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VIBRIO Pps
VIBRIO Pps
Vibrio cholerae
MORPHOLOGY
Short, curved, cylindrical rod
comma shaped
Curvature lost in subculture
Measures 1.5 m x 0.2-0.4 m
ARRANGEMENT
Arranged in parallel rows fish in
stream appearance
Motility
Actively Motile with a single sheathed
polar flagellum darting motility
Staining
Gram Negative
Non acid fast, nonsporing
LEIFSONS FLAGELLAR
STAIN
Classification of Vibrios
Classification:
(Gardner & Venkatramans)
Vibrio
GroupA
Vibrio cholerae
(Common H antigens)
O1
NonO1
Classical
Ogawa
Group B
Heterogeneous (biochemically)
(antigenically)
Eltor (biotypes)
Inaba
Hikojima (serotypes)
O 139 (non O1) vibrio has also been isolated from cholera cases.
Classical
El Tor
Hemolysis
VP Test
Chick RBC
agglutination
Polymyxin B
sensitivity
Group IV phage
susceptibilty
Eltor phage V
susceptibilty
HEIBERGS CLASSIFICATION
Based on the fermentation of mannose,
sucrose & arabinose
Classified into 6 groups. Later 2 more groups
were added
Mannose
Sucrose
Arabinose
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
A
A
A
A
-
A
A
A
A
-
A
A
A
A
CHOLERA- Pathogenesis:
Vibrio ingested in small amount
Acid barrier
Epithelial cells of SI
Adhere to enterocytes
Adherent bacteria produce potent enterotoxin
(cholera toxin)
B subunit binds to GM1 ganglioside receptors
Pathogenesis Contd
Toxin A passes inside cytoplasm
A1 release
Activation of adenylate cyclase
Overproduction of cAMP
Outpouring of large amount of electrolytes
(K+ and HCO3-) - water follows
Watery diarrhoea
Other enzymes
Vibrio elaborates several enzymes such as Collagenase,
elastase, lipase, mucinase, nucleotidase, neuraminidase
Motility, chemotaxis, mucinase help it to pass
through the mucin and attach to the epithelial cell
surface
Cholera lectin is another enzyme- hemagglutininprotease cleaves mucin.
Toxin coregulated pilus- helps in attachment
CHOLERA
Incubation period: 24 hours-5days
Acute diarrheal disease
Starts slowly as mild vomiting & diarrhea or
abruptly with sudden massive diarrhea.
Cholera stool is typically a colorless, watery
fluid with flecks of mucus-rice water stool.
Characteristic inoffensive, sweetish odour.
CULTURE REQUIREMENTS
Strongly aerobic.
Temperature range 16 -40oC (370C)
Alkaline pH preferred (6.4 -9.2)
Preferred pH is 8.2
0.5 1.0% NaCl is required for optimal growth
CULTURE CHARACTERISTICS
Grows well on ordinary media
Nutrient Agar: colonies are
moist, translucent, round discs,
1-2 mm in diameter
Blood Agar-greenish
discoloration, hemodigestion
Peptone water growth occurs in
6 hours as a fine surface pellicle
Culture characteristics
Mac Conkeys Agar colourless at first,
become reddish on prolonged incubation due
to Late lactose fermentation
ENRICHMENT MEDIA
Alkaline Peptone Water pH: 8.6
Monsurs taurocholate tellurite peptone water
pH: 9.2
PLATING MEDIA
TCBS Agar:
Thiosulfate/Citrate/Bile
salts/Sucrose Agar - pH:8.2
Most widely used plating
medium for Vibrios- yellow,
convex colonies
Alkaline Bile Salt Agar:
pH:8.2 - Simple and widely
used medium
VIBRIO CHOLERAE
COLONIES ON TCBS AGAR
PLATING MEDIA
(Contd)
Monsurs Gelatin Taurocholate Trypticase
Tellurite agar (GTTA):
Vibrios form small translucent colonies with a
greyish black centre and a turbid halo.
STRING TEST
A loopful of the growth is
mixed with 0.5% Sodium
deoxycholate in saline on a
slide.
Positive reaction: the
suspension loses its turbidity,
becomes mucoid and forms a
string when the loop is slowly
drawn away from the solution
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
Carbohydrate metabolism is
fermentative producing acid but no
gas.
Glucose, Sucrose, Maltose, Mannitol
are fermented
Lactose is fermented very slowly
(late lactose fermenter)
Indole Positive
34
20
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Sporadic, endemic, epidemic, pandemic
1817-1923 six pandemics
1961-1994 Eltor pandemic-different from other pandemic
Non O1 in Oct 1992(O-139)
Carrier
Transmission
TREATMENT
Prompt replacement of Fluid and electrolytes
Tetracycline
PROPHYLAXIS
General
Improvement of environmental sanitation
Provision of protected water for drinking
Specific
Vaccines: Original-live suspension
Killed vaccine-Ogawa & Inaba
O-139 vaccine
Not very effective, immunity low
Oral vaccine-Killed oral whole vaccine
Live oral vaccines
HALOPHILIC VIBRIOS
V.parahaemolyticus- Food poisoning - Kanagawa
phenomenon positive strains are pathogenichemolytic on Wagatsuma agar (high salt blood
agar)
V.vulnificus- Septicaemia, Cellulitis, Acute
diarrhoea