Complete Journal SRJI Vol-1 No-1 Year 2012

Volume: 1 ● No: 1 ● Year: 2012
Scientific Research Journal of India

( SRJI )
An open access journal
Scientific Research Journal of India ( SRJI )

Dr.L.Sharma Campus, Muhammadabad Gohana,
Mau, U.P., India. Pin- 276403
Email: editor.srji@gmail.com
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Vol.1 ● No.1 ● 2012 Scientific Research Journal of India 1
Table of Content
● Editorial 2
● Vermicompost: a source of soil fertility management in organic
(Agriculture ) 3
farming
● Growth Status among Females of Solan District of Himachal (Anthropology ) 10
Pradesh
● Exploration of the History of Physiotherapy 19
● Correlation of Balance Tests Scores with Modified Physical (Physiotherapy )
23
Performance Test in Indian Community-Dwelling Older Adults.
http://www.srji.co.cc
Editorial
Dear Readers,
It is my immense pleasure to present the first issue of the first volume of the Scientific
Research Journal of India (SRJI). This journal is the official organ of Dr. L. Sharma Medical
Care and Educational Development Society. Scientific Research Journal of India is a
Multidisciplinary, peer reviewed and open access Journal of science. The scope of this
journal is therefore necessarily broad to cover recent discoveries in structural and functional
principles of scientific research. It encourages and provides a forum for the publication of
research work in different fields of pure and applied sciences. The Journal will publish
selected original research articles, reviews, short communications and book reviews in the
various fields of science like Botany, Zoology, Medical Sciences, Agricultural Sciences,
Environmental Sciences, Natural Sciences, Anthropology and any other branch of related
sciences. The Journal will be regularly published and issued quarterly. We shall also publish
special issues based on specific themes at the suggestion of the executive committee of Dr. L.
Sharma Medical Care and Educational Development Society and members of editorial of
SRJI.
I hope you shall appreciate our effort.
Dr. Popiha Bordoloi, Ph.D.

Email: popiha@gmail.com
Vermicompost: A Source of soil fertility management in organic farming
P. Bordoloi*, A. Arunachalam**, K. Arunachalam*** & S.C. Garkoti****
Abstract: Use of vermicompost in crop field can reduce the cost of cultivation by replacing
chemical fertilizer and it maintains sustaimentnable agriculture by improving soil texture and
its enrichment. Vermicompost can convert waste in to money, so, it is rapidly becoming a
growth business with an overall mandate of organic farming. Most of the farmers of India in
general and Arunachal Pradesh in particular are marginal and poor. For them it is sometimes
not possible for construct a cemented vermicomposting tank for producing vermicompost due
to lack of Government subsidy. A low-cost bamboo beam vermicomposting unit was prepared
and productivity was analyzed. The economics of bamboo beam vermicomposting unit was
worked out and compared with that of the cemented tank vermicomposting unit as collected
from different sources. In bamboo beam vermicomposting unit, the cost of production of one
quintal vermicompost for first year was Rs. 79. For second year it was Rs. 6 and for the third
year it was Rs. 14.40. In cemented tank vermicomposting unit the cost of production of one
quintal vermicompost for first year was Rs. 632 and for second year onwards it was Rs. 10.
Thus it is concluded that low-cost vermicomposting technology can be used as a source of
income generation for the rural people by recycling and utilizing the locally available
biodegradable wastes.
Key words: Vermicomposting technology, biodegradable waste, Arunachal Pradesh.
Introduction
Arunachal Pradesh is a ‘biodiversity rich cropped areas are also available annually,
hot spot’ in the Indian Eastern Himalayas. which are usually burned for crop
The agro climatic condition and variation cultivation in the subsequent years. The
in elevation and latitude caused the estimated amount of agricultural crop
occurrence of different and distinct waste in Arunachal Pradesh was 261865
vegetation types of this region. Huge tonne (t) per year which could be
amount of agricultural crop residues, weed harvested from the cereals and legumes
biomass from both cropped and non- cultivated. In addition, a substantial
amount of wastes are also arising from overcome productivity crisis in agriculture
livestock. For instance, about 2221440 t of and play a multifaceted role in the
wet dung per annum, and 1382520 t of improvement of soil texture through its
urine per annum were arising from total influence in soil pH, as agent of physical
number of livestock available (Bordoloi et decomposition by promoting humus
al., 2007). In all, these agro-wastes could formation by improving soil texture and its
be utilized successfully for compost enrichment (Venkateshwarlu, 1995).
preparation and recycled for integrated Desai (1993) reported that by using
nutrient management for enhancing vermiculture the cost of production could
production and maintaining productivity. be substantially reduced by way of
While using organic materials as replacing chemical fertilizers.
manures for crop production, the farmers In totality, vermicompost can
are faced with the problems of organic convert waste in to money, so, it is rapidly
materials being bulky, with a low nutrient becoming a growth business with an
content in relation to their volume, and overall mandate of organic farming. Most
being often messy and has bad odour. of the farmers of India in general and
Therefore there is a need to develop an Arunachal Pradesh in particular are
eco-friendly and appropriate technology to marginal and poor and may not afford to
maximize economic value of nutrients of construct cemented vermicomposting tank.
agro-waste for sustainable utilization. So, it is envisaged to have a low- cost unit
Decomposition reduces much of organic for the resource poor farmers of this
substances due to physical breakdown of region. By considering all these views, for
substrate, leaching of soluble materials, maintaining sustainable crop production as
and catabolism or oxidation (Seastedt, well as to reduce the cost of fertilizer
1984). Conventional methods of application an attempt was made to
composting takes relatively higher time prepare a non-tank vermicomposting unit
and produce low quality manure. Use of (bamboo beam) by utilizing locally
earthworm for degradation of organic available materials and resources. It can
waste and production of vermicompost is also be viably used as a source of income
becoming popular and is being generation for the rural people by utilizing
commercialized. Use of vermicasting as locally available biodegradable waste
biofertilizer can be one of the measure to materials.
Material and Methods

An experiment was conducted to evaluate Industries Commission (KVIC), Midpu,

a low-cost bamboo beam structure for Arunachal Pradesh. A total of 1500
vermicompost preparation. The specific earthworms (750 earthworms; size < 0.7 g,
objective of the study being to test the 750 earthworms size > 0.7 g) was
efficiency of some plant waste material as inoculated for each bed and the bed was
a source of compost as well as to test the covered by a gunny cloth. Moisture was
efficiency of methods of compost maintained at 40-50%. Each of the
preparation and also to develop a low-cost, treatments was replicated three times to
eco-friendly bio-composting technique. reduce the error of measurement of
Three types of compost namely particular parameters. Among all,
simple compost, enriched compost and vermicompost was found more nutritious,
vermicompost were prepared from easily less time consuming and more productive.
available agricultural waste i.e. rice straw, The structure of bamboo beam unit and
weeds from rice field and kitchen waste. different stages of vermicomposting are
Cow dung was mixed for all the compost presented in Figure 1.
in the ratio of 1:1 (by weight). Bamboo The economics of bamboo beam
beam of size 1m×1m×0.5 m were vermicomposting unit was worked out and
prepared. The beam was covered with compared with that of the cemented tank
polyethylene sheet to check the nutrient vermicomposting unit as collected from
loss and to provide proper temperature for different sources. The cost of cemented
quick decomposition. In vermicomposting, tank vermicomposting unit was calculated
after 25 days of decay the partial by personal observation and by having
decomposed materials were transferred to interviews with different farmers which
the vermicomposting bed of size have their own vermicomposting units
2m×1m×0.3 m for inoculation of prevailing in Papum Pare district and from
earthworms. The identified suitable strain the Department of Agriculture, Govt. of
of earthworm i.e. Eisenia foetida (Sav.) Arunachal Pradesh. The net cost of
was collected from Multi-Disciplinary production per kilogram per year was
Training Centre (MTDC), Khadi Village calculated.
Results and Discussion
For construction of low cost bamboo beam takes very low-cost compared to a concrete
vermicomposting unit of 1 tonne capacity tank. The cost of production of one tonne
per harvesting a total of 60 piece bamboos vermicompost can be reduced by 87.5 % in
was needed for construction of shed and the first year. For second year cost of
bamboo beam, which was cost around Rs. production could reduce to 40%. Third
600. The total cost of thatch and polythene year it needs some what more that is 44%
sheet comes around Rs. 600. Labour cost more cost of production due to repairing of
for construction of the unit was Rs. 350. bamboo beam and bamboo shed for
The initial cost of earthworm was Rs. production of vermicompost for
2000. The total cost including maintenance subsequent years. On an average, the
and packaging for first year was Rs. 3950. production cost of one quintal
For second year it was Rs. 300 and for vermicompost in bamboo beam was Rs.
third year it was Rs. 720. In one year 5 33.13 and in cemented tank it was Rs. 217
harvesting was done, so total of 50 q of in first three years.
compost was harvested from the unit. Net Low cost vermicomposting
profit for first year was Rs. 31,050, for technology can help the marginal and
second year it was Rs. 34,700 and for third resource poor farmers of the North East
year it was estimated Rs. 34,280. In the India. The cost of cultivation of crops can
first year, the cost of production of one also be reduce by popularizing
quintal vermicompost was Rs. 79, for vermicomposting technology by replacing
second year it was Rs. 6 and for the third the need of chemical fertilizers. Most of
year it was Rs. 14.40 (Tables 1 and 2). the peoples of North East India depend on
The construction cost of one tonne Agriculture. Vermicompost not only helps
capacity per harvesting cemented tank type to increase the productivity of crops but
of vermicomposting unit was Rs. 31,600. also helps as income generation for the
An expenditure of Rs. 500 was required youth of North East India. By utilizing
for maintenance and packaging from the locally available resources and waste
second year onwards. Thus the production material available by their own, the
cost for one quintal vermicompost was Rs. farmers can construct a small
632 in the first year. And from second year vermicomposting unit and can utilize it as
onwards it was Rs. 10 only (Tables 3 and a source of income generation. Now a
4). days, it is a great concern to popularize the
From the data it is seen that non- organic farming. The demands of organic
tank bamboo beam vermicomposting unit,
products are increasing not only in the local market but also in global market.
a b
c d
Figure 1: (a) Bamboo beam structure (partial decomposition tank), (b) Placing of agricultural
waste material in partial decomposition tank, (c) Earth worm collection from rearing bed, (d)
Vermicomposting bed after inoculation of earthworm.
Table 1. Cost of production of non tank vermicomposting unit (bamboo beam)

Parameters Cost
1st year 2nd year 3rd year

Construction of shed (Bamboo 20 pieces 200.00 - 40.00
@Rs. 10 per culm), (Size of shed 14m×16 m)
Bamboo beam 12 numbers (size 1 m ×1m×0.5 400.00 40.00
m), and bed 6 numbers (size 2 m × 1 m × 0.3
m), (Bamboo 40 pieces @Rs. 10 per culm)
Thatch 400.00 - 100.00
Polyethylene sheet 200.00 - 100.00
Man days for construction ( @ Rs. 70) 350.00 - 140.00
Miscellaneous 100.00 100.00 100.00
Cost of earthworm 2000.00 - -
Packaging cost 200.00 200.00 200.00
Sieve 100.00 - -
Total cost 3950.00 300.00 720.00
Cost of production of 1 q vermicompost Rs. 79.00 Rs. 6.00 Rs. 14.40
(Production capacity per harvesting 10 quintal)
Table 2. Production of vermicompost in non-tank vermicomposting unit (bamboo beam)

Production in one harvesting 10q 10q 10q

5 harvesting in one year 50 q 50 q 50 q
Market price for 1 kg Rs. 5.00 Rs. 5.00 Rs. 5.00
vermicompost
Gross income after 1 year Rs.25,000.00 Rs.25,000.00 Rs.25,000.00
Sale of earthworm Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00
Gross income after 1 year Rs. 35,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00
Net profit Rs. 31050.00 Rs. 34700.00 Rs. 34280.00
Table 3. Cost of production of tank type vermicomposting unit (cemented type)

Parameters Cost

Construction of shed (11m ×3m) 14,000 - -
Construction of tank of size ( 3m× 1m 15,000 - -
×1m) total 3 numbers of tank
Miscellaneous 300.00 300.00 300.00
Cost of earthworm 2000.00 - -
Packaging cost 200.00 200.00 200.00
Sieve 100.00 - -
Total cost 31,600.00 500.00 500.00
Cost of production of 1 q vermicompost Rs. 632.00 Rs. 10.00 Rs. 10.00
(Production capacity per harvesting 10 quintal)
Table 4. Production of vermicompost in tank type vermicomposting unit (cemented type)
Production in one harvesting 10q 10q 10q

5 harvesting in one year 50q 50q 50q
Market price for 1 kg Rs. 5.00 Rs. 5.00 Rs. 5.00
vermicompost
Sale of earthworm Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00
Net profit Rs. 3,400.00 Rs. 34,500.00 Rs. 34,500.00
References
-Bordoloi, P., Balasubramanian, D., -T. R. (1984). The role of microearthopods in
Arunachalam, A., Arunachalam, K. and decomposition and mineralization processes.
Garkoti, S.C. (2007). Agricultural waste Annu. Rev. Entomol. 29: 25-46.
management for sustainable crop Production: -Venkateshwarlu, B. (1995). Composing the
A case study in Arunachal Pradesh. decomposed. Indian Silk, September, 1995, 5.
Biodiversity Conservation- The Post-Rio -Desai A. (1993). Congress of Traditional
Scenario in India. Assam University, Silchar. Science and Technology of India, I. I. T.
Seastedt, Bombay, 28 November to 3 December, 1993.
CORRESPONDENCE
*KVK, NRC on Pig, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Dudhnoi, Goalpara, Assam,
**A.Arunachalam, Division of Natural Resources Management, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi
Anusandhan Bhavan II, Pusa, New Delhi. ***School of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University,
Dehra Dun, Uttarnchal, **** School of Environmental Sciences, Jowaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.
Growth Status among Females of Solan District of Himachal Pradesh
Trinayani Bordoloi*, Rashmi Sinha** and Satwanti Kapoor***
Abstract: The study aims to see the age related changes in anthropometric and physiological
characteristics and association between adiposity measures and cardiovascular functions
among preadolescent and adolescent females. Growth pattern diverge at time of
preadolescence and adolescence. The present study was conducted by cross-sectional method
among 125 growing Rajput females ranging from 9 years to 16 years of Solan district,
Himachal Pradesh. The adiposity assessed by BMI, WHR, GMT. There is an increase in BMI
with age in the present study and the highest mean value is found at the age of 16. As far as
correlation between cardiovascular functions and adiposity measure are concerned there is a
significant correlation between blood pressure with BMI, GMT and WHR till 12 years, but in
the later years no such pattern was observe.
Key words: Anthropometry, Rajput females, Body Mass Index.
INTRODUCTION
Many changes both structural and functional in Increasing body fatness is accompanied by
the human body are witnessed with the profound changes in physiological functions.
increasing age. These changes could be These changes are to a certain extent, associated
attributed to growth and development which with the regional distribution of adipose tissue.
starts right from conception and also due to Body fatness and its distribution is a useful
environmental conditions such as nutritional epidemiological and clinical marker of health
pattern, physical activity level, health status etc risk among humans. Adiposity is the result of an
experienced by the human body. excessive number and/or size of white adipose
cells. At an individual level, a combination of blood pressure was designed in the Solan
excessive caloric intake and a lack of physical district of Himachal Pradesh.
activity are thought to explain most cases of
adiposity (Lau et al 2007). A limited number of
Materials and methods
cases are due primarily to genetics, medical
reasons, or psychiatric illness (Bleich et al Keeping in mind the objective of the study, data
2008). Anthropometry is the widely accepted on anthropometric and physiological
tool for measures the adiposity of the human. measurements were collected by using cross-
Studies in this regard reveal that BMI, WC, sectional method on 125 preadolescent and
WHR, GMT are the good indicators of the adolescent females in the age groups 9 to 16
adiposity measures of the preadolescent and years of Solan district, Himachal Pradesh. The
adolescent females. According to Barness et al data was collected from the schools in that area;
(2007) adiposity is a leading preventable cause besides some data was also collected from home
of death worldwide, with visits. Age was recorded by the verbal response
increasing prevalence in adults and children, of the subjects. An exhaustive proforma was
and is viewed as one of the most serious public catered to obtain general data of the population
health problems of the 21st century. Excessive under study. The general information collected
body weight is associated with various diseases, from the mating pattern (constructed using
particularly cardiovascular diseases, diabetes maternal and paternal subcastes) established the
mellitus type 2, obstructive sleep apnea, certain fact that the Rajputs follow the rule of caste
types of cancer, and osteoarthritis (Haslam et al endogamy and sub-caste exogamy. Different
2005). It has been very recently observed by body measurements were taken on each
Kotchen et al. (2008) that blood pressure levels individual such as height vertex, body weight,
and the prevalence of hypertension are related to mid upper arm circumference, waist
adiposity, the main components of adiposity circumference, maximum hip circumference,
being BMI, waist/hip ratio, waist/height ratio skinfold thickness at biceps, triceps,
(WHtR) and percent body fat. subscapular, suprailiac, calf posterior, blood
pressure both systolic and diastolic, heart rate,
Taking the above issues into consideration,
pulse rate and breadth holding time. These
the present study on the association of different
measurements were taken according to the
anthropometric parameters of adiposity and
standard recommendations of Weiner and
Lowrie (1981). For assessing the adiposity analyzed by SPSS version 15 evaluation product
measures of preadolescent and adolescent package and excel program itself.
females we have adopted various
anthropometric indices, body mass index, waist-
Results
hip ratio and grand mean thickness and
statistical methods were used to calculate mean, The basic information of the Rajput females of
standard deviation, t-test value and correlation the Solan district, Himachal Pradesh (Table 1)
to draw meaningful conclusions. Mean standard indicates a gradual increase in mean stature,
deviation and t-value were used to assess the body weight with age. The increase in height
changes in successive ages, while an attempt has
vertex from 9 to 12 years was found to be
been made to correlate adiposity measures with statistically significant and increase in body
blood pressure. The analysis of the data was
weight from 13 to 14 years and 14 to 15 years
done by using the Windows Vista basic version
also found to statistically significant. An
of Windows. The calculation of data was done
increasing trend was observed in mid upper arm
in the Microsoft Excel program. The data was
circumference but at the age of 12 years a slight
decreasing pattern was observed.
Table1: Basic information of Rajput females in different age groups.

Variables
Height (cm) Weight(kg) MUAC(cm)
N t- value t-value t- value
Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD
Age(yrs)
9 8 123.0±4.06 18.9±2.90 16.1±1.0
10 8 128.2±4.24 2.488* 22.6±4.75 1.875 19.1±9.1 .937
11 12 135.8±6.78 2.799* 26.7±5.4 1.742 17.4±1.7 .633
12 13 141.0±5.95 2.070* 27.6±6.0 .468 17.0±1.4 .605
13 9 143.9±5.70 1.114 31.0±5.5 1.601 17.3±1.5 .367
14 25 150.0±5.98 2.671* 36.5±5.3 2.679* 19.6±1.6 3.778***
15 16 152.2±10.90 .858 41.5±4.3 3.198** 20.0±3.2 .533
16 34 154.8±5.55 1.108 44.0±5.4 1.624 21.9±1.7 2.728**
*p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001
MUAC- Mid Upper Arm Circumference
Table 2 displays a various adiposity measures ratio was found at 10 years (.879cm). The
among Rajput females in different age group. In increase in body mass index and waist
this table BMI and WC showed an increasing circumference and grand mean thickness from
trend with age but WHR and GMT does not 14 to 15, 15 to 16 were found to be statistically
show consistent pattern in subsequent age significant.
groups. The maximum mean value of waist-hip-
Table2: Adiposity assessed by BMI, WHR, WC, GMT
Variables BMI GMT

2
WHR t- WC (cm)
N (kg/m ) t-value t-value (mm) t-value
Mean±SD value Mean±SD
Age(yrs) Mean±SD Mean±SD
9 8 12.6±1.7 .83±.08 50.1±2.6 7.1±1.5
10 8 13.6±2.3 1.188 .88±.21 .614 55.2±11.2 1.246 6.0±1.8 1.312
11 12 14.3±1.4 .842 .85±.13 .325 54.7±4.9 .133 6.9±2.0 1.051
12 13 13.8±1.5 .894 .80±.11 1.183 54.2±7.9 .183 6.9±1.4 .096
13 9 14.9±1.8 1.497 .78±.04 .576 55.4±4.9 .410 6.3±2.2 .738
14 25 16.1±1.5 2.070 .78±.07 .339 59.6±3.8 2.622* 7.2±2.1 1.109
15 16 18.0±2.2 3.198** .77±.06 .566 62.4±3.4 2.351* 7.3±2.2 .077
16 34 18.3±1.5 .529 .74±.10 1.108 84.4±4.9 .069 9.0±2.1 2.556*
*p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001

BMI- Body Mass Index
WHR- Waist- Hip Ratio
WC- Waist Circumference
GMT- Grand Mean Thickness
Table 3 displays mean values of various systolic blood pressure and breathes holding
physiological variables along with their standard time. The diastolic blood pressure, heart rate
deviation among Rajput females of different age and pulse rate declined and inclined pattern was
group. An increasing trend was observed in found with advancing age. The increase in
systolic blood pressure from 12 to 13 years was value mean value was found at 13 years of age.
statistically significant and the maximum mean
Table3: The various physiological variables of the subjects.
Vari
able
s
DBP HR PR Breath
SBP
t- (mm/hg) t- (b/min) t- (p/min) holding t-
N (mm/hg) value value value
t-value
Mean±S Mean±S Mean±S time(sec) value
Mean±SD
D D D Mean±SD
Age
(yrs
)
8 100.5±6.7 72.0±6.2 80.6±6.3 77.5±4.8 14.6±3.7
10 8 108.0±11.5 1.60 72.1±7.2 .037 81.5±5.3 .301 76.6±4.4 .378 21.2±7.9 2.114
11 12 109.7±8.3 .384 68.6±6.1 1.187 76.5±7.2 1.674 73.4±7.3 1.105 16.1±5.4 1.764
12 13 105.8±9.6 1.095 66.3±4.6 1.058 81.2±8.1 1.507 78.2±7.2 1.652 21.8±13.1 1.430
2.536
13 9 115.7±8.0 66.2±9.7 .028 77.6±7.0 1.079 75.7±7.2 .816 22.2±10.8 .016
*
14 25 104.4±21.3 1.533 70.4±7.9 1.266 79.7±4.9 .996 75.8±6.1 .054 25.9±11.2 .858
2.452
15 16 112.6±9.6 1.446 72.4±9.3 .742 76.2±3.6 72.9±3.8 1.691 25.8±10.9 .032
*
16 34 114.7±14.4 .527 71.7±7.3 .307 72.9±7.1 1.735 69.2±6.2 2.207* 27.8±11.4 .612
*p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001
SBP- Systolic Blood Pressure PR- pulse Rate
DBP- Diastolic Blood Pressure
HR- Heart Rate
In table 4 shows the correlation coefficient of concluded that correlation vary from variable to
blood pressure with body mass index, waist hip variable in all the groups. There is a significant
ratio and grand mean thickness of Rajput correction between blood pressure with body
females in advancing age. In this table mass index, grand mean thickness and waist hip
attempted was made to correlate the various and ratio till 12 years but in later years no such
blood pressure in different age groups and it is pattern was observed.
Table4: Correlation coefficient of blood pressure with BMI, WHR, GMT of the participants.
2
Variable BMI(kg/m ) WHR GMT(mm)
N
SBP DBP SBP DBP SBP DBP
Age(yrs)
9 8 .541 .273 .758* .452 .964** .736*
10 8 .154 .348 .059 .365 .267 .534
11 12 .852** .420 .492 .124 .233 .291
12 13 .617* .535 .039 .042 .571* .576*
13 9 .645 .353 .181 .155 .350 .365
14 25 .131 .040 .173 .061 .048 .051
15 16 .378 .095 .083 .003 .341 .107
16 34 .038 .066 .133 .101 .093 .121
*p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001
BMI- Body Mass Index
WHR- Waist- Hip Ratio
GMT- Grand Mean Thickness
Discussion in study conducted by the Abbassi (2000). It is

observed that there is an increase in body weight
The variables considered in this present study from 9 years to 16 years in the present study.
show an increasing trend from 9 to 16 years but The weight of the girls increases with age in
all parts of the body do not grow at the same study the conducted by the Abbassi (2000).
rate. Some body parts or dimensions increase
According to the study conducted by
more than others during the adolescent period
Tyagi et al (2005) the increase in weight with
(Tanner 1962).
age could be due to imbalance of energy in
Mean value of height vertex (stature) favour of energy intake. The circumference
increased among the growing Rajput females of measurement that is mid upper arm
the Solan district of the Himachal Pradesh. circumference show gradual increase with age
Similar findings were observed by Sinha and which indicates musculature development and
Kapoor (2009) where there was an increase in the similar results is found by Nadia et al (2009)
stature of adolescent girls aged 11-17 years. The the mean mid upper arm circumference
height increases in girls from the age of 9 years
(MUAC) and arm muscle area (AMA) for girls faster rate than the numerator of the ratio
gradually increased with age up to 17 years. (Malina, 1974).
BMI and GMT of skinfold do not show With age physiological fitness also starts
steady increase with age. There is fluctuation, stabilizing. But at the present study there is
but a definite trend of increase witnessed would relative decline in heart rate and pulse rate.
entail this due to increase in fat mass. This Comparatively higher heart rate and pulse rate
increase in fatness established the fact that there at an earlier age could be imputed to higher
continues to be increase in fat content in females metabolic rate as well as relatively low blood
throughout life. The fluctuation could be a pressure. Breath holding time displays a steady
reflection of fluctuation for fat stores as fat is increase with age.
depleted incase of faster growth phase (Kapoor An attempt was made to correlate the
et al 1998, Parizkova 1977, Sinha and Kapoor various adiposity measures and cardiovascular
2006). There is an increase in BMI from 9 years functions in different age groups and it was
to 16 years in the present study on preadolescent concluded that the correlations vary from
and adolescent girls of Solan, Himachal Pradesh variable to variable in all the groups. The
with a slight dip from 11 years to 12 years. correlation coefficients reflect an inconsistent
Waist/hip ratio (WHR) is used as index pattern. As far as correlations between
of obesity and regional fat distribution in cardiovascular functions and adiposity measure
epidemiological studies. The decreases of mean are concerned there is significant correlation
of waist-hip ratio in the age group 9 years-16 between blood pressure and BMI, GMT and
years among the growing Rajput females WHR till 12 years, but in later years no such
implies gynoid fat distribution during the pattern is observed. Deshmukh et al (2006)
growing period. During adolescence, there is found strong correlation between systolic blood
widening of the pelvis resulting into broader pressure and diastolic blood pressure with body
hips relative to their waist, hence the mass index and waist circumference in Wardha
ratio decreases as the denominator increases at a district of Central India.
Acknowledgement
Authors gratefully acknowledge Prof. A. K. are indebted to Rajput females of Solan district,
Kapoor, Department of Anthropology, Himachal Pradesh for their cooperation and help
University of Delhi for timely suggestions. They during data collection.
REFERENCES:
Abbassi Val 2000 The National Center for 2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines
Health Statistics. on the management and prevention of
Barness L A., Opitz J M., Gilbert-Barness obesity in adults and children. CMAJ
E .2007. Obesity: genetic, molecular, and .176(8): S1–13.
environmental aspects. Am. J. Med. Genet. R.M. Malina, 1974. Adolescent changes in
143A(24): 3016–34 size, build, composition, and performance.
Bleich S, Cutler D, Murray C., Adams A.
Human Biology 46:117-131
2008. Why is the developed world obese?
Gharib Nadia M. and Rasheed P. 2009.
Annu Rev Public Health. .29: 273–95
Anthropometry and body composition of
Deshmukh P R., Gupta. S S, Dongre A R,
school children in Bahrain. Ann Saudi Med.
Bharambe M S., Maliye C, Kaur S, Garg B
29(4): 258–269.
S. 2006. Relationship of anthropometric
Parizkova J. 1977 Body fat and physical
indicators with blood pressure levels in
fitness. The Hague, Martinus Nijhiff, B V
Rural Wardha. India J Med Res. 123: 657-
664 Med. Div.
Sinha R and Kapoor S. 2006 Parent-Child

Haslam D W, James W P. 2005.Obesity.
Lancet 366(9492): 1197–209. Correlation for Various Indices of Adiposity
in an Endogamous Indian Population. Coll.
Kapoor S, Patra P K, Sandhu S and Kapoor
Antrop. 30: 291-296.
A K. 1998 Fatness and its distribution
Sinha R and Kapoor S 2009 Gender
pattern among Jat Sikhs. J.Ind. Anthrop. Soc.
difference in fat indices as evident in two
33:223-228.
generations. Anthrop. Anz. 67: 153-163.
Kotchen TA, Grim CE, Kotchen JM,
Tanner J M. 1962. Growth at adolescence,
Krishnaswami S, Yang H, Hoffmann RG,
2nd edition Blackwell Scientific Publication,
McGinley EL 2008. Altered relationship of
Oxford.
blood pressure to adiposity in hypertension.
Tyagi R, Kapoor S, Kapoor A K. 2005.
Am J Hypertens, 21b: 284-289.
Lau D C, Douketis J D, Morrison K M, Body composition and fat distribution
pattern of elderly females, Delhi, India. Coll.
Hramiak I M, Sharma A M, Ur E .2007.
Anthropol..29(2):493-498.
CORRESPONDENCE
*Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India. **Faculty of Anthropology, Indira Gandhi National
Open University, New Delhi, India.** *Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India.
Exploration of the History of Physiotherapy
Krishna Nand Sharma* BPT, MPT (Neuro)
Abstract: Physiotherapy or Physical Therapy or PT, is a conservative science of the treatment

and management after the clinical examination, assessment and diagnosis of the diseases for
restoration of the neuro-musculo-skeletal and Cardio-pulmonary efficiencies, managing pain
and certain integumentary disorders with the help of physical means like radiation, heat, cold,
exercise, current, waves, manipulation, mobilization etc. Many organizations describe
physiotherapy in their ways. This paper explores the historical roots of physiotherapy.
INTRODUCTION
Physiotherapy or Physical Therapy The Maharashtra OT PT Council defines

or PT, is a conservative science of the the physiotherapy as: “ a branch of
treatment and management after the medical science which includes
clinical examination, assessment and examination, assessment, interpretation,
diagnosis of the diseases for restoration of physical diagnosis, planning and execution
the neuro-musculo-skeletal and Cardio- of treatment and advice to any person for
pulmonary efficiencies, managing pain and the purpose of the preventing correcting,
certain integumentary disorders with the alleviating and limiting dysfunction, acute
help of physical means like radiation, heat, and chronic bodily malfunction including
cold, exercise, current, waves, life saving measures via chest
manipulation, mobilization etc. physiotherapy in the intensive care unites,
Various organizations have defines curing physical disorders or disability
the Physiotherapy in their own words. Few promoting physical fitness, facilitating
definitions of them are given below: healing and pain relief and treatment of
The APTA defines the physiotherapy as: physical and psychosomatic disorders
“clinical applications in the restoration, through modulating physiological and
maintenance, and promotion of optimal physical response using physical agents,
physical function. ” 1 activities and devices including exercises,
mobilization, manipulation, therapeutic
ultrasound, electrical and thermal agents Sweden. The Swedish word for physical
and electrotherapy for diagnosis, treatment therapist is “sjukgymnast” (sick-gymnast).
2
and prevention. ” Per Henrik Ling who is called he Father of
Physiotherapists use the patient’s Swedish Gymnastics founded the Royal
history and physical examination to make Central Institute of Gymnastics (RCIG) in
the diagnosis and establish a management 1813 for massage, manipulation, and
plan and in necessity they incorporate the exercise.
results of laboratory, imaging studies and The first use of the word
Electrodiagnostic testing. physiotherapy is found in German
Physiotherapy is concerned with Language as the word “Physiotherapie” in
identifying and maximizing the quality of 1851 by a military physician Dr.Lorenz
life and movement potential within the Gleich.5
spheres of promotion, prevention, Physiotherapists were given
treatment or intervention, habilitation and official registration by Sweden’s National
rehabilitation which encompasses the Board of Health and Welfare in 1887
physical, psychological, emotional, and which was then followed by other
social well being. countries. The word “Physiotherapy” was
The texts reveals that the coined by an English physician Dr.Edward
physiotherapy was rooted in 460 B.C. Playter in the Montreal Medical Journal in
when the physicians like Hippocrates and 1894 after 43 years of the German term
later Galenus who may be believed to have “Physiotherapie”. In his words- “The
been the first practitioners of physical application of these natural remedies, the
therapy used to advocate massage, manual essentials of life, as above named, may be
therapy techniques and hydrotherapy to termed natural therapeutics. Or, if I may be
3
treat people. permitted to coin from the Greek a new
th
In the 18 century, after the term, for I have never observed it in print,
development of orthopedics, machines like a term more in accordance with medical
the Gymnasticon were developed for the nomenclature than the word hygienic
treatment of gout and similar diseases by treatment commonly used, I would suggest
systematic exercise of the joints, similar to the term, Physiotherapy” .6
later developments in physical therapy.4 In the same year four nurses Lucy
The earliest documented origin of Marianne Robinson, Rosalind Paget,
the actual physiotherapy is found to be in Elizabeth Anne Manley and Margaret
Dora Palmerin in Great Britain formed the March 1921 in “The PT Review”. In the
Chartered Society of Physiotherapy.7 same year, Mary McMillan organized the
The first documented professional physiotherapy association named the
institution for Physio- therapy training was American Women’s Physical Therapeutic
School of Physiotherapy at the University Association which is currently known as
of Otago in New Zealand which run an the American Physical Therapy
entry level program in physiotherapy.8 Association (APTA).
After this the next year or in 1914 Primarily in the 1940s the
in United States, Reed College in Portland, treatment consisted of exercise, massage,
9
Oregon, graduated “reconstruction aides”. and traction but later in the early 1950s the
The establishment of the modern Manipulative procedures to the spine and
physical therapy is thought to be in Britain extremity joints began to be practiced
towards the end of the 19th century. The especially in the British Commonwealth
American orthopedic surgeons started countries, in the early 1950s.10, 11
treating the disable children and started
employing women trained in physical
education, massage, and remedial exercise.
It was promoted further during the Polio
outbreak of 1916 and during the First
World War when the women were
working with the injured soldiers.
The first physical therapy research
was published in the United States in
REFERENCES
1. http:/ / www. apta. org/ / AM/ Template. 4. American Physical Therapy

cfm?Section=& WebsiteKey= Association. “ Discovering Physical
2. Maharashtra Act No. II of 2004. Therapy. What is physical therapy ”
Mharashtra Govern- ment Gazzet. 12 Jan (http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?S
2994. Part 8:5-29 ection= Consumers1& Template=/ CM/
3. Wharton MA. Health Care Systems I; HTMLDisplay. cfm& ContentID=39568).
Slippery Rock University. 1991 American Physical Therapy Asso- ciation.
. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
5. Tertouw TJA. Letter to editor-the origin asp). School of Physiotherapy Centre for
of the term “ Physiotherapy ” . Physiother Phys- iotherapy Research. University of
Res Int. 2006; 11:56-57 Otago. Archived from the original (http:/ /
6. Playter E. Physiotherapy First: Nature’s physio. otago. ac. nz/ about/ history. asp)
medicaments before drug remedies; on 2007-12-24. . Retrieved 2008-05-29.
particularly relating to hydrotherapy. 9. Reed College (n.d.). “ Mission and
Montreal Medical Journal. 1894;xxii:811- History ” (http:/ / www. reed. edu/
827 about_reed/ history. html). About Reed.
7. Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Reed College. . Retrieved 2008-05-29.
(n.d.). “ History of the Chartered Society 10. McKenzie, R A (1998). The cervical
of Physiotherapy ” (http:/ / www. csp. org. and thoracic spine: mechanical diagnosis
uk/ director/ about/thecsp/ history. cfm). and therapy. New Zealand: Spinal
Char- tered Society of Physiotherapy. . Publications Ltd..pp. 16–20. ISBN 978-
Retrieved 2008-05- 29 0959774672.
8. Knox, Bruce (2007-01-29). “ History of 11. McKenzie, R (2002). “ Patient Heal
the School of Physiotherapy ” (http:/ / Thyself ” . World- wide Spine &
web. archive. org/ web/ 20071224020426/ Rehabilitation 2 (1): 16–20.
http:/ / physio.otago. ac. nz/ about/ history.
CORRESPONDENCE
*Academic Chairman: Institute for Health & Wellness
Address: Institute for Health & Wellness, Dr.L.Sharma Campus, Muhammadabad Gohana, Mau, U.P., India.
Pin-276403. Email: dr.krisharma@gmail.com Cont: +91-9320699167
Effectiveness of Proprioceptive Training over Strength Training in

Improving the Balance of Cerebral Palsy Children with Impaired Balance
Kuki Bordoloi* MPT (Neuro), Nidhi Sharma** MPT (Neuro)
Abstract: This is an experimental study with same subject design. Proprioceptive training and
strengthening exercises is a promising therapy to improve the balance in CP subjects with
impaired balance.The study intended to find out the effectiveness of Proprioceptive training
and strength training exercises on balance of the CP subjects and which of them is more
effective. 30 male or/and female patient of CP with impaired balance will be taken and
randomly divided in to two groups. Group A will be treated with by proprioceptive training
and group B will be treated with strength training for 12 week. Both group will assess with
Timed-Up and Go (TUG) scale and Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) in starting and at the end of
12 weeks. The result will be statically analyzed using t-test for significance between the two
groups. After a 13-week training period, the ‘t’ test and ‘p’ values were found significant with
values 4.747 & 0.003 for TUG&PBS score respectively stating that there is significant effect
when using Proprioceptive training than giving strength training for improving balance in
geriatric subject with impaired balance. The result states that there is a significant effect when
using Proprioceptive Training than giving Strength Training for improving balance in the C.P.
subjects. So the proprioceptive training should be emphasized in the daily exercise regime of
C.P. subjects to improve their balance.
Key words: Balance, fall prevention, Strength training, Proprioceptive training.
INTRODUCTION
Cerebral palsy is an umbrella term It is caused by damage to the motor

encompassing a group of non-progressive control centers of the developing brain and
[1]
, non-contagious motor conditions that can occur during pregnancy, during
cause physical disability in human childbirth or after birth up to about age
development, chiefly in the various areas three.[4] The motor disorders of cerebral
of body movement.[2] It is a non- palsy are often accompanied by
progressive disorder of motor function.[3] disturbances of sensation, perception,
cognition, communication, and behaviour, ways and to varying degrees in each

by epilepsy, and by secondary individual. Impairments present in children
[5]
musculoskeletal problems. It used to with CP as a direct result of the brain
describe diverse group of disorders of injury or occurring indirectly to
movement, posture and tone due to central compensate for underlying problems
[4]
nervous system insult. In developed include abnormal muscle tone; weakness
countries, the overall estimated prevalence and lack of fitness; limited variety of
of CP is 2-2.5 cases per 1000 live births. muscle synergies; contracture and altered
[34]
The prevalence of CP among preterm biomechanics, the net result being limited
and very preterm infants is substantially functional ability.[10] Other contributors to
higher.[6] the motor disorder include sensory,
cognitive and perceptual impairments.[10]
Balance can be defined as a
complex process revolving the reception Proprioception is a sense produced
and integration of sensory input, and the by the sensory receptors that are sensitive
planning and execution of movement, to to pressure in the tissues that surround
achieve a goal required in upright them.[11] They are also present in the bones
posture.[7] The control of balance requires of the legs, arms or other parts of the body
the integration of information from and these receptors response to stretches of
multiple sensory and motor systems by the the muscle surrounding them and send
central nervous system (CNS).[8] Balance impulse through the sensory nerve fibers
receptors in the inner ear (vestibular to the brain.[11] Decline in dynamic
system) provide information to CNS about position sense is associated with decrease
[9]
the head and body movements. The eye in the balance of C.P. children and this
(visual system) provides input regarding decline in proprioception can be prevented
the body’s orientation and motion within or improved by Proprioceptive training.[12]
the environment.[7] The position and In a study Edward R Laskowski et al
motion sensory of the muscle and joints, (1997) shown that proprioception based
and the touch receptors of the extremities rehabilitation programs improved
(proprioceptive system) send signals objectives measurements of functional
regarding bodily position particularly in status, independent of changes in joint
[7]
relation to the supporting surface. laxity and proprioception can be improved
through Proprioceptive training.[12]
The balance disorder of cerebral
palsy (CP) is expressed in a variety of
Muscle strength is another factor Recent research has focused on muscle

that plays an important role in balance and weakness. ‘Wiley and Damino’ and Ross
[7]
mobility. Muscle weakness can be major and Engsberg’ described muscle is more
problem for many young people with pronounced distally and found imbalance
[7]
cerebral palsy. Training of muscle across joints. Balance control is important
strength and coordination has been for competence in the performance of most
recommended to improve motor function. functional skills, helping a child to recover
[13]
Bobath considered spasticity to be the from unexpected balance disturbances,
main problem in spastic C.P. and either due to slips and trips or to self
suggested that resistance training should induced instability when walking a
be avoided, but Carr stated that it is not the movement that brings them towards edge
presence of spasticity but the negative of their limit of stability.[16]
feature of weakness and loss of skills
Many studies have been conducted
which are the major barriers to improve
to show the individual effect of
function. Many studies have reported
Proprioceptive training and strength
positive result in strength training in
training to improve the balance of C.P.
spastic children.[14] Possible factors
subjects. Hence this studies aims to
interfering with normal gait pattern in
analyze the effectiveness of both treatment
cerebral child includes spasticity, muscle
technique and prove the better
contracture, bony deformities loss of
effectiveness by comparing Proprioceptive
selective motor and muscle weakness.[15]
training and Strength training.
METHODOLOGY
Sample selection Children below 8 years and above 14

The selection criteria are listed below. years, Children with any other
Inclusion Criteria: CP subjects with age neurological impairment, Children with
group of 8-14 years, With normal I.Q. audio visual impairment, Non ambulatory
(assessed by psychologist), Can follow patients.
commands, Both boys and girls subjects,
Measurement tools
CP subjects who had fall at least twice a
day, Subject who scored greater than 20 Timed up and go scale
second in TUG test. Exclusion Criteria:
Timed up and go scale provides a reliable they were referred to physiotherapy

quick screening measure. Many researches department by neurologist.
indicate that most adult can complete the
Method
test in 10 seconds. A score of 11 to 20
seconds are considered within normal limit The children were randomly divided in
for frail elderly or individual with a two groups of 15 children each. All the
disability whereas score over 20 seconds subjects were measured for functional
are indicative of impaired functional balance using Timed Up & Go Test and
mobility. To perform this, the subject is in Pediatric Balance Scale before start the
sitting position and a visible object is training period and at the end of thirteen
placed 3 meter away from the patient. The weeks of training.
subject is instructed to get up and walk
Group A was trained with the
down till the object and return to the seat.
Proprioceptive training whereas the Group
During this task timing is maintained with
B was trained with the Strength training.
a stopwatch and the time taken for it is
recorded. A score greater than 20 seconds Protocol
is associated with high risk in community
Strength training
dwelling older adults.
Berg Balance Scale All the subjects were treated with lower
The Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS), a extremity strengthening exercises using
modification of Berg's Balance Scale, was weight cuff. A standardized weight of one
developed as a balance measure for repetition maximum (1RM) was
school-age children with mild to moderate considered for the subjects. 1RM was
motor impairments.It is used to assess determined before the training for all the
balance and mobility which has 14 subjects.
functional tasks commonly performed in
A repetition of 8 to 15 times were
everyday life with scores ranging from 0-
done for all the strengthening exercises for
4, with a maximum score of 56.
duration of 30 minutes per session; with 5
minutes rest period in between for five
Procedure
days a week and were continued for 13
Patients were selected on the assessment weeks.
and diagnosis of their condition and put on
The following exercises were then
the inclusion and exclusion criteria after
given and it was ensured that the position
of subjects in all form of exercises were kept on the thigh or on the side of the
comfortable. chair, and then the right leg with the
weight cuff was extended slowly in front,
1. Side leg rising
parallel to the floor for a period of 3
Subjects were made to lie in side lying seconds. With right leg in that position, the
position and instructed to abduct the upper foot was flexed so that the toes were
leg tied with weight cuffs slightly about 6- pointing towards head; the foot was held in
12 inches. This position was held for that position for 1-2 seconds. Duration of 3
sometime and then the leg was lowered. seconds was taken to lower the leg back to
Same exercise was repeated with the other the starting position, so that the balls of the
leg. foot rested on the floor again. The same
procedure was repeated with the other leg.
2. Knee flexion exercise
5. Ankle Dorsiflexion
Subjects were made to sit on high chair or
table, the knee was bent slowly as far as Sitting on the chair with back support, the
possible, so that the foot with the weight subject was asked to lift the foot tied with
cuff was bent behind. The subject was a weight cuff so that the toes were pointing
asked to hold the position and then the foot towards the head. Then the subject was
was lowered slowly all the way back asked to hold and slowly return to the
down. The same procedure was repeated original position. The same procedure was
with the other leg. repeated with the other leg.
3. Hip Extension Exercise Proprioceptive Training
Subjects were made to lie on prone Subjects in Group A were given proper
position and one leg with weight cuff was warm up for 5-10 minutes before starting
lifted slowly straight upwards. The subject the treatment in the form of simple
was asked to hold the position and then the stretching (Quadriceps and hamstring
leg was lowered. The same procedure was stretch) and free exercises (knee flexion
repeated with the other leg. and extension in side lying and high
sitting).[63]
4. Knee Extension Exercise
All the proprioceptive exercises
Sitting on the chair with back support, the
were performed for duration of 30 minutes
subject was asked to rest the balls of the
per session; with 5 minutes rest period in
feet & toes on the floor. The hands were
between for three days a week and were 4. To perform one leg standing with
continued for 13 weeks. one foot raised to the back and to
maintain the position for minimum
The Proprioceptive training included the
3 seconds. This procedure was
following exercises
performed with eyes closed also.
1. Stair climbing up and down (a 5. Same exercise as above performed
regular 3 steps staircase). but with one foot raised to the
2. Standing with feet approximately front. This procedure was then
shoulder-width apart and arms performed with eyes closed.
extended out slightly forward 6. Walking heel to toes.
lower than the shoulder, then 7. Rising from a standard chair (4
lifting both heel off the floor and to times) without arm support.
hold the position for 10 seconds,
followed by climbing regular steps Data analysis
staircase. This procedure was Data analysis was performed using the
performed with eyes closed also. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
3. Standing with feet side by side & (SPSS) for windows version 17 (SPSS
holding the arms in same position Inc., Chicago, U.S.A.). The data were
as described above, one foot is analyzed using parametric (dependent‘t’
placed on the inside of the test and independent‘t’ test) and
opposing ankle and to hold the nonparametric (Wilcoxon Signed Ranks
position for 10 seconds. Followed and Mann-Whitney Test) test to find the
by climbing regular steps staircase. significance of the interventions used
This procedure was performed with within and between the group A and B.
eyes closed also. The significant level set for this study was
95% (p<0.05).
RESULTS & INTERPRETATION:
Thirty Cerebral Palsy patients were part of In Group A, 15 subjects with an

the study. Both the groups (A and B) average age of 12.4 yrs (SD=1.96) and in
included 15 patients each, with 11 male Group B, 15 subjects with an average age
and 4 females in group A and 12 male and of 12.1 yrs (SD=1.79) completed the
3 females in group B. Age group taken study.
was between 8-14 yrs with mean age of
12.33 yrs (SD=1.85).
Table 1.1: Comparison of Gender of patients in both groups
Male Female
Group A 11 4
Group B 12 3
Total 23 7
Table 1.2: Comparison of Mean and SD of Age of Patients in both groups
Mean SD
Male 12.8 1.25
Group A
Female 11.3 3.20
Male 11.8 1.80
Group B
Female 13 1.73
Group A 12.4 1.96
Total
Group B 12.1 1.79
Table 1.3 Descriptive statistics of TUG Tests prior to and post study
Mean N Std. Deviation
TUGAPR 23.667 15 1.799
TUGAPS 19.933 15 1.534
TUGBPR 23.333 15 1.676
TUGBPS 21.000 15 1.414
Table 1.4 Descriptive statistics of PBS Tests prior to and post study
Mean N Std. Deviation
PBSAPR 42.1 15 1.792
PBSAPS 47.3 15 2.086
PBSBPR 43.1 15 1.685
PBSBPS 45.9 15 1.995
Interpretation pre and post test means values for TUG
The table 1.1 states that total 30 patients test It clearly shows that individually both
including 7 females were kept in two Proprioceptive training and Strength
groups A and B. The group A included 11 training produced improvement in
males and 4 females whereas the group B Cerebral palsy patients with respect to
included 12 males and 3 females. Stating TUG test but the improvement in the A
that the mean age of total patients was 12.4 which had had the Proprioceptive training
in group A and 12.1 in group B the table showed more improvement. This is again
1.2 shows the mean age of male and confirmed with the findings of PBS test in
female in group A and the male and table 1.4 which states that although both
female in group B as 12.8, 11.3, 11.8, and the groups showed improvement, the
13 respectively. The table 1.3 shows the group A had better findings than group B.
.Timed Up and Go Test:
Table 2.1 Dependent ‘t’ test performed with the pre & post values of TUG test for
significance within the groups
Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Within Group Difference` T Df P
Std.
Mean SD Error Lower Upper
Mean
TUG A Pre – TUG A Post 3.73333 .88372 .22817 3.24395 4.22272 16.362 14 0.003*
TUG B Pre – TUG B Post 2.33333 .72375 .18687 1.93254 2.73413 12.486 14 0.002*
*-Significant
Table 2.2: Independent ‘t’ test performed with the pre & post values of TUG test for
significance between the groups
Independent Samples Test

t-test for Equality of Means
Levene's Test for
95% Confidence
Equality of
Interval of the
Variances
Between Group Difference
Std.
Mean
F Sig. T Df P Error Lower Upper
Diff.
Diff.
Equal
TUG A-
variances .429 .518 4.747 28 0.003* 1.4000 .29493 .79586 2.004
TUG B
assumed
*-Significant
Interpretation improvement in Cerebral palsy patients

within their group with respect to TUG
The table 2.1 shows that the value of ‘t’ as
test.
16.362 and 12.486 for TUG Test in Group
A and Group B respectively in dependent The table 2.2 shows that the value
‘t’ test. The ‘t’ value is significant at of ‘t’ as 4.747 in independent ‘t’ test. The
p<0.5. Graph 4 representing the mean value of ‘t’ is greater even at p<0.05,
values of Pre and Post values of Timed Up which is significant. Hence there was
& Go test show improvement within the significant difference in improvement
group A and B respectively. Hence between Proprioceptive training and
individually both Proprioceptive training Strength training in Cerebral Palsy
and Strength training produced significant patients with respect to TUG test.
Pediatric Balance Scale test:
Table 3.1: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
Within Group PBSAPR - PBSAPS PBSBPR – PBSBPS

Z -3.442 -3.432
P 0.002* 0.002*
*-Significant
Table 3.2: Mann-Whitney Test
GROUP N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks
A 15 21.97 329.50
PBS B 15 9.03 135.50
Total 30
*-Significant
Table 3.3: Mann-Whitney and Wilicoxon test performed with the pre & post values of
PBS test for significance between the group
Between Group PBS
Mann-Whitney U 15.500
Wilcoxon W 135.500
Z -4.083
P 0.003*
*-Significant
Interpretation: PBS show improvement within the

group A and B respectively. Thus there
The table 3.1 shows that the value of ‘p’
is significant improvement on PBS in
as 0.002 for Group A and Group B
Cerebral palsy patients after
when compared within the group
Proprioceptive training and Strength
respectively. Graph 5 representing the
training within their group respectively.
mean values of Pre and Post values of
The table 3.3 shows that the value between Proprioceptive training and
of ‘p’ as 0.003 and hence significant. Strength training in Cerebral Palsy
Hence we can state that there was patients with respect to PBS test.
significant difference in improvement
Table – 4.1 Mean of improvement in all the parameters between group a & Group B
Parameters Group A Group B
TUG 3.73 2.33
PBS 5.19 2.73
Interpretation:
The above table 4.1 and the graph 6,

clearly indicates that the Proprioceptive
training produced more improvement in
the selected parameters (TUG, PBS)
when compared with Strength training in Graph 2: Comparison of Mean and SD
Cerebral palsy patients. of Age of Patients between both groups
and total.
Graph 1: Comparison of both the

groups and the total on the basis of Graph 3: Comparison of Mean and SD
gender of Patients of pre study values of both groups
Graph 6: Comparison of ‘Mean of

Graph 4: Comparison of Mean and SD Improvement’ in all the parameters
of Pre and Post values of Timed Up & between Group A and Group B.
Go test
Graph 5: Comparison of Mean and SD

of Pre and Postt values of Pediatric
Balance Scale
DISCUSSION:
In this study, better improvements in tool are standard tools to analyze balance.
balance outcome were analyzed using Proprioceptive training exercises were
proprioceptive training and strength given to improve the balance by improving
training. This study was done on 30 CP the decreased sense of proprioception in
children with impaired balance who were older age group where as Strength training
divided in to experimental Group
Group-A was given to improve the balance by
treated with Proprioceptive training and improving the strength of lower extremity
Group-B with Strength training. muscles.
The balance was taken as the The improvements in functional

dependant
endant variable which was measured balance due to Proprioceptive training may
using Timed Up & Go test (TUG) and be attributed to the improvemen
improvement of
Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS). Both this mechanoreceptor activation. Structural
changes in the muscle, bone and joints These results were in accord with
during old age accounts for the decreased Gauchard GC et al (1999) to improve
efficiency of the proprioceptors. balance by proprioceptive training. Studies
Researchers reason that proprioceptive done by Pierre Gangloff et al (2003) also
training can improve the joint and supports our results, which prove that
kinesthetic sensation to a greater extent proprioceptive training exercises, improve
that the falls and risk of fall can be reduced balance in subjects with impaired balance.
among the subjects. This supports the experimental hypothesis
hence the null hypothesis was rejected.
Edward R Laskowski et al also
stated that the decline in dynamic position The result of the present study
sense is associated with decrease in the indicates that effect of proprioceptive
balance of C.P. children and this decline in training had a proven effect over strength
proprioception can be prevented or training. All participants in the
improved by Proprioceptive training.My proprioceptive training group declared that
study confirms the study by Edward R their balance had improved and most of
Laskowski et al (1997) which showed that them were motivated to continue with the
proprioception based rehabilitation training. Hence proprioceptive training
programs improved objectives should be emphasized in the daily exercise
measurements of functional status, regime of CP subjects to improve their
independent of changes in joint laxity and mobility and functional status.
proprioception can be improved through
proprioceptive training. [68]
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2008-02-06. newcomer-Aney, MD; Jaysmith,
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National Health and Nutrition 15. Phil Page.Knee osteoarthritis:
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CORRESPONDENCE:
*Neuro-Physiotherapist, GNRC, Guwahati, Assam. Email: kukzzmail@gmail.com Cont: +91-8822485959.
**HOD, Dept of Physiotherapy, AIER, Ghaziabad, U.P., India
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Volume: 1 ● No: 1 ● Year: 2012

Scientific Research Journal of India

An open access journal

Scientific Research Journal of India ( SRJI )

Dr. Popiha Bordoloi, Ph.D.

Vermicompost: A Source of soil fertility management in organic farming

P. Bordoloi*, A. Arunachalam**, K. Arunachalam*** & S.C. Garkoti****

Key words: Vermicomposting technology, biodegradable waste, Arunachal Pradesh.

Material and Methods

An experiment was conducted to evaluate Industries Commission (KVIC), Midpu,

Results and Discussion

Table 1. Cost of production of non tank vermicomposting unit (bamboo beam)

1st year 2nd year 3rd year

Table 2. Production of vermicompost in non-tank vermicomposting unit (bamboo beam)

Production in one harvesting 10q 10q 10q

Table 3. Cost of production of tank type vermicomposting unit (cemented type)

1st year 2nd year 3rd year

Table 4. Production of vermicompost in tank type vermicomposting unit (cemented type)

1st year 2nd year 3rd year

Production in one harvesting 10q 10q 10q

Growth Status among Females of Solan District of Himachal Pradesh

Trinayani Bordoloi*, Rashmi Sinha** and Satwanti Kapoor***

Key words: Anthropometry, Rajput females, Body Mass Index.

Table1: Basic information of Rajput females in different age groups.

Table2: Adiposity assessed by BMI, WHR, WC, GMT

Variables BMI GMT

*p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001

Table3: The various physiological variables of the subjects.

Discussion in study conducted by the Abbassi (2000). It is

Sinha R and Kapoor S. 2006 Parent-Child

Exploration of the History of Physiotherapy

Krishna Nand Sharma* BPT, MPT (Neuro)

Abstract: Physiotherapy or Physical Therapy or PT, is a conservative science of the treatment

Physiotherapy or Physical Therapy The Maharashtra OT PT Council defines

1. http:/ / www. apta. org/ / AM/ Template. 4. American Physical Therapy

Effectiveness of Proprioceptive Training over Strength Training in

Kuki Bordoloi* MPT (Neuro), Nidhi Sharma** MPT (Neuro)

Key words: Balance, fall prevention, Strength training, Proprioceptive training.

Cerebral palsy is an umbrella term It is caused by damage to the motor

cognition, communication, and behaviour, ways and to varying degrees in each

Muscle strength is another factor Recent research has focused on muscle

Sample selection Children below 8 years and above 14

Timed up and go scale provides a reliable they were referred to physiotherapy

3. Hip Extension Exercise Proprioceptive Training

RESULTS & INTERPRETATION:

Thirty Cerebral Palsy patients were part of In Group A, 15 subjects with an

Table 1.1: Comparison of Gender of patients in both groups

Table 1.2: Comparison of Mean and SD of Age of Patients in both groups

Male 12.8 1.25

Female 11.3 3.20

Male 11.8 1.80

Group A 12.4 1.96

Group B 12.1 1.79

Mean N Std. Deviation

TUGAPR 23.667 15 1.799

TUGAPS 19.933 15 1.534

TUGBPR 23.333 15 1.676

TUGBPS 21.000 15 1.414

Mean N Std. Deviation

PBSAPR 42.1 15 1.792

PBSAPS 47.3 15 2.086

PBSBPR 43.1 15 1.685

PBSBPS 45.9 15 1.995

Interpretation pre and post test means values for TUG

P. Bordoloi, A. Arunachalam, K. Arunachalam & S.C. Garkoti****

Trinayani Bordoloi, Rashmi Sinha and Satwanti Kapoor

p<0.05 p<0.01 p<0.001