DRILLING ENGINEERING I

(CGE577)

CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING
SYSTEMS

CONTENTS
2

History of drilling
Type of wells and drilling process
Drilling organization and personnel responsibilities
Drilling rig systems and equipments- Principles and

functions
Drillers terminology

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HISTORY OF DRILLING
3

When is the first oilwell being

discovered in history of
mankind??

It is in 1859 in Titusville,

Pennsylvania, USA (First

commercial well) drilled by Col
Edwin L. Drake

Well of 22m (72ft)

Started to produce oil on

August 28, 1859

Rock Oil sold for $40/barrel

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When was the first well drilled in malaysia??

4

First well drilled in Malaysia was in

1910
drilled by Shell in Miri also called
Grand Old Lady
Stands on top of Bukit Telaga Minyak

(Canada Hill)
Malaysias first inland drilling platform
Struck oil on 22 December 1910.

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First well drilled by PETRONAS?

5

PCSB was established on

11 May 1978
First well drilled by

PCSB was for the

Duyong field in Aug1980

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Why we drill ??
6

To get fresh water from underneath

To dispose of hazardous waste - CO2
To inject gas or water for reservoir pressure maintenance for gas

conservation
For geothermal power to produce steam for electric generation
To get the black gold ( oil ) & gas from the earth

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Where can we find oil & gas??

7

Some people think that oil is in big pools

underground

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Where can we find oil & gas??

8

Actually, most of oil is trapped in the tiny pore

spaces between grains of rock or sand.

Most of these pores are too small to be seen with the
naked eyes.

OIL
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How do we find the reservoirs?

9

Geophysicists find reservoirs by bouncing sound waves off

them and timing how long it takes for the sound to come
back (seismic operation 2D or 3D).
Computers process the data to construct pictures of what
the earth looks like underground

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10

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11

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12

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LIFE OF FIELD DEVELOPMENT

13

1.

2.

3.

4.

Wildcat 1St well drilled on

new structure/field.
Appraisal Subsequent well
drilled to appraise the
structure/field
Development Well drilled for
purpose of producing
hydrocarbon.
Production & Abandonment Drilling involved infill drilling
& well abandonment
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DRILLING PROPOSAL
-Prepared by the geologists and
reservoirs engineer in the operating

DRILLING PROGRAM
-Prepared by the Drilling Engineer and
14

contains the following:

company which provides the

Drilling rig to be used for the well

information upon which the well will be

Proposed location for the drilling rig

designed.

Hole sizes and Depths

Drilling Fluid Specification

-The proposal contains the following:

Directional Drilling information

Objective of the well

Well Control Equipment and

Depth (m/ft) Subsea) and location

Procedures

(Longitude and Latitue) of target

Bits and Hydraulics Program

Geological Cross Section

Pore Pressure Profile Prediction

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TYPES OF WELL
15

Exploratory well (Wildcat well)

To find and evaluate potential reserves in various location /to

determine the contents of the underlying rock structure

Appraisal/Delineation Well Drilling

To determine the physical extent, reserves and likely

production rate of the field

Development well

To develop a field with proven reserves to its fullest production

potential.
Injection well to pressurize reservoir for improved recovery
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TYPES OF WELL (CONT)

16

Injection well

To store hydrocarbon mainly natural gas, disposing of unwanted

produced water or regaining the reservoir pressure by injecting
water, steam or gas into the reservoir.

Reentry well

Conducted on existing wells for the purpose of tapping deeper

producing zones, recompleting or drilling laterals from existing main
trunk (vertical, directional or horizontal)

Infill well

To replace depleted wells or drill additional wells to sustain

production economics in certain fields.
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DRILLING ORGANIZATION
17

The actual drilling is often done by a

drilling contractor.
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DRILLING PERSONNEL
18

The oil company who manages the drilling and/or

production operations is known as the operator.

The operator normally employ a drilling contractor to
drill the well.
The drilling contractor owns and maintains the drilling
rig and employs and trains the personnel to operate the
rig.
The service company provide certain specialized skills
or equipment (logging and surveying).

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Drilling Contract
19

Day-rate contract - drilling contractor only

provides the drilling rig and personnel

Turnkey contract - drilling contractor designs

the well, provides drilling rig, personnel and all

consumable items

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Roles of A Drilling Engineer

The drilling engineer plays a number of roles in the well planning
process. During initial evaluation of a prospect, he or she
conducts preliminary studies and estimates well duration and
costs. Once well AFEs (authority for expenditure) are approved,
the drilling engineer becomes the designer, coordinator, and
monitor of the overall well program.
The drilling engineer is usually not responsible for selecting
well sites. However, he must work with the geologist for the
following reasons:
Develop an understanding of the expected drilling geology
Define fault block structures to help select offset wells that
should be similar in nature to the prospect well
Identify anomalies as they may be encountered in operations
20

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The responsibilities of the drilling

engineer:
Gathering and reviewing available data on previous drilling activity in
the proposed areas of operation;
Preparing initial cost estimates & AFE
Conducting an initial planning meeting with others involved in
specific well projects to establish objectives for the well;
Estimating expected formation pressures and fracture gradients;
Anticipating and addressing the most likely drilling problems;
Selecting casing sizes and setting depths;
Providing data necessary for submitting an application for a drilling
permit;
Resolving directional drilling requirements;
Developing the drilling mud program;
Designing casing strings;
21

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The responsibilities of the drilling

engineer (Cont)
Preparing a hydraulics program;
Recommending bottom-hole assemblies and bits;
Preparing cementing recommendations;
Preparing step-by-step procedures for drilling operations;
Preparing rig specifications for rig bid requests and assist in rig selection;
Identifying necessary mud-processing and solids-control equipment;
Preparing drilling-cost and drilling-time curves monitor performance;
Coordinating the well-planning activities with geo-science, purchasing,
operations, environmental and regulatory, and other engineering groups
to ensure that all aspect of well program will meet schedule.

22

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Operating company
23

Senior Drilling Supervisor/ Companyman/ Companywoman

(1 on board at all times)

The operator representative on the rig is called company man. The
role is to make sure drilling operations is as per planned.
He/She is responsible to ensure that the Drilling Program is adhered
to and that well objectives are met safely and efficiently.
He/She is the oil companies on board representative employee
He/She is not employed by the drilling company operating the rig.
On the drilling rig, an oil company employee works with the drilling
company to supervise its interest, helping the strategy for drilling the
well.
Typically the SDS will be an Engineering Graduate with a minimum
of 5-10 years Drilling experience before having achieved this position

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Drilling contractor
24
Senior Toolpusher / Rig Manager (1 on board at all times)

Toolpusher is employed by the drilling contractor to be in overall charge of the rig and
liaise with the company man.
The STP co-ordinates all the Drilling Contractors functions on the rig and is the main
contact with the Operators Senior Drilling Supervisor/ Companyman
The STP will probably have worked his way through the Rig Crew ranks to his present
position and have 10-20 years experience
On some rigs he is also the Offshore Installation Manager (OIM) which means that he
carries the legal responsibility for safety on board the rig. On other rigs the Barge Captain is
the OIM
On a floating rig such as a semi-submersible or Drillship, the following groups will report to
the STP

Drill Crew
Engineering Crew
Marine Crew
Subsea Engineers
Medics
Radio Operators

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Drilling Crew
25

Driller
- The driller operates the pumps, drawworks and rotary table via the
drillers console ( a room of gauges, control levers, rheostats and other
pneumatic, hydraulic and electronic instrumentation).
- The driller is sometimes referred to as the person who is on the brake.
Assistant Driller
- He has many task to perform most vary depending on particular drilling
operation being carried out at the time.
- He is direct supervisor for Derrickman, Pumpman and Roughnecks.
- He will relief Driller when driller take a short break.
Derrickman
- Working about 90 feet above the rig floor in the derrick.
- He handles the section of drill pipe under the direction of the assistant
driller.
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26

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Drilling Crew (Contd)

27

Pumpman
- He is assistant of Derrickman and responsible for the maintenance and
smooth operation of the mud pumps and mud holding pits among other
machines in the mud pump room.
- Also assist the roughnecks when very busy on drill floor and not required
in the pump room.

Roughneck (Floorman)
- A low-ranking member of the drilling crew.
- Works on the rig floor in a team of three and is responsible for the
operation of equipment and machines as required by the particular
operation being carried out at that time by the driller.

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Maintenance Crew
28

Head of Maintenance
- He is the head of all maintenance operations on the rig. He has the
control of maintenance scheduling activities.
Rig electrician and Assistant
- He is responsible of supervising and training the electrician crew;
Electrician Grade 1 help with maintenance and repairing of electrical
equipment.
Rig mechanic and Assistant
- He is responsible of supervising and training the mechanic crew;
Mechanic Grade 1 and Mechanic help with maintenance and repairing
of mechanical equipment.
Motorman
- He is responsible for the operations and routine maintenance of the
prime movers.
- He can do minor repairs and will do other duties when needed.
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Support and Services Crew

29

Safety Officer
Rig Medic/ Doctor
Radio Operator

Storeman
A crew member who maintains stocks and distributes equipment
and parts on an offshore platform
Catering & Accommodation Crew
Lead by the camp boss who has the team of Chief Cook, Cook and
Cleaner.
They have responsibility to serve food and good accommodation

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Service company personnel

30

Mud Engineer (1 or 2 on board)

The role of the Mud Engineer is to prepare and maintain the
Drilling Fluids used in the drilling process
Formerly Mud Engineers had evolved from the Rig Crew but
today an increasing number of graduates, mainly with
Chemistry/ Engineering backgrounds are used

Cementer (1 on board)
The cementer maintains the Cement Pump which is found on
board most rigs. He ensures that the pump is kept ready to
cement in casing or to plug off the well
In addition, the cementer will also operate the Cement Pump
for high pressure testing purposes, such as BOP tests
Cementers normally evolve from Rig Crew backgrounds
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Third Party Services

31

Operation geologist
Drilling fluid Service Crew
Cementing Services Crew
Mud logging Crew
Directional Drilling Crew
Tubular Handling Crew
Wellhead Service Engineer
Electric Wireline Logging Crew
Testing Crew
Coring Crew, etc.
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Drilling Process
32

Well is drilled in several stages.

Normally starts with drilling a hole of 30 to 36 inches diameters (76

- 91 cm) down to a depth of 150 to 250 m.

A steel pipe called casing is lowered into the well and cemented to

the wall.
After the cement has hardened, drilling is resumed with a smaller

drill bit.
At a certain depth the drilling is stopped and another string of

casing is set and cemented.

This procedure will be repeated for each string until the well has

reached the depth of the reservoir.

Number of casing strings may vary from well to well depending on

well depth and formations.

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15/09/2014 14:12
33

Drill Bit

Drill bit:

is a cutting tool used to create cylindrical

holes. Rotary table from rotating system
will rotate the Kelly pipe, drill pipe and bit.
Rotating the bit provides an axial force to
create the hole.

Casing:

is a steel pipe used during the drilling of a

well.

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34

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35

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36

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37

CASING SIZES
Sizes:

Available Casing Sizes :

36 in. OD
30 in. OD
24 in. OD, 20 in. OD
13 3/8 in. OD, 10 in. OD
9 5/8 in, OD, 7 in. OD
5 in. OD
4 in. OD
4 in. OD
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38

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39

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40

Rig vs Platform
41

An oil rig is typically a drilling structure with all

associated equipment required to drill a well.

Eg: Derrick, drawworks, rotary table. It is not
permanently fixed and can be moved to another
location once the drilling of the well is complete

A platform is typically a stable base built upon a

seabed structure (fixed) that is used when the well is

in the production stage (meaning drilling is complete
and it is producing oil).

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RIG TYPES
Drillship

Land Rigs

42

Barges

Rigs
Marine

Land

Bottom
Support

FLoating

Semi/
Submersible

Platform

Barge

Drill ship

Jacknife
(Deeper)

Mobile

Portable Mast
(Small)

Jackup
Jack-up

Self Contained

Conventional

Semisubmersible

Tender
Assisted

Tendered

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Drilling Rig Selection

43

The factors affecting drill rig selection are:

Water depth (offshore)
Pressure rating (Blow Out Preventer related)
Derrick load capacity (total depth of well related)
Rotating capacity (bit rotation related -torque and revs
per minute)
Deck size
Day rate
Availability in the region (reducing mobilisation costs)

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Water Depth vs. Rig Types

44

Land Rig

Jack Up
Barge

Semi Submersible

Tender

Drill Ship

Land 6-12ft <400ft <600ft <4500ft <9000ft

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Land Rig
45

Purpose built rig for

operations on land.

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LAND RIGS
46

Most land rigs have to be transported to location in

sections, but some are self-contained, permanently
mounted on trucks.
On location they are usually set up on a board mat
with a substructure of 8 to 40 feet high, and a few
are capable of drilling holes to 30,000+ feet.

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INLAND BARGES
47

Inland Barges are composed of two types:

a.

Barge mounted rigs

This type rig is capable of drilling in water depths
from 0 to 12 feet. After being towed on location,
the rigs hull is filled with water until it rests on
bottom.

b.

Posted barge mounted rigs

These type rigs have an upper deck supported by
posts from the lower hull. The deck contains all
drilling equipment and accommodations. Posted
barges are capable of drilling in water depths from
0 to 20 feet. The rig is towed on location and the
lower hull filled with water to secure it on bottom.
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TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

Tender Assisted/Platform Rig
Tender Barge

Derrick

Production
Platform

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48

TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

49

Tender Assisted/Platform Rig

- Common type of drilling rig employed in shallow water depth.
- Floating tender barge consists of power supply and manpower for
the drilling operation and also contains accommodation quarters and
all required equipment except the derrick
- Tender barge is moored against production platform that has derrick
-

Attractive for situations in which there is an old platform with

reduced load-carry ability and/or space, such as when a platform was
drilled with a standard platform rig and then production equipment
was loaded onto the platform, thus eliminating space and load-carry
capacity.

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TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

Jack-up Rig

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50

TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

Jack-up Rig

water depth is less than 100m

Jack-ups are used for most of the offshore

exploration drilling world-wide.

Jack-up has a floating hull with retractable legs which can be jacked

down to the sea bed. Hull can be lifted until it is clear off the sea surface.
The legs support the hull.

In shallow and relatively calm waters the Jack up has the advantage of

being able to leave a free standing well with a surface completion once it
is finished.
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51

TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

Semi-submersible Rig

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52

TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

53

Semi-submersible Rig
In areas where water depths exceed 100m and heavy weather
can be expected then semi-submersibles must be used.

This rig is not bottom-supported, but it is designed to float and

it can operate in water depths of up to 4500 ft.
The rig itself remains stationary in the drilling position by a
series of anchors (usually two connected at each corner of the
rig) positioned on the ocean floor at a distance away from the

rig.
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TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

Drill Ship

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54

TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

Drill Ship
Drillships are designed to carry out drilling operations in
ultra-deep waters where even most Semi-Submersibles can
not drill.
Can be relocate fairly quickly.
Limited to location with less severe waves actions (calm
water)

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55

DIFFERENCES
56
ONSHORE RIGS (Land)

OFFSHORE RIGS (Marine)

Supported on ground surface

Supported on man-made surfaces;

Mobile units (jack-ups, semisubmersibles
and ships)
Sea-bottom-supported fixed platforms

No need extension pipe

Utilization of an extension pipe (drilling

riser) between rig floor and seabed

Built-in units and skid mounted so can be

transported from one drilling site to another

Performed from the space above water on

structures called platforms that may be
classified as mobile and stationary/ fixed.

Portability and Maximum depth

Portability and Maximum water depth

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Lifting Capacity
57

Needs of a Rig
The rig must be able to handle the heaviest drill string

or casing string with a margin of safety

It is not just the hanging weight of the string that

must be considered but also the drags and over-pulls

necessary to free the pipe if it did get stuck
Normally, the heaviest string handled by a rig is the

production casing string

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Rotary Drilling Rig

58

The most common drilling rigs in use today are

rotary drilling rigs.

Rotary Drilling Process
Rotary table rotates the drill string
Downward force applied to the bit
Cuttings are lifted to the surface by circulating a fluid down the drill
string.

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DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENTS

59

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Rotary Drilling Rig Components

60

CIRCULATING
SYSTEM

WELL CONTROL
SYSTEM

HOISTING
SYSTEM

POWER SYSTEM

ROTARY SYSTEM

RIG
COMPONENTS

DRILLING DATA
ACQUISITION
AND
MONITORING
SYSTEM

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1) RIG POWER SYSTEM

61

Most power consumed by :

hoisting system, fluid circulation and rotary system

Power optimization - Not used at same time
Total power requirements for most rigs are between 1000 3000 hp
Old days used steam engine. Steam boilers are rarely used in present

operations due to the difficulty in transporting the boilers.

Current drilling industry uses internal-combustion diesel engines or taken

as electric power supply from existing power lines.

The raw power is then transmitted to the operating equipment via:

(1) mechanical drives, (2) direct current (DC) or (3) alternating current
(AC) applying a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR).
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Power System
62

PRIME MOVERS
These are used to supply

power to drilling operations.

These can be steam engines,
electric motors, internal
combustion engine

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Rotary Power Requirement

63

The rotary power requirement is generally small in

vertical hole drilling where rotational torque is

approximately less than 15,000 ft-lbs and less than 100
horsepower is usually required.
In directional drilling, high drill pipe rotational torque

may exceed 80,000 ft-lbs and often requires high input

rotary horsepower and may amount to several hundred
horsepower.

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Rotary Power Requirement

64

Output Power:
Po = 2NT
33000
Po = Output power (hp)
N = Engine rotary speed (rpm)
T = Output torque (ft-lbs)

Input Power:
Pi =

QfH
2545

Pi = Input power (hp)

Qf = Rate of fuel consumption (lbs/hr)
H = Heating Value (BTU/lb)

Overall Efficiency (%) = Po x 100%

Pi
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Power-System Performance Characteristics ...

65

Heating values (H Btu/lbm) of various fuels for internal combustion engines:

Fuel

Density
(lbm/gal)

Heating
Value
H(Btu/lbm)

Diesel

7.2

19,000

Gasoline

6.6

20,000

Butane

4.7

21,000

Methane

--

24,000

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66

Exercise 1:
A diesel engine gives an output torque of 1,740
ft-lbf at an engine speed of 1,200 rpm. If the
fuel consumption rate was 31.5 gal/hr, what is
the output power and overall efficiency of the
engine?

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2) HOISTING SYSTEM
67

Function:
Used to lower or raise drill strings, casing string
and other subsurface equipment into or out of
hole.
Principal Components:
1. Derrick and substructure
2. Block and tackle
3. Draw works

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Rig Hoisting System

68

Crown Block
Fast line

Dead line
Anchor
Storage Reel

Draw Works
Moving
Block
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Rig Components (Hoisting System)

69

DERRICK
-The function of a derrick is to
provide vertical height required to
the raising and lowering of drill
string into and out of borehole
-Rated according to their ability to

withstand compressive loads and

(wind loads)
Two type of Derricks:
Standard Derricks
- It is of bolted construction and
assembled part by part

Mast
A portable derrick, one capable of
being erected as a unit
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70

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Rig Components (Hoisting System)

Components of Block and
Tackle:
1.
Crown block
2.
Travelling block
3.
Drilling line
The drilling line is threaded
(reeved) over a set of sheaves
in the top of the derrick,
known as the crown block and
down to another set of sheaves
known as the travelling block.

71

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Rig Components (Hoisting System)

72

DRAWWORKS

It is the control center from which

the driller operates the rig.

Provide the hoisting and braking

power required to raise or lower
the heavy strings of the pipe.

It contains clutches, chains and

other controls

It houses the drum which spools

drilling line during hoisting and
allows feed off during drilling

The drum of the drawworks is

connected to an electric motor and
gearing system.
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73

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Components of
the hoisting
system
74

Drilling hook is used

to suspend the
drillstring or downhole
equipment is suspended
from the travelling
block.
Fastline it is wound
onto the drawworks and
usually reeved around
the blocks several times
(moving line).
Deadline acts as an
anchor point below the
rig floor and does not
move

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75

The elevator is used

when running or pulling
the drillstring or casing
into or out of hole.

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Hoisting System (Cont)

76

The tensile strength of the drilling line and the number of times

it is reeved through the blocks will depend on the load, which

must be supported by the hoisting system.

The tensile load (lbs.) on the fast line, Ff and dead line Fd in a

frictionless system can be determined from:

W = the total load supported by the drilling lines (lbs.)

N = the no. of lines reeved around the crown and travelling block

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Hoisting System (Cont)

77

In any pulley system, there is always inefficiency in terms of

the number of lines.

Therefore, the tensile load on the drilling line (fast line

only) will be a function of the inefficiency and will then be:

However, the load on the dead line will not be a function of

the inefficiency because it is static.

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Hoisting System (Cont)

78

This data is represented in API RP 9B Recommended Practice on

Application, Care and Use of Wire Rope for Oilfield Services.

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Hoisting System (Cont)

79

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Hoisting System (Cont)

80

Actual Derrick Load:

W W
1 E En
Fd W
W

En n
En

fast

dead

Fd = W + F f + F s
Fd = load applied to the derrick
W = the total load supported by the drilling lines (lbs.)
n = the no. of lines reeved around the crown and travelling block
Fde = maximum equivalent derrick load, equal to four times the maximum leg load

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Rig selection
81

Following parameters are used to determine the

minimum criteria to select a suitable drilling rig:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

Static tension in the fast line when upward motion is

impending
Maximum hook horsepower
Maximum hoisting speed
Actual derrick load
Maximum equivalent derrick load
Derrick efficiency factor

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Example 1
82

A rig must hoist a load of 300,000 lbf. The drawworks

can provide an input power to the block and tackle
system as high as 500hp. Eight lines are strung between
the crown block and traveling block.
Calculate
(i) the static tension in the fast line when upward motion is
impending,
(ii) the maximum hook horsepower available,
(iii) the maximum hoisting speed,
(iv) the actual derrick load
(v) the maximum equivalent derrick load, and
(vi) the derrick efficiency factor.

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Solution
83

(i) the power efficiency of n=8 is given as 0.841. The tension in the fast line is:

W 300,000
Ff

44,590lbf
En 0.841(8)
(ii) The maximum hook horsepower available is :

Ph = E.I = 0.841 (500) = 420.5 hp

(iii) The maximum hoisting speed is given by

33,000 ft lbf / min

420.5hp

hp
P

= 46.3 ft/min
vb h

W
300,000lbf

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To pull a 90-ft stand would require

90 ft
t
1.9 min
46.3 ft / min

Solution (Cont)

84

(iv) The actual derrick load is given by:

1 E En
Fd
W
En

1 0.841 0.841(8)

(300,000)
0.841(8)

= 382,090 lbf

(v) The maximum equivalent load is given by:

84
n4
Fde
W

(300,000) 450,000lbf

8
n

(vi) The derrick efficiency factor is

Fd 382,090

Ed

Fde 450,000

0.849 or 84.9% Answer

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Making a connection
85

The periodic process of adding a new joint of

drillpipe to the drillstring as the hole deepens is

referred.

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Making a trip
86

the process of moving the drillstring out of the hole, change the bit or

alter the bottom-hole assembly, and lower the drillstring again into the
hole is referred.

Sketch of slips for drill pipe(a), drill collar(b) and casing(c)

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Tripping out
(Pulling the drillstring from the hole)
87

1. First, raising the Kelly

above the rotary table.

2. Setting slips
3. Breaking the Kelly,

Kelly bushing and

swivel from the
topmost joint and
stacking them in the
rat hole.

4. Drillpipe is then

removed by attaching
pipe elevators to the
drillpipe and using the
drum hoist to raise the
drillpipe above the rig
floor.
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3) ROTATING SYSTEM
Rotary System88to Rotate the Bit
Main Parts:
1.
Swivel
2.
Kelly
3.
Rotary Drive
4.
Rotary Table
5.
Drill Pipe
6.
Drill Collar
1. Swivel :
Supports the weight of the drillstring and
permits rotation
2.Kelly:
Square or Hexagonal to be gripped easily.
Torque is transmitting through kelly
bushings.
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(Rotating System)
Rotary System to Rotate the Bit

3. Slips:
89
During making up a joint slips are used to
prevent drillstring from falling in hole.
4. Rotary Drive:
Provides the power to turn the rotary
table.

5. Drill Pipe:
Specified by (a) Outer Diameter
(b) Weight per foot
(c) Steel grade
(d) Range Length
Range
1
2
3

Length (ft)
18 to 22
27 to 30
38 to 45

6. Drill Collar:
Thick walled heavy steel pipe used to apply
weight to the bit.

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The Rotary Table

90

Swivel
Kelly
Kelly Bushing

Rotary Table

The rotation of the drill string is

enabled via a hexagonal section of

pipe Kelly which is 15 metres
long which locates in the rotary
table.

The drill pipe and drill collars are

referred to as tubulars

Drill Pipe

situated on the rig floor.

Use of manually operated tongs

Drill Collars
Bit

for make-up and break-out and

kelly bushing on the floor

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ROTARY TABLE
91

Kelly

Kelly
bushing

Rotary table
Kelly bushing: An adapter that serves
to connect the rotary table to the kelly
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Top Drive System

92

Most modern rigs utilize a top drive

instead of the rotary table system

Allowing 3 lengths of drill string (28m)
to be connected at a time.
Situated on the mast and moves with the
drill string up and down along the mast
guide.
comes from a hydraulic or electrical
motor drive.
It is more expensive than the
convectional rig
No use of manually operated tongs for
make-up and break-out kelly bushing on
the floor - improves the safety of the floor
environment

Top
drive

Derrick

Guide
rails
Rig floor

Drill
pipe
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4) CIRCULATING SYSTEM
93

Components:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Mud Pumps
Mud Pits
Mud Mixing Equipment
Contaminants Removal Equipment

Pumps:
Reciprocating Positive Displacement Piston
Pumps.
Two-Cylinders - Duplex (Double Acting
Forward-Backward)
Three-Cylinders - Triplex (Forward only
Single Acting)

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MUD CIRCULATING SYSTEM

94

Mud circulation path:

(1) From tank to mud pump,
(2) from the pump through the
high pressure surface
connections to the drill string,
(3) through the drillstring to the
bit and then through its
nozzles,
(4) through annular space
between drillstring and hole
to surface, and
(5) through contaminant
removal equipment back to
tank.
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95

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96

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97

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SHALE SHAKER

98

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99

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Pump Displacement
(Duplex Pump)

100

(1) Double Acting

dr = Piston rod diameter

dL= Liner diameter
Ls= Stroke Length
Stroke = one complete pump revolution

Forward Stroke Volume Displaced = (/4) dL2 Ls

Backward Stroke Volume Displaced = (/4) (dL2 - dr2 ) Ls

(for one Cylinder)

The total displacement per complete pump cycle is:

= (/4) dL2 Ls + (/4) (dL2 - dr2 ) Ls
= (/4). Ls .(2.dL2 - dr2)
For two Cylinders :
Total Volume =Fp= (/2). Ls .(2.dL2 - dr2) . Ev

Fp= Pump factor or pump displacement per cycle.

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101

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Example 2:
Compute the pump factor in units of barrels per
stroke for a duplex pump102having 6.5-in. liners,
2.5in. rods, 18-in. strokes and a volumetric
efficiency of 90%?
Solution:
The pump factor for a duplex pump:
Fp = (/2). Ls .(2.dL2 - dr2) . Ev
= (/2) (18) (2(6.5)2 - (2.5)2) . (0.9)
= 1991.2 in.3 /stroke
or = 0.2052 bbl/stroke.
Answer

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Pump Displacement
(Triplex Pump)
103

(2) Single Acting

Fp= 3 (/4) dL2 Ls. Ev
q=flow rate = Fp . N
(Where N = no. of cycles per unit time)
Pumps are rated for:
1.
Hydraulic Power
2.
Maximum Pressure
3.
Maximum Flowrate

P q
PH
1714
PH = Pump Hydraulic power, hp
P = Pump discharge pressure, psi
q = Pump discharge flow rate (gal/min)
P cannot more than 3500 psi maintenance problem
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104

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EXERCISE 2

A triplex pump is operating at 120 [cycles/min] and discharging the

mud at 3000 psig. When the pump has installed a 6 in. liner operating
with 11 in. strokes, What are the:
a) Pump factor in (gal/cycle) when 100% volumetric efficiency is
assumed
b) Flowrate in gal/min
c) Pump power development
Given: 1 gal = 231 cubic inches

105

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Solution:
a) 4.039 gal/cycle
b) 484.67 gal/min
c) 848.32 hp

106

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5) CONTROLLING SYSTEM
BLOWOUT PREVENTER
(BOP)

107

If the formation pressure is more

than the imposed by drilling fluid,

in this case formation fluids flow
into borehole and eventually to the
surface. This effect is called
blowout

The main function of blowout

preventers is to close the annular

space between the drill pipe and
casing

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6) DRILLING DATA ACQUISITION AND

MONITORING SYSTEM
108
Objective: To monitor, analyze, display, record and retrieve information regarding
drilling operation
Proper maintenance of rotary speed, WOB, mud properties & flowrate is important for
achieving optimum drilling operation
Eg:
Drilling break (sudden increase in ROP) seen on drilling rate chart (provide
information on changes lithology & formation pressures)
Excessive torque bit bearing failure or high concentration of drilled cuttings in the
annulus
Drastic increase in hook load or decrease mud returning to surface lost circulation
Increase in pit level kick

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DRILLERS TERMINOLOGY
The Drilling Industry is full of Jargon

Monkey board
Trip tank
Pumping a pill
Tripping in
Tripping out
Kelly hose
Goose neck
Sand Trap
Spudding in
Slugging the pipe
Moon pool
Choke and Kill

Tool Pusher
Roughneck
Sample catcher
Mud Engineer
Motorman
Roustabout
Galley hand
Derrickman
ppg
Drilling rig
Platform

*There are many glossaries available on the internet

109

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Common words have different meanings on a drilling rig

I want to work on a drilling rig because I heard that the
joints are 30 feet long, they pump pills before tripping out,
the trips last 12 hours and theres always a pusher on
site.

Joint a length of drill pipe roughly 10 metres long

Pill a small quantity of mud (usually 50 bbl) pumped in the
hole to cure a problem
Trip the process of removing and re-running all the drill
pipe in the hole
Pusher short for Toolpusher The person who runs the rig

110

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