Professional Documents
Culture Documents
All Rectifiers Project
All Rectifiers Project
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation work entitled Full Wave Rectifier Circuit
is the work done by
_______________________________________________submitted in partial
fulfillment for the award of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.E)in
__________________________Engineering from______________ College of
Engineering affiliated to _________ University, Hyderabad .
________________
(Head of the department, ECE)
____________
(Assistant Professor)
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any
task would be incomplete without the mentioning of the people whose constant
guidance and encouragement made it possible. We take pleasure in presenting
before you, our project, which is result of studied blend of both research and
knowledge.
We express our earnest gratitude to our internal guide, Assistant Professor
______________, Department of ECE, our project guide, for his constant support,
encouragement and guidance. We are grateful for his cooperation and his valuable
suggestions.
Finally, we express our gratitude to all other members who are involved either
directly or indirectly for the completion of this project.
DECLARATION
We, the undersigned, declare that the project entitled Full Wave
Rectifier Circuit , being submitted in partial fulfillment for the
award of Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Electronics and
Communication Engineering, affiliated to _________ University, is
the work carried out by us.
__________
__________
_________
_________
_________
_________
CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
1. ABSTRACT
10
3. BLOCK DIAGRAM
16
4. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
17
4.1 TRANSFORMERS
19
20
4.3 RECTIFIER
23
4.4 FILTER
24
4.6 LED
34
39
4.10 BC547
4.11 RESISTOR
4.12 CAPACITOR
41
ABSTRACT
This project is powered by an on-board power supply at drives the AC power and
converts it into DC power that is feed on-board devices and integrated circuits.
10
11
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
12
HARDWARE COMPONENTS:
1. TRANSFORMER (230 12 V AC)
2. VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 7805)
3. RECTIFIER
4. FILTER
5. LED
6. PUSH BUTTONS
7. BC547
8. 1N4007
9. DB9 CONNECTOR
10.RESISTOR
11. CAPACITOR
13
TRANSFORMER
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with a little
loss of power. Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers
reduce voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the
dangerously high voltage to a safer low voltage.
supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low
output voltage.
TURNS RATIO = (Vp / Vs) = ( Np / Ns )
Where,
Vp = primary (input) voltage.
Vs = secondary (output) voltage
Np = number of turns on primary coil
Ns = number of turns on secondary coil
Ip = primary (input) current
Is = secondary (output) current.
15
primary circuit to the magnetic field and into the secondary circuit. If this
condition is met, the incoming electric power must equal the outgoing power:
Description
The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulators are
available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages,
making them useful in a Wide range of applications. Each type employs internal
current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe operating area protection, making it
essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver
over 1A output Current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators,
these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages
and currents.
Internal Block Diagram
17
LED
Light Emitting Diodes (LED) have recently become available that are white
and bright, so bright that they seriously compete with incandescent lamps in
lighting applications. They are still pretty expensive as compared to a GOW lamp
but draw much less current and project a fairly well focused beam.
18
The diode in the photo came with a neat little reflector that tends to sharpen
the beam a little but doesn't seem to add much to the overall intensity.
When run within their ratings, they are more reliable than lamps as well. Red
LEDs are now being used in automotive and truck tail lights and in red traffic
signal lights. You will be able to detect them because they look like an array of
point sources and they go on and off instantly as compared to conventional
incandescent lamps.
There are two primary ways of producing high intensity white-light using
LEDS. One is to use individual LEDS that emit three primary coloursred,
green, and blueand then mix all the colours to form white light. The other is to
use a phosphor material to convert monochromatic light from a blue or UV LED to
broad-spectrum white light, much in the same way a fluorescent light bulb works.
Due to metamerism, it is possible to have quite different spectra that appear white.
LEDs are semiconductor devices. Like transistors, and other diodes, LEDs
are made out of silicon. What makes an LED give off light are the small amounts
of chemical impurities that are added to the silicon, such as gallium, arsenide,
indium, and nitride.
When current passes through the LED, it emits photons as a byproduct.
Normal light bulbs produce light by heating a metal filament until it is white hot.
LEDs produce photons directly and not via heat, they are far more efficient than
incandescent bulbs.
Types of LEDS
20
21
The BC547 transistor is an NPN bipolar transistor, in which the letters "N"
and "P" refer to the majority charge carriers inside the different regions of the
transistor. Most bipolar transistors used today are NPN, because electron mobility
is higher than hole mobility in semiconductors, allowing greater currents and faster
operation. NPN transistors consist of a layer of P-doped semiconductor (the
"base") between two N-doped layers. A small current entering the base in commonemitter mode is amplified in the collector output. In other terms, an NPN transistor
is "on" when its base is pulled high relative to the emitter. The arrow in the NPN
transistor symbol is on the emitter leg and points in the direction of the
conventional current flow when the device is in forward active mode. One
mnemonic device for identifying the symbol for the NPN transistor is "not pointing
in." An NPN transistor can be considered as two diodes with a shared anode
region. In typical operation, the emitter base junction is forward biased and the
base collector junction is reverse biased. In an NPN transistor, for example, when a
positive voltage is applied to the base emitter junction, the equilibrium between
thermally generated carriers and the repelling electric field of the depletion region
becomes unbalanced, allowing thermally excited electrons to inject into the base
region. These electrons wander (or "diffuse") through the base from the region of
high concentration near the emitter towards the region of low concentration near
the collector. The electrons in the base are called minority carriers because the base
is doped p-type which would make holes the majority carrier in the base.
22
Whenever base is high, then current starts flowing through base and emitter
and after that only current will pass from collector to emitter. So that the LED
which is connected to collector will glow to indicate that transistor is ON.
1N4007
Diodes are used to convert AC into DC these are used as half wave rectifier or
full wave rectifier. Three points must he kept in mind while using any type of
diode.
1.
2.
3.
23
Diode of same capacities can be used in place of one another. Besides this
diode of more capacity can be used in place of diode of low capacity but diode of
low capacity cannot be used in place of diode of high capacity. For example, in
place of IN4002; IN4001 or IN4007 can be used but IN4001 or IN4002 cannot be
used in place of IN4007.The diode BY125made by company BEL is equivalent of
diode from IN4001 to IN4003. BY 126 is equivalent to diodes IN4004 to 4006 and
BY 127 is equivalent to diode IN4007.
24
in figure 1-15. The positive potential of the battery will attract the free electrons in
the crystal. These electrons will leave the crystal and flow into the positive
terminal of the battery. As an electron leaves the crystal, an electron from the
negative terminal of the battery will enter the crystal, thus completing the current
path. Therefore, the majority current carriers in the N-type material (electrons) are
repelled by the negative side of the battery and move through the crystal toward
the positive side of the battery.
26
Like the half wave circuit, a full wave rectifier circuit produces an
output voltage or current which is purely DC or has some
specified DC component. Full wave rectifiers have some
fundamental advantages over their half wave rectifier
counterparts. The average (DC) output voltage is higher than for
half wave, the output of the full wave rectifier has much less
ripple than that of the half wave rectifier producing a smoother
output waveform.
In a Full Wave Rectifier circuit two diodes are now used, one for
each half of the cycle. A transformer is used whose secondary
winding is split equally into two halves with a common centre
tapped connection, (C). This configuration results in each diode
conducting in turn when its anode terminal is positive with
respect to the transformer centre point C producing an output
during both half-cycles, twice that for the half wave rectifier so it
is 100% efficient as shown below.
28
29
Where:
VMAX is the maximum peak value in one half of the secondary
winding and VRMS is the rms value.
The peak voltage of the output waveform is the same as before
for the half-wave rectifier provided each half of the transformer
windings have the same rms voltage value. To obtain a different
DC voltage output different transformer ratios can be used. The
main disadvantage of this type of full wave rectifier circuit is that
a larger transformer for a given power output is required with two
separate but identical secondary windings making this type of full
wave rectifying circuit costly compared to the "Full Wave Bridge
Rectifier" circuit equivalent.
30
is two voltage drops ( 2 x 0.7 = 1.4V ) less than the input V MAX
amplitude. The ripple frequency is now twice the supply frequency
(e.g. 100Hz for a 50Hz supply)
two connecting leads are for the input alternating voltage from a
transformer secondary winding.
33
Where:
I is the DC load current in amps,
is the frequency of the ripple or twice the input frequency in
Hertz,
C is the capacitance in Farads.
The main advantages of a full-wave bridge rectifier is that it has a
smaller AC ripple value for a given load and a smaller reservoir or
smoothing capacitor than an equivalent half-wave rectifier.
Therefore, the fundamental frequency of the ripple voltage is
twice that of the AC supply frequency (100Hz) where for the halfwave rectifier it is exactly equal to the supply frequency (50Hz).
The amount of ripple voltage that is superimposed on top of the
DC supply voltage by the diodes can be virtually eliminated by
adding a much improved -filter (pi-filter) to the output terminals
of the bridge rectifier. This type of low-pass filter consists of two
smoothing capacitors, usually of the same value and a choke or
inductance across them to introduce a high impedance path to
the alternating ripple component. Another more practical and
cheaper alternative is to use a 3-terminal voltage regulator IC,
such as a LM78xx for a positive output voltage or the LM79xx for
a negative output voltage which can reduce the ripple by more
than 70dB (Datasheet) while delivering a constant output current
of over 1 amp.
In the next tutorial about diodes, we will look at the Zener Diode
which takes advantage of its reverse breakdown voltage
characteristic to produce a constant and fixed output voltage
across itself.
35
36
37
Where:
VMAX is the maximum peak value in one half of the secondary
winding and VRMS is the rms value.
The peak voltage of the output waveform is the same as before
for the half-wave rectifier provided each half of the transformer
windings have the same rms voltage value. To obtain a different
DC voltage output different transformer ratios can be used. The
main disadvantage of this type of full wave rectifier circuit is that
a larger transformer for a given power output is required with two
separate but identical secondary windings making this type of full
wave rectifying circuit costly compared to the "Full Wave Bridge
Rectifier" circuit equivalent.
38
is two voltage drops ( 2 x 0.7 = 1.4V ) less than the input V MAX
amplitude. The ripple frequency is now twice the supply frequency
(e.g. 100Hz for a 50Hz supply)
two connecting leads are for the input alternating voltage from a
transformer secondary winding.
Where:
I is the DC load current in amps,
is the frequency of the ripple or twice the input frequency in
Hertz,
C is the capacitance in Farads.
The main advantages of a full-wave bridge rectifier is that it has a
smaller AC ripple value for a given load and a smaller reservoir or
smoothing capacitor than an equivalent half-wave rectifier.
42
HARDWARE TESTING
43
44
This test is performed to check whether the voltage at different terminals is according to
the requirement or not. We take a multi meter and put it in voltage mode. Remember that this test
is performed without microcontroller. Firstly, we check the output of the transformer, whether we
get the required 12 v AC voltage.
Then we apply this voltage to the power supply circuit. Note that we do this test without
microcontroller because if there is any excessive voltage, this may lead to damaging the
controller. We check for the input to the voltage regulator i.e., are we getting an input of 12v and
an output of 5v. This 5v output is given to the microcontrollers 40 th pin. Hence we check for the
voltage level at 40th pin. Similarly, we check for the other terminals for the required voltage. In
this way we can assure that the voltage at all the terminals is as per the requirement.
11. RESULT
45
46
12. CONCLUSION
47
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY
TEXT BOOKS REFERED
1. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems by Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice
Gillispie Mazidi, Pearson Education.
2. ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets.
WEBSITES
www.atmel.com
www.beyondlogic.org
www.wikipedia.org
www.howstuffworks.com
www.alldatasheets.com
48