Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BTT Notes PDF
BTT Notes PDF
for
Page 1
Provisional Driving
Licence (PDL)
Classes of Driving
Licences
Class 1: Motor vehicles (< 250kg when unladen) for the use by persons
suffering from some physical defect or disability
Class 3: Motor cars not exceeding 3,000kg & carry not more than 7 passengers
(excl. driver) & motor tractors not exceeding 2,500kg
Class 3A: Same as Class 3, except that the motor cars come without clutch
pedal (Automatic Transmission)
Class 4A: Omnibuses
Class 4: Heavy motor cars/tractors exceeding 2,500kg
Class 5: Motor vehicles exceeding 7,250kg & are not constructed to carry any
load
Probationary Drivers
nd
Page 2
MANDATORY SIGNS - The following signs are compulsory & must be obeyed
Turn Left Only
Go Straight
Only
Split Traffic
(Go either side)
Stop for
children to
cross the road
Give Way
- Slow down &
stop if necessary
No Stopping
No Left Turn
(No boarding or
alighting)
(Immediate
boarding or
alighting allowed)
No Right Turn
Width Limit
(Max 2.3m)
Height Limit
(Max 4.5m)
Weight Limit
(Max 10 tonnes)
No Honking
(except to
prevent an
accident)
No Entry for
Motorcycles &
Pedal Cycles
No Entry for
Vehicles with 3
or more axels
No Entry to
Motorcycles
No Entry for
Lorries
No Overtaking
Right Bend
- Slow down
- Keep Left
- No Overtake
- No U-Turn
- No Parking
Bends
- Slow down
- Keep Left
- No Overtake
- No U-Turn
- No Parking
Cross Junction
- Slow down
- Beware of
approaching
T Junction
- Slow down
- Give way to
from Left & Right
Side Road
- Slow down
- Beware of
Left
Side Road
- Slow down
- Beware of
from Right
Y Junction
- Slow down
- Beware of
from Left & Right
Y Junction
- Slow down
- Beware of
Left
Y junction
- Slow down
- Beware of
from Right
Merging Traffic
- Slow down
- Beware of
from Left
Staggered Junction
- Slow down
- Beware of
from
Left & Right
from
from
Page 3
2-way Traffic
Ahead
- Slow down
- Keep Left
2-way Traffic
across 1-way
- Slow down
- Beware of
from Left & Right
Narrow 1 Side
- Slow down
- No Overtake
- No U-Turn
- No Parking
Narrow 2 Side
- Slow down
- No Overtake
- No U-Turn
- No Parking
Lane Merge
- Slow down
- Beware of
from Left or Right
End of DualCarriageway
- Slow down
- Keep Left
Roundabout
- Slow down
- Stop if necessary
- Give way to
from Right
Light Signals
Ahead
- Slow down
- Beware of signal
change
Pedestrians Crossing
Ahead
- Slow down
- Stop for
Electronic Road
Pricing
- Entry is
chargeable during
restricted hours
Expressway Ahead
Accident Area
- Slow down
- Some types of
vehicles are not
allowed
Road works
- Slow down
- No Overtake
- No Parking
Vehicle Breakdown
- Placed 20m or more
from rear
Slippery Road
- Slow down.
Uneven Road
- Slow down
- Keep Left
- No Overtake
Road hump
- Slow down
- Keep Left
- No Overtake
Up / Down Slope
- Keep Left
- Lower Gear
-No Overtake,
U-turn/Parking
Gated level
crossing
- Slow down
- Beware of gate
closing
Ungated level
crossing
- Slow down
- Beware of train
coming
Children
- Slow down
- Beware of children
Elderly People
- Slow down
- Beware of elderly
people
Road leading to
quay/river
bank/sea
- Slow down
- Road ending
Animals
- Slow down
- Beware of animals
Barrier
- Slow down
U-Turn Allowed
Ahead
Page 4
One-way traffic
- You may turn
Left or Right
One-Way Street
End of Expressway
- Slow down
Start of
Expressway
No Through Road
on Right side
No Through Road
White Stick
- Slow down, give
way to blind people
Bus stop
- No parking or
stopping within 9
metres
TRAFFIC SIGNS FOR TUNNELS - Traffic using the tunnel should obey these signs.
Flashing Amber
- Open for use
- Slow down for potential obstructions
ahead
Tunnel Ahead
Green
- Open for use
Red
- Lane Closed
EMAS SIGNS - EMAS stands for Expressway Monitoring & Advisory System
Caution
- Slow down
Congestion
- Slow down
Accident
- Slow down
Vehicle
Breakdown
- Slow down
Road Works
- Slow down.
Recommended
Speed
Lane Reduction
- Slow down,
obstruction at
Lane 4.
Must Exit
- Expressway
closed ahead
Stop Line
- Give way to
- Give way to
Page 5
- Keep Left
- May Park at the Sides
- Keep Left
- No Parking at all time
- Keep Left
- No Parking
- No Crossing of Lines
- No Parking 7am-7pm on
that side except on Sun/PH
- Same as Parallel
Continuous Yellow
- Demerit Pts + Fine
Chevron Channeling
- Do not drive over
Give-Way Triangular
Marking
- X should give way to
on major road
Right-Turn Pocket
st
- 1 right-turning vehicle
stay within pocket until clear
to turn
Green B
All Stop
Left: Proceed
Right-turning
vehicles in front:
Proceed
Others: Stop
Front/Rear: Stop
Right: Proceed
Left: Ready to
stop
Intend to Stop
Hazard Ahead
Right Bend
Ahead due to
Road Works
Road Narrows on
Left
Page 6
- Difficult aspect is to estimate space ahead and also the speed and distance of oncoming vehicles.
- Check your mirrors and blind spots before changing lane to the overtaking lane.
- Check for any traffic sign (No Overtaking) or road markings (Double white line) which forbid overtaking.
- Always overtake on right except when:
- vehicle in front intends to turn right
- you wish to turn left
- queueing vehicles on your right lane moves slower than your lane
- Return to appropriate lane after overtaking when overtaken vehicle can be seen in rear view mirror
- No overtaking at pedestrian crossing, road junction, a bend, up-slope, double white lines, road narrowing
- Do not overtake if it would cause another vehicle to reduce speed or swerve
- When been overtaken, do not increase speed slow down if necessary for overtaking to be completed sooner
- Only overtake ne vehicle at a time, and it should be completed between 5-10 seconds.
- Do not overtake if the vehicle in front of you increases speed or intends to overtake another vehicle
- Oncoming traffic poses a great danger because it is difficult to estimate their speed and head-on collisions are often fatal.
- Correct method of overtaking:
1. Check traffic ahead
7. Tap horn (if necessary to warn the vehicle in front)
2. Check traffic behind
8. Check mirrors
3. Signal right
9. Signal left
4. Check blind spot
10. Move left
5. Move right
11. Cancel signal
6. Accelerate
12. Resume normal speed
ROAD HOGGING
- It is driving at very slow speed especially on the right-hand or centre of the road which would hinder traffic flow and may
cause other vehicles to overtake dangerously on the left.
GIVE WAY RULE AT ROAD JUNCTIONS (WITHOUT TRAFFIC LIGHT SIGNALS)
- Slow down gradually and give way to traffic on major road when approaching a junction.
- Must stop if there is a stop line or sign.
- Vehicles going straight have to be given way, followed by vehicles on your right side.
- Vehicles turning right have to give way to vehicles from all directions.
1
2
3
4
5
- After turning right from a single lane street, take up the extreme right lane (in your direction) first before changing lanes
- Due to the length of the vehicle, do not turn at an acute angle that is too close to the corner of the turn as the rear portion
of your vehicle may strike against the kerb or other objects, even motorcyclists or pedestrians
Page 7
Page 8
- Leaving your side or parking lights on when parking in poorly lit roads at night is advisable
- Do not look directly at the headlights of oncoming vehicles. Keep your visions slightly to the left to avoid being dazzled
- If you are dazzled, slow down and stop if necessary
- Always be alert for flashes from the brake lights of the vehicles in front so as to brake early
- Flash your headlights when approaching bend or the top of a slope to alert other road users of you approaching
- The interior lights reduce your external visibility
- Motorcyclists are required to keep their headlights switched on, day or night
ALCOHOL
- Alcohol and drugs affect your reaction and ability to drive carefully. Reaction time increases, thus reaction is slower.
- Legal limits: 80mg per 100ml of blood, 35ug per 100ml of breath
- Even when the alcohol level is under the legal limit, the driver can still be convicted if it is shown that he/she did not have
proper control of the vehicle as a result of alcoholic intoxication
Penalties:
First Time Drink driver will be fined between $1000 and $5000 or imprisoned for 6 months
Second Time Drink driver will be fined between $3000 and $10,000 and imprisoned up to 1 year
Repeated Time Drink Driver will face enhanced punishment up to 3 times (max. $30,000 fine and 3 years)
Offenders causing death or serious injuries can also be caned up to 6 strokes.
All those convicted will be disqualified from driving for at least 1 year, even if they have not caused any traffic accidents.
LIGHT GOODS VEHICLES
- Passengers carried in lorries or pick-ups should be seated
- Loads on any vehicle, especially those that are external, should always be fastened
HANDPHONE DRIVING
- Drivers caught using handphones whilst driving will be charged in court
- The penalty for a first time offender is a fine not exceeding $1,000 or imprisonment not exceeding 6 months, or both
- The maximum penalty for repeated offenders will be twice as severe as the first ($2,000 fine or/and 6 months jail)
- The offender may be disqualified from driving or given 12 demerit points
- The offender's handphone and SIM card may be seized on the spot to facilitate investigation.
- Repeat offenders who cause death or serious injury may be caned.
- For the offence of handphone driving to stand, ALL the following 3 conditions must be fulfilled:
(a) the vehicle is in motion; and
(b) the driver is holding on to the handphone with one hand; and
(c) the driver is communicating with any person with that handphone.
Page 9
* a narrow road
* an oily patch
* a down-slope
FOLLOWING BEHIND
- Following another vehicle too closely is an act of tailgating
- Tailgating gives you lesser time to react and lesser distance to stop in time
- Tailgating causes stress to the driver in front of you. It is a rude gesture
- The safe following distance is to maintain one car length for every 16km/h of your speed
- Alternatively you may apply the two-second rule
- When following behind, always watch for the brake lights of the vehicle in front of you and also the traffic ahead of it
TWO SECOND RULE (AND FOUR SECOND RULE)
- The two-second rule is a rule of thumb intended to maintain a safe following distance when driving in good condition.
- Your vehicle should pass a stationary object (e.g. sign or lamp post) at least 2 seconds later than the vehicle in front
- The two-second rule works at any speed, but for adverse condition like rain or fog, four seconds are applied instead.
STOPPING DISTANCE
Speed (km/h)
Stopping Distance (metres)
Speed (km/h)
Stopping Distance (metres)
10
4
60
44
20
9
70
58
30
15
80
76
40
22
90
93
50
32
100
112
- The stopping distance consists of reaction distance + braking distance.
- The reaction distance will increase if the driver is tired, tipsy or drowsy.
- The braking distance will increase if the tyre is worn, the road surface is slippery or there is more load.
REVERSING
- Check all mirrors and blind spots
- Turn your head and check the rear windscreen
- If in doubt when view is restricted, seek help
- It is an offence to reverse from a side road to a main road
PEDESTRIAN SAFETY
- Pedestrians have the right-of-way at pedestrians crossings
- Slow down and do not overtake when approaching a pedestrian crossing
- Give way and stop if necessary for pedestrians, even if you have the right of way
- Watch out for pedestrians who may suddenly appear e.g. running children, alighted passengers from buses
- Maintain as wide a distance from a pedestrian or cyclist as possible when driving slowly pass them
- Slow down to avoid splashing water when driving over a pool of water
GENERAL
- The horn should only be used to avoid an accident. It is an offence to use it unnecessarily at some areas e.g. hospital
- You must give way to emergency vehicles with sirens on
- Do not turn on the music at an excessively loud level which can cause you not to hear honks to avoid an accident
- You should not look at other places than the road ahead except to take quick glances at mirrors e.g. turning your head to
Page 10
talk to your passenger, bending down to pick something up, lighting up a cigarette
- Slow down when passing animals
- Slow down when driving on steel-plated areas where construction is under-going as such surface is very slippery
- Avoid driving through flooded areas as the brake may malfunction. To dry the brakes, pump the brake pedal repeatedly
- Driving through flooded areas may cause engine to stall. Turn on the hazard lights, get out of the vehicle and seek help.
STOPPING & MOVING OFF AT TRAFFIC LIGHT JUNCTIONS
WHEN STOPPING
ROAD WORTHINESS
- Tyres to be pumped to correct pressure and have threads >= 1.6mm in depth. Worn tyres are prone to punctures & skids.
- Brakes fluid should not leak and brake pedals should not go all the way to the floorboard when depressed fully
- Steering wheel should not vibrate or feel loose
- All vehicle lights should function properly You cannot drive the car if its the brake light(s) is/are faulty
- You should only open the radiator cap when the engine is cool else you may be splashed by boiling liquid
- Engine oil should be sufficient and be changed regularly (typically every 10,000km)
- Windscreen wipers should be replaced if they are faulty or dirty as they would hinder vision
- Battery must be checked and maintained regularly to prevent your engine not being able to start
- Exhaust must be well maintained to reduce smoke emission and noise. Leakage of fumes into passenger compartment,
especially when the car is stationary with the engine running, can lead to carbon-monoxide poisoning
DASHBOARD
*** It is normal for some lights to remain lit if you turn the ignition key half-way and the engine is not switched on.
- Temperature Gauge: Indicates the temp.of the engine Should be pointing between C and H outside the red zone
- Speedometer: Indicates the current speed of the vehicle Should be below the speed limit
- Odometer: Indicates the total distance travelled by the vehicle since it was manufactured
- Tripmeter: Indicates the distance travelled by the vehicle since the last time it was reset
- Signal / Hazard Light Indicator: Indicates whether the signal or hazard light have been switched on
- Tachometer: Indicates the revolution per minute (rpm) of the engine Should be around 500 to 1000 when idling
- Door Ajar Warning Lights: It goes off when all doors are closed properly
- Battery Warning Light: It lights up when there is a problem with the charging system.
- Hand Brake Indicator: Indicates that you have engaged the hand brake.
- Oil Pressure Indicator: Ensure the engine oil is sufficient and have the vehicle checked by a garage if the light remains
- High Beam Indicator: Indicates whether you have switched on the high beam
- Engine Check Light: Stop to have it checked by a garage.
- Empty Fuel Tank Warning Light: Indicates low fuel level - top up your fuel tank
- ABS Warning Light: The Anti-Braking System may have malfunctioned but with normal braking without ABS it is still safe
to drive for the vehicle to be checked. If this lights up together with the Brake System Light, stop gradually as soon as
possible and have the vehicle checked.
Page 11
Question
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Choices
(A) you should go straight.
(B) you cannot go straight.
(C) you may turn left or right.
(A) still open.
(B) about to close.
(C) closed.
(A) no parking at all times.
(B) parking is allowed between 7pm to 7am.
(C) parking is allowed at all ti mes.
(A) no parking at all times except for the
alighting and boarding of passengers, failure
which carries a demerit points and a fine.
(B) a Pedestrian Crossing nearby.
(C) a tow-away zone.
(A) 7.30am to 9.30am, 4.30pm to 7.00pm
(B) 7.30am to 9.30am, 5.30pm to 8.00pm
(C) 7.30am to 9.30am, 5.00pm to 8.00pm
(A) Monday to Friday, 7.30am to 8.00pm
(B) Monday to Saturday, 7.30am to 8.00pm
(C) Monday to Saturday, 7.00am to 8.30pm
(A) decreases.
(B) Increases.
(C) remains the same.
(A) 1.49m
(B) 1.5m
(C) 1.51m
(A) 1 car length for every 10km/h of your speed.
(B) 1 car length for every 16km/h of your speed.
(C) 2 seconds for every 16km/h of your speed.
(A) still be given way to.
(B) be honked at to be reminded of their actions.
(C) not be allowed to proceed because you have
the right of way.
Answer
C
A
A
C
B
B
A
B
A
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