Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

CHAPTER

Quadratic Equations

4. (a) (x + 5) = 0
x = 5

1. (b), (c) and (d) are quadratic equations.

Hence, x = 5 is a root.

2. (a) 3x 4 = x2
x2 3x + 4 = 0

(b) 2x 1 = 0
1
x =
2

(b) x(4 x) = 5
4x x2 = 5
x2 4x + 5 = 0

Hence, x =

(c) (x 1)(5 + x) = 2x
5x + x2 5 x = 2x
x2 + 4x 5 2x = 0
x2 + 2x 5 = 0

(c) When (1 3x) = 0

1

x =
3

When (x + 3) = 0

x = 3

4x
x+1
(x 2)(x + 1) = 4x
x2 + x 2x 2 = 4x
x2 5x 2 = 0

(d)

1
is a root.
2

x 2 =

Hence, x = 3 is not a root.

5. (a) x2 9 = 0

Try using the factors of 9, that is, 1, 9, 1, 9,
3, 3.

5(x + 3)(2x 1) = (x + 3)(4 x)

(e)

5(2x2 x + 6x 3) = 4x x2 + 12 3x
10x2 5x + 30x 15 = 4x x2 + 12 3x

10x2 + 25x 15 = x x2 + 12
2
10x + 25x 15 x + x2 12 = 0

11x2 + 24x 27 = 0

When
x = 3 or x = 3,

x2 9 = 0

Therefore, x = 3 and x = 3 are the roots.

Alternative

Using improvement method,

3. (a) Substitute x = 1 into the expression,

x2 2x + 1 = 12 2(1) + 1

=0

x2 9

Thus, x = 1 is a root.

(b) Substitute x = 2 into the expression,

5x2 3x = 5(2)2 3(2)

= 20 + 6


= 26 (6)
Thus, x = 2 is not a root.

(c) Substitute x = 2 into 3x2 and 4x + 4 respectively,

3x2 = 3(2)2
= 12

Therefore, x = 3 and x = 3 are the roots.

4x + 4 = 4(2) + 4

= 12

Since LHS = RHS, therefore x = 2 is a root.

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

(f)
(x 1)(x + 2) = 2x

x2 + 2x x 2 = 2x

x2 x 2 = 0

(x 2)(x + 1) = 0
x 2 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 2 or
x = 1

(b) x2 3x 4 = 0

Try using the factor of 4,

that is, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4.

When x = 1, x2 3x 4 = 1 3 4


= 6 0

When x = 1, x2 3x 4 = 1 + 3 4

=0

x+3
= x + 3
2x 1

x + 3 = (x + 3)(2x 1)
= 2x2 x + 6x 3
2x2 + 5x 3 x 3 = 0

2x2 + 4x 6 = 0

x2 + 2x 3 = 0

(x + 3)(x 1) = 0

x + 3 = 0
or
x 1 = 0
x = 3 or
x = 1
(g)

When x = 4, x2 3x 4 = 42 3(4) 4

=0

Therefore, x = 1 and x = 4 are the roots.

(c) 3x2 3x 6 = 0
x2 x 2 = 0

Try using the factors of 2, that is, 1, 1, 2, 2.
When x = 1, x2 x 2 = 1 1 2


= 2 0

7. (a) x2 + 4x = 1

x2 + 4x + 22 = 1 + 22
(x + 2)2 = 5
5
x + 2 = AB

When x = 1, x2 x 2 = 1 + 1 2

=0
When x = 2, x2 x 2 = 4 2 2

=0

Therefore, x = 1 and x = 2 are the roots.

= AB
5 2 or AB
5
2
= 0.2361 or 4.236

6. (a)
3x = x

3x2 x = 0

x(3x 1) = 0

x = 0 or 3x 1 = 0
1

x =
3
2

(b)
x2 4 = 0
x2 = 4
4
x = AB
= 2

(c)
x2 + 3x + 2 =

(x + 1)(x + 2) =

x + 1 = 0 or x + 2 =
x = 1 or
x =

(b) 2x2 + 4x 3 = 0

3

x2 + 2x = 0
2
3
x2 + 2x =
2
3

x2 + 2x + 12 = + 12
2
5
2

(x + 1) =
2
5
x + 1 =
2

0
0
0
2

(d)
4x2 2x 6 =

2x2 x 3 =

(2x 3)(x + 1) =
2x 3 = 0
or x + 1 =
x =
3
x = or
2

ABB
ABB
ABB

5
x = 1
2

ABB

5
5

1 or 1
2
2
= 0.5811 or 2.581

0
0
0
0
1

(c) (x 1)(x 2) = 1
x2 3x + 2 = 1
x2 3x = 1 2
3 2
3

x2 3x + = 1 +
2
2
2
3
5
x =
2
4

(e)
3x2 8 = 2x

3x2 2x 8 = 0

(3x + 4)(x 2) = 0
3x + 4 = 0
or x 2 = 0
4
x = 2
x = or
3

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x = AB
5
2

1 2

1 2

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

ABB
ABB
ABB

5
3
x =
4
2
5
3

x = +
4
2
5
5
3
3
= + or +
4
4
2
2
= 2.618 or 0.3820

42 4(2)(3)
4 ABBBBBBBBB
=
2(2)

2x 1
2
=
11
1
3x
1 + x
2
(2x 1)(1 3x) = 2 11x
2x 6x2 1 + 3x = 2 11x
6x2 5x + 1 2 11x = 0

6x2 16x 1 = 0

6x2 16x = 1
16
1

x2 x =
6
6
1
8
2

x x =
6
3

(c) (x 1)(x 2) = 1

x2 3x + 2 = 1

x2 3x + 1 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 3 and c = 1

40
4 ABB
=
4
40
40
4 ABB
4 + ABB
= or
4
4
= 0.581 or 2.581

ABB

(d)

8
1
4 2
4
x2 x + = +
3
6
3
3

1 2

b2 4ac
b ABBBBBB
x =
2a
(3)2 4(1)(1)
(3) ABBBBBBBBBB
=
2(1)
5
3 AB
=
2
3 + AB
5
3 AB
5
= or
2
2
= 2.618 or 0.382

1 2

16
1x 43 2 = 16 +
9
2

2x 1
2
=
11
1
3x
1 + x
2
(2x 1)(1 3x) = 2 11x
2x 6x2 1 + 3x = 2 11x
6x2 16x 1 = 0
So, a = 6, b = 16 and c = 1
(d)

35
=
18
4
35

x =
3
18
4
35

x = +
3
18
4
35
= +
3
18
4
35
or +
3
18
= 2.728 or 0.06110

ABBB
ABBB
ABBB
ABBB

b2 4ac
b ABBBBBB
x =
2a
(16)2 4(6)(1)
(16) ABBBBBBBBBBBB
=
2(6)
280
16 ABBB
=
12
280
280
16 ABBB
16 + ABBB
= or
12
12
= 2.728 or 0.061

8. (a) x + 4x = 1

x2 + 4x 1 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 4 and c = 1
2

b2 4ac
b ABBBBBB
x =
2a
42 4(1)(1)
4 ABBBBBBBBB
=
2(1)
20
4 ABB
=
2
20
20
4 ABB
4 + ABB
= or
2
2
= 0.236 or 4.236

9. (a) Sum of roots = 1 + 3

=4

Product of roots = 1 3

=3

Hence, the quadratic equation is x2 4x + 3 = 0.

(b) Sum of roots = 2 + 5

=3

Product of roots = (2)(5)

= 10

(b) 2x2 + 4x 3 = 0
So, a = 2, b = 4 and c = 3
b2 4ac
b ABBBBBB
x =
2a
3

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

Hence, the quadratic equation is
x2 3x + (10) = 0

x2 3x 10 = 0

2x2 4x + 10 = 0

x2 2x + 5 = 0

Therefore, sum of roots = 2

product of roots = 5

(c) Sum of roots = (6) + (1)

= 7

11. (a) 4x2 5x + 1 = 0

So, a = 4, b = 5 and c = 1

Product of roots = (6)(1)

=6

b2 4ac = (5)2 4(4)(1)

= 25 16

=9.0

Hence, the quadratic equation is
x2 (7)x + 6 = 0

x2 + 7x + 6 = 0
1
(d) Sum of roots = + 7
2
15

=
2

Hence, the two roots are distinct.
(b) 3x2 + 2x + 6 = 0
So, a = 3, b = 2 and c = 6

b2 4ac = 22 4(3)(6)

= 4 72

= 68 , 0

1

Product of roots = (7)
2
7

=
2

Hence, the quadratic equation is
15
7

x2 x + = 0
2
2
2x2 15x + 7 = 0

1 2

(c) x2 + 4x + 4 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 4 and c = 4

b2 4ac = 42 4(1)(4)

=0

(e) Sum of roots = 4 + 4

=8

Hence, the two roots are equal.

(d) 5x 8 = x2

x2 5x + 8 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 5 and c = 8

Product of roots = 4 4

= 16

Hence, there is no real roots.

Hence, the quadratic equation is x2 8x + 16 = 0.

b2 4ac = (5)2 4(1)(8)

= 25 32

= 7 , 0

10. (a) x2 3x 4 = 0

Therefore, sum of roots = 3

product of roots = 4

Hence, there is no real roots.

(e) (x 3)(2x + 1) = 6x
2x2 5x 3 6x = 0
2x2 11x 3 = 0
So, a = 2, b = 11 and c = 3

(b) x2 + 8x + 1 = 0

Therefore, sum of roots = 8

product of roots = 1
(c) 2x2 6x 7 = 0
7

x2 3x = 0
2

b2 4ac = (11)2 4(2)(3)

= 121 + 24

= 145 . 0

(d) (x 1)(x + 3) = 8
x2 + 2x 3 8 = 0
x2 + 2x 11 = 0

4x
2x 1 =
3x + 5
(2x 1)(3x + 5) = 4x
6x2 + 10x 3x 5 4x = 0

6x2 + 3x 5 = 0
So, a = 6, b = 3 and c = 5

Therefore, sum of roots = 3
7

product of roots =
2

(f)

Therefore, sum of roots = 2

product of roots = 11
x2

(e)
=
2x + 1
5(x 2) =
5x 10 =

b2 4ac = 32 4(6)(5)

= 9 + 120

= 129 . 0

5
x(2x + 1)
2x2 + x

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Hence, there are two different roots.

Hence, there are two different roots.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

12. 2x2 kx + 2 = 0
So, a = 2, b = k and c = 2

18. x2 kx + 9 = 6x
x2 kx 6x + 9 = 0
x2 (k + 6)x + 9 = 0
So, a = 1, b = (k + 6) and c = 9

Since the roots are equal,

then b2 4ac = 0
(k)2 4(2)(2) = 0
k2 = 16

k = 4

Since the roots are equal,

then
b2 4ac = 0
2
[(k + 6)] 4(1)(9) = 0
(k + 6)2 36 = 0
(k + 6)2 = 36

k + 6 = 6

k = 6 6
= 6 6 or 6 6
= 0 or 12

13. x2 3x k = 0
So, a = 1, b = 3 and c = k
Since the roots are different,
then b2 4ac . 0
(3)2 4(1)(k) . 0

9 + 4k . 0

4k . 9
9

k .
4

19.
(x 4)(2x + 3) = k
2x2 + 3x 8x 12 k = 0
2x2 5x 12 k = 0
So, a = 2, b = 5 and c = 12 k

14. kx2 + 4x 1 = 0
So, a = k, b = 4 and c = 1

Since the roots are real,

then
b2 4ac > 0
(5)2 4(2)(12 k) > 0

25 + 96 + 8k > 0

121 + 8k > 0
8k > 121
121

k >
8

Since the roots are not real,

then b2 4ac , 0
42 4k(1) , 0
42 + 4k , 0
4k , 16
k , 4

20. Given y = 4x 1................................. 1

and y = kx2 + 3x 2........................ 2

15. kx2 + hx 4 = 0
So, a = k, b = h and c = 4

Substitute 1 into 2,
4x 1 = kx2 + 3x 2
kx2 + 3x 4x 2 + 1 = 0

kx2 x 1 = 0
So, a = k, b = 1 and c = 1

Since the roots are equal,

then b2 4ac = 0
h2 4k(4) = 0

h2 + 16k = 0

Since the straight line intersects the curve at two

different points,
then b2 4ac . 0
(1)2 4(k)(1) . 0

1 + 4k . 0
4k . 1
1

k .
4

16. 2x2 + px = k
2x2 + px k = 0
So, a = 2, b = p and c = k

Since the roots are not real,

then b2 4ac , 0
p2 4(2)(k) , 0

p2 + 8k , 0

17. px2 qx = 4
px2 qx 4 = 0
So, a = p, b = q and c = 4

21. Given y = hx k.................................. 1

and y = 4x2 5x + 6........................ 2
Substitute 1 into 2,
hx k = 4x2 5x + 6
4x2 5x hx + 6 + k = 0
4x2 (5 + h)x + 6 + k = 0
So, a = 4, b = (5 + h) and c = 6 + k

Since the roots are different,

then b2 4ac . 0
(q)2 4(p)(4) . 0
q2 + 16p . 0

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

Since the straight line does not intersect the curve,

then
b2 4ac , 0
2
[(5 + h)] 4(4)(6 + k) , 0

(5 + h)2 96 16k , 0
25 + 10h + h2 96 16k , 0

h2 + 10h 16k , 96 25

h2 + 10h 16k , 71

2
Product of roots = (5)
3
10

=
3

1 2

Hence, the quadratic equation is

13
10
x2 x + = 0
3
3
10
13
2

= 0
x

x +
3
3

Multiply both sides by 3,

3x2 + 13x 10 = 0

1
(2 x)(x + 1) = x(x 5)
4
1
5
2x + 2 x2 x = x2 x
4
4
1 2
5
2

x x + 2 = x x
4
4
1
5
2
2
x + x x x 2 = 0
4
4
5
9
x2
x 2 = 0

4
4

1.

4. (a)
(x 1)(x + 2) = 3

x2 + 2x x 2 3 = 0

x2 + x 5 = 0
(b) product of roots = 5
(c) a = 1, b = 1, c = 5

b2 4ac = 12 4(1)(5)

= 21 > 0

Multiply both sides by 4,

5x2 9x 8 = 0
So, a = 5, b = 9 and c = 8

b2 4ac
b ABBBBBB
2a
(9)2 4(5)(8)
(9) ABBBBBBBBBBB
=
2(5)
241
9 ABBB
=
10
241
241
9 + ABBB
9 ABBB
or
=
10
10
= 2.452 or 0.6524
x =

\ There are 2 different real roots.

5. 4nx2 + x + 4nx + n 2 = 0
4nx2 + (1 + 4n)x + n 2 = 0
a = 4n, b = 1 + 4n, c = n 2
For two equal roots,

b2 4ac = 0
(1 + 4n)2 4(4n)(n 2) = 0
1 + 8n + 16n2 16n2 + 32n = 0
40n + 1 = 0

n = 1
40

px = q 1
2.
2x2 + AB
2
px + 1 q = 0
2x + AB
p and c = 1 q
So, a = 2, b = AB

6. 3x2 4x + p 1 = 0
a = 3, b = 4, c = p 1

b2 4ac , 0
2
(4) 4(3)(p 1) , 0

16 12p + 12 , 0

28 12p , 0
28
, 12p
28
, p

12
7

p .
3

Since the equation has two equal roots,

then
b2 4ac = 0
2
p) 4(2)(1 q) = 0
(AB

p 8(1 q) = 0

p 8 + 8q = 0
8q = 8 p
8p

q =
8
2
3
15 + 2
=
3
13

=
3

3. Sum of roots = 5 +

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2 1

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

4. (x 1)(x + 2) = 3(x 1)
x2 + 2x x 2 = 3x 3
x2 + x 2 3x + 3 = 0
x2 2x + 1 = 0
(x 1)2 = 0

x = 1

1. Substitute x = 5 into 3x2 px + 6 = 0,

3(5)2 p(5) + 6 = 0
75 5p + 6 = 0
5p = 81
81

p =
5

x
x+2
(x 4)(x + 2) = x
x2 + 2x 4x 8 = x

x2 3x 8 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 3 and c = 8

5.

2. 2x2 + px + q = 0
q
p
x2 + x + = 0
2
2

p
Sum of roots =
2
p

2 + (3) =
2
p

1 =
2

p = 2

x =
=
=

q
Product of roots =
2
q

2(3) =
2

q = 12

=
=

2 1

Multiply both sides by 5,

6y = 5y2 5
5y2 6y 5 = 0
So, a = 5, b = 6 and c = 5

2+p
p
2
1
+ (4) =
p 1
2
2
5

p = 2
4
p =
5

Sum of roots =

1q
p
1q
1

(4) =
4
2
5

b2 4ac
b ABBBBBB
2a
(6)2 4(5)(5)
(6) ABBBBBBBBBBB
=
2(5)
x =

36 + 100
6 ABBBBBBB
10
136
6 ABBB
=
10
136
136
6 + ABBB
6 ABBB
or
=
10
10
= 1.766 or 0.5662
=

Product of roots =

2 = (1 q)

1 54 2

7. x2 6x + 1 = (x2 6x + 32) 32 + 1

= (x 3)2 8

5
5
q
4
4
5
13
q =
4
4
13
q =
5

b2 4ac
b ABBBBBB
2a
(3)2 4(1)(8)
(3) ABBBBBBBBBBB
2(1)
41
3 ABB
2
41
41
3 + ABB
3 ABB
or
2
2
4.702 or 1.702

6
6. y = y2 1
5

3.
px2 + 2x = px + q 1
2
px + 2x + px + 1 q = 0
px2 + (2 + p)x + 1 q = 0
2+p
1q
x2 +
p x+
p = 0

x 4 =

Completing
the square

Compare (x 3)2 8 with (x + m)2 + n,

therefore m = 3 and n = 8.

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

8.
x2 4x + 2 = 0
x2 4x + 22 22 + 2 = 0
(x 2)2 2 = 0

12. 2x2 + 6x 9 = 0
9
x2 + 3x = 0
2

(a) Sum of roots = 3

9
(b) Product of roots =
2

Hence, a = 1, b = 2 and c = 2.

9.

3x2 6x 1 = 0
1

x2 2x = 0
3
1
x2 2x + 12 12 = 0
3
1
(x 1)2 1 = 0
3
4
2

(x 1) = 0
3

h
13.
2x2 kx + = 0
2
h
k
2
x x + = 0
4
2

k
Sum of roots =
2
k

4 + (5) =
2
k

1 =
2

k = 2

4
Hence, a = 1, b = 1 and c = .
3

10.

2x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
1

x2 + 2x + = 0
2
1
2
2
2
x + 2x + 1 1 + = 0
2
1
2
(x + 1) = 0
2

h
Product of roots =
4
h

4(5) =
4

h = 80
14.
2x2 + 4x 7 = 0
7
x2 + 2x = 0
2

2x + 4x + 1 = 8
1
(x + 1)2 = 8
2
2

7
a + b = 2 and ab =
2

1
(x + 1)2 = 8 +
2
17
=
2

ABBB
ABBB

(x + 1) = 17
2

17 or 1
2
= 1.915 or 3.915

x = 1 +

Sum of the roots 2a and 2b = 2a + 2b

= 2(a + b)

= 2(2)

= 4

Product of the roots 2a and 2b = (2a)(2b)

= 4ab
7

=4
2

= 14

ABBB
17
2

1
11. Sum of roots = + (5)
3
1
= 5
3
14

=
3

Hence, the quadratic equation is

x2 (4)x + (14) = 0

x2 + 4x 14 = 0

15. Let a and 3a are the roots of quadratic equation

2x2 2 = 8x 4k
2x2 8x + 4k 2 = 0
x2 4x + 2k 1 = 0

1
Product of roots = (5)
3
5

=
3

1 2

Sum of roots = 4

a + 3a = 4
4a = 4

a = 1

Therefore, the quadratic equation is

5
14
x2
x + = 0
3
3
5
14
2

x + x = 0
3
3
3x2 + 14x 5 = 0

2 1

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Product of roots = 2k 1

a(3a) = 2k 1
3a2 = 2k 1
3(1)2 = 2k 1
2k = 4

k = 2
8

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

19.
3px 5 = (qx)2 1
3px 5 = q2x2 1
q2x2 3px 1 + 5 = 0
q2x2 3px + 4 = 0
So, a = q2, b = 3p and c = 4

16. 3x2 5x 2 = 0
(3x + 1)(x 2) = 0
1

x = or 2
3

1
Since a . 0 and b , 0, then a = 2 and b =
3
3
Sum of roots = (a 1) + b +
4
3
1

= (2 1) + +
4
3
3
1

=1+
4
3
17
=
12

1
1

3
Product of roots = (a 1) b +
4
3
1

= (2 1) +
4
3
4 + 9

= (1)
12
5
=
12

1
1

Since the roots are equal,

then b2 4ac = 0
(3p)2 4q2(4) = 0
9p2 16q2 = 0
9p2 = 16q2
p2
16

=
q2
9
p 2
4 2

=

q
3
4
p
=

3
q

p : q = 4 : 3

1 2 1 2

20. 4x2 5x + t + 2 = 0
So, a = 4, b = 5 and c = t + 2

Since the roots are distinct,

then
b2 4ac . 0
(5)2 4(4)(t + 2) . 0
25 16t 32 . 0
16t . 7
7

t ,
16

17
5
x+
=0
12
12
2
12x 17x + 5 = 0
Hence, the quadratic equation is x 2

17. x2 + (1 p)x + 4 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 1 p and c = 4

21. (p 1)x2 8x = 4
(p 1)x2 8x 4 = 0
So, a = p 1, b = 8 and c = 4

Since the roots are equal,

then
b2 4ac = 0
(1 p)2 4(1)(4) = 0

(1 p)2 = 16

1 p = 4
p = 4 1
p = 4 1 or 4 1

p = 3 or 5

Since the roots are not real,

then
b2 4ac , 0
(8)2 4(p 1)(4) , 0

64 + 16p 16 , 0
16p + 48 , 0
16p , 48
48

p ,
16

p , 3

18.
x2 2x = 9(2x 5) 5p
= 18x 45 5p
x2 2x 18x + 45 + 5p = 0

x2 20x + 45 + 5p = 0
So, a = 1, b = 20 and c = 45 + 5p

22. Given y = 3x k................................. 1

and y = 4 x2.................................. 2

Since the roots are equal,

then
b2 4ac = 0
(20)2 4(1)(45 + 5p) = 0

400 180 20p = 0

220 20p = 0
20p = 220
220

p =
20
= 11

Substitute 1 into 2,
3x k = 4 x2
x2 + 3x k 4 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 3 and c = k 4

Since the straight line intersects the curve at two

different points,
then b2 4ac . 0
32 4(1)(k 4) . 0

9 + 4k + 16 . 0
4k + 25 . 0
4k . 25
25
k .
4
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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

Since the roots are not real,
then b2 4ac , 0
(2p + 3)2 4(p)(p) , 0
4p2 + 12p + 9 4p2 , 0

12p + 9 , 0

12p , 9
3

p ,
4

23. Given y = 2x 1................................. 1

and y = x2 + p.................................. 2
Substitute 1 into 2,
2x 1 = x2 + p
x2 2x + 1 + p = 0
So, a = 1, b = 2 and c = 1 + p

Since the straight line is a tangent to the curve,

then
b2 4ac = 0
(2)2 4(1)(1 + p) = 0

4 4 4p = 0

4p = 0

p = 0

1
x2 + px pq = qx
2
1
2

x + px qx pq = 0
2
1

x2 + (p q)x pq = 0
2

26. (a)

24. x2 px + q = 0
So, a = 1, b = p and c = q

1
So, a = 1, b = p q and c = pq
2

Since the roots are equal,

then b2 4ac = 0
(p)2 4(1)(q) = 0

p2 4q = 0............................... 1
Given q + p2 = 1............................... 2

1
b2 4ac = (p q)2 4(1) pq
2

= p2 2pq + q2 + 2pq

= p2 + q2

Since p2 . 0 and q2 . 0 for all values of p and q,

then p2 + q2 . 0 for all values of x.

That is, b2 4ac . 0 for all values of x.

2 1, 5q = 1
1

q =
5
1
Substitute q = into 1,
5
1
p2 4 = 0
5
4
p2 = 0
5
4
p2 =
5
4
p =
5
= 0.8944 or 0.8944

1 2

Hence, the quadratic equation has roots for all

values of p and q.

(b) Given a and b are the roots of 3x2 8x + 2 = 0.

3x2 8x + 2 = 0
2
8

x2 x + = 0
3
3

Sum of roots = a + b
8

=
3

Product of roots = ab
2

=
3
2
2

For the roots
,
a and
b
2
2

Sum of roots =
a +
b
2b + 2a

=
ab
2(b + a)

=
ab
8
2
3

=
2

3
3
8

=2
2
3

=8

ABB

25. (a) 4x 6 + 3x2 = 0

3x2 + 4x 6 = 0
So, a = 3, b = 4 and c = 6
b2 4ac
b ABBBBBB
2a
42 4(3)(6)
4 ABBBBBBBBB
=
2(3)
88
4 ABB
=
6
88
88
4 + ABB
4 ABB
=
or
6
6
= 0.8968 or 2.230
x =

1 2

(b)
px2 + 2px + p = 3x

px2 + 2px + 3x + p = 0

px2 + (2p + 3)x + p = 0
So, a = p, b = (2p + 3) and c = p

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

2 2
Product of roots =
a
b
4

=
ab
4

=
2

3
3

=4
2

=6
2

Hence, the quadratic equation with roots
a and
2

is x2 8x + 6 = 0.
b

1 21 2

27. (a) Given

y + px 1 =

y =
and x2 3x =

x2 3x =

17
2

2
q

2
q

2
q

2
q

0
1 px.................. 1
y(y 3)
y2 3y................. 2

Substitute 1 into 2,

x2 3x = (1 px)2 3(1 px)

x2 3x = 1 2px + p2x2 3 + 3px

p2x2 x2 + 3x 2px + 3px + 1 3 = 0

(p2 1)x2 + (3 + p)x 2 = 0
So, a = p2 1, b = 3 + p and c = 2

Since the straight line touches the curve at only

one point,
then
b2 4ac = 0
2
2
(3 + p) 4(p 1)(2) = 0
9 + p2 + 6p + 8p2 8 = 0

9p2 + 6p + 1 = 0

(3p + 1)2 = 0

3p + 1 = 0
1

p =
3

14
4
7

(b) 2x2 4x + 1 = 0
1

x2 2x + = 0
2

Sum of roots = a + b

=2

Product of roots = ab
1

=
2

h
3
h2
9

Sum of new roots = (a + 2) + (b + 2)

=a+b+4

=2+4

=6

Product of new roots = (a + 2)(b + 2)

= ab + 2(a + b) + 4
1

= + 2(2) + 4
2
1

= 8
2
17

=
2

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

(b)
px2 + (p + 2)x = 4q + 10
px2 + (p + 2)x 4q 10 = 0
p+2
4q + 10

x2 +
x
= 0
p
p

p+2

1 p 2
p+2
1
q + = 1 p
2
p

Sum of roots =

Multiply both sides by p,

pq + 1 = p 2

pq + p = 3................................... 1

2
a

2
a

4q + 10

p
4q + 10

p
4q 10
10
2

Product of roots =

1 1p 2 = 1

2
b

4
a

6
a2
36

2 1

(q)

q =
5q =
q =

Substitute q = 2 into 1,

p(2) + p = 3
p = 3
p = 3

4
b

31. (a) (h2 + 1)x2 + 2phx + p2 = 0

So, a = (h2 + 1), b = 2ph and c = p2

b2 4ac = (2ph)2 4(h2 + 1)(p2)

= 4p2h2 4p2h2 4p2

= 4p2

Since 4p2 , 0 for all real non-zero p and
p2 . 0, then b2 4ac , 0.

Therefore, the quadratic equation has no roots.

(b)
x2 + (p + 1)2 = 3px 2x

x2 + 2x 3px + (p + 1)2 = 0

x2 + (2 3p)x + (p + 1)2 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 2 3p and c = (p + 1)2

1
12

Since the equation has only one root,
then
b2 4ac = 0
2

(2 3p) 4(1)(p + 1)2 = 0
4 12p + 9p2 4(p2 + 2p + 1) = 0
4 12p + 9p2 4p2 8p 4 = 0

5p2 20p = 0

5p(p 4) = 0

p = 0 or 4

x2 + (2 3p)x + (p + 1)2 = 0
When p = 4,
x2 10x + 25 = 0
(x 5)2 = 0

x = 5

1
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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

2x2 + 4x + 5 = 21
2(x + 1)2 + 3 = 21
2(x + 1)2 = 18
(x + 1)2 = 9

x + 1 = 3

x = 3 1
= 3 1 or 3 1

= 2 or 4

32. (a)
x2 + 2kx = k 4

x2 + 2kx + 4 k = 0
So, a = 1, b = 2k and c = 4 k

Since x-axis is the tangent to the curve,

then x has only one value.

Therefore,
b2 4ac = 0
2
(2k) 4(1)(4 k) = 0
4k2 16 + 4k = 0
4k2 + 4k 16 = 0

k2 + k 4 = 0
(1)2 4(1)(4)
1 ABBBBBBBBBB

k =
2(1)
ABBBBB
1 1 + 16
=
2
17
1 ABB
=
2
17
17
1 + ABB
1 ABB
or
=
2
2

2. 7 6x 3x2 = 3(x2 + 2x) + 7

= 3(x2 + 2x + 12 12) + 7

= 3[(x + 1)2 1] + 7

= 3(x + 1)2 + 3 + 7

= 3(x + 1)2 + 10
6 6x 3x2 = 0
7 6x 3x2 = 1
3(x + 1)2 + 10 = 1
3(x + 1)2 = 9
(x + 1)2 = 3
3

x + 1 = AB
31

x = AB
3 1 or AB
31
= AB
= 0.7321 or 2.732

(b) 2x2 4x + 1 = 0
1

x2 2x + = 0
2

Sum of roots = 2
a + b = 2
1
Product of roots =
2
1

ab =
2

Sum of the new roots = a2 + b2

= a2 + b2 + 2ab 2ab

= (a + b)2 2ab
1

= (2)2 2
2

=41

=3

3. y = x2 + px x p

When the x-axis is the tangent to the curve, then

b2 4ac = 0 for x2 + px x p = 0.
That is, x2 + (p 1)x p = 0

b2 4ac = 0
(p 1)2 4(1)(p) = 0
p2 2p + 1 + 4p = 0

p2 + 2p + 1 = 0
(p + 1)2 = 0

p + 1 = 0

p = 1

1 2

Product of the new roots = a2b2

= (ab)2
1 2

=
2
1

=
4

4. x2 + ax + b = 0
Sum of roots = a

q + 3q = a
4q = a
a

q = ............................ 1
4
Product of roots = b

q(3q) = b
3q2 = b............................. 2

1 2

Hence, the quadratic equation is

1
x2 3x + = 0
4
4x2 12x + 1 = 0

Substitute 1 into 2,

a 2
31 2 = b
4
3a2
= b
16
3a2 = 16b

1. 2x2 + 4x + 5 = 2(x2 + 2x) + 5

= 2(x2 + 2x + 12 12) + 5

= 2[(x + 1)2 1] + 5

= 2(x + 1)2 2 + 5

= 2(x + 1)2 + 3

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 2

5. x2 ax = 2a
x2 ax + 2a = 0

8. The quadratic equation is

x2 (2 + p)x + (2)(p) = 0

x2 (p 2)x 2p = 0

Sum of roots = a

p + q = a.................................. 1

Given product of roots = sum of roots

2p = 2 + p
3p = 2
2
p =
3

Product of roots = 2a

pq = 2a.......................... 2

Substitute 1 into 2,
pq = 2(p + q)
pq = 2p + 2q

9. p2x2 + 2pqx + x2 + q2 = 0
(p2 + 1)x2 + 2pqx + q2 = 0

6. 3x2 + p + 3x + px = 0
3x2 + (3 + p)x + p = 0

b2 4ac = (2pq)2 4(p2 + 1)(q2)

= 4p2q2 4p2q2 4q2

= 4q2

b2 4ac = (3 + p)2 4(3)(p)

= (3 + p)2 12p

= 9 + 6p + p2 12p
= p2 6p + 9

= (p 3)2

Since q is real non-zero number, then q2 . 0 for all

values of q.
Therefore, b2 4ac , 0 for all values of q.
Hence, there is no real roots for all values of p and q.

Since (p 3)2 > 0 for all values of p,

then b2 4ac > 0 for all values of p.

10. (a) Sum of roots = p 4

Product of roots = 4p

Therefore, equation 3x2 + p + 3x + px = 0 has roots

for all values of p.

f
(x) = x2 (p 4)x + (4p)
= x2 (p 4)x 4p

7. Substitute x = 0, y = 0 into y = ax2 + bx + c,

\ c = 0
y = ax2 + bx
Substitute x = 4, y = 8 into y = ax2 + bx,

8 = a(4)2 + b(4)
16a + 4b = 8
4a + b = 2........................................ 1

(b) y = kf(x)
= k[x2 (p 4)x 4p]

Substitute x = 0 and y = 16 into the equation,

16 = k(4p)

kp = 4
When p = 2,

k(2) = 4

k = 2

Given a + b + 4 = 0

a + b = 4......................... 2

1 2, 3a = 6

a = 2

11. y = x2 4x + c
Since minimum point is above the x-axis,
then b2 4ac , 0
( 4)2 4(1)(c) , 0

16 4c , 0

4c , 16

c . 4

Substitute a = 2 into 2,
2 + b = 4
b = 6
Therefore, a = 2, b = 6 and c = 0.

When y = 0, 2x2 6x = 0
2x(x 3) = 0

x = 0 or 3

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