Glass is a non-crystalline solid that is often transparent and has widespread

practical, technological, and decorative usage in things like window panes,

tableware, and optoelectronics. Scientifically, the term "glass" is often defined in a
broader sense, encompassing every solid that possesses a non-crystalline (that is,
amorphous) structure at the atomic scale and that exhibits a glass transition when
heated towards the liquid state.
Glass is one of the most useful materials in our daily lives. There is a special
relationship between glass and buildings. Glass is a magical material which has so
many different properties and uses, that it has presented many new possibilities
and designs. The types of glass presently manufactured in India are float glass and
sheet glass.
The glass industry in India is worth around Rs 5,500 crore, which has which has
shown good growth in the past few quarters driven by an uptick in demand from
user-industries such as infrastructure, construction, automobiles, food processing,
beverages, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, among others. The glass industry is
diversifying into interior decoration, furniture, murals and other value additions to
keep the show going. The growth of the industry is dependent on construction and
architecture activities. However, the automobile sector is still a big user of flat glass.
The construction sector is the largest consumer of float glass. Around 60 % of the
total production is used by the construction sector. The glass sector has been
growing at 10-12 per cent a year over the past five years. Real estate is the biggest
consumer of flat glass for windows, doors, partitions and a host of other
applications.
Architectural glass is glass that is used as a building material. It is most typically
used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in
the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural
feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety type, which includes
reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses. Glass plays an essential role in the
facade. A facade is a special type of wall. It separates inside from outside. Glass is a
uniform material, a solidified liquid. By its property of transparency it opens up our
buildings to the outside world. In modern architecture there is tendency to open up
our buildings by using very large facades that are as transparent as possible.

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
The glass is manufactured by the PPG process. This process was invented by Sir
Alistair Pilkington in 1952 and is the most popular and widely used process in
manufacturing architectural glass in the world today.
COMPOSITION

Glass is made from the following raw materials: Sand; soda-ash; limestone;
dolomite; feldspar; sodium sulphate. These substances are themselves compounds
of various elements and a chemical analysis shows that flat glass is made up from
the following materials, used in various proportions:
Silica (S2O2) 71.0 to 78.0%
Alumina (Al2O3) 0.5 to 1.5%
Iron oxide (Fe203) 0.05 to 0.15%
Calcium oxide (CaO) 5.0 to 10.0%
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 2.0 to 5.0%
Sodium oxide (Na2O) 13.0 to 16.0%
Potassium oxide (K2O) 0.0 to 1.0%
Sulphur trioxide (SO3) 0.0 to 0.5%

It consists of the following steps:

Stage 1- Melting & Refining:
Fine grained ingredients closely controlled for quality, are mixed to make a batch,
which flows into the furnace, which is heated up to 1500 degree Celsius.
The raw materials that go into the manufacturing of clear float glass are:
SiO2 Silica Sand
Na2O Sodium Oxide from Soda Ash
CaO Calcium oxide from Limestone / Dolomite
MgO Dolomite
Al2O3 Feldspar

The above raw materials primarily mixed in batch helps to make clear glass. If
certain metal oxides are mixed to this batch they impart colors to the glass giving it
a body tint.
For e.g.
NiO & CoO to give grey tinted glasses (Oxides of Nickel & Cobalt)

 SeO to give Bronze tinted glasses (oxide of Selenium)

Fe2O3 To give Green tinted glasses (oxides of iron which at times is also
present as impurity in Silica Sand)

CoO To give blue tinted glass (oxides of Cobalt)

Apart from the above basic raw material, broken glass aka cullet, is added to the
mixture to the tune of nearly 25% ~ 30% which acts primarily as flux. The flux in a
batch helps in reducing the melting point of the batch thus reducing the energy
consumed to carry out the process.
Stage 2 - Float Bath:
Glass from the furnace gently flows over the refractory spout on to the mirror-like
surface of molten tin, starting at 1100 deg Celsius and leaving the float bath as
solid ribbon at 600 deg Celsius.
Stage 3 - Coating (for making reflective glasses):
Coatings that make profound changes in optical properties can be applied by
advanced high temperature technology to the cooling ribbon of glass. Online
Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) is the most significant advance in the float
process since it was invented. CVD can be used to lay down a variety of coatings, a
few microns thick, for reflect visible and infra-red radiance for instance. Multiple
coatings can be deposited in the few seconds available as the glass flows beneath
the coater (e.g. Sunergy)
Stage 4 - Annealing:
Despite the tranquillity with which the glass is formed, considerable stresses are
developed in the ribbon as the glass cools. The glass is made to move through the
annealing lehr where such internal stresses are removed, as the glass is cooled
gradually, to make the glass more prone to cutting.
Stage 5 - Inspection:
To ensure the highest quality inspection takes place at every stage. Occasionally a
bubble that is not removed during refining, a sand grain that refuses to melt or a
tremor in the tin puts ripples in the glass ribbon. Automated online inspection does
two things. It reveals process faults upstream that can be corrected. And it enables
computers downstream to steer round the flaws. Inspection technology now allows
100 million inspections per second to be made across the ribbon, locating flaws the
unaided eye would be unable to see.
Stage 6 - Cutting to Order:

Diamond steels trim off selvedge stressed edges- and cut ribbon to size dictated
by the computer. Glass is finally sold only in square meters.

TYPE OF ARCHITECTURE GLASS

Toughened glass
Flat glass
Safety glass
Acoustic glass
Coloured glass
Special glass
Extra clear glass
Acid etched glass
Etched glass
Fire rated glass
Mirror glass
Coated glass
Pattern glass
Annealed glass

(A)TOUGHENED GLASS
Toughened glass acquires a degree of strength for excess of the strength of normal
glass sheet or plate glass, which if broken shatters into small and comparatively
harmless pieces. It is claimed that the resistance to mechanical stock of toughened
plate glass is 4 to 5 times more than that of ordinary plate glass. A toughened glass
has better resistance to the vibration, mechanical shock and abrasion. Toughened
Glass has to pass the following important tests:
i. Transfer strength test on sheets on simply supplied (Modules of rupture and
electricity)

ii. Impact test: By following weight on sheets supported on two wooden battens
iii. iii. Impact by falling weight on sheet evenly bedded (on putty)
iv. iv. Impact by falling weight on edge of sheet
v. v. Repeated twisting tests
vi. vi. Sand blast abrasion
vii. vii. Thermal tests

Because of the strength and other specific physical properties mentioned above, it
finds applications in the following fields:
i. Automobile: Cars, trucks, Industry buses, tempos etc
. ii. Railways: Coaches
iii. Defence: Fleets, vehicles factory
iv. Commercial: Hotels, shops, complex
v. Air ports: Doors
Characteristics of Toughened Glass
Toughened glass is four to five times stronger than annealed glass of the same size
and thickness against impact. Toughened glass has higher thermal strength and can
withstand a high temperature differential upto 250C.Toughened glass is considered
as safety glass. It is difficult to break and even in the event of a breakage,
disintegrates into small globules, which are relatively harmless.
Toughening does not alter the basic characteristics of glass such as light
transmission and solar radiant heat properties.
After heat treatment, the surface of toughened glass has the same resistance to
surface damage as annealed glass. Toughened glass cannot be cut, drilled or
altered.
Heat soak test is recommended to be carried out on Toughened glass that is used
for overhead and horizontal application, to prevent the spontaneous breakage
caused due to nickel sulphide inclusion.
Strength & Safety Consideration
Four to five times stronger than annealed glass

 Two to three times stronger than heat strengthened glass

Fragments into small, relatively harmless pieces, reducing the likelihood of injury

FLAT GLASS
Flat glass is a type of glass, initially produced in plane form, commonly used for
windows, glass doors, transparent walls, and windshields. For modern architectural
and automotive applications, the flat glass is sometimes bent after production of the
plane sheet.
There are 2 types of flat glass
1.The float
2. The printed glass
FLOAT GLASS

Float glass is a sheet of glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten
metal, typically tin, although lead and various low melting point alloys were used in
the past. This method gives the sheet uniform thickness and very flat surfaces.
Modern windows are made from float glass. Most float glass is soda-lime glass, but
relatively minor quantities of specialty borosilicate and flat panel display glass are
also produced using the float glass process. The float glass process is also known as
the Pilkington process.
The float glass is a transparent, colorless or colored glass, with uniform thickness
and homogeneous mass. It is the ideal glass for application that demand perfect
visibility, as it does not present optical distortion and has high light transmission. It
constitutes the raw material for the processing of all the other flat glasses, being
applied to different segments and it can be: laminated, tempered glass, curved,
screen-printed glass and used in double glazing. It is used in automotive industry, of
household appliances, civil construction, furniture and decoration.
PROPERTIES
Most widely used type of glass
Monolithic and highly transparent
Produced by flowing molten glass
over a bath of molten tin and

 slowly cooling .
Has uniform thickness, flatness
and excellent optical quality.
Manufactured in two main varieties, i.e.; clear and tinted.
Used in mirrors windows, curtain walls and doors.
float glass can be toughened, a process that creates safety glass out of annealed
glass.
Available in thicknesses 2-19 mm
Can be coloured during manufacturing.
3 (B)PRINTED GLASS
The printed glass is a translucent flat glass, colorless or colored, which receives the
printing of a pattern (drawing) when is leaving the furnace. It is used in civil
construction, household appliances, furniture and decoration

SAFETY GLASS
It is produced from the float glass, aiming to reduce the risks in case of accident and
accidental break. The safety glasses are defined by ABNT as those that, when
broken, produce fragments less susceptible to cause serious injuries. It can be:
Tempered and laminated.
It is of two types :
1. Tempered glass
2. Laminated glass

Tempered Glass

The tempered glass is a float glass that receives a thermal treatment (it is heated
and cooled quickly), which makes it more rigid and resistant to breakage. If it breaks
it produces tips and edges less cutting, and it fragments in small round pieces.
3 (C) Laminated Glass

The laminated glass is composed by two glass plates intercalated by a plastic skin
of great resistance (PVB - polyvinyl butyral). The laminated glass is the appropriate
product for several applications, as cover, facades, balconies, guardrail, doors,
windows, partitions, showcase, floorings and others, as in case it breaks, the shards
are kept in the PVB skin, avoiding injuries and keeping the area closed until the
glass replacement is done. Besides that, the laminated glass has other benefits, as
the reduction of external noise entrance (when compared to the common glasses)
and the protection against UV (Ultraviolet) rays, as the PVB stops 99.6% of the solar
UV (Ultraviolet) rays, protecting the people from damage caused by this type of ray,
avoiding the fading and aging of the furniture, curtains, carpets and other objects.
3 (D) ACOUSTIC GLASS
Have you ever imagine being in a noisy avenue and when closing the window there
is no more noise? This can be possible with the acoustic glasses that impede the
noise from passing from one environment to the other. This sound comfort can be
obtained through two solutions: acoustic laminated glass and the double glass (or
insulated).
It is also of two types:
1. Acoustic Laminated Glass
2. Double Glass or Insulated Glass

Acoustic Laminated Glass

It is a glass laminated with a special PVB (acoustic) and because of this it works as
an excellent acoustic insulator. It is an innovative product that ensures a powerful
protection against noises.

Double Glass or Insulated

It is the set of two glasses separated by an air or gas layer, conferring a reduction in
the sound propagation, in the entrance of heat and endless decorative
combinations. Largely used in buildings of European countries the double glass is
present in our daily life, as for instance, in freezers and refrigerators doors (with the
thermal insulation function). The double glazing can be composed by any type of
glass, improving the thermal and acoustic performance. Besides that, it can be
equipped with internal blinds that give the set a differentiated aesthetic effect
3 (E) COLOURED GLASS
There are two types of colored glasses: painted and screen-printed.

Painted Glass
Produced from a float glass, it receives in the production line a special painting,
which gives to it, besides the colored and shiny finishing, greater resistance. Its
versatility makes it possible to use in furniture, residences, offices, hotels, stores
and museums.

Screen-printed Glass
In the process of screen printing the application of a vitrifying paint (ceramic glaze)
is done in the ordinary glass, colorless or colored in mass. Following it, this glass
passes through a hardening furnace where the ceramic pigments become part of it.
At the end of the process, a tempered glass is obtained with extremely resistant
texture, including to the friction with sharp metals.
3(F) SPECIAL GLASS
With the technological advance in the creation of micro layers, several special types
of glasses have come up. Actually, theses glasses have layers of diverse type of
materials, these layers of microscopic dimension that offer several differentiated
characteristics to the glass. Types of special glasses: Solar control, self-cleaning, low
reflection and low-emissivity.
Sun protection Glass
Also known as reflective glass or solar control, it offers a contemporary architectonic
solution, being indicated for places where there is great incidence of solar rays, like
facade of buildings, windows, doors, balconies and cover, as it provides a better
thermal comfort. They have the function to reduce the entrance of heat inside the
environment, besides producing a control in the entrance of light for the interior of
the buildings. From the solar radiation that passes through the glazing, part is
automatically reflected for the external environment, and part is absorbed by the
glass, minimizing the heat quantity that effectively reaches the internal
environment. With this, the internal temperature is more pleasant and you reduce
the electric energy consumption with the air-conditioning and the artificial light.
Ideal products within the sustainable concept, because it provides condition to
obtain certifications such as LEED, Aqua and others.

Self-cleaning Glass
Self-cleaning glasses are produced from the float glass that receives one more layer
in its manufacturing process. This layer uses the strength of the UV (Ultraviolet)

rays and from the rain water to fight the dirty and waste that accumulate in the
exterior and thus, it keeps the surface of the glass clean. This process has an
extremely strong sustainable character because, besides reducing the water
consumption, as its cleaning is less frequent and it uses the rain water for this, it
reduces the consumption of detergents, that in many times, affect the ecosystem.
The self-cleaning glass is visual identical to the normal glasses, it ensures a clear
vision in all the situations, even on rainy days; and the self-cleaning layer is
integrated to the glass and because of this has a high level of durability, and do not
wear out over the time. It shall be applied always in the external part of the
buildings like facades, covers, windows, doors, balconies and other in highly
polluted areas.

Low Reflection Glass

It is an extra clear float glass (glasses with low concentration of iron in its
composition and because of this are extremely clear and not green) that receives a
layer capable to reduce the reflection in 5 times (compared to the colorless float
glass). Ideal for showcases, showrooms, museums, authorized dealers, displays and
other types of applications that need to avoid the discomfort of the light reflection
in the glass, which many times forces the person to create a shadow in front to
observe the object that is behind the glass.

Low-emissivity Glass It is a glass produced in off-line process and that presents

low emissivity, that is, it does not enables the heat exchange between the internal
and external environment. When used as a double glass, it thermally insulates up to
5 times more than a transparent monolithic glass. It has the appearance of a
colorless float glass, reducing the entrance of heat or cold. Used in the commercial
refrigerating market and on civil construction, in facades and covers.
(G) EXTRA CLEAR GLASS
It is an extremely transparent glass, that is, without the green shade common to the
colorless glasses. This happens because in its composition there is one less
concentration of iron oxide. Used in civil construction, decoration and household
appliances.
Extra clear glass is not the result of processing of annealed glass, but instead a
specific type of melted glass. Extra clear glass differs from other types of glass by
its basic raw material composition. In particular, this glass is made with very low
iron content in order to minimize its sun reflection properties. It therefore lets as
much light as possible through the glass. It is most particularly of use for solar
energy applications where it is important that the glass cover lets light through to

reach the thermal tubes or photovoltaic cells. Anti-reflective properties can be

further increased by applying a special coating on the low-iron glass. It can also be
used in windows or facades as it offers excellent clarity, which allows occupants to
appreciate true colors and to enjoy unimpaired views
3 (H) ACID ETCHED GLASS
They are glasses treated with acid and with whitish appearance. It offers several
aesthetic options for architect and decorators, as they combine lightness of the
glass with the subtlety of translucence, giving a touch of nobility3
(I)ETCHED GLASS It is a glass worked with jets of sand grains that mechanically
attack the glass, transforming it in translucent and slightly rough. It is used in
furniture and decoration. to the design of furniture and to the decoration of the
most diverse environments.
3 (J) FIRE RATED GLASS
The fire-rated glasses, without the metal mesh, are laminated glasses composed by
several intercalated plates with transparent chemical material that melts and
dilates in case of fire. This reaction is activated when the temperature of one of the
faces of the glass reaches 120C.
3 (K) Mirrored glass
To produce mirrored glass, a metal coating is applied to one side of the glass. The
coating is generally made of silver, aluminium, gold or chrome. For simple mirrored
glass, a fully reflective metal coating is applied and then sealed with a protective
layer. To produce "one-way" mirrors, a much thinner metal coating is used, with no
additional sealing or otherwise opaque layer. Mirrored glass is gaining a more
prominent place in architecture, for important functional reasons as well as for the
aesthetic effect.
3 (L)Patterned
Patterned glass is flat glass whose surfaces display a regular pattern. The most
common method for producing patterned glass is to pass heated glass (usually just
after it exits the furnace where it is made) between rollers whose surfaces contain
the negative relief of the desired pattern(s).
Patterned glass is mostly used in internal decoration and internal architecture.
Today, it is typically used for functional reasons, where light but not transparency is
desired, and the patterns are accordingly subtle. However, it has also at times been
fashionable as a design feature in itself, in such cases often displaying more
prominent patterns.
3 (M)Annealed glass

Annealed glass is the basic flat glass product that is the first result of the float
process. It is common glass that tends to break into large, jagged shards. It is used
in some end products and often in double-glazed windows. It is also the starting
material used to produce more advanced products through further processing such
as laminating, toughening, coating, etc.
WHAT IS FIBER GLASS
Fiberglass (or fiberglass) is a type of fiber reinforced plastic where the reinforcement
fiber is specifically glass fiber.
Other common names for fiberglass are glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), glass-fiber
reinforced plastic (GFRP)
Background
Fiberglass really is made of glass, similar to windows or the drinking glasses in the
kitchen. The glass is heated until it is molten, then it is forced through superfine
holes, creating glass filaments that are very thin.
Fiberglass itself may be manufactured from recycled glass
Originally, fiberglass was a glass wool with fibers entrapping a great deal of gas,
making it useful as an insulator, especially at high temperatures.
RAW MATERIAL
The basic raw materials for fiberglass products are a variety of natural minerals and
manufactured chemicals. The major ingredients are

silica sand,

limestone, and

soda ash.

Silica sand is used as the glass former, and

soda ash and limestone help primarily to lower the melting temperature

Waste glass, also called cullet, is also used as a raw material.

The raw materials must be carefully weighed in exact quantities and thoroughly
mixed together (called batching) before being melted into glass.
TYPES OF FIBER GLASS
The following classification is known:

1. A-glass: With regard to its composition, it is close to window glass

2. C-glass: This kind of glass shows better resistance to chemical impact.
3. E-glass: This kind of glass combines the characteristics of C-glass with very good
insulation to electricity.
4. AE-glass: Alkali resistant glass.
PROPERTIES
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE- Fiberglass textile fabrics will not rot, mildew or
deteriorate. They resist most acids with the exceptions of hydrofluoric acid and
phosphoric acid.
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY- Fiberglass fabrics will not stretch or shrink. Nominal
elongation break is 3-4 percent. The average linear thermal expansion coefficient of
"E" glass is 5.4 by 10.6 cm/cm/C.
GOOD THERMAL PROPERTIES- Fiberglass fabrics have a low coefficient of
thermal expansion and relatively high thermal conductivity. Glass fabrics will
dissipate heat more rapidly than asbestos or organic fibers.
HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH- Fiberglass yarn has a high strength-to-weight ratio.
Fiberglass yarn is twice as strong as steel wire.
LOW MOISTURE ABSORPTION-Fiberglass yarn has extremely low moisture
absorption.
ELECTRICAL INSULATION- High dielectrical strength and relatively low dielectrical
constants make fiberglass fabrics outstanding for electrical insulation purposes.
OTHER

resistance to corrosive attacks;

tight structure;

superior shock and wear resistance;

lightweight;

simple assembling;

damage and breakage resistance;

aesthetical and attractive look;

at temperatures below zero it doesnt become slippery or covered with ice

hardly bendable material

superior durability

GREEN AND SUSTAINABILITY

Fiberglass is a natural choice when youre seeking energy-efficient, green,
sustainable solutions.
Due to its composition, fiberglass is known for its very low embodied
energy the total energy required to produce a product from the raw
materials stage through delivery of fiberglass products
Typically fiberglass requires no added materials to reinforce it, reducing the
bulk and weight of windows and doors, helping cut transportation costs in the
process.
Sustainability starts with sand an abundant natural resource
The main ingredient in fiberglass is glass. Since glass is made from sand an
abundant, natural, non-depleting resource fiberglass is a highly-sustainable
solution
Because of their low coefficient of thermal expansion, fiberglass windows
and doors provide energy-efficient solutions that help seal out the elements even in extreme hot and cold climate conditions.
COST 75RS/ SQ FEET
COLODOES NOT AFFECT R THE COST
Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP, Fiberglass)
FRP products generally produced as a thin rigid laminate shell formed by
pouring a polyester or epoxy resin gel coat into a mold.
Application : Its good molding ability and versatility to represent stone,
wood, metal and terra cotta make it an alternative to ornate or carved
building elements such as column capitals, bases, spandrel panels, belt
courses, balustrades, window hoods or parapets. Its ability to reproduce
bright colors is a great advantage.
Advantages:

lightweight, long spans available with a separate structural frame

high ratio of strength to weight

good molding ability

easily installed, can be cut, patched, sanded

non-corrosive, rot-resistant
Disadvantages:

ultraviolet sensitive unless surface is coated or pigments are in gel coat

vapor impermeability may require ventilation detail

Fiberglass is unaffected by termites and its use as a replacement to wood
virtually eliminates toxins from exterior painting and pesticides.
The disadvantages is that it needs to be re-gel coated about every five
years and can result in airborne fibers which may be an issue to asthma
sufferers.
APPLICATION
Fiberglass Roofing

Cooling tower casing

Structural Day lighting Panel Features

Natural light transmission

Lasting aesthetics

Reduced energy bills

Maintenance free
Range of profiles & colors
DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE
the Wolfgang Feierbach 'Kunststofhaus FG 2000" was constructed in
Altenstadt Germany in 1968-1970. This is one amazing prefab modular
fiberglass house.
Zhu Pei worked with a manufacturer of fiberglass-reinforced plastic to develop
a translucent fiberglass block for his Blur Hotel in Beijing. The architect
wanted the building, which will sit near the East Gate of the Forbidden City, to
glow like a Chinese lantern.
Paints & Varnishes
Objects of paintings a surface

1.It protects the surface from weathering effects of the atmosphere.

2. It prevent decay of wood and corrosion in metal.
3. It is used to give good appearance to the surface. Decorative effects may
be created by painting and the surface becomes hygienically good, clean,
colorful and attractive.
Characteristics of an ideal paint
1.It should possess a good spreading power, i.e., maximum area of the
surface should be covered by minimum quantity of paint.
2.The paint should be fairly cheap and economical .
3.The paint should be such that it can be easily and freely applied on the
surface.
4.The paint should be such that it dries in reasonable time and not too
rapidly.
5.The paint should be such that its color is maintained for long time.
6.The paint should form a hard and durable surface.
7.The paint should posses attractive and pleasing appearance.
8.The paint should not be affected by weathering actions of the atmosphere.
9.when applied on surface, the paint should form a thin film of uniform
nature.
Ingredients of an oil paint
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
A
A
A
A

base
vehicle or carrier
drier
colouring pigment
solvent

Ingredients of an oil paint

1. A base A base is a solid substance in a fine state of division and it forms
the bulk of a paint. It determines the character of the paint and imparts
durability to the surface which is painted.
2. A vehicle or carrier The vehicles are liquid substances which hold the
ingredients of a paint in liquid suspension. they are required mainly for two
reasons.
i) to make it possible to spread the paint evenly on the surface
ii) to provide a binder for the ingredients of a paint so that they may stick or
adhere to the surface.
3. A drier These substance accelerate the process of drying. A drier absorbs
oxygen from the air and transfers it to the linseed oil, which in turn, gets
hardened. Driers have a tendency to injure the colour of a paint and to

destroy the elasticity of a paint. they are therefore, not generally used for the
final or finishing coat of the paint.
Ingredients of an oil paint
4. A colouring pigment When it is desired to have a different colour than
the base of a paint, a colouring pigments.
i) Natural earth colours such as ochres, umbers ,iron oxides, etc
ii) Calcined colours such as lamp black, Indian red, carbon black ,red
lead, etc.
iii) Precipitates such as Prussian blue, chrome green, chrome yellow, etc.
iv) lakes prepared by discolouring barytes or china clay with the help of
suitable dyes.
V) metal powders such as aluminium powder, bronze powder ,copper
powder, zinc powder, etc.
5. A solvent The function of a solvent is to make the paint thin so that it can
be easily applied on the surfaces. it also helps the paint in penetrating
through the porous surfaces. The most commonly used solvent is the spirit of
turpentine.
Types of paints
1.Aluminium paint
2.Anticorrosive paint
3.Asbestos paint
4.Bituminous Paint
5.Cellulose Paint
6.Cement Paint
7.Colloidal paint
8.Emulsion paint
9.Enamel paint
10.Graphite paint
11.Indorous paint
12.Luminous paint
13.Oil paint
14.Plastic paint
15.Silicate paint
16.Synthetic rubber paint
Types of paints
1.Aluminium paint very finely ground aluminium is suspended in either
quick-drying spirit or slow drying oil varnish as per requirement. the spirit or
oil evaporates and a thin metallic film of aluminium is formed on the surface.

The aluminium paint is widely used for painting gas tanks,

hot water pipes, marine piers, oil storage tanks, radiators, etc,.
2.Anticorrosive paint this paint essentially consists of oil and a strong drier. a
pigment such as chromium oxide, lead, red or zinc chrome is taken and after
mixing it with some quantity of very fine sand, it is added to the paint.
3.Asbestos paint this is peculiar type of paint and it is applied on the
surface which are exposed to acidic gases and steam.
Types of paints
4.Bituminous Paint this paint is prepared by dissolving asphalt or mineral
pitches or vegetable bituminous paint is available. the paint presents and it is
used for painting ironwork under water.
5.Cellulose Paint this paint is prepared from nitro-cotton, celluloid sheets
photographic films, etc. an ordinary paint hardens by oxidation. a cellulose
paint hardens by evaporation of thinning agent.
6.Cement Paint this paint consists of white cement, pigment, accelerator
and other additives. it is available in dry powder form. cement paint is
available in variety of shades and it exhibits excellent decorative appearance.
t is waterproof and durable.

Types of paints
7.Colloidal paint no inert material is mixed in this type of paint. it requires
more time to settle and in the process of settlement, it penetrates through
the surface. it may be used for interior as well as exterior walls.
8.Emulsion paint a verity of emulsion paints is available it contains binding
materials
such as polyvinyl acetate, synthetic resins, etc. this paint is easy to apply and
it dries quickly in about 1 hours. the colour of the paint is retained for a long
period and the surface of paint is tough and it can be cleaned by washing
with water.
9.Enamel paint this paint is available in different colours. it contains white
lead or zinc white, oil, petroleum spirit and resinous matter. it dries slowly
and forms a hard and durable surface. the surface provided with this paint is
not affected by
acids, alkalies, fumes of gas, hot and cold water, steam, etc.
Types of paints
10.Graphite paint the paint presents a black colour and it is applied on iron
surfaces which come in contact with ammonia, chlorine, sulphur gases, etc. it

is also used in mines and underground railways.

11.Indorous paint no turpentine is used in this paint, but white lead or zinc
white is mixed with methylated spirit. the paint is not durable, but is dries
quickly.
12.Luminous paint this paint contains calcium sulphide with varnish.the
surface on which luminous paint is applied shines like radium dials of watches
after the source of light has been cut off. The paint should be applied on
surfaces which are free from corrosion or any other lead paint.
Types of paints
13.Oil paint this is the ordinary paint and it is generally applied in three
coats of varying composition. they are respectively termed as primes, under
coats and finishing coat. this paint is cheap and easy to apply and it
possesses good opacity and low gloss.
14.Plastic paint this paint contains the necessary variety of plastics and it is
available in the market under different trade names. the application of plastic
paint can be done either by brush painting or spray painting. This paint
posses pleasing appearance and it is attractive in colour. this paint is widely
used for show rooms, auditoriums, etc.
15.Silicate paint this paint is prepared by mixing calcined and finely ground
silica with resinous substances. The paint when dried forms a hard surface
and it is durable. it can extend extreme heat and it adheres firmly to
brickwork also. it is not affected by alkalies.

Types of paints
16.Synthetic rubber paint this paint is prepared from resins. it has the
following advantages
i) it offers good resistance to water and is not affected by heavy rains.
ii) it dries quickly.
iii) a uniform colour is maintained when this paint is applied on the surface.
iv) it is little affected by weather and sunlight.

Process of painting
1. Brushes
2. Paints
3. Knotting
4. Stopping
5. Coat
6.Spray painting
process of painting
1. Brushes It is necessary to have good brushes for painting. The brushes
should be composed of bristles and not of horse hairs. Bristles brushes are
elastic and posses good paint-holding capacity. after the work is over ,the
brushes should be cleaned with kerosene oil.
2. Paints Ready mixed paints of different make and various brand are
available in the market. they are available in different tints and can be
applied in the same form as received. ready mix paints are normally
expensive.
3. Knotting The term knotting is used to indicate the covering or killing of all
knots in woodwork with a substance through which the resin cannot exude or
come out.
4. Stopping the term stopping is used to indicate the rubbing down of the
surface after the first coat of paint is applied. The rubbing is done by means
of pumice - stone or glasspaper or both. before rubbing is commenced, the
holes, cracks ,etc. on the surface are filled with ordinary putty made from
whiting and linseed oil.
Process of painting
5. Coat the paint is usually applied in three or four coats. The first coat is
known as priming coat, the second one as under coat and the remaining as
finishing coats.
6.Spray painting instead of ordinary brushes, a spraying pistol may be used
for painting work. the pistol works under compressed air and the paint thrown
through the pistol on the surface forms a thin uniform film or layer of paint on
the surface. spray painting is superior to painting by brushes.
Defects in painting
1. Blisting
2. Bloom

3. Fading
4. Flaking
5. Flashing
6.Grinning
7.Running
8.Sagging
9.Saponification
10.Wrinkling
Varnishes
The term varnish is used to indicate the solution of resins or resinous
substance prepared either in alcohol, oil or turpentine
Object of varnishing
1.It brightens the appearance of the grain in wood.
2. It renders brilliancy to the painted surface.
3. It protects painted surface from atmospheric actions.
Characteristics of an ideal varnish
1.It should render the surface glossy.
2.It should dry rapidly and present a finished surface which is uniform in
nature and pleasing in appearance.
3.The colour of varnish should not fade away when the surface is exposed to
atmospheric actions.
4.The protecting film developed by varnish should be tough, hard and
durable.
5. It should not shrink or show cracks after drying.
Following of an ideal varnish
1.Resins The commonly used resins are copal, lac or shellac and rosin.
copal is a hard substance and is available from the earth at places where pine
trees existed in past. It is available in verity of forms. lac or shellac is
obtained from pine trees. other resins are amber, mastic, gum dammar, etc.
2. Driers The function of a drier in varnish is to accelerate the process of
drying. common dries used in varnishes are litharge, white copper and lead
acetate.
3. Solvents Depending upon the nature of resin, the type of solvent is
decided.
Types of varnishes
1.Oil varnishes
2. Spirit varnishes

3. Water varnishes
4.Turpentine varnishes
Types of varnishes
1.Oil varnishes Linseed oil is used as solvent in this type of varnish. oil
varnishes dry slowly. but they form hard and durable surface.
2. Spirit varnishes Methylated spirits of wine are used as solvent in this type
of varnish.
3. Water varnishes Shellac is dissolved in hot water and enough quantity of
either ammonia or borax or potash or soda is added such that shellac is
dissolved. these varnishes are used for varnishing maps, pictures, etc
4.Turpentine varnishes Turpentine is used as solvent in this type of varnish.
these varnishes dry quickly and posses light colours. they are not durable and
tough as oil varnishes
Process of varnishing
1. Preparation of surface
2. Knotting
3. Stopping
4. Coats of varnish
Process of varnishing
1. Preparation of surface the wood work is thoroughly rubbed down by
means of sand paper or pumice stone. The surface is then made smooth
and clean.
2. Knotting The process of knotting is then carried out as in case of
painting.
3. Stopping The surface of wood work is then stopped. This is done by
means of hot weak glue size. It will fill up the pores on the surface.
4. Coats of varnish The varnish is then applied on the surface in thin coats.
The next coat is applied after the previous one has thoroughly dried up.