3, the untreated sample showed considerably higher inhibition of
all four bacteria at both concentrations studied. At 5 mg per ml of the
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Industrial Crops & Products 112 (2018) 556–560
biomass, the untreated sample had higher% inhibition, most notably for
S. marcescens. Differences in inhibition decrease drastically when the
concentration used was 10 mg/ml. Both the untreated and treated
material showed higher inhibition of S. aureus and E. coli compared to
the other two bacteria studied. Antibacterial activity of the samples is
related to the phenolic content in the material. As discussed earlier, the
phenolic content is high in the untreated material and hence it shows
better activity. Considerable amounts of phenolic materials are re-
moved during fiber extraction and hence we observe a decrease in the
antibacterial activity of the fibers. Nevertheless, the inhibition of
common bacteria (S. aureus and E. coli) by the fibers is 59 and 50%
respectively suggesting that the fibers could be used for treating
wounds, purification of water and other applications.
4. Conclusions
Natural cellulose fibers extracted from the discarded stems of tur-
meric plants have structure and properties similar to that of other lig-
nocellulosic fibers. In addition, the fibers retain high level of inhibition
against common bacteria including E. coli and S. aureus. Since turmeric
is a rhizome, only the root is currently utilized and the large amounts of
biomass generated is disposed as waste. We demonstrate that residues
of turmeric plants can be utilized to obtain fibers with unique proper-
ties. Composition, morphological and tensile properties of the turmeric
fibers are similar to several lignocellulosic fibers. Turmeric fibers could
be ideal for developing materials for medical applications.
Acknowledgements
Narendra Reddy expresses his sincere thanks to the Department of
Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of
India for funding through the Ramalingaswami Re-entry Fellowship.
M. Ilangovan et al. Industrial Crops & Products 112 (2018) 556–560

Fig. 3. TGA (left) and DTG (Right) curves for the degradation of the turmeric stems and extracted fibers.

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