O level

Sectional and
Topical of Pakistan
Studies 2059
Past 10 years
CracKueen

Till Oct/Nov 12

Contents:
Paper 1 (Past papers combined under the following headings)

Section 1 (Cultural and Political background to the Pakistani Movement)

Section 2 (The Emergence of Pakistan 1906-1947)
Section 3 (Nationhood 1947-1999)

Paper 2(Past papers combined under the following headings)

The Natural Topography

Climate of Pakistan
Development of Water Resources
Forests
Mineral Resources
Fishing Industry
Agriculture
Power Resources
Secondary and Tertiary Industries
Trade
Transport and Communications
Population

Paper 1: Section I
Contents
Invasions from Persia and Afghanistan
The arrival of the British
Role of East India company
British rule and expansion
British annexation of Sindh and Punjab
Doctrine of Lapse
Shah Walli Ullah
Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barailivi
Haji Shariat Ullah
Causes, effects and results of War of Independence 1857
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Regional languages of Pakistan

Section I
[Oct/Nov 12]

1 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was determined to improve the status of Muslims. He had a desire to reestablish good relations with the British which, he hoped would lead to greater opportunities for
Muslims. He also believed that Muslims should have good relations with Hindus. However, he was
concerned about the Hindu-Urdu Controversy.
(a) Describe the Hindu-Urdu Controversy. [4]
Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed
statement. Candidates might refer to:
1867, Hindus demanded Hindi be the official language instead of Urdu, Sir Syed and
Muslims shocked at attack on Urdu as it had a special meaning to them. Even Hindu
members of his Scientific Society wanted their journal published in Hindi. Growing belief that
Hindus working against the interests of Muslims and led to his Two Nation Theory.

(b) Why did the Indian sub-continent attract the British in the early seventeenth century? [7]
Explains reason
Reports of immense wealth in the sub-continent led to the British establishing a trading base
there as they saw a profitable future, especially in cotton, silk and sugar. They wanted to
establish its influence in the sub-continent and to oust the Dutch and Portuguese. They also
wanted to establish a strategic port in the sub-continent that would protect its trading
interests there and in the Far East. They also found difficulty in breaking into the spice trade
in the East Indies due to Dutch dominance and so India was a good alternative.
(c) How successful was Indian resistance to British attempts to take control of lands in
the sub-continent between 1750 and 1850? Explain your answer. [14]
Explain successes AND failures and also produce an evaluation
Successes:
-power of local Nawabs
-early successes of Tipu Sultan
-Ranjit Singh
Failures:
-strength of British army

-eventual failure of Tipu Sultan and Ranjit Singh

-conquests of British against weaker opposition
2 Language is extremely important in the development of any nation. A common language helps
to build a shared understanding of what a nation believes in. Urdu became the national language
of Pakistan but, due to the diversity of languages and culture across the country, many regional
languages have been promoted by the government. One of these is Punjabi.
(a) How has the Pakistan government promoted the development of Punjabi? [4]
Punjabi is the local language of the Punjab. It was a popular language amongst the Sufi
poets who used it for their romantic folk poetry- contributed to the popularity of Punjabi. After
Independence, steps were taken for the promotion and development of the language in other
parts of the province. The Government have ensured its development by giving support to
those institutions that are using it. Radio, TV and film promoting classical and folk literature
as a result. Punjabi theatre popular.

(b) Why was Bengal partitioned in 1905? [7]

Explain reasons
Of the 54 million people in Bengal 42 million were Hindus. It seemed sensible to divide up
the province on religious grounds and also because it was becoming very large and
producing significant administrative problems. By doing this it was felt that the province
would be easier to administer especially at the time of a new British government in power.
The Hindus saw it as a policy of Divide and Rule, an attempt by the British to work against
the Hindus. The Muslims felt that it was a British attempt to recognise the Muslims after
years of mistrust and domination by the Hindus.

[May/June 12] In 1756 the French encouraged the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah to attack the East
India Companys base at Calcutta. He captured the city but was unable to keep control of

it. Robert Clive decided to go to the city with a force of soldiers to re-take it. This led to the
battle of Plassey.
Describe the battle of Plassey. [4]
1757, French encouraged Siraj-ud-Daulah to attack EIC base at Calcutta. Captured city but
couldnt keep hold of it, Clive arrived with EIC soldiers and bribed Jafar, one of Sirajs key
men. Made him Nawab of Bengal as a reward for turning against Siraj who was defeated by

Clive. Body found in a river after battle. As a result of battle, EIC controlled trade in Bengal,
Clive made Governor of Bengal .

Explain why the Mughal Empire declined following the reign of Aurangzeb. [7]
Aurangzebs successors became lazy, weak and corrupt and left the administration to their
ministers who often put their own interests first. There was no law of succession. Instead
there was usually a struggle for succession which ended in war. Succession often depended
upon the ability of the candidates and the support they could get. Fighting wars became
expensive and the military was stretched and suffered much inefficiency. The successors
failed to run the Empire effectively becoming very extravagant and so suffered from financial
inefficiencies. The vastness of the Empire made it hard to defend and as such suffered
several invasions. Eventually the British overran the Empire and were superior in such areas
as military might

Was the greased cartridge incident the most important cause of the War of
Independence of 1857? Explain your answer. [14]
Explain all the reasons
A new cartridge was introduced by the British which was coated in both cow and pig fat.
Because the soldiers had to chew the fat caused great resentment since pig fat was
forbidden by the Muslims and the cow was a sacred animal in the eyes of the Hindus.
However there were other reasons for the War. The replacement of Persian and Sanskrit by
English as the official language in 1832 deeply upset both the Muslims and Hindus. In 1852
the Doctrine of Lapse was introduced and caused great unrest because any local kingdom
not having a direct male heir was taken over by the British. A number of social reforms had
been imposed without consultation or care for local feeling which also caused unrest. Indians
had to send their children to co-educational schools and were forced to abandon purdha.

During the First World War the Congress and the Muslim League had moved closer
together partly due to the failure of the British to grant more rights to the Indians before
1914. During the war the British realised that concessions had to be made and let it be

known that it was proposing a number of these. The Muslim League and Congress then
met together at Lucknow.
(a) What was the Lucknow Pact? [4]
(Dec) 1916, Congress agreed to concessions with Muslim League right to separate electorates, one
third of seats in Councils. Both wanted more seats in Councils, protection of Minorities, provinces to
have autonomy, proposals to be binding on British. First time joint agreement, Congress accepted
some form of partition needed, HR seemed a possibility and ML realised they needed to work with
Congress.

[Oct/Nov 11] 1

Read the source below carefully to answer question (a).

As the morale and commitment of Muslims increased it was inevitable that with the right leadership
some Muslims would take part in more agitation against the British. It was clear that the Muslim
identity in India would continue to gain strength. One such man was Titu Mir.
(a) Who was Titu Mir? [4]
A disciple of Syed Ahmed, horrified by sufferings of Muslim farmers in West Bengal during
1830s, organized a stand against zamindars, set up his own rule near Calcutta with small
army, provoked British and killed in battle 1831.

(b) Explain the choice of Urdu in 1947 as the national language of Pakistan. [7]
It carries immense importance for all Pakistanis since it has been considered to be the
language of all Muslims for 300 years. It was the language associated with the Pakistani
Movement throughout its struggle with the British and the Hindus. After Independence, it was
felt that the language was the uniting force behind the nation and the government is
committed to using it at all levels in society. Another reason for it being chosen was its high status.
Some of the finest early poets wrote n it. The fact that it was closely related to the Pakistani
movement was the main reason.

(c) Did educational reforms have a more important effect on the Indians than the social, religious
and economic ones introduced by the British during the years 1773 to 1856? Explain your answer.
[14]
Macauley introduced schools across the country to teach Western ideas using the English
language. He believed that British ideas were far better than anything that came from India
and that it would impose Western values and help the British to govern India more

effectively. Although a common language would help to unite India, imposing a European
culture on the Indians would alienate many of them. Indians had to send their children to
coeducational schools, which was unpopular, since it appeared to impose the British system on
the Indians without due regard to their religious and cultural feelings. Christian missionaries
came to India to convert the local population as well as to set up schools. In these schools
the missionaries taught Christianity and expected local religions to be given up, which was
resented by Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs alike.
The replacement of Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official language in the 1830s
deeply upset both the Muslims and Hindus. A number of social reforms had been imposed by
the British without consultation or care for local feeling, which caused much unrest. The
banning of female infanticide and suttee, whilst seen by the British as inappropriate, did go
against many traditional feelings Hindus especially held. They were also forced to abandon
purdha, which had been an Indian custom for centuries. In 1852, the Doctrine of Lapse was
introduced and this caused great unrest because any local kingdom not having a direct male
heir was taken over by the British. The introduction of the railway in India revolutionised
communication and transformed the country. For Britain, it meant that there was another
means of extending their power and helped industry to profit by transporting raw materials to
the ports. For the Indians, there were many advantages, especially in times of famine when
food could be transported more easily.
. [14]

Read the source below carefully to answer question (a).

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan admired many British ways of doing things. At the same time he had a great
faith in the Muslim religion. He was convinced that if the British ever left India the Muslims would be
dominated by the overwhelming Hindu majority. He decided to do something about this. He
published a pamphlet called The Loyal Mohammedans of India.
(a) What was The Loyal Mohammedans of India? [4]
To bring about better relations between British and Muslims, told British that Muslims were
not opposed to them, British shouldnt discriminate against them as Muslims were wrongly
blamed for violence, try to understand and respect Muslim beliefs, should consult with
Indians.

(b) Why did the Indians not achieve independence in 1857? [7]
There was a lack of unity and common cause amongst the Indian population. The Punjab
was uninterested in helping the rebellion and actually sent men and supplies to help the
British. This also happened in Kashmir. The British had more modern methods of fighting
and the army was better disciplined as well as being supplied by some of the local rulers.

(c) Did Hajji Shariat Ullah contribute more to the spread of Islam than anyone else in the
sub-continent before 1850? Explain your answer. [14]
Haji Shariat Ullah spread Islam through the Faraizi Movement which insisted that Muslims should
perform their faraiz (religious obligations). This alarmed the Hindu landlords who were unhappy with
the Muslim practices. A huge group of followers grew, who were called Faraizis.
SWU felt that the Muslims faced many problems because of their ignorance about Islam and
the Holy Quran. He encouraged them to concentrate on Quranic teachings and helped them
by translating the Holy Quran into Persian, which was the main language of the Muslims at
that time. His books were designed to spread the principles of Islam amongst the Muslims.
Syed Ahmad Shaheed Braveeli spread Islam through the Jihad Movement, which was to become an
armed struggle to liberate the Punjab and the NWF from Sikh rule, largely because Muslims were
banned from prayer and had to undergo many humiliations, which made it difficult to practise their
religion.
[Oct/Nov 10] Generally, Muslims

were pleased that Aurangzeb ruled according to Islam, but it had

provoked anger and revolt from other religious groups, especially the Hindus. After his death Muslim
power and influence over India began to disintegrate. A number of Muslim groups were set up. One
of these was the Faraizi Movement.
(a) What was the Faraizi Movement? [4]
Founded by Haji Shariat Ullah, to restore pride of Muslims, revive Islam, remove Hindu
practices in worship, emphasis on praying for past sins, promising to lead a righteous life in
future, alarmed Hindus, work carried on by son.

(b) Why did the East India Company became involved in the Indian sub-continent during the
seventeenth century? [7]
Reports of immense wealth in the sub-continent led to the Company
establishing a trading base there as they saw a profitable future. The English

wanted to establish its influence in the sub-continent and to oust the Dutch and
Portuguese. The EIC also wanted to establish a strategic port in the subcontinent
that would protect its trading interests there and in the Far East.

(c) How successful were the British attempts to take control of lands in the sub-continent
between 1750 and 1856? [14]
Successes
Strength of British Army.
Eventual failure of Tipu Sultan and Ranjit Singh.
Identifies successful conquests of British against weaker opposition.
Annexation of Oudh under the Doctrine of Lapse.
Failures
Power of local Nawabs.
Early successes of Tipu Sultan.
Ranjit Singh.
Afghanistan campaign.

Read the source below carefully to answer question (a).

Urdu became the national language after Independence in 1947. The Quaid was keen to promote
Urdu as he saw it as an important unifying force in the new country. However, he also recognised
the importance of regional languages and was keen to promote them. One of these was Balochi.
(a) How has the Pakistan government promoted the development of Balochi since 1947? [4]
Radio Pakistan Karachi broadcasts in Balochi, Balochi Literary Association set up, weekly
and monthly magazines published e.g Mah e nau, Quetta TV station, development of Balochi
literature, writers and poets e.g. Atta Shad, Ishq Shamin, Gul Khan Nazir and Azad Jamal Din.

(b) Explain why the Mughal Empire declined following the death of Aurangzeb. [7]
Aurangzebs successors became lazy, weak and corrupt and left the
administration to their ministers who often put their own interests first. There was
no law of succession. Instead there was usually a struggle for succession which
ended in war. Succession often depended upon the ability of the candidates and

the support they could get. Fighting wars became expensive and the military was
stretched and suffered much inefficiency. The successors failed to run the Empire
effectively, becoming very extravagant and so suffered from financial
inefficiencies. The vastness of the Empire made it hard to defend and as such
suffered several invasions. Eventually the British overran the Empire and were
superior in such areas as military might.Indians also had no navy and many of the experienced
generals were killed during the war earlier.

(c) Were the religious views of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan his most important contribution in
developing the cause of Muslims during the nineteenth century? Explain your answer. [14]
He believed that relations with the British could be improved by improving the
understanding of Christianity by Muslims. He tried to overcome this by writing
Tabyin-ul-Kalam, in which he pointed out the similarities between Islam and
Christianity. He was also aware that the British knew little about Islam and was
offended by a book he read in Britain on the life of the Prophet and as a result
he wrote his own work correcting the many errors he had read.
However he contributed many other things. He attempted to improve the
position of Muslims through education. In 1863 he founded the Scientific
Society at Ghazipore. He wanted to make scientific writings available to
Muslims by translating them from English into Urdu. He established a Muslim
college which led to the Muslim-Anglo Oriental College in 1876. This became
the University of Aligarh which became important in Pakistani history as
providing an education for many of its future leaders. He also made a
contribution in politics. He believed that Muslims would never win any election
because of the Hindu majority population. He therefore advocated separate
seats and a separate electorate which was the forerunner of the future demand
for a separate homeland. He wrote a number of books following the War of
Independence in which he tried to show the British that the Muslims were only
partly to blame and that there were many who were supporters of the British
government. He suggested that the British should try to understand Muslims

better. He gave an explanation of the word Nadarath in an attempt to remove

the misunderstanding of the British about the Muslims.
.
[Oct/Nov 09] 1

(a) (i) Who granted permission to the East India Company in 1612 to begin trading? [1]

Governor of Gujarat Khurram (future Shah Jehan)

(ii) Who did the French encourage to attack the East India Company base at Calcutta in
1756? [1]
Nawab of Bengal (Siraj-ud-Daulah)

(iii) Which language did English replace in 1834 as the official language of India? [1]
Persian

(iv) What position did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan hold when the War of Independence broke out in
1857? [1]
Chief Judge of Bijnaur

(b) Explain the reasons for the failure of the War of Independence 185758. [7]
There was a lack of unity and common cause amongst the Indian population.
The Punjab was uninterested in helping the rebellion and actually sent men
and supplies to help the British. This also happened in Kashmir. The British
had more modern methods of fighting and the army was better disciplined as
well as being supplied by some of the local rulers.

(c) The policies of Aurangzeb were the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire. Do you
agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Aurangzeb had an intolerant attitude to non-Muslims. He introduced a tax on
non-Muslims called the Jizya. He destroyed Hindu temples and tried to ban
Hindu practices. Taxation was high as he had to pay for the cost of military
campaigns such as the Deccan Wars and he spent highly on luxurious

palaces. Because of these he became an unpopular rule.

After his death Mughal Emperors were renowned for living an extravagant
lifestyle and spending money with little thought to the effect it had on the
economy of the Empire. This led to inefficiencies and a lack of interest in the
running of the Empire. The absence of a definite line of succession led to a
significant amount of in-fighting amongst his successors which, also led to
instability and the downfall of the Empire.

(a) (i) Who called for freedom for the Indian people and was imprisoned in 1897 for writing a
provocative newspaper article? [1]
Bal Gangadhar Tilak of Poona

(ii) Who was Viceroy of India in 1903? [1]

Lord Curzon

(b) Why have regional languages been promoted by the Pakistan government since 1947? [7]
It was felt that the literature and work undertaken by authors in such areas as
Sindh should be kept alive and so the government set up bodies to promote it
such as the Sindhi Literary Board in 1948. Many languages have played an
important role in the history of the region, e.g Pushto literature had an
important role in creating opposition to British rule and the movement for
independence. Balochi had little development before 1947 and its literature
was in decline. However the government felt that it should be kept alive and
not lost forever. Hence the language was promoted.

(c) Did Shah Wali Ullah contribute more to the spread of Islam than anyone else in the
subcontinent before 1850? Explain your answer. [14]
Shah Walli Ullah felt that the Muslims faced many problems because of their ignorance
about Islam and the Holy Quran. He encouraged them to concentrate on
Quranic teachings and helped them by translating the

Holy Quran into Persian which was the main language of the Muslims at that
time. His books were designed to spread the principles of Islam amongst the
Muslims. However he was not the only one who was important in the spread
of Islam at this time. SASB spread Islam through the Jihad Movement, which
was to become an armed struggle to liberate the Punjab and the NWF from
Sikh rule largely because Muslims were banned from prayer and had to
undergo many humiliations, which made it difficult to practise their religion.
Haji Shariat Ullah spread Islam through the Faraizi Movement which insisted that Muslims
should perform their faraiz (religious obligations). This alarmed the Hindu
landlords who were unhappy with the Muslim practices. A huge group of
followers grew which were called Faraizis.

(iii) In which district of India was Chauri-Chaura located? [1]

Gorakhpur

[Oct/Nov 08]1

(a) (i) After winning the Battle of Plassey in 1757, what did Robert Clive become? [1]

Governor of Bengal

(ii) Name Haji Shariat Ullahs son who carried on his work after his death in 1840. [1]
Mohsin-ud-Din

(iii) In which year did the Amirs of Sindh attack the British Residency of Sir Charles
Napier? [1]
1843

(iv) What did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan establish in 1863? [1]
Scientific Society at Ghazipore

(b) Explain why the successors of Aurangzeb failed to prevent the decline of the Mughal
empire.[14]

Aurangzebs successors tended to be lazy, weak and corrupt, leaving the

administration to their ministers who often put their own interests first. There was
no law of succession. Instead there was usually a struggle for succession which
ended in war. Succession often depended upon the ability of the candidates and
the support they could get. Fighting wars was very expensive and the military
was stretched and suffered much inefficiency. These emperors failed to run the
Empire effectively, becoming very extravagant and so suffered from financial
inefficiencies. The vastness of the Empire made it hard to defend and as such
suffered several invasions from stronger rivals. Eventually the British overran the
Empire and were superior in such areas as military might
.
(c)Religious factors were more important than any other in causing the War of
Independence of 18571858. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Christian missionaries came to India to convert the local population as well as set
up schools. In these schools the missionaries taught Christianity and expected
local religions to be given up which was resented by Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs
alike.
The replacement of Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official language in
the 1830s deeply upset both the Muslims and Hindus. A number of social reforms
had been imposed by the British without consultation or care for local feeling
which caused much unrest. Indians had to send their children to co-educational
schools which was hated since it appeared to impose the British system on the
Indians without due regard to their religious and cultural feelings. They were also
forced to abandon purdha which had been an Indian custom for centuries. The
Doctrine of Lapse caused great unrest because any local kingdom not having a
direct male heir was taken over by the British. A new cartridge was introduced by
the British which was coated in both cow and pig fat. Because the soldiers had to
chew the fat, this caused great resentment since pig fat was forbidden by the
Muslims while the cow was a sacred animal in the eyes of the Hindus.

[Oct/Nov 08] (a)

(i) What was founded in 1885 as a result of conferences in Bombay and Calcutta? [1]

(Indian National) Congress

(ii) Who was imprisoned in 1897 as a result of writing a newspaper article? [1]
Bal Gangadhar Tilak of Poona

(iii) What name was given to the unsuccessful plot in which anti-British Muslims
suggested an uprising by the Muslims to free them from British rule during the
First World War (1914-1918)? [1]
Silk Letters Conspiracy

(iv) Where was the meeting held in 1919 that was bombed from the air? [1]
Gujranwala

[Oct/Nov 08 and 04] Why did Congress oppose the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909? [7]

The British intended that the Indians could voice their opinions in the Councils but
Congress wanted more responsibility which the government were not prepared to
give. This annoyed many who were looking towards self-rule. The British
accepted the right of Muslims to have separate electorates which also annoyed
some Hindus who saw it as a concession too far. Some Hindus also resented the
relative high position of Muslims in the Councils despite their much smaller
numbers.

(a) (i) Who went to war with the East India Company in 1686? [1]
Aurangzeb

(ii) Which Act of Parliament passed in 1833 said that Indians could be part of the Civil
Service? [1]
Charter Act

(iii) Who annexed Sindh following the attack on the British Residency in 1843? [1]
Sir Charles Napier

(iv) Name the sepoy whose actions led to his execution in March 1857? [1]
Mangal Pandey

(b) Why were there attempts to revive Islam in the sub-continent during the eighteenth
and early nineteenth centuries? [7]
Shah Walli Ullah believed that Muslims were ignorant about Islam and the teachings of the
Holy Quran. Therefore an emphasis on Quranic teachings would not only
improve their knowledge but produce a feeling of solidarity. He also believed that
Muslims knowledge of Islam was difficult to gain and so he felt that by translating
the Holy Quran into Persian would enable more people read it. Syed Ahmad Shaheed Braveeli
wanted a jihad (Holy War) to restore the Muslim faith. The Punjab was under Sikh rule and
the Punjabi Muslims found it difficult to practise their religion and were humiliated
by the Sikhs. Haji Shariat Ullah wanted to spread Islam through the Faraizi Movement which
insisted that Muslims should perform their faraiz (religious obligations). This
alarmed the Hindu landlords who were unhappy with the Muslim practices

(c) Sindhi was promoted more than any other regional language between 1947 and 1988.
Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
After Independence, steps were taken to promote Sindhi e.g. the Sindhi Literary
Board was set up in 1948 which has printed many books and magazines in the
language. Punjabi is the local language of the Punjab. It was a popular
language amongst the Sufi poets who used it for their romantic folk poetry.
These poems contributed greatly to the popularity of Punjabi. After
Independence, steps were taken for the promotion and development of the
language in other parts of the province. The Government have ensured its
development by giving support to those institutions who are using it. Pushto
literature was boosted after Independence since the poets had contributed a

great deal to the freedom struggle. The Baluchi language has also been
promoted by its broadcasting on the radio. The establishment of the Quetta
Television Station has also helped to promote it.

[Oct/Nov 07]

(a) (i) Name the city where Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India in 1877.

[1]
Delhi

(ii) State the Act of Parliament passed in 1878 that placed strict controls on Indian
newspapers. [1]
Vernacular Act

(iv) In which city did the Muhammadan Educational Conference meet in 1906? [1]
Dhakka

(b) Why did the War of Independence of 1857 fail? [7]

There was a lack of unity and common cause amongst the Indian population.
The Punjab were uninterested in helping the rebellion and actually sent men and
supplies to help the British. This also happened in Kashmir. The British had
more modern methods of fighting and the army was better disciplined as well as
being supplied by some of the local rulers.

(c)Sir Syed Ahmed Khans political beliefs had a greater impact on the Muslims than any
of his other beliefs. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
In politics he believed that Muslims would never win any election because of the
Hindu majority population. He therefore advocated separate seats and a
separate electorate which was the forerunner of the future demand for a separate
homeland. He wrote a number of books following the War of Independence in
which he tried to show the British that the Muslims were only partly to blame and
that there many who were supporters of the British government. He suggested

that the British should try to understand Muslims better. He gave explanation of
the word Nadarath in an attempt to remove the misunderstanding of the British
about the Muslims. He also attempted to improve the position of Muslims through
education. He established a Muslim college which led to the Muslim-Anglo
Oriental College in 1876. This became the University of Aligarh which became
important in Pakistani history as providing an education for many of its future
leaders.

[Oct/Nov 07] (b)

Why did Pakistan choose Urdu as its national language? [7]

It carries immense importance for all Pakistanis since it has been

considered to be the language of all Muslims for 300 years. It was the
language associated with the Pakistani Movement throughout its struggle
with the British and the Hindus. After Independence it was felt that the
language was the uniting force behind the nation and the government is
committed to using at all levels in society.

(c) The introduction of social reforms, such as education, by the British caused the War
of Independence in 1857. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
A number of social reforms had been imposed by the British without
consultation or care for local feeling which caused much unrest. Indians
had to send their children to co-educational schools which was hated since
it appeared to impose the British system on the Indians without due regard
to their religious and cultural feelings. They were also forced to abandon
purdha which had been an Indian custom for centuries. The replacement
of Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official language in 1832 deeply
upset both the Muslim and Hindus. In 1852 the Doctrine of Lapse was
introduced and caused great unrest because any local kingdom not having
a direct male heir was taken over by the British. A new cartridge was
introduced by the British which was coated in both cow and pig fat.
Because the soldiers had to chew the fat caused great resentment since

pig fat was forbidden by the Muslims and the cow was a sacred animal in
the eyes of the Hindus.

[Oct/Nov 06] (b)

Why did Shah Wali Ullah have such an important influence on the revival of Islam in
the sub-continent? [7]
Muslims had deteriorated into being a helpless and disorganised group of
people and if they were to regain their power then strong leadership was
required. He believed they were ignorant about Islam and the teachings of
the Holy Quran. Therefore an emphasis on Quranic teachings would not
only improve their knowledge but produce a feeling of solidarity. He also
believed that Muslims knowledge of Islam was difficult to gain and so he
felt that by translating the Holy Quran into Persian would enable more
people to read it.

(c) Were the weak and greedy characteristics of Aurangzebs successors the most
important reasons for the collapse of the Mughal Empire? Explain your answer. [14]
The Emperors were renowned for living an extravagant lifestyle and
spending money with little thought to the effect it had on the economy of the
Empire. This led to inefficiencies and a lack of interest in the running of the
Empire. However there were other reasons. The absence of a definite line
of succession led to a significant amount of in-fighting amongst his
successors which, also led to instability and the downfall of the Empire.
Other reasons included, As religious policy, the expense of fighting the
Deccan Wars, degradation of the military, military inefficiency, financial
inefficiencies, vastness of the Empire and Invasions

(a) (i) Where did Aurangzeb fight a long series of wars against the Marathas?
Deccan peninsula [1]

(ii) Who succeeded Aurangzeb in 1712 at the age of 63?

Bahadur Shah I/Muazzum [1]

(iii) When did Queen Elizabeth I grant the charter to the East India Company?
1600 [1]

(iv) In which town did the Indian troops rise up against the British in 1857?
Meerut [1]

(b) Why was Britain so successful in expanding its control of the sub-continent between 1750 and
1850? [7]
Explain reasons
The battles of Plassey and Buxar gave the British the
vast riches of Bengal and favourable trading rights with the local nawabs. This
provided massive new resources which the British could use to consolidate control.
The British also introduced governors-general into the provinces who administered
them on British lines and provided yet more control. The British army using its vast
local resources and superior weapons and skills was increasingly taking control of
more land.

(b) Was the work of Shah Wali Ullah the most important factor in the revival of Islam in the subcontinent during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Shah Walli Ullah felt that the Muslims faced many problems because of their ignorance about Islam
and the Holy Quran. He encouraged them to concentrate on Quranic teachings and helped them by
translating the Holy Quran into Persian which was the main language of the
Muslims at that time. His books were designed to spread the principles of Islam
amongst the Muslims.
Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barailvi spread Islam through the Jihad Movement, which was to become an
armed struggle to liberate the Punjab and the NWF from Sikh rule largely because Muslims
were banned from prayer and had to undergo many humiliations, which made it
difficult to practise their religion. Haji Shariat Ullah spread Islam through the Faraizi Movement

which insisted that Muslims should perform their faraiz (religious obligations). This
alarmed the Hindu landlords who were unhappy with the Muslim practices. A huge
group of followers grew which were called Faraizis.

(a) (i) With whom did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan discuss the Two Nation Theory in 1867?
Governor of Benares [1]

[Oct/Nov 04] (a) (i) Who led the first major invasion of the Mughal Empire from Persia in 1738?

(i) Nadir Shah [1]

(ii) In which year did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan write his work Athar-ul-Sanadeed?
(ii) 1846 [1]

(iii) With which group of people did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan argue regarding the
acceptance of western science within the Islamic faith?
(iii) Ulema [1]

(iv) Name the battle fought in the Sub-Continent in 1764.

(iv) Buxar [1]
(b) Why were the British able to replace the Mughals as the dominant force in the
Sub-Continent by 1850? [7]
The British were already becoming well established in the Sub-Continent
and had gained much territory and so were well placed to take over from
the Mughals. Due to the Industrial Revolution Britain had been able to
stockpile weapons which were of superior quality to any of those which
the Indians had. Also the troops were better disciplined, trained and
organised and were able to establish their superiority without much
opposition.

(c) How important was Shah Wali Ullah in the spread of Islam in the Sub-Continent

before 1850? Explain your answer. [14]

SWU felt that the Muslims faced many problems because of their
ignorance about Islam and the Holy Quran. He encouraged them to
concentrate on Quranic teachings and helped them by translating the
Holy Quran into Persian which was the main language of the Muslims at
that time. His books were designed to spread the principles of Islam
amongst the Muslims. However he was not the only one who was
important in the spread of Islam at this time. SASB spread Islam through
the Jihad Movement, which was to become an armed struggle to liberate
the Punjab and the NWF from Sikh rule largely because Muslims were
banned from prayer and had to undergo many humiliations, which made it
difficult to practise their religion. HSU spread Islam through the Faraizi
Movement which insisted that Muslims should perform their faraiz
(religious obligations). This alarmed the Hindu landlords who were
unhappy with the Muslim practices. A huge group of followers grew which
were called Faraizis.

[May/June 11] By the end of Aurangzebs reign the authority of the Mughal emperors was declining.

Hindus were not happy with his reign and after his death, Muslim power and influence
over India, which had been so strong, began to disintegrate. At this time Shah Wali Ullah
was growing up.
(a) Describe the achievements of Shah Wali Ullah in reviving Islam. [4]
Promoted his message through writings, translated the Holy Quran into Persian which
would enable more people read it, emphasised traditional values of their faith, stressed
the importance of following teachings of Quran, future developments built upon his
teachings.

(b) Explain why Britain was so successful in extending its control of the sub-continent
between 1750 and 1850. [7]
The battles of Plassey and Buxar gave the British the vast riches of Bengal and favourable

trading rights with the local nawabs. This provided massive new resources which Britain
could use to consolidate its control. The British also introduced governor-generals into the
provinces who administered them along British lines and provided yet more control. The
British army, using its vast local resources and superior weapons and skills, was increasingly
taking control of more land.

(c) The spread of Marathan power was the main reason for the decline of the Mughal
Empire. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
There were a number of reasons for the Empires decline. The Marathas were skilful Hindu
guerrilla fighters who defeated a Mughal army in 1737 and took control of Delhi and
eastwards towards Bengal. By 1760 they were the most powerful people in India and nothing
could the Mughals do to stop it. However, there were other reasons for the decline.
Auranzeb had an intolerant attitude to non-Muslims. He introduced a tax on non-Muslims
called the Jizya. He destroyed Hindu temples and tried to ban Hindu practices. Taxation was
high as he had to pay for the cost of military campaigns such as the Deccan Wars and he
spent highly on luxurious palaces. Because of these he became an unpopular rule.
After his death Mughal Emperors were renowned for living an extravagant lifestyle and
spending money with little thought to the effect it had on the economy of the Empire. This led
to inefficiencies and a lack of interest in the running of the Empire. The absence of a definite
line of succession led to a significant amount of in-fighting amongst his successors, which
also led to instability and the downfall of the Empire. The British expansion into the subcontinent
was rapid and their forces and equipment were no match for the Mughals, who fell
into rapid decline as a result.

In 1857, a number of sepoys refused to use the new cartridges at Meerut, near Delhi. The
sepoys were given long prison sentences and this led to a revolt in which their fellow
sepoys marched on Delhi and massacred all the British they could find. Things got worse
for the British at Kanpur.
(a) What happened at the battle of Kanpur? [4]
Troops joined revolt, killed their officers, led by Nana Sahib, British held out for 3 weeks, then

surrendered, soldiers and 300 women and children slaughtered, remainder kept as
prisoners, reinforcements arrived and prisoners killed, British carried out acts of revenge,
Sahib escaped.

(b) Why did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan found the Aligarh Movement? [7]
He wanted to improve relations between the British and Muslims by getting rid of British
doubts about Muslim loyalty and Muslim doubts about the British. He also wanted to improve
the social and economic position of Muslims by getting them to receive Western education
and take up posts in the civil service and army. He also wanted them to increase their
political awareness to make them aware of the threat to from the Hindu policy of cooperation
with the British.

(c) Punjabi has been promoted more than any other Pakistani regional language between 1947
and 1999. Give reasons why you might agree and disagree with this statement. [14]
Explain promotion of at least two languages including Punjabi.
Punjabi is the local language of the Punjab. It was a popular language amongst the Sufi
poets who used it for their romantic folk poetry. These poems contributed greatly to the
popularity of Punjabi. After Independence, steps were taken for the promotion and
development of the language in other parts of the province. The Government has ensured
its development by giving support to those institutions who are using it. Sindhi was written in
Marwari and Arz Nagari was of writing which was subsequently changed into Arabic. After
Independence, steps were taken to promote the language e.g. the Sindhi Literary Board was
set up in 1948 which has printed many books and magazines in the language. Pushto
literature was boosted after Independence since the poets had contributed a great deal to the
freedom struggle. The Baluchi language has also been promoted by its broadcasting on the
radio. The establishment of the Quetta Television Station has also helped to promote
it.
With the slow crumbling of the Mughal Empire, the only question left in the early
eighteenth century was who would pick up the pieces. Few observers could have

[May/June 10]

guessed that the East India Company would have played such a major role.
(a) What was the East India Company? [4]

A trading company, Charter granted in 1600 by Queen Elizabeth I, landed at Surat in 1608,
permission to trade in 1612, headquarters moved to Bombay in 1664. Grew in power during
18th Century.

(b) Why did Shah Wali Ullah have such a major influence on the revival of Islam in the
sub-continent? [7]
Muslims had deteriorated into being a helpless and disorganised group of people and if they
were to regain their power then strong leadership was required. He believed they were
ignorant about Islam and the teachings of the Holy Quran. Therefore an emphasis on
Quranic teachings would not only improve their knowledge but produce a feeling of solidarity.
He also believed that Muslims knowledge of Islam was difficult to gain and so he felt that by
translating the Holy Quran into Persian would enable more people read it. Books written
influenced the revival of Islam (examples).

(c) Was a lack of unity amongst the Indians the main reason for the failure of the War of
Independence 18571858? Explain your answer. [14]
Explain all reasons
There was a lack of unity and common cause amongst the Indian population. The Punjab
was uninterested in helping the rebellion and actually sent men and supplies to help the
British. This also happened in Kashmir. The British had more modern methods of fighting
and the army was better disciplined as well as being supplied by some of the local rulers.

[May/June 08] (a) (i) Who invaded the Mughal Empire in 1738?

Nadir Shah [1]

(ii) Where did the East India Company land in 1608?

Surat [1]

(iii) Where was a trading post established in India in 1690?

Calcutta [1]

(iv) Who introduced the Doctrine of Lapse in 1848?

Dalhousie [1]

Explain why Urdu was chosen as the national language of Pakistan in 1947. [7]
It carries immense importance for all Pakistanis since it has been considered to be the
language of all Muslims for 300 years. It was the language associated with the Pakistani
Movement throughout its struggle with the British. After Independence it was felt that the
language was the uniting force behind the nation and the government is committed to using
at all levels in society.

Was the work of Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barailvi the most important factor in the revival
of Islam in the sub-continent during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? Give
reasons for your answer. [14]
Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barailvi spread Islam through the Jihad Movement, which was to become an
armed struggle to liberate the Punjab and the North West Frontier from Sikh rule largely because
Muslims were banned from prayer and had difficulties practising their religion.
Shah Walli Ullah felt that the Muslims faced many problems because of their ignorance about Islam
and the Holy Quran. He encouraged them to concentrate on Quranic teachings and helped them by
translating the Holy Quran into Persian which was the main language of the Muslims at that time.
His books were designed to spread the principles of Islam amongst the Muslims. HSU spread Islam
through the Faraizi Movement which insisted that Muslims should perform their faraiz (religious
obligations). This alarmed some Hindu landlords who were unhappy that working time was being
lost. A huge group of followers grew which were called
Faraizis.

(a) (i) Who did the British kill in June 1858 during the War of Independence?
Lakshmibai, the Rhani of Jhansi [1]

(ii) What happened to Bahadur Shah II after the War of Independence?

Life imprisonment [1]

(iii) Name the journal that was the first to appear in the nineteenth century, written in
Sindhi.
Taalim Alkhashaf-o-Tauheed [1]

(iv) Whose work was the driving force in the establishment of the Islamia College in
Peshawar?
Sahibzada Abdul Qayum [1]

(b) Why did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wish to develop a better understanding with the British
following the War of Independence in 1857? [7]
If they were to improve their poor status then the Muslims had to accept more British ideas
and take advantage of British education. He wanted to improve their social and economic
conditions by taking up posts in the civil service and the army. If they didnt do these things
then they would see others prosper instead.

(c) Indian resistance to British attempts to take control of lands in the sub-continent was
totally unsuccessful. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Explain successes and failures
Successes:
power of local Nawabs
early successes of Tipu Sultan
Ranjit Singh
Failures:
strength of British army
eventual failure of Tipu Sultan and Ranjit Singh
conquests of British against weaker opposition.

(a) (i) Who proposed that Bengal should be partitioned in 1903?

Viceroy Curzon [1]

(iii) Name the English woman who campaigned across India on behalf of a Home Rule
League.
Annie Besant [1]

[May/June 07] (a) (i) Give the name of the Nawab of Bengal, whose troops were defeated at the

battle of Plassey in 1757.

i) Siraj-ud-Daulah [1]

(ii) Who became the first Governor-General of India in 1782?

(ii) Warren Hastings [1]

(iii) Give the name of Shah Abdul Rahims son.

(iii) Shah Wali Ullah [1]

(iv) In which year was the battle of Balakot?

(iv) 1831 [1]

(b) Why did the Indian sub-continent attract European traders in the late sixteenth and early
seventeenth centuries? [7]
Traders reported evidence of immense wealth in the sub-Continent which led to the EIC
establishing a trading base there since they saw a profitable future. The English wanted
to establish their influence in the sub-Continent and to oust the Dutch and Portuguese.

(c) The coming of the British was the main reason for the decline of the Mughal
Empire. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Explain at least two factors, the British to be included
The British expansion into the sub-continent was limited, but their forces and equipment
were no match for the Mughals who fell into rapid decline as a result. However there
were other reasons. The Emperors were renowned for living an extravagant lifestyle and
spending money with little thought to the effect it had on the economy of the Empire.

This led to inefficiencies and a lack of interest in the running of the Empire. The absence
of a definite line of succession led to a significant amount of in-fighting amongst potential
successors, which also led to instability and contributed to the downfall of the Empire.
Other reasons included, Aurangzebs religious policy, the expense of fighting the Deccan
Wars, degradation of the military, military inefficiency, financial inefficiencies, vastness of
the Empire and invasions by the Persians and Afghans.

(a) (i) In which city was Sir Syed Ahmad Khan born?
(i) Delhi [1]

(ii) What did the United Patriotic Alliance become known as in 1893?
(ii) Mohammaden Defence Association/Alliance [1]

(iii) Which regional language did the journal Taalim Alkhashaf-o-Tauheed promote
during the nineteenth century?
(iii) Sindhi [1]

(iv) Which organisation declared in 1913 that its aim was a form of self-government
suitable for India?
(iv) Muslim League [1]

The establishment of English as the official language of the sub-continent in 1834

was the main reason for the War of Independence of 1857. Do you agree or
disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
The replacement of Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official language in the 1830s
deeply upset both the Muslims and Hindus. A number of social reforms had been
imposed by the British without consultation or care for local feeling which caused much
unrest. Indians had to send their children to co-educational schools which was hated
since it appeared to impose the British system on the Indians without due regard to their
religious and cultural feelings. They were also forced to abandon purdha which had

been an Indian custom for centuries. The Doctrine of Lapse was gradually introduced,
especially under Dalhousie, and caused great unrest because any local kingdom not
having a direct male heir was taken over by the British. A new musket cartridge was
introduced by the British which was coated in both cow and pig fat. Because the
soldiers had to chew the fat caused great resentment since pig fat was forbidden to the
Muslims and the cow was a sacred animal in the eyes of the Hindus.

[May/June 06] (a) (i) In which year did Shah Wali Ullah return to Delhi from his pilgrimage to

Arabia?
(i) 1732 [1]

(ii) Who led the Pathan military force that Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barailvi
joined following his graduation from the Madrassa in Delhi?
(ii) Amir Khan [1]

(iii) Who wrote Athar-ul-Sanadeed in 1846?

(iii) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan [1]

(iv) To where was Bahadur Shah II exiled in 1857?

(iv) Rangoon (Burma) [1]

(b) Explain why the Mughal Empire declined following the reign of Aurangzeb. [7]
Aurangzebs successors became lazy, weak and corrupt and left the
administration to their ministers who often put their own interests first.
There was no law of succession. Instead there was usually a struggle
for succession which ended in war. Succession often depended upon
the ability of the candidates and the support they could get. Fighting
wars became expensive and the military was stretched and suffered
much inefficiency. The successors failed to run the Empire effectively
becoming very extravagant and so suffered from financial inefficiencies.

The vastness of the Empire made it hard to defend and as such

suffered several invasions. Eventually the British overran the Empire
and were superior in such areas as military might.

(c) The promotion of regional languages in Pakistan between 1947 and 1988 has been
more successful than the promotion of Urdu. Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14]
Punjabi is the local language of the Punjab. It was a popular language
amongst the Sufi poets who used it for their romantic folk poetry. These
poems contributed greatly to the popularity of Punjabi. After
Independence, steps were taken for the promotion and development of
the language in other parts of the province. The Government have
ensured its development by giving support to those institutions who are
using it. Sindhi was written in Marwari and Arz Nagari was of writing
which was subsequently changed into Arabic. After Independence,
steps were taken to promote the language e.g. the Sindhi Literary
Board was set up in 1948 which has printed many books and
magazines in the language. Pushto literature was boosted after
Independence since the poets had contributed a great deal to the
freedom struggle. The Baluchi language has also been promoted by its
broadcasting on the radio. The establishment of the Quetta Television
Station has also helped to promote it.
Urdu carries immense importance for all Pakistanis since it has been
considered to be the language of all Muslims for 300 years. It was the
language associated with the Pakistani Movement throughout its
struggle with the British and the Hindus. After Independence it was felt
that the language was the uniting force behind the nation and the
government is committed to using at all levels in society.

(b) Why did Pakistan choose Urdu as its national language? [7]
It carries immense importance for all Pakistanis since it has been

considered to be the language of all Muslims for 300 years. It was the
language associated with the Pakistani Movement throughout its struggle
with the British and the Hindus. After Independence it was felt that the
language was the uniting force behind the nation and the government is
committed to using at all levels in society.

(c) The introduction of social reforms, such as education, by the British caused the War
of Independence in 1857. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
A number of social reforms had been imposed by the British without
consultation or care for local feeling which caused much unrest. Indians
had to send their children to co-educational schools which was hated since
it appeared to impose the British system on the Indians without due regard
to their religious and cultural feelings. They were also forced to abandon
purdha which had been an Indian custom for centuries. The replacement
of Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official language in 1832 deeply
upset both the Muslim and Hindus. In 1852 the Doctrine of Lapse was
introduced and caused great unrest because any local kingdom not having
a direct male heir was taken over by the British. A new cartridge was
introduced by the British which was coated in both cow and pig fat.
Because the soldiers had to chew the fat caused great resentment since
pig fat was forbidden by the Muslims and the cow was a sacred animal in
the eyes of the Hindus.

(i) In which script was Hindi written that was proposed by the Hindus to
replace Urdu in the 1860s?
(i) Deva nangari script [1]

(ii) Who refused to attend the first meeting of the Indian National Congress in
1885?
(ii) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan [1]

[May/June 05](a) (i) Which Mughal prince succeeded Aurangzeb and took the title

Bahadur Shah?
Muazzum [1]

(ii) In which year was Lahore captured by the Persians?

1739 [1]

(iii) Who wrote the text Fatwa-i-Alamgiri?

Shah Abdul Rahim [1]

(iv) Who captured Peshawar in 1830?

Syed Ahmed Barailvi [1]

Explain why the East India Company became involved in the Indian subcontinent
during the seventeenth century. [7]
Traders reported evidence of immense wealth in the subContinent which led to the Company establishing a trading
base there since they saw a profitable future. The English
wanted to establish its influence in the sub-Continent and to
oust the Dutch and Portuguese.

Was the attempt to achieve a better understanding with the British the
most important contribution that Sir Syed Ahmed Khan made to the
Muslim cause during the nineteenth century? [7]
Explain at least two factors
He wrote a number of books following the War of Independence
in which he tried to show the British that the Muslims were only
partly to blame and that there many who were supporters of the
British government. He suggested that the British should try to

understand Muslims better. He gave explanation of the word

Nadarath in an attempt to remove the misunderstanding of the
British about the Muslims. He also attempted to improve the
position of Muslims through education. He established a Muslim
college which led to the Muslim-Anglo Oriental College in 1876 .

This became the University of Aligarh which became important

in Pakistani history as providing an education for many of its
future leaders. In politics he believed that Muslims would never
win any election because of the Hindu majority population. He
therefore advocated separate seats and a separate electorate
which was the forerunner of the future demand for a separate
homeland.

[May/June 04]

(i) In which year was Shah Wali Ullah born?

(i) 1703 [1]

(ii) Which militant Muslim leader in Bengal was known as Titu Mir?
(ii) Mir Mithar Ali [1]

(iii) Where did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan found a Scientific Society in 1863?
(iii) Ghazipore [1]

(iv) What title did Queen Victoria take in 1877?

(iv) Empress of India [1]

Why did the British Government take control of the affairs of the
East India Company in the early nineteenth century? [7]
Explain reasons
The volume of trade became so significant that the British government

felt it was too valuable an asset to leave in the hands of a private

company even though the EIC was now holding its possessions in trust
for them. Also the fear of Russian expansion in Central Asia worried the
government and so Britain decided to shape its foreign policy by further
expansion towards Afghanistan to counter this threat. As Britain was
becoming more involved prestige began to be at stake and further
expansion became inevitable especially after the defeat by the Afghans
at Kabul.

A lack of unity and coordination were the main reasons for the failure of the
War of Independence by 1858 Do you agree? Give reasons for your
answer. [14]
Explain at least two factors
There was a lack of unity and common cause amongst the Indian
population. The Punjab were uninterested in helping the rebellion and
actually sent men and supplies to help the British. This also happened
in Kashmir. The British had more modern methods of fighting and the
army was better disciplined as well as being supplied by some of the
local rulers.

Why was Urdu chosen as the national language of Pakistan? [7]

It carries immense importance for all Pakistanis since it has been
considered to be the language of all Muslims for 300 years. It was
the language associated with the Pakistani Movement throughout
its struggle with the British and the Hindus. After Independence
it was felt that the language was the uniting force behind the nation
and the government is committed to using at all levels in society

Paper 1: Section II
Contents
Conference of Indian National Congress
The partition of Bengal 1905-1911
The Simla Declaration
Formation of Muslim League
The 1906 Manifesto
All-India Muslim Educational Conference
The Morley-Minto Reforms
Impact of World War One
The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms
The Rowlatt Act and Amritsar Massacre
The Non-cooperation Movement
The Delhi Proposals
Establishment, Reasons of failure and Consequences of Khilafat Movement
The Simon Commission
Nehru Report
Jinnahs Fourteen Points
The Allahabad Address
The Round table conferences
Chaudhary Rehmat Ali

The Government of India Act

1937 elections and Congress tyranny
The World War Two in relation to India
Congress resignation and Day of Deliverance
The Pakistan Resolution
The Cripps Mission
The Quit-India Resolution
The Gandhi-Jinnah Talks
Simla Conference
1945-46 Elections
The Cabinet Mission Plan
Direction Action Day
The 3 June Plan
The Independence Act
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Allama Muhammad Iqbal

Section II
[Oct/Nov 12]

The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was the most important attempt by either the Muslims, Hindus or the
British government in seeking a solution to the problems in the subcontinentbetween1919. Do
you agree? Give reasons for your answer [14].
Explain the Lucknow Pact and other attempts. Also produce an evaluation
The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was an agreement between the Muslims and Hindus which
placed a number of political demands to the British government in an attempt to show a
united front and produce common aims. For the first time Hindus acknowledged that Muslims
had the right to a separate electorate and was therefore seen as a beacon of hope for the
future. However there were other attempts to solve the problems in the sub-continent during these
years. The Morley-Minto Reforms became law in 1909 as the Indian Councils Act. The
importance of the Councils which were enlarged was to ensure that Indian legislators were
given a chance to express their opinions. The British also accepted the right of Muslims to
have a separate electorate. Little was done by the British government about the subcontinent
during the First World War. The MC Reforms disappointed the Muslims and Hindus
as they had hoped for greater concessions. Central government reserved sweeping powers
for itself with only minor concessions for the locals. The Reforms did hold out concessions to
political parties provided that they accepted the right of the British to remain in control.
Following the MC reforms the Rowlatt Act of 1919 increased the resentment of the political
parties by including the right of arrest without a warrant and detention without bail.
The Khilafat Movement started because of the treatment of Turkey by the British after the
First World War. Turkey was a Muslim country, and its ruler, the Sultan, was considered to be the
Khalifa, the head of the worldwide Islamic community. When the British threatened to take
territory away from the Khalifa, the Muslims of India were outraged and formed the Khilafat
Movement to protect the Sultan and their religion. One of the events that took place during this
Movement was the Chauri-Chaura incident.
(a) Describe the Chauri-Chaura incident. [4]
Pitched battles between locals and British soldiers in Nilambur 1921, at Tirur police station
set on fire which was a precursor to C-C in Feb 1922 21 policemen killed after they fired on
a political procession. Gandhi concerned about increasing level of violence and called off his
civil disobedience campaign, which upset many Congress leaders and Muslims especially. It
weakened H-M unity and also weakened support for the Khilafat Movement.

(b) Why was there so much opposition to the Government of India Act of 1935? [7]
Explains reasons
Although it seemed that the Indians were given more control over their affairs, key decisions
relating to external relations and defence were retained by the British which were drawbacks.
The GG remained head of the Federation and had special powers in external relations and
defence. Although it appeared to give Indians a say in running their country the property
qualification for voting meant that only 25% of the population could vote. All sides in India
opposed it, the princes resented the loss of power, the Hindus likened it to slavery with so
many safeguards and the Muslims thought it was totally unacceptable especially due to the
retention of special powers by the British.

The declaration of the Day of Deliverance in 1939 was Muhammad Ali Jinnahs
greatest achievement in the years 1929 to 1947. Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14]
Explains the declaration of the Day of Deliverance AND other achievements and produce an
evaluation
Jinnah called on all Muslims to celebrate the end of Congress Rule in December 1939. He used this
declaration as a signal to all Muslims that changes were ahead and that partition was still possible.
He gained great support and his own standing with Muslims, Hindus and the British was enhanced.
However he had many other achievements. One of these was his 14 Points of 1929 which set out the
demands of any future negotiations with either Congress or the British Government. The demands
were also to form the basis of the Muslims demands for a separate homeland. It also convinced
them that the Hindus and Muslims were two separate nations.
After the 1937 elections he set out to reform the ML at grass root level and as a result
membership grew significantly by mid 1938. Without this growth the League would have
struggled to be recognised and hence the fortunes of the Pakistan Movement would have
possibly failed to bear fruit when it did. He also opposed the proposals of the Cripps Mission that
saw Dominion status for the subcontinent.
In doing so he ensured the British realised the need to protect minority interests.
Although the Gandhi-Jinnah Talks of 1944 broke up without agreement, Gandhi was left in
no doubt that the ML was an important organisation that spoke with authority on behalf of
Muslims. Due to continued pressure from the ML and Jinnah the 3 June Plan of 1947
announced that 2 states would be set up India and Pakistan. This wouldnt have come
about without the hard work of Jinnah.

[May/June 12]

Why was the Muslim League established in 1906? [7]

Muslim rights would not be advanced if they continued to rely on the Indian National
Congress. It was seen as an organisation which would only advance Hindu views. The
Congress was demanding that India should be treated as a cultural whole and Hindi should
be declared the official language. By not organising a Muslim group they would continue to
be disorganised and disunited. Even more worrying was the growth of extreme Hindu
nationalist groups who demanded that Muslims be forcibly converted to Hinduism. Therefore
a number of prominent Muslim leaders founded the Muslim League.

The Khilafat Movement failed by 1924 because Gandhi withdrew his support. Do you agree?
Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Explain Gandhi and his withdrawal of support and other reasons
Gandhi had seen an opportunity for self rule by joining the Movement and the involvement of
the Hindus was welcomed by many Muslims. However, by joining with the Hindus the
objectives of the Movement were made less clear since the Hindus and Ghandi especially,
were using it for their own ends and didnt have the interests of the Muslims at heart. Chauri
Chaura was a village in the United Province where trouble started between the police and a
mob. Gandhi decided that the Swaraj Movement was becoming too violent following the
Chauri Chaura incident and so called off his support.
However, there were other reasons for its failure. Some of the leaders including Maulana
Muhammad Ali were imprisoned in 1921 which made the organisation less effective.
Thousands of Muslims migrated to Afghanistan in a religious protest against the British
government. The Afghan government was hostile to the migrants and refused to allow all the
refugees to settle. Many of those who returned to India died on the journey back or found
themselves homeless and jobs occupied which dispirited the Muslims. Thus Muslim support
for the Khilafat Movement fell away. Its failure was also brought about by the decision of the
Muslim Mustafa Kamal Ataturk to form a nationalist government in Turkey but the end had
been seen in the refusal of Lloyd George to accept the demands of the Movement.

Allama Iqbal was a politician who believed in the need for Muslims to struggle for the

establishment of a separate country for themselves. He believed that Hindus and Muslims
were two nations who should have separate states. Chaudri Rehmat Ali also rose to
prominence at this time.
(a) Who was Chaudri Rehmat Ali? [4]
1930 left India to study law at Cambridge, attended conferences in London on Hindu-Muslim
relationships. Believed in a separate Muslim homeland partition. 1933 a pamphlet Now or
Never argued in favour of partition, gave the name Pakistan. Became popular amongst
most Muslims during the 1930s. Considered less important than Allama Iqbal, Jinnah refused
to meet him.

Why did the Cripps Mission of 1942 fail? [7]

The Muslims rejected the plan because the British would not agree to Partition and the
Congress Party wanted immediate and full control over the central government. The British
were also negotiating from a weak position which the Congress Party exploited by
demanding Britain leave the sub-continent immediately.

The main reason why Congress rule (19371939) was so hated was because of the
introduction of the Wardha Scheme. Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14]
Explain all reasons
The Wareham Scheme was imposed on Muslims. Under this scheme, students had to bow
before Gandhis picture each day. Muslims saw this as an attempt to convert them to
Hinduism. However, there were other reasons why Congress Rule was hated. This was due
to the atrocities committed against the Muslims. They were abused and killed by Hindus.
Hindi was enforced as the official language and organised attacks were made on Muslim
worshippers in mosques. Bande Matram, a song in which degrading remarks were used
against Muslims, was adopted as the national anthem and had to be sung at the beginning of
each day.

[Oct/Nov 11]Read the

source below carefully to answer question (a).A number of events that

happened during the years of the Khilafat Movement led to its failure. During the years when the
Movement was at its strongest, western dress and hair styles became less popular and the idea grew

that disregard of the law of Islam by the British made India a dar-ul-harb (enemy territory). Thus
thousands of Muslims set off on their hijrat.
(a) Describe the hijrat. [4]
Migration to Afghanistan in 1920, reminiscent of journey of Holy Prophet from Makah to Medina,
told to leave a foreign run state and move to an Islamic one, refused entry to Afghanistan, returned
to villages penniless, unable to buy back their homes and land sold, difficult to get jobs.
(b) Why were the three Round Table Conferences held between 1930 and 1932? [7]
There was a lack of unity amongst the Hindus and Muslims about the future of India; the
British didnt know what to do next and so decided upon holding conference to discuss it with
all parties. The rejection of the Simon Commissions findings by the Indians also persuaded
the British to go ahead with the conference. The new Labor government, which had
consistently supported Indian nationalism in the past, gave fresh hope for a solution.
However, there were problems in the First Conference. It was realised that without the
attendance of the Congress little progress on the future of the sub-Continent could be
achieved. Lord Irwin met Gandhi and made progress so that another Round Table
Conference could be held. In this, Gandhi took a hard line, refusing to recognise the problem
of the minorities, and also claiming to represent the Congress alone, which he said spoke for
the whole of India. The Conference broke up amidst threats that the British would impose a
solution if agreement couldnt be reached. It was then agreed that a third Conference would
be held.

(c) The Montague-Chelmsford reforms were more important than any other political
developments between 1909 and 1919. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.
[14]
The Morley-Minto Reforms became law in 1909 as the Indian Councils Act. The importance
of the Councils (which were enlarged) was to ensure that Indian legislators were given a
chance to express their opinions. The British also accepted the right of Muslims to have a
separate electorate. However, there were other attempts to solve the problems in the subcontinent
during these years. The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was an agreement between the
Muslims and Hindus which placed a number of political demands to the British government,
in an attempt to show a united front and produce common aims. Little was done by the
British government about the sub-continent during the First World War, but shortly afterwards
in 1919 came the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. These Reforms disappointed the Muslims

and Hindus as they had hoped for greater concessions. Central government reserved
sweeping powers for itself, with only minor concessions for the locals. The Reforms did hold
out concessions to political parties, provided that they accepted the right of the British to
remain in control. The Rowlatt Act of the same year increased the resentment of the political
parties by including the right of arrest without a warrant and detention without bail.

[Oct/Nov 10] In 1929 the Congress Party called for complete independence from the British and began

again its non-cooperation campaign. The Muslims disapproved of this campaign since they felt that
Congress not only wanted independence but Hindu dominance over Muslims. At this time Dr Allama
Iqbal came to prominence.
(a) Who was Dr Allama Iqbal? [4]
A philosopher, politician and poet who practised law in England. Knighted by the British in
1922 in recognition of his poetry. He believed in the need for Muslims to have a separate
country and that Hindus and Muslims were 2 nations. In 1927 appointed General Secretary
of Muslim League, and made his Allahabad speech in 1930. Buried outside Badshahi
Mosque in Lahore.

(b) Why did Muslims object to Congress Rule between 1937 and 1939? [7]
Congress Rule was hated due to the atrocities committed against the Muslims.
Some were abused and killed. Hindi was enforced as the official language and
organised attacks were made on Muslim worshippers in mosques. Bande
Mattram, was adopted as the national anthem and had to be sung at the
beginning of each day, but Muslims found some of its words offensive. The
Wardha Scheme was imposed on the whole population. Under this scheme,
students had to bow before Gandhis picture each day, which Muslims found
offensive.

(c) How successful were negotiations aimed at Independence during the Second World War?
Explain your answer. [14]
Explain both:
Successes
-Muslim Leagues own progress in Day of Deliverance/Lahore Resolution.

-Unity in rejecting Cripps Mission/demands for a separate homeland.

-Muslim political gains in Jinnah-Gandhi talks.
-Muslim stance at Simla Conference necessity for new elections.
Failures
-Breakdown of relations between Congress and Muslim.
-Rejection of Cripps Missions proposals.
-Imprisonment following Quit India protests.
-Failure to reach agreement from Jinnah-Gandhi talks 1944.
-Failure to reach agreement from Simla Conference 1945.
-Failure to persuade Jinnah to agree to safeguards for Muslims in a united
India.

Read the source below carefully to answer question (a).

Bengal was the largest of the provinces of India. It was a huge area to govern as one unit and the
British government decided that it should be partitioned in 1905. This had the effect of causing
conflict between the Muslims and Hindus, especially as the Muslims welcomed partition. The Hindus
decided to form the Swadeshi Movement.
(a) What was the Swadeshi Movement? [4]
A boycott of British goods by the Hindus during the time of the Partition of Bengal (190511),
British cloth thrown onto bonfires, wearing of locally produced clothes, series of strikes by
Indian workers especially in Calcutta.

(b) Why was the Simla Deputation of 1906 an important event for the Muslims of the
subcontinent? [7]
The Muslim demands for separate representation, election by only Muslim
voters and weightage in all elected bodies were accepted by the British. This
resulted in a sudden upturn in Muslim-British relations and helped to remove the
previous bad feelings between the 2 sides. It also paved the way for demands
for a separate homeland with the granting of a separate electorate. It also
guaranteed Muslims an independent role in the political process and as a result
led to the formation of the All-Indian Muslim League later in the year.

(c) Was the migration to Afghanistan the most important reason why the Khilafat Movement
failed? Explain your answer. [14]
Thousands of Muslims migrated to Afghanistan in a religious protest against the
British government. The Afghan government was hostile to the migrants and
refused to allow all the refugees to settle. Many of those who returned to India
died on the journey back or found themselves homeless and jobs occupied
which dispirited the Muslims. Thus Muslim support for the Khilafat Movement
fell away. However there were other reasons for its failure. Some of the leaders
including Maulana Muhammad Ali were imprisoned in 1921 which made the
organisation less effective. Also by joining with the Hindus the objectives of the
Movement were made less clear since the Hindus and Gandhi especially, were
using it for their own ends and didnt have the interests of the Muslims at heart.
Chauri Chaura was a village in the United Province where trouble started
between the police and a mob. Gandhi decided that the Swaraj Movement was
becoming too violent following the Chauri Chaura incident and so called off his
support. Its failure was also brought about by the decision of the Muslim
Mustafa Kamal Ataturk to form a nationalist government in Turkey but the end
had been seen in the refusal of Lloyd George to accept the demands of the
Movement

[Oct/Nov 09] Why was the Second Round Table Conference of 1931 unsuccessful? [7]

The Conference was unsuccessful because Gandhi refused to recognise the

rights of the Muslims. He also refused to accept that the 14 Points of the
Quaid-e-Azam should be included in future discussions. Gandhi was
unreasonable about the rights of minorities and refused to accept their
demands.

(i) Who said In laying down my life for the Khilafat, I ensure the safety of the cow? [1]
Gandhi

(ii) Which law introduced in 1908 gave the British government greater control over newspapers?
[1]
Press Act/Indian Newspaper Act

(iii) Where was the reversal of the Partition of Bengal announced in 1911? [1]
Delhi (Durbar of 1911)

(iv) Who criticised Muslims in 1918 by saying that they had cooperated with the Satans of
Europe? [1]
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

(v) Name one of the two nationalist leaders who were deported from the Punjab without trial in
1919. [1]
Dr Satyapal or Dr Kitchlew

Do you agree that the celebration of the Day of Deliverance in 1939 was justified? Give
reasons for your answer. [14]
Explain both
Justified
The Day of Deliverance was celebrated because Congress Rule had been
hated due to the atrocities committed against the Muslims. Bande Matram, a
song in which degrading remarks were made against Muslims, was adopted
as the national anthem and had to be sung at the beginning of each day.
Some Muslims were abused and killed by Hindus. Hindi was enforced as the
official language and organised attacks were made on Muslim worshippers in
mosques. The Wardha Scheme was imposed on Muslims. Under this
scheme, students had to bow before Gandhis picture each day. Muslims saw
this as an attempt to convert them to Hinduism.
Not justified
The unity between the Muslim League and the Congress became

irreconcilable and the chance of a future united India even less likely.
Congress had resigned partly because Britain stated that India was at war with
Germany. Therefore the Muslim L eague were able to celebrate because Britain was
probably more concerned with the war than the future of India.

(a) (i) Where did Gandhi and Jinnah meet in September 1944? [1]
Jinnahs house (in Bombay)

(ii) Name one of the politicians who went to India as part of the Cabinet Mission Plan in
1946. [1]
Lord Pethick-Lawrence, Cripps and Alexander.

[Oct/Nov 08] The Khilafat Movement failed by 1924 because of poor leadership.

Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]

Explain all the reasons
Some of the leaders including Maulana Muhammad Ali were imprisoned in 1921
which made the organisation less effective. Also by joining with Hindus, the
objectives of the Movement were made less clear since Hindus, and Ghandi
especially, were seen as using it for their own ends and, it was thought, didnt
have the interests of Muslims at heart.
Gandhi decided that the Swaraj Movement was becoming too violent following
the Chaura Chari incident and so called off his support. In 1920 the Muslim
migration (hijrat) to Afghanistan took place. The Muslim League opposed this as
they wanted people to stay and fight for their cause. The migration was a failure.
The Afghan government was hostile to the migrants who on their return found
their homes and jobs occupied, which dispirited the Muslims. Finally, the new
Turkish government under Kemal Ataturk abolished the institution of the Caliph in
1924, so ending the Movement.

[Oct/Nov 07] (a) (i) Name a Hindu fundamentalist movement that carried out military activities in the
Punjab during 1924.

Arya Samaj. Also allow Hindu Mahasabha. [1]

(ii) What did Gandhi embark upon in March 1930?

Salt March [1]

(iii) What was signed on 5th March 1931?

Gandhi-Irwin Pact [1]

(iv) When did Jinnah become permanent president of the Muslim League?
1934 [1]

(vi) What was the population of Western Bengal in 1905? [1]

54 million

(b) Why was there so much opposition to the Government of India Act of 1935? [7]
The Viceroy and Governor-General was head of the Federation and could exert
special powers if he wanted to. Provincial governors also had special powers,
having the right to dismiss ministers or the whole administration. Only 25% of
Indias population could vote because of the property qualification for voting.
Therefore few could vote. All sides in India opposed it from princes to Congress
to The Muslim League, so there was little progress in gaining support.

(c)Was the Cripps Mission in 1942 the most important factor during the 1940s that led to
the partition of the sub-continent in 1947? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Cripps went to India to gain support for the war effort in return for a number of
promises including Dominion Status after the War had ended.
The Muslim League rejected the plan because the British would not agree to
Partition while Congress wanted immediate and full control over the central

government. The British were also negotiating from a weak position which
Congress exploited by demanding that Britain leave the sub-continent immediately.
Gandhi and Jinnah held talks about a Muslim homeland but failed to reach
agreement since Jinnah wanted six provinces included in Pakistan whereas
Gandhi only agreed to three. Nevertheless, it was an important meeting since
Gandhi had negotiated with the Muslim League on an equal footing for the first
time. However, Cripps was not the only factor which was important in leading to
eventual Partition. At the Simla Conference, the Viceroy realised that the two
parties were unable to reach agreement on anything. Although all parties agreed
to the principle of the Executive Council, the sticking point was the method of
selection. Following the Conference, Lord Wavell announced new elections. The
results demonstrated that Congress had control of the non-Muslim vote, but that
the League had gained control of the Muslim vote. It was clear that the League
was an equal player to Congress and that the demand for Partition could no
longer be ignored by Congress or the British Government. However, it was
following the announcement by Attlee that the British would leave the subcontinent
by 1948, and the subsequent violence in the Punjab in March 1947,
that convinced Nehru that Partition should take place. This was formalised in the
3 June Plan.

The Morley-Minto reforms were more important than any other political developments between
1909 and 1919. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
The Morley-Minto Reforms became law in 1909 as the Indian Councils Act. The
importance of the Councils which were enlarged was to ensure that Indian
legislators were given a chance to express their opinions. The British also
accepted the right of Muslims to have a separate electorate. However there were
other attempts to solve the problems in the sub-continent during these years. The
Lucknow Pact of 1916 was an agreement between the Muslims and Hindus
which placed a number of political demands to the British government in an
attempt to show a united front and produce common aims. Little was done by the
British government about the sub-continent during the First World War but shortly

afterwards in 1919 came the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. These Reforms

disappointed the Muslims and Hindus as they had hoped for greater concessions.
Central government reserved sweeping powers for itself with only minor
concessions for the locals. The Reforms did hold out concessions to political
parties provided that they accepted the right of the British to remain in control.
The Rowlatt Act of the same year increased the resentment of the political parties
by including the right of arrest without a warrant and detention without bail.

[Oct/Nov 08] (i) Give the name of one of the two brothers who were imprisoned by the British in

1919. [1]
Maulana Shaukat Ali or Maulana Muhammed Ali Jauhar.

(ii) In which city was the second Khilafat Conference held in 1919? [1]
Amritsar

(iii) What does the expression dar-ul-harb mean? [1]

Enemy territory/Land of war/area not under Muslim control.

(iv) Who founded the political party called the Hindu Mahasabha in 1923? [1]
Pandit Mohan/Malaviya

(b) Why did Jinnah produce his 14 Points in 1929? [7]

Also write the main clauses
The 14 Points set out the demands of any future negotiations with either
Congress or the British Government. The demands were also to form the basis of
the Muslims demands for a separate homeland. It also convinced them that the
Hindus and Muslims were two separate nations.

(i) Who wrote the pamphlet Now or Never in 1933? [1]

Chaudri Rehmat Ali

(ii) Who was Viceroy of India in 1939? [1]

Lord Linlithgow

(iii) Name the Act of Parliament passed on 15 July 1947. [1]

Indian Independence Act

(iv) Which organisation did the Quaid-e-Azam set up to deal with the refugee problem
in 1947? [1]
Central Refugee Council

[Oct/Nov 06] Was the abolition of the institution of the caliphate in 1924 the main reason for the
failure of the Khilafat Movement? Give reasons for your answer. [14]

Explain all the reasons

Gandhi decided that the Swaraj Movement was becoming too violent following the Chaura Chari
incident and so called off his support. In 1920 the Muslim migration (hijrat) to Afghanistan took
place. The Muslim League opposed this as they wanted them to stay and fight for their cause. The
migration was a failure.
The Afghan government was hostile to the migrants who on their return found their
homes and jobs occupied, which dispirited the Muslims. Finally the new Turkish
government under Kemal Ataturk abolished the institution of the Caliph in 1924 so
ending the Movement as the Muslims no longer had a cause for which to fight.

(i) Which Muslim member of the committee responsible for the 1928 Nehru Report
officially disagreed with its findings?
Shoaib Qureshi [1]

(ii) In which year was the Second Round Table Conference held?
1931 [1]

(iii) Who wrote the pamphlet Now or Never in 1933?

Chaudhri Rehmat Ali [1]

(iv) What did Gandhi call the Cripps Plan in 1942?

A post-dated cheque (on a failing bank) [1]

(b) Why was the Government of India Act of 1935 so important to the future of the subcontinent?
[7]
Some provincial autonomy was granted which meant
that every provincial government was allowed to devise and carry out their own
programmes and be responsible to their own legislature. This was the first time that
this had been allowed and was seen as an important step forward. Ministers in the
provinces could have control over all departments except when governors chose to
intervene in cases of public order or to veto a bill they disliked. This was a drawback
since it meant that the real power lay
with the governors. However it did provide
additional rights for the local population to vote some 5 times the previous numbers
at 35 million in total. Provisions for a federal government were also established at the
centre for the first time which meant that princely states could decide to participate
politically in affairs which concerned the sub-continent. However key decisions relating
to external relations and defence were retained by the British which was a drawback.

The main reason why Congress rule (1937-1939) was so hated was because of the
introduction of the Wardha Scheme. Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14]
Congress Rule was hated due to the atrocities committed against the
Muslims. They were abused and killed by Hindus. Hindi was enforced as the official
language and organised attacks were made on Muslim worshippers in mosques.
Bande Matram, a song in which degrading remarks were used against Muslims, was
adopted as the national anthem and had to be sung at the beginning of each day. The
Wardha Scheme was imposed on Muslims. Under this scheme, students had to bow
before Gandhis picture each day. Muslims saw this as an attempt to convert them to Hinduism.

(i) What was 16 August 1946 known as?

Direct Action Day [1]

(ii) Who led the Unionist Party in the Punjab in 1947?

Khizar Hyat Tiwana [1]

[Oct/Nov 05] ((i) Who captured Gwalior from the British in 1857?

(i) Rani of Jhansi [1]

(ii) What Association was formed in 1893?

(ii) Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association of UpperIndia (MAO) [1]

(iii) In which town was the twentieth session of the Mohammedan Educational
Conference held?
(iii) Dhaka [1]

(iv) In which year was the first Khilafat Conference held?

(iv) 1919 [1]

(a) (i) Who chaired the committee set up by the All Parties Conference in 1928 to look
at a future Indian constitution?
(i) Motilal Nehru [1]

(ii) Who was Secretary of State for India in 1928?

(ii) Lord Birkenhead [1]

(iii) Who was the Viceroy of India in 1930?

(iii) Lord Irwin [1]

(iv) In which year was the second Round Table conference held?

(iv) 1931 [1]

(a) (i) Who said that Hindustan was for Hindus in 1937?
(i) Jinnah [1]

(ii) What was celebrated on 22 December 1939?

(ii) Day of Deliverance [1]

(iii) What is a tehsil?

(iii) Sub-district of a province [1]

(iv) What was the state capital of Kashmir in 1947?

(iv) Srinagar [1]

(ii) Who succeeded Lord Minto as Viceroy of India in 1910?

Lord Hardinge [1]

(iii) Who led the Congress party at the Lucknow Pact meeting in 1916?
Ambeka Charan [1]

(iv) How many people were killed at the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919?
400 [1]

(b) Why was the Simla Delegation of 1906 an important turning point for the Muslims of the
subcontinent? [7]
Explain reasons
The Muslim demands for separate representation,
election by only Muslim voters and weightage in all elected bodies were accepted by
the British. This resulted in a sudden upturn in Muslim-British relations and helped to
remove the previous bad feelings between the 2 sides. It also paved the way for

demands for a separate homeland with the granting of a separate electorate. It also
guaranteed Muslims an independent role in the political process and as a result led to
the formation of the All-Indian Muslim League later in the year.

(c) Why was the Partition of Bengal reversed in 1911? [7]

The Hindus objection to Partition was so great that it caused the British to
reconsider it. The Hindus opposed it by holding meetings and mass rallies
which put pressure on the British government. They thought it was a
deliberate attempt to divide and rule on the part of the British. The Hindus
were so angry that they attempted to assassinate Lord Minto and stated
their boycott of British goods under the Swadeshi Movement. There was
also an outbreak of terrorist activities.

(d) Were the Morley-Minto reforms the most important attempt by either the Muslims, the
Hindus or the British in seeking a solution to the problems in the sub-continent
between 1906 and 1920? Explain your answer [14]
The Morley-Minto Reforms became law in 1909 as the Indian Councils Act.
The importance of the Councils which were enlarged was to ensure that
Indian legislators were given a chance to express their opinions. The
British also accepted the right of Muslims to have a separate electorate.
However there were other attempts to solve the problems in the subcontinent
during these years. The Lucknow Pact of 1916 as an agreement
between the Muslims and Hindus which placed a number of political
demands to the British government in an attempt to show a united front and
produce common aims. Little was done by the British government about
the sub-continent during the First World War but shortly afterwards in 1919
came the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. These Reforms disappointed
the Muslims and Hindus as they had hoped for greater concessions.
Central government reserved sweeping powers for itself with only minor
concessions for the locals. The Reforms did hold out concessions to

political parties provided that they accepted the right of the British to remain
in control. The Rowlatt Act of the same year increased the resentment of
the political parties by including the right of arrest without a warrant and
detention without bail.

Were the Gandhi-Jinnah talks the most important factor during the 1940s that led to
the partition of the sub-continent in 1947? Give reasons for your answers. [14]
Explain all the factors
Gandhi and Jinnah held talks about a Muslim homeland but failed to reach
agreement since Jinnah wanted all six provinces included in Pakistan
whereas Gandhi only agreed to three. Nevertheless it was an important
meeting since Gandhi had been forced to negotiate with the Muslim League
on an equal footing for the first time. However they were not the only factor
which was important in leading to eventual Partition at the Simla
Conference, the Viceroy realised that the two parties were unable to reach
agreement on anything. Although all parties agreed to the principle of the
Executive Council, the sticking point was the method of selection.
Following the Conference, Lord Wavell announced new elections. The
results demonstrated that the Congress had control of the non-Muslim
votes but that the League had equally gained control of the Muslim vote. It
was clear that the League was an equal player to the Congress and that
the demand for Partition could no longer be ignored by the Congress or the
British Government. However it was following the announcement by Attlee.
that the British would leave the sub-continent by 1948 and the subsequent
violence in the Punjab in March 1947 that convinced Nehru that Partition
should take place quickly. This was formalised in the 3 June Plan.

[Oct/Nov 04] (i) Who represented Muslims at the Third Round Table Conference in 1932?

(i) Aga Khan [1]

(ii) Who became President of the Muslim League in 1934?

(ii) Jinnah [1]

(iii) Who launched the Basic Education scheme between 1937 and 1939?
(iii) Gandhi [1]

(iv) Who was Prime Minister of Bengal in 1940?

(iv) Fazl-ul-Haq [1]

(b) Why did the Cripps Mission of 1942 fail? [7]

The Muslims rejected the plan because the British would not agree to
Partition and the Congress Party wanted immediate and full control over
the central government. The British were also negotiating from a weak
position which the Congress Party exploited by demanding Britain leave
the sub-continent immediately.

(a) (i) Which division of Bengal was merged with Dhaka, Chittagong and
Myemsingh to form East Bengal in 1905?
(i) Assam [1]

(ii) For which event did Muslim delegates meet in Dhaka in 1906?
(ii) Mohammadan Educational Conference [1]

(iii) Name the king who announced the reversal of the partition of Bengal in
1911.
(iii) George V [1]

(iv) Who suggested that the capital of the British Indian Empire be moved to
Calcutta?

(iv) Sir John Jenkins [1]

(b) Why did the Congress Party oppose the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1906? [7]
The British intended that the Indians could voice their opinions in the
Councils but the Hindus wanted more responsibility which the
government was not prepared to give. This annoyed the Hindus who
were looking towards self-rule. The British accepted the right of Muslims
to have separate electorates which also annoyed the Hindus who saw it
as a concession too far. Again self-rule was the goal for the whole country
with the Hindus as the dominant force. The Hindus also resented the
relative high position of Muslims in the Councils despite their much smaller numbers.
(c) "The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was the only beacon of hope for Hindu-Muslim
unity between 1914 and 1930." Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
The Lucknow Pact was an agreement on a scheme of constitutional reforms reached
between Congress and the Muslim League. Both realised that co-operation was the
only way to get the British government to agree to self-rule. For the first
time Hindus acknowledged that Muslims had the right to a separate
electorate and was therefore seen as a beacon of hope for the future. The
Montauge-Chlemsford Reforms continued this hope by establishing legislative councils in
the provinces with a system of diarchy. It was the first time that
government had mentioned the possibility of self-rule in all internal
matters. The Reforms disappointed Congress and ML as both had hoped
for more concessions. Relations between the two remained cordial since
self-rule was still their aim and could only be achieved through cooperation.
However the Nehru Report ended this hope. It was produced in
response to demands for future constitutional reforms and the committee,
which drew it up, had minimal Muslim representation. It reported on the
future of the sub-Continent by looking to dominion status with no need for
separate electorates. This totally alienated the Muslims and marked the
end of any future co-operation between them and the Congress. However

Jinnah made one final attempt to preserve the relationship in his 14

Points of 1929 in which he proposed three amendments to the report.
These proposals were met with refusal and marked what he called the
parting of the ways.

[May/June 11] Why was the Government of India Act of 1935 so important to the future of the

subcontinent? [14]
Some provincial autonomy was granted which meant that every provincial government was
allowed to devise and carry out its own programmes and be responsible for its own
legislature. This was the first time that this had been allowed and was seen as an important
step forward. Ministers in the provinces could have control over all departments except when
governors chose to intervene in cases of public order or to veto a bill they disliked. This was
a drawback since it meant that the real power lay with the governors. However, it did provide
additional rights for the local population to vote some five times the previous numbers at 35
million in total. Provisions for a federal government were also established at the centre for
the first time, which meant that princely states could decide to participate politically in affairs
which concerned the sub-continent. However, key decisions relating to external relations and
defence were retained by the British which was a drawback.

The Congress party decided at its Madras meeting in 1927 to boycott the Simon
Commission which faced regular protests in India. Congress met with other parties to
make proposals on the future constitution of India. This Conference was chaired by Motilal
Nehru and produced the Nehru Report.
(a) Describe the Nehru Report. [4]
1928, constitutional guarantee of fundamental rights including freedom of conscience and
liberty, central government responsible for peace and order, Dominion Status, India to
become a federation with a 2 chamber parliament, protection of minorities, vote for all men
and women.

(b) Why did the Gandhi-Jinnah Talks fail in 1944? [7]

Gandhi only wanted to achieve independence first and foremost partition discussions could
follow later, whereas Jinnah wanted to settle the issue of partition first and before the British
left. He knew that his bargaining position would be much weaker if he went along with
Gandhis plan. Gandhi insisted that he spoke for all Indians and couldnt accept the position of
Muslims as being a separate nation. Hence independence for all Indians as a united nation was on
his agenda. Jinnah was at odds with Gandhi and accused him of only speaking for Hindus, otherwise
he would accept the idea of partition. He accused Gandhi of not accepting the two nation idea of
partition. Gandhi also wanted the central government to have control of key areas such as defence
and foreign policy, whereas Jinnah wanted these issues to be dealt with by the provinces.

(c) Was the work of Allama Iqbal more important to the Pakistan Movement than that of
Rehmat Ali? Explain your answer. [14]
AIlama Iqbal
He was the first important Muslim leader to advocate the partition of India and the creation of
a separate Muslim state. As a result of his Allahabad address in 1930 when he put forward
this view, separatism was seriously considered by many Muslims during the 1930s. He was
also opposed to the British control of India conquest of others was wrong and went against
the Muslim faith. This strengthened his view that Muslims should have a separate homeland,
independent of the British. He persuaded many Muslims that the Muslim League had to build
an effective mass political party to challenge the domination of the Congress. This argument
was adopted by Jinnah who went on to lead the Muslim League as a highly effective political
party. His poetry awakened a sense of nationhood among Muslims and he urged them to be
active in making progress. This progress needed to be along a distinctive Islamic path and
not capitalist in nature. Again this vision was adopted by Muslims as a view of the future.
Rehmat Ali
In 1933 he and some fellow students produced a pamphlet called Now or Never in which he
argued in favour of partition and gave the name Pakistan to this new Muslim state that would
be formed. This became popular amongst most Muslims during the 1930s. His views were
different from Allama Iqbal as he wanted a separate independent state whereas Allama Iqbal
wanted just a separate state. However, Ali did attract his critics, especially as he criticised many
Muslim leaders especially Jinnah and as such was viewed as less important a figure. He attacked
him over abandoning Muslim communities in such places as Delhi as well as accepting a
divided Bengal. He was also considered less important than Iqbal since Jinnah took up many

of his ideas whereas he refused to meet Ali, but nevertheless his views were adopted
eventually.

[May/June 09] The election results of 1937 created more problems than they solved. Congress was able
to form a government in most of the provinces and began to exert control over the

minorities. They introduced the Wardha Scheme amongst many other reforms.
(a) What was the Wardha Scheme? [4]
A basic education scheme, introduced by Gandhi, made Hindi the sole language, removed
religious education, made cotton spinning by hand a part of curriculum. Students expected
to bow before picture of Gandhi.

(b) Why was the Khilafat Movement founded? [7]

Muslims held the Caliphate of Turkey in high regard and were not prepared to see Turkey
split up after the War and thus the Caliph abolished. They expressed their views to the
British government during the War who promised that no harm would be done to the
Caliphate. After the War ended reports from Europe suggested that the British and French
wanted to punish the Turks for their support of the Germans. As a result the Khalifat
Movement was founded.

(c) The Muslim League was established in 1906 because the Hindus had their own
political party. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
The Congress was demanding that India should be treated as a cultural and political whole
and Hindi should be declared the official language. It was seen as an organisation which
would only advance Hindu views. Muslim rights would not be advanced if they continued to
rely on the Indian National Congress. By not organising a Muslim group they would continue
to be disorganised and disunited. They didnt feel that had the same influence as Congress
with the British. Also the Hindus were beginning to protest against the partition of Bengal
and the Muslims saw this as a sign of the influence the Hindus had and they were worried
about their own interests. Even more worrying was the growth of extreme Hindu nationalist
groups who demanded that Muslims be forcibly converted to Hinduism. Therefore a number

of prominent Muslim leaders founded the Muslim League.

During the summer of 1946 the Muslim League became increasingly worried that the
British might simply withdraw from India and leave it to the Indians to sort out the
problems that they had left behind. What followed was called the Direct Action Day.
(a) What was the Direct Action Day? [4]
Muslim League called for 3this to take place on 16th August 1946. An attempt to stop the
British giving in to the Congress. Concerned they would be asked to form a government.
Quaid asked for peaceful protest, but serious rioting, thousands of deaths.

(b) Why did Jinnah produce his 14 Points in 1929? [7]

Also write the main clauses of Jinnah 14 points
The 14 Points set out the demands of any future negotiations with either Congress or the
British Government. The demands were also to form the basis of the Muslims demands for a
separate homeland. It also convinced them that the Hindus and Muslims were two separate
nations.

(c) The First Round Table Conference of 1930 was the most successful one of all three.
Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Successes 1st Federal system for India approved
Sindh to be given a separate identity and a government
2nd Congress attended
Minorities entered into an agreement on their demands
2nd Gandhi took a hard line and refused to recognise the problems of the
minorities. Muslims took a hard line against Congress to protect their
position. The new British National government were less keen to reach
a compromise in India
3rd Congress absent again
Gulf too great between the two

Towards the end of the First World War the British decided that firm action was needed to
keep a grip on India, especially with the threat of renewed violence. During the war the
British had the Defence of India Act to help keep order. Once this Act had expired the
Rowlatt Act was introduced.
(a) Describe the Rowlatt Act. [4]
1919, people could be tried in private by 3 High Court Judges, no right of appeal, people
could be ordered to live in a particular place, stopped from holding meetings or arrested
without warrant and kept in prison without trial, fear of a communist style revolution, Indian
protests.

Partition or reversal? Were the reasons why Bengal was partitioned in 1905 more
important than those regarding its reversal in 1911? Explain your answer. [14]
Partition
Of the 54 million people in Bengal, 42 million were Hindus. It seemed sensible to divide up
the province on religious grounds and also because it was becoming very large and
producing significant administrative problems. By doing this it was felt that the province
would be easier to administer especially at the time of a new British government in power.
The Muslims believed that partition would bring an end to Hindu oppression and that they
would enjoy true recognition in a province in which they were in a majority. The Hindus
believed that the partition would come about as part of the British divide and rule policy
which would weaken Hindu unity and its influence in the new East Bengal.
Reversal
The Hindus objection to Partition was so great that it caused the British to reconsider it. The
Hindus opposed it by holding meetings and mass rallies which put pressure on the British
government. They thought it was a deliberate attempt to divide and rule on the part of the
British. The Hindus were so angry that they attempted to assassinate Lord Minto and started
their boycott of British goods under the Swadeshi Movement. There was also an outbreak of
terrorist activities.

[May/June 08] (b) Why were the three Round Table Conferences held between 1930 and 1932? [7]

It was realised that without the attendance of the Congress little progress on the future of the
sub-Continent could be achieved. Lord Irwin met Gandhi and made progress so that another
Round Table Conference could be held. In this Gandhi took a hard line, refusing to
recognise the problem of the minorities and also claiming to represent the Congress alone
which he said spoke for the whole of India. The Conference broke up amidst threats that the
British would impose a solution if agreement couldnt be reached. It was then agreed that a
third Conference would be held.

(c) The main reason why Congress rule (1937-1939) was hated so much was because of
the introduction of Bande Matram. Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14]
Explains at least two factors, Bande Matram to be included.
Bande Matram, a song which Muslims felt to be degrading, was adopted as the national
anthem and had to be sung at the beginning of each day. Hindi was enforced as the official
language. Attacks were made on Muslim worshippers in mosques. Other atrocities took
place. The Wardha Scheme was imposed on Muslims. Under this scheme, students had to
bow before Gandhis picture each day. Muslims saw this as an attempt to convert them to
Hinduism.

(a) (i) Who was the premier of Bengal in 1940?

Maulvi Fazl-ul-Haq [1]

(ii) Who was the Congress Party president who attended the Simla Conference in
1945?
Abul Kalam Azad [1]

(iii) What is the meaning of the word maharaja?

Ruler [1]

(iv) What was the title given to Liaquat Ali Khan after his assassination in 1951?

Shaheed-e-Millat (a martyr for the cause of the nation) [1]

[May/June 07]

(i) Name the Enquiry which was set up to investigate the Amritsar Massacre of 1919.

(i) Hunter Committee [1]

(ii) Which city on the sub-continent did the Prince of Wales visit in 1921?
(ii) Bombay [1]

(iii) Name the Khalifa who was exiled by Kemal Attaturk in 1924.
(iii) Muhammad VI/Mehmet VI [1]

(iv) Which political party in the sub-continent contested its first election in 1926?
(iv) Hindu Mahasabha [1]

(b) Why did Muslims object to the rule of the Congress party between 1937 and 1939? [7]
Congress Rule was hated due to the atrocities committed against the Muslims. Some
were abused and killed by Hindus. Hindi was enforced as the official language and
some organised attacks were made on Muslim worshippers in mosques. Bande
Matram, a song in which degrading remarks were used against Muslims, was adopted
as the national anthem and had to be sung at the beginning of each day. The Widdia
Mander Scheme was imposed on Muslims. Under this scheme, all students had to bow
before Gandhis picture each day.

(c) The Round Table Conference of 1930 achieved more than those of 1931 and
1932. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Explain achievements of at least two RTCs. First RTC to be explained in more detail.
The 1st RTC was successful in that the Federal system for India was approved and a
representative government should be introduced at provincial level. However Congress
boycotted it and there was deadlock on the federal system and the Minorities subcommittee
couldnt reach a conclusion. However the 2nd RTC was successful in that the

Congress attended but Gandhi was stubborn and disagreed with most things. Sindh was
to be given a separate identity and a govt. The Minorities issue remained unresolved.
In the 3rd RTC Congress boycotted the talks while Jinnah was in voluntary exile, and it
became apparent that the gulf was too great between two sides.

[May/June 06]

(i) Who set up a Mutiny Party in 1913 whist in exile in America?

Lala Hardayal [1]

(ii) Who fought the 1923 elections under the name of Swarajists?
(ii) Congress Party [1]

(iii) Under the Basic Education scheme introduced by Ghandi, what craft was
made part of the school curriculum?
(iii) Spinning cotton (by hand) [1]

(iv) Who said that East Bengal without Calcutta would be a man without
lungs during the Cabinet Missions visit to India in 1946?
(iv) Jinnah [1]

(v) Who resigned from the Imperial Legislative Council in protest against the Rowlatt
Act of 1919?
Jinnah [1]

(b) Explain why the Khilafat Movement had failed by 1924. [7]
Gandhi decided that the Swaraj Movement was becoming too violent
following the Chaura Chari incident and so called off his support. In
1920 the Muslim migration (hijrat) to Afghanistan took place. The
Muslim League opposed this as they wanted them to stay and fight for
their cause. The migration was a failure. The Afghan government was

hostile to the migrants who on their return found their homes and jobs
occupied which dispirited the Muslims. Finally the new Turkish
government under Kemal Ataturk abolished the institution of the Caliph
in 1924 so ending the Movement.

Was the introduction of Jinnahs 14 Points in 1929 the most important factor in the
development of the Pakistan Movement between 1928 and 1935? Give reasons for your
answer. [14]
The Nehru Report of 1928 was produced in response to demands for
future constitutional reforms and the committee, which drew it up, had
minimal Muslim representation. It reported on the future of the subContinent by looking to dominion status with no need for separate
electorates. This totally alienated the Muslims and marked the end of
any future co-operation between them and the Congress. However
Jinnah made one final attempt to preserve the relationship in his 14
Points of 1929 in which he proposed three amendments to the report.
These proposals were met with refusal and marked what he called
the parting of the ways.
The 14 Points set out the demands of any future negotiations with
either Congress or the British Government. The demands were also to
form the basis of the Muslims demands for a separate homeland. It also
convinced them that the Hindus and Muslims were two separate
nations which was to be further developed by Allama Iqbal in 1930.
The 1st Round Table Conference proposed a federal system for India
which was approved. Sindh was to be given a separate identity and a
govt. However Congress boycotted it and there was deadlock on the
federal system. The minorities in sub-continent couldnt reach a conclusion. In
the 2nd RTC Congress attended an minorities entered into an
agreement on their demands. However in the 3rd RTC Congress was
absent again and the gulf proved too great between the two sides.

The Government of India Act of 1935 introduced a federal system of

government which was disappointing to the Muslim League who had
expected more concessions from the British. The period of the
Congress Rule and the associated atrocities ensured that the Muslim
League became the focal point for all Muslims. The chief ministers of
Punjab, Bengal and Assam all joined the Muslim League.

[May/June 05] (b) Why did the British decide to reverse the partition of Bengal in 1911? [7]

The Hindus objection to Partition was so great that it caused the British to reconsider it.
Congress opposed it by holding meetings and there were mass rallies which put
pressure on the British government. They thought it was a deliberate attempt to divide
and rule on the part of the British. The Hindus were so angry that they attempted to
assassinate Lord Minto and started their boycott of British goods under the Swadeshi
Movement. There was also an outbreak of terrorist activities. Further Lord Curzon,
originator of the idea, was no longer viceroy so a change of policy was easier.

Was the Khilafat Movement founded because the Muslims feared the
break up of Turkey after the First World War? Explain your answer. [14]
Explains at least two factors including Turkey
Muslims held the Caliphate of Turkey in high regard and were
not prepared to see Turkey split up after the War and thus the
Caliph abolished. They feared this would happen when the
British Government promised that the status of the Caliph would
be respected in order to get the Muslims to fight alongside the
Allies during World War 1. The Muslims expressed their views to the
British government during the War who promised that no harm
would be done to the Caliphate. However, this promise was not
kept at the end of the war since the Turkish Empire was broken
up. Also the institution of the Caliphate was to be demolished.
After the War ended reports from Europe suggested that the

British and French wanted to punish the Turks for their support
of the Germans. The imprisonment of several Indian Muslims
during the War also contributed to the anger felt. As a result the
Khalifat Movement was founded.

(a) (i) Who persuaded Muhammad Ali Jinnah to return to the Muslim cause
in 1934?
Liaquat Ali Khan [1]

(ii) In the elections of 1937 who led the Redshirts to victory in the
NWFP?
Dr Khan Sahib [1]

(iii) What other name was given to the Basic Education scheme
launched by Gandhi?
Wardha Scheme [1]

(iv) What was built on the spot in Lahore where the Muslim League
Meeting passed the Pakistan Resolution in 1940?
Minar (monument) [1]

Why did Jinnah produce his 14 Points in 1929? [7]

The 14 Points set out the demands of any future negotiations
with either Congress or the British Government. The demands
were also to form the basis of the Muslims demands for a
separate homeland. It also convinced them that the Hindus and
Muslims were two separate nations.

How successful were the three Round Table Conferences of 1930-1932?

Explain your answer. [14]

Explain successes and failures

Failures
1st Congress boycotted it
Deadlock on federal system
Minorities sub-committee could not reach
a conclusion
2nd Gandhi stubborn and disagreed with most
things
Minorities issue unresolved
3rd Congress absent again
Gulf too great between two
Successes
1st Federal system for India approved
Sindh to be given a separate identity and a
government
2nd Congress attended
Minorities entered into an agreement on
their demands.

[May/June 04] (iii) In which year was the Delhi Durbar held?

(iii) 1911 [1]

(iv) Which British government report first mentioned the possibility of self-rule
by the Indians?
(iv) Montague-Chelmsford Report [1]

(b) Explain why the Lucknow Pact of 1916 came about? [7]
The Muslims and Hindus wanted to work together on constitutional
reform. The Muslim League and the Congress agreed to co-operate to
persuade the British government to accept their demands. The Lucknow Pact was

an agreement on a scheme of constitutional reforms reached between

Congress and the Muslim League. Both realised that co-operation was the only way
to get the British government to agree to self-rule. For the first time
Hindus acknowledged that Muslims had the right to a separate
electorate and was therefore seen as a beacon of hope for the future.
They believed that by holding the sessions of both the Congress and
the Muslim League in one place, feelings of goodwill and friendship
would be generated between the two communities.

Bengal was partitioned in 1905 because of geographical factors. Do you agree?

Explain your answer. [14]
Explain at least two. Geographical factors must also be explained.
Of the 54 million people in Bengal 42 million were Hindus. It seemed
sensible to divide up the province on religious grounds and also
because it was becoming very large and producing significant
administrative problems. By doing this it was felt that the province
would be easier to administer especially at the time of a new British
government in power.
The Muslims believed that partition would bring an end to Hindu
oppression and that they would enjoy true recognition in a province in
which they were in a majority. The Hindus believed that the partition
would come about as part of the British divide and rule policy which
would weaken Hindu unity and its influence in the new East Bengal.

(i) What name was given to the structure under which the Central Legislature
was to be divided into two houses in the Montague-Chelmsford Report of
1919?
Bicameral structure [1]

Was the Chaura Chauri incident of 1922 the most important reason for the

failure of the Khilafat Movement? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Explain at least two factors
Chauri Chaura was a village in the United Province where trouble
started between the police and a mob. Gandhi, who was in jail at the
time was so upset by this incident that he called off the non-cooperation
movement. This infuriated the Muslims who saw this action
as taking the pressure off the British Government and weakening the
Movement. Its failure was also brought about when thousands of
Muslims migrated to Afghanistan in a religious protest against the
British government. The Afghan government refused to allow all the
refugees to settle. Many of those who returned to India died on the
journey back or found themselves homeless. Thus Muslim support for
the Khilafat Movement fell away. Its failure was also brought about by
the decision of the Muslim Mustafa Kamal Ataturk to form a nationalist
government in Turkey but the end had been seen in the refusal of Lloyd
George to accept the demands of the Movement.

(i) Who called the Cripps Mission a post-dated cheque on a failing bank?
(i) Gandhi [1]

(ii) Who was Viceroy of India at the time of the Simla Conference of 1945?
(ii) Wavell [1]

(iii) Who led the Unionist Party in Punjab in the elections of 1945 46?
(iii) Khizar Hyat [1]

(iv) What is a jirga?

(iv) Tribal assembly [1]

Why was Congress Rule of 1937-39 so hated by the Muslims? [7]

Explain reasons
Congress Rule was hated due to the atrocities committed against the
Muslims. They were abused and killed by Hindus. Hindi was enforced
as the official language and organised attacks were made on Muslim
worshippers in mosques. Bande Matram, a song in which degrading
remarks were used against Muslims, was adopted as the national
anthem and had to be sung at the beginning of each day. The Widdia
Mander Scheme was imposed on Muslims. Under this scheme,
students had to bow before Gandhis picture each day.

(a) (i) With which province were Assam, Dhaka and Chittagong merged to
form East Bengal in 1905?
Myemsingh [1]

(ii) In which city did the Muslim League have their annual meeting in
1915?
Bombay [1]

(iii) Who led the Congress party at the Lucknow Conference in 1916?
Ambeka Charan Mahajan [1]

(iv) In which city was a peaceful demonstration held in Jallianwala Bagh

park in 1919?
Amritsar [1]

Why was the Muslim League founded in 1906? [7]

Muslim rights would not be advanced if they continued to rely on
the Indian National Congress. It was seen as an organisation
which would only advance Hindu views. The Congress was
demanding that India should be treated as a cultural whole and

Hindi should be declared the official language. By not

organising a Muslim group they would continue to be
disorganised and disunited. Even more worrying was the growth
of extreme Hindu nationalist groups who demanded that
Muslims be forcibly converted to Hinduism. Therefore, a
number of prominent Muslim leaders founded the Muslim
League.

[May/June 04]

(a) (i) Who led the Congress Party at the time of the Simla Declaration of 1906?
(i) Sir Pheroze Shah Mehta [1]

(ii) In which year was the Indian Councils Act passed?

(ii) 1909. Accept also 1861 or 1892 [1]

(iii) What organisation did M.A Jinnah join in 1913?

(iii) Muslim League [1]

(iv) Name the park in Amritsar where a demonstration by Hindus, Muslims

and Sikhs was held in 1919.
(iv) Jallianwala Bagh [1]

(b) Why was Bengal partitioned in 1905? [7]

Explain reasons
Of the 54 million people in Bengal 42 million were Hindus. It seemed
sensible to divide up the province on religious grounds and also
because it was becoming very large and producing significant
administrative problems. By doing this it was felt that the province
would be easier to administer especially at the time of a new British
government in power.

Paper 1: Section III

Contents:
The Radcliffe Award
Economic, Social, Political and Administrative problems
The Kashmir issue
The Division of Assets
Refugee and Accommodation crisis
The Canal Water Dispute
State Bank established
Events that followed till the final decade of 20th century

Section III
[Oct/Nov 12]

On 14 August 1947, Quaid-e-Azam was sworn in as Governor-General of Pakistan. He

declared that Pakistan has come to exist for ever, but the new nation faced many
problems before it could feel secure. The leaders of India had accepted the partition of the
sub-continent in the expectation that Pakistan would not be able to survive. This was a
challenge for the Quaid. He had to establish the country and hold it together, despite the
many problems it faced. One of these was the refugee problem.
(a) Describe the refugee problem [4]
Summer 1947 saw rioting and many deaths because of violence between Muslim and nonMuslim communities across India. After the Boundary Award, things got worse with millions
of people in the wrong country. The largest migration then took place with Muslims moving
into Pakistan and non-Muslims moving into India. 10 m people were involved in this migration
accompanied by violence and mass slaughter in some places. 1 m may have been killed and
20 m people made homeless. Karachi received 2 m refugees alone.

(b) Why was Martial Law declared by Ayub Khan in 1958? [7]
Explains reasons
There were a number of Prime Ministers between 1956 and 1958 and it reached a stage
when Ayub Khan achieved that status that he felt the army should take control until stability
had been restored and questions answered. East Pakistans politicians wanted more say in
the running of the central government which increased tension. Iskander Mirza had lost the
support of many of the leading politicians and was alarmed at a plan by Suharwardy to unite
the political leadership of Bengal and Punjab against him. Therefore he turned to AK and the
military for help.

How successful was Pakistans relationship with the USSR between 1947 and 1999?
Explain your answer. [14]
Explain successes and failures. Also produce an evaluation.
Successes:

-Soviet oil exploration in Pakistan in 1961

-India accepted Western arms in Indo-Chinese War 1962
-11 million loan to Pakistan in 1963
-Ayub Khan visits USSR in 1965 improves understanding
-Soviets hold Peace Conference between Pakistan and India 1966
-Soviet arms supplied to Pakistan from 1968
-Bhutto visits USSR in 1972
-USSR support for building a steel mill
Failures:
-Liaquat Khan visits USA rather than USSR in 1949
-Soviet pro-Indian stance on Kashmir
-Pakistan joins USA sponsored military pacts in 1954 and 1955
-USSR gives economic and technical assistance to India
-Pakistan refuses USSR aid in 1956
-USA spy plane scandal 1960 plane took off from Pakistan
-Pakistan involvement in USA-Chinese diplomatic ties in 1971 leads to greater pro-Indian
support by USSR
-Pakistan support for Afghanistan in war with USSR in 1979
-Growth of economic and cultural ties slow due to Afghanistan effect
-USSR unhappy with Pakistans nuclear programme

Administrator. His party had an overwhelming majority in the National Assembly and he
was determined to introduce radical measures to bring about changes in Pakistan. He
established a constitution and introduced a range of domestic measures relating to
industry, agriculture, education and administrative, health and social reforms. However,
he was unable to stay in power and fell from office before the end of the decade.
(a) Describe Bhuttos downfall from power. [4]
1977, rumors of armed government thugs disrupting PNA election rallies in 1977. PPP won
election but protests over vote rigging from PNA who demanded fresh election. Bhutto
refused and rioting followed. His FSF couldnt stop it and Bhutto had to negotiate with PNP

offering concessions and some elections in disputed constituencies. Declared a state of

emergency and Pakistan placed under Martial law at same time, PNP leadership arrested
and 000s of supporters. Army saw weaknesses in Bhutto and carried out a coup called
Operation Fairplay. Bhutto arrested and Pakistan under army control with Zia in charge.

Why did Benazir Bhutto fall from office for a second time in 1996? [7]
Explain reasons
She was opposed by all sides, her own party the PPP and especially from her mother and
brother who was eventually killed by police in Karachi. This was the last straw for the
president as rumours blamed opposition and government involvement in the killing. Nawaz
Sharif mounted a personal attack on Bhutto focussing on her business interests and political
methods and also held rallies and demonstrations in several cities. There was much
violence and killing as a result which reflected badly on her government. Her husband
Zardari was rumoured to be involved in shady business dealings that undermined her
position. Pakistans economic problems led to a request for a loan from the IMF which led to
strict financial controls that were blamed on the government. Finally the government refused
to carry out the Supreme Courts decision to dismiss 20 judges appointed by the government
which caused a political crisis. The dismissal of the Chief Minister in the Punjab after he had
upset the PPP also attracted much criticism of Bhuttos handling of the matter.

Economic reforms were the most important of Zia-ul-Haqs domestic policies between
1977 and 1988. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Explains economic reforms and other domestic policies. Also produce and evaluation.
With regard to economic affairs, efforts to increase investment were met with some success
since many of the previous nationalisation programmes were reversed and the private sector
was encouraged to re-invest. Efforts were also made to increase the efficiency of
government-run industries. However there were other important domestic policies. Zia
introduced Islamic laws in an attempt to produce a strong and stable government managed
by people committed to Islamic values. He ignored the political process and therefore the
Islamic laws were very strict in order to produce a strong government.

There was also a need for Zia to establish a measure of legitimacy to his presidency by
declaring legal all the military actions since 1977. The passing of the Eighth Amendment in
1985 gave the President the power to dismiss the Prime Minister of the time. As a result of
this martial law was lifted but Zia remained President, unchallenged.
[May/June 12] By

the mid 1950s, Pakistan still did not have a constitution. At the same time the nation
was facing severe economic problems and much hostility from India. In the absence of a
new constitution, the power of the government was more centralised and the political
parties failed to accept democratic principles. A constitutional crisis was inevitable and
came about in 1954.
(a) Describe the constitutional crisis of 195455. [4]
Bogra the PM had little political experience, and GG Ghulam Mohammad expected him to
support his authority do as he was told. Bogra wanted to curb power of GG. GM out of
country so Bogra introduced an amendment to 1935 Gov Act, trying to take away some
power. Caused a political crisis, GM declared state of emergency and dissolved Assembly.
Legal challenges were made against GG who eventually won through.

Why did many Pakistanis migrate between 1947 and 1999? [7]
Britain needed lots of workers after World War Two, especially unskilled workers and offered
well paid jobs which Pakistanis wanted as they were reliable, hard working and ambitious to
succeed. Many Pakistanis were displaced after partition in 1947 and as a result moved to
Britain. Thousands of Pakistanis were displaced from the Mangla Dam area in the 1960s and
some used compensation money to move to Britain to join relatives and seek work. The
Commonwealth Immigration Act of 1962 introduced a voucher scheme which gave
Pakistanis in Britain the opportunity to arrange jobs and vouchers for friends and family to
move here. Many Pakistanis went to work in the Middle East where jobs were becoming
freely available during times of economic growth especially in the construction and service
industries.

The government of Pakistan was totally successful in solving the problems of

Partition during 1947 and 1948. Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14]

Explain both
Successes:
Quaid-e-Azam Relief Fund created to help refugees. He appealed to the people to help the
refugees.
He toured the provinces encouraging and motivating the people. Declared himself ProtectorGeneral of religious minorities.
State Bank of Pakistan set up.
Karachi made capital of Pakistan.
Civil Services re-organised.
Joined United Nations and attempted to draw their attention to Kashmir problem.
Failures:
Kashmir and other Princely States issues not resolved.
Canal Water Dispute not resolved until 1959.
Millions made homeless or died as a result of partition.

[Oct/Nov 11] Read the source below carefully to answer question (a).

Ayub Khan seized power because he had no faith in the democratic parliamentary process, but he
wanted to show that he had the support of the people. He felt it important that all national decisions
were made by the president but believed in controlled democracy. On the first anniversary of his
takeover he introduced the Basic Democracies.
(a) What were the Basic Democracies? [4]
\1959, local committees named Basic Democrats, 80000, no political parties to take place in
the elections held Dec 59 to Jan 60, newly elected BDs able to vote in referendum as to
whether he should remain President, 95% voted yes.

(b) Why was it so difficult to agree on a new Constitution in 1950? [7]

East Pakistan disagreed with the draft proposals in 1950 because it felt that its people were
under-represented, especially given its large population, and it wanted representation equal
to each of West Pakistans provinces. It also objected to Urdu being the main language,
given its use of Bengali.
There was opposition from local and provincial politicians, as they had no input under the

proposals of approving of the power of the head of state and central government. Religious
groups also objected, as the new constitution wouldnt put enough emphasis on Islam, and
they argued that Pakistan should be governed on Islamic principles.

(c) How successfully did India and Pakistan handle the Kashmir issue between 1947 and 1999?
Explain your answer. [14]
Successes:
A cease-fire was arranged in January 1948, leaving Kashmir divided between India and
Pakistan. From 1949, an official cease-fire line was agreed between India and Pakistan and
was to be patrolled by UN troops. Pakistan kept up pressure on India by appealing to the UN
whenever Indian moves tried to integrate Indian-occupied Kashmir into India. In 1957, the
UN reconfirmed that Kashmir was a disputed territory and that a final solution should be
settled by a UN-supervised plebiscite. India promised to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir to
determine its future.
Failures:
War has broken out on at least 2 occasions between the 2 countries. Plebiscite still not been
held. In 1987, elections were rigged by India in an attempt to show popular support for its
occupation. In 1999, Kargil crisis brought threat of nuclear war between the two sides.
Kashmir continues to be a source of conflict between the two nations.

Read the source below carefully to answer question (a).

During the 1950s the Cold War intensified as the Americans feared the spread of a communist
advance in Third World countries. The USA desperately needed allies and Pakistan needed
economic and military aid. During the late 1950s Pakistan became a close ally of the USA. In 1960 the
U2 crisis occurred.

(a) Describe Pakistans involvement in the U2 crisis. [4]

1960, spy flights over USSR, Gary Powers shot down, flown from a US base in Pakistan,
USSR angry with Pakistan threatening military action, told USA could no longer use airbase
unless destination known of aircraft, showed how close the two countries had become.

(b) Why did General Musharraf come to power in 1999? [7]

Sharif was giving support for the Taliban in Afghanistan and this damaged relations with
USA, as they refused to hand over Osama bin Laden, suspected of bombing the US
embassy in Kenya. Pakistan also tested nuclear weapons, which angered a number of
countries who then halted aid to Pakistan and brought Sharif much criticism. He also blamed
Musharraf for the embarrassing retreat from the fighting in Kashmir. The army refused to
accept this criticism. Sharif tried to sack Musharraf whilst he was visiting Sri Lanka and, as a
result, the army decided to intervene in the government and overthrew Sharif.

(c) Constitutional reforms were the most important of Zulfiqar Ali Bhuttos domestic policies
between 1971 and 1977. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
A new constitution drawn up in 1973 established a Senate which offered the opportunity for
professionals, academics and specialists to work together. It also safeguarded the interests
of minority provinces which now had an equal status in the Senate. He produced the 1973
Constitution in an attempt to return to a form of parliamentary democracy, and this is
important since it is the basis upon which Pakistan has been governed to the end of the 20th
Century, apart from when it was suspended due to martial law. One of the main weaknesses
of the new constitution was that the focal point of political power lay with the party leadership
and Bhutto in particular. When things went wrong, the blame was clearly laid at his feet.
However, other aspects of his domestic policies were also important. He also tried to improve
the infant mortality and age expectancy rates by introducing Rural Health Centres and Basic
Health Units. Pharmaceutical companies were banned from charging for a particular medical
brand name and so medicines became cheaper. However, this did see the profits of
chemists fall drastically and many international drug companies closed down their operations
in Pakistan.
Amongst Bhuttos education reforms, free primary education was introduced. New schools
were to be built and all private sector schools were nationalised. The aim was to increase the
literacy rate and raise academic standards. The changes in education led to overcrowding in
existing schools until new ones could be built. The reforms were not very successful, since
the building of new schools and the recruitment of new teachers could not be achieved

quickly and it was also very expensive. Many families resented the educational reforms since
it meant a loss of earnings to them.

[Oct/Nov 10] 5 Read the source below carefully to answer question (a).

Since 1947 relations between India and Pakistan have been very poor. India resented partition
and the creation of Pakistan. Pakistan feared Indias intentions towards the new state. Above all
the question of Kashmir has dominated the relationship. Two wars were fought between 1965 and
1971 but there was one glimmer of hope the Simla Agreement.
(a) What was the Simla Agreement? [4]
An agreement signed in July 1972 between Bhutto and Indira Gandhi. India agreed to return
prisoners of war to Pakistan in return for a promise from Pakistan that the Kashmir problem
would be discussed with India and not with bodies such as the UN. It improved Pakistans
international reputation and increased Bhuttos popularity by bringing home POWs.

(b) Why did Benazir Bhutto fall from office in 1990? [7]
She was criticised by many for the alleged corruption of her husband Asif Ali
Zardari and PPP leaders were suspected of being involved; this tainted her own
reputation. She came into confrontation with provincial governments especially
as she had to work in a coalition with the MQM which was a party that
represented Muslims who had migrated from India to Pakistan and settled in
Sindh. This angered many PPP members in Sindh. Violent protests throughout
Pakistan led to the MQM leaving the coalition and joining with the opposition
which meant that her majority was gone. Further violence and deaths led to her
dismissal because she and her government were blamed for the breakdown of
law and order.

(c) How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with China between 1947 and 1999? [14]
Explain both:
Successes
Support for China joining UN in 1952.
Boundary issues settled in 1963 agreement.

Trade developed in 1960s a $60 million long-term interest free loan

regarding import of machinery.
China permitted PIA to use any airport in 1963, in face of opposition from USA.
Increased numbers of visitors from China journalists, engineers, scientists etc.
China gave Pakistan full support during 1965 war with India, including military
aid
1978 Karakoram Highway provided first road link and opened 2 countries up to
trade and tourism.
1986 nuclear power treaty signed.
Failures
1950s saw a cooling off as Pakistan supported pro-USA policies.
Concerns during 1950s about border issues.
In 1959 Pakistan voted against Chinas admission to UN and condemned
military action in Tibet.
During the 1971 war with India, China withdrew support for Pakistan due to
opposition from USSR which supported India.
During 1990s China wanted to develop relations with other countries,
especially India.
China hinted during this time that Pakistan might compromise over Kashmir.
China concerned that Pakistan might stir up Muslims living just over the border
in China.
[Oct/Nov 09]

(iii) Who did General Ayub Khan replace as Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan army in
1951? [1]
Sir Douglas Gracey

(iv) What title did the Pakistani government give Liaqat Ali Khan after he was assassinated in
1951? [1]
Shaheed e Milat

(b) Why was Martial Law declared in 1958? [7]

There were a number of Prime Ministers between 1956 and 1958 and it
reached a stage when Ayub Khan achieved that status that he felt the army
should take control until stability had been restored and questions answered.
East Pakistans politicians wanted more say in the running of the central
government which increased tension.

(c) The formation of a government was the most important problem facing the newly established
country of Pakistan in 1947. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
It was essential following the creation of Pakistan to have a new government
immediately. However there was a shortage of properly qualified and
experienced personnel which made the task of running a government
department extremely difficult. Pakistan had been awarded 750 million rupees
under the final settlement but only received 200 million at first. This put
enormous strain on the new government since they were unable to use the
money appropriately. It was also the case with the division of the armed forces
and military assets. Much of the assets awarded were obsolete or out of order.
However there were other difficulties such as the problem of coping with the
Muslim refugees from India. These refugees had been submitted to terrible
atrocities and so thousands fled to Pakistan. They needed food and shelter
and placed great strain on the new government. The Canal Water Dispute was
one of the most serious problems since India now controlled the water supply
to Pakistan which brought tensions to a head between the two countries as
Pakistan had to depend on India for its water supply. The problem dragged on
until 1959.
The accession of the Princely States and especially Kashmir was a problem.
The population of Kashmir was largely Muslim and wanted to join Pakistan
whereas the ruler was Hindu and wanted to join India. The border was
uncertain between India and Pakistan with respect to Kashmir and this
inevitably caused problems.

[Oct/Nov 09] (i) Which country hosted the peace conference between Pakistan and India in 1966?

Soviet Union (Russia) [1]

(ii) What did a rebel Bengali army, which was trained by the Indians, call itself in 1971 during the
troubles in East Pakistan? [1]
Mukti Bahinii

(iii) Give the name of the political party formed by nine opposition parties during the 1977
election campaign. [1]
Pakistan National Alliance (PNA)

(iv) In which year did Zia-ul-Haq lift Martial Law? [1]

1985

(b) Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto come to power in 1971? [7]
The army had been defeated by India and was at a low ebb. Yayha Khan had
been disgraced and Bhutto took the opportunity to seek power. Pakistan also
lost East Pakistan which became Bangladesh and again Yayha Khan and the
army were blamed and Bhutto took advantage. His programme of reform
was attractive and appealed to the electorate. As a result Bhuttos party won
an overall majority in the National Assembly. He was also able to establish
power by taking control of the army and appointing his own leaders. The FSF
(secret police) further established his power base

(c) How successful have governments been in the Islamisation of Pakistan between 1947 and
1988? Explain your answer. [14]
Explain both
Successes:
Will make comments on the laws passed by Zia e.g. According to Zia,
Pakistan needed a strong and stable government managed by people committed to Islamic values.
Thus he introduced the laws.

Will make comments on the Islamic provisions of the 1956 and 1973
Constitutions
Failures:
May refer to the 1962 Constitution which failed to establish an Islamic system
and follow up the two previous ones. Martial Law was imposed in 1969. Zias
ultimate failure.
[Oct/Nov 08] Who became Governor-General of Pakistan in September 1948 on the death of the

Quaid?
Khawaja Nazimuddin [1]

(iv) Name the organisation that presented the draft constitution to the Pakistan
Assembly in 1950.
Basic Principles Committee [1]
(b) Why did East Pakistan wish to become independent of West Pakistan? [7]
East Pakistan was resentful of the fact that it was under-represented in the
Pakistani army and the Civil Service. Due to the distance from the West, it felt that it was under
political repression and with an undemocratic government. Because it had a weaker industrial base
than the West and suffered from floods, it resented that it received little attention from the rest of
Pakistan.
(c) Education reforms were the most important of Zulfiqar Ali Bhuttos domestic policies
between 1971 and 1977. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Amongst Bhuttos education reforms, free primary education was introduced.
New schools were to be built and all private sector schools were nationalised.
The aim was to increase the literacy rate and raise academic standards. The
changes in education led to overcrowding in existing schools whist new ones
could be built. The reforms were not very successful since the building of new
schools and the recruitment of new teachers could not be achieved quickly and
was also very expensive. Many families resented the educational reforms since it
meant a loss of earnings to them.
However other aspects of his domestic policies were also important. He also
tried to improve the infant mortality and age expectancy rates by introducing
Rural Health Centres and Basic Health Units. Pharmaceutical companies were
banned from charging for a particular medical brand name and so medicines

became cheaper. However this did see the profits of chemists fall drastically and
many international drug companies closed down their operations in Pakistan.
A new constitution drawn up in 1973 established a senate which offered the
opportunity for professionals, academics and specialists to work together. It also
safeguarded the interests of minority provinces which now had an equal status in
the Senate. He produced the 1973 Constitution in an attempt to return to a form
of parliamentary democracy and it was important since it is the basis upon which
Pakistan has been governed to the end of the 20th Century (apart from when it
was suspended due to martial law). One of the main weaknesses of the new
constitution was that the focal point of political power lay with the party
leadership, and Bhutto in particular. When things went wrong, the blame was
clearly laid at his feet. [14]

[Oct/Nov 08] (a) (i) Who was dismissed as Prime Minister by Iskander Mirza in 1955?

Ali Bogra [1]

(ii) Who did Ayub Khan appoint as the Rehabilitation Minister during the Decade of
Development?
General Azam Khan [1]

(iii) What law did Zia ul-Haq introduce to establish military courts to try offenders
according to martial law in 1979?
Constitution (Amendment) Act [1]

(iv) Who became acting President of Pakistan on the death of Zia ul-Haq in 1988?
Ghulam Ishaq Khan [1]

(b) Why did Pakistan support the Palestinian cause between 1947 and 1988? [7]
Pakistanis identify themselves with the Palestinians as fellow Muslims who
should be supported in their Cause. The objective of the OIC, of which Pakistan

is a member, is to promote harmony and co-operation between Muslim nations.

The incident of the Al-Aqsa Mosque was discussed at the first meeting of the OIC
and support offered to the Palestinians. At the Second Conference in 1974, more
specific support was forthcoming.

(c) How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with India between 1947 and 1988? [14]
Explain the successes and failures
Successes
-Agreement regarding border between East Bengal and Assam 1948
-Minorities Agreement 1950
-Simla Accord 1972
Failures
-Kashmir
-1965 and 1971 Wars
-Nuclear arms race
-Aftermath of Indira Gandhis assassination

(iii) Who went on an official visit to the USA in 1954 during which Ghulam Muhammad
declared a state of emergency in his absence?
Muhammad Ali Bogra [1]

(iv) Who opposed Ayub Khan in the 1964 presidential election?

Fatima Jinnah [1]

[Oct/Nov 07]Why did educational reform become such an important issue between 1947 and 1988?

[7]
Some 70% of the population have been illiterate and many children simply did
not go to school at all. An illiterate society means a poor economy and a poorly
educated workforce. The major problem was the lack of government investment.
This is because the military expenditure was excessively high for a country such

as Pakistan and therefore there is little room for spending on education.

Education has been expensive in Pakistan. Children have been expected to buy
their own books and many children dropped out of schools.

Ayub Khans agricultural reforms were more successful than any other of his
domestic policies between 1958 and 1969. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons
for your answer. [14]
Land was redistributed to farmers with medium sized farms and agriculture was
revitalised to such an extent that crop outputs were at record levels. However
there were other factors which were important aspects of his domestic policies. In
1962 an oil refinery was established in Karachi and a Mineral Development
Corporation was set up for the exploration of mineral deposits. An Export Bonus
Scheme was set up offering incentives to industrialists who increased exports.
National growth rate rose more than 7% and the economy grew three times faster
than any other South East Asian country. However the new wealth was
concentrated in the hands of a few and the general population didnt benefit. As a
result of these policies economic growth rose sharply. In 1959 Basic
Democracies were introduced which was a 4 tier structure of government
allowing elections at various levels, The success of these councils which were set
up was such that martial law was lifted .

(a) (i) What organisation did Zia ul-Haq set up to bring the legal framework of Pakistan
closer to Islam?
Council of Islamic Ideology. [1]

(ii) Name one of the school subjects that Zia ul-Haq made compulsory? [1]
Islamiat or Pakistan Studies.

(iii) Which organisation was known as MRD? [1]

Movement for the Restoration of Democracy.

(iv) Why did Zia ul-Haq visit Moscow in 1984? [1]

To attend the funeral of Andropov.

(b) Why was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto arrested and subsequently executed in 1979? [7]
One of the main weaknesses of his government was that the focal point of
political power lay with the party leadership and Bhutto in particular. When things
went wrong the blame was clearly laid at his feet. The changes in education led
to overcrowding in existing schools whist new ones could be built. The reforms
were not very successful since the building of new schools and the recruitment of
new teachers could not be achieved quickly and was also very expensive. Many
families resented the educational reforms since it meant a loss of earnings to
them. Bhutto was finally accused of conspiracy to murder a political opponent
and was found guilty. He refused to plead for clemency to the President.

(c) The geographical position of East Pakistan was the most important reason for the
creation of Bangladesh in 1981. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your
answer. [14]
East Pakistan was a long way from the western half and most of the wealth of
Pakistan was concentrated in the west not only of individuals but also in terms of
government expenditure. This caused great resentment in East Pakistan. A
weaker industrial base and a climate ravaged by regular floods led to even more
depression in this area which caused further discontent. Also the eastern
province saw little return for the wealth created by the growing of jute in the area.
Again all the benefits went to the west.
The general election of 1970 saw the Awami League win a majority in East
Pakistan. The League wanted a federal form of government, which would leave
East Pakistan to control everything except defense and foreign policy. It wanted a separate
currency and fiscal policy with its own taxation. It wanted to negotiate its own
trade agreements with other countries and have its own armed forces. In effect

they wanted separation from Pakistan which was becoming more evident due to
the perceived differences between the two. Political parties who emerged in both
parts believed in regionalism rather than national sovereignty. However the
demands of the Six Points of the Awami League were rejected by Ayub Khan,
and its leader Mujib-ur-Rehman was imprisoned. This caused further discontent
and separation began to look inevitable.

[Oct/Nov 06] Why was Pakistan faced with a refugee problem in 1947? [7]

Explain reasons, for example:

During 1947, violence between Hindus and Muslims
increased dramatically. Muslims fearful of being killed were forced to leave all their
possessions and cross into Pakistan to seek shelter. The Boundary Award had made
the problems worse between the two. Since Pakistan had become independent so
Muslims were leaving India for their homeland, often with little or no possessions. It
was argued that India deliberately made difficulties for the new Pakistani government
by forcing Muslims across the border. Hindus and Sikhs, perhaps fearful of reprisals
and a genuine desire to live in a Hindu nation, also contributed to the refugee problem
by crossing from Pakistan to India

(c) How successfully did India and Pakistan handle the Kashmir issue between 1947 and 1988?
Explain your answer. [14]
Explain both:
Successes: A cease-fire was arranged in January 1948 leaving Kashmir divided
between India and Pakistan. From 1949 an official cease-fire line was agreed between
India and Pakistan and was to be patrolled by UN troops. Pakistan kept up pressure
on India by appealing to the UN whenever Indian moves tried to integrate Indian occupied
Kashmir into India. In 1957 the UN reconfirmed that Kashmir was a disputed
territory and that a final solution should be settled by a UN supervised plebiscite. India
promised to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir to determine its future.
Failures: War has broken out on at least 2 occasions between the 2 countries.

Plebiscite still not been held. Continues to be a source of conflict between the two
nations.

(a) (i) Who became President of Pakistan in 1970?

Chaudhri Fazal Elahi [1]

(ii) Who threatened to break the legs of PPP members if they attended the inaugural
session of the National Assembly in 1971?
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto [1]

(iii) Who were exempt from the Zakat tax in 1980?

Shia Muslims [1]

(iv) Who was Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1985 to 1988?

Muhammad Khan Junejo [1]

(b) Why did General Ayub Khan declare Martial Law in 1958? [7]
There were a number of Prime Ministers between
1956 and 1958 and it reached a stage when Ayub Khan achieved that status that he
felt the army should take control until stability had been restored and questions
answered. East Pakistans politicians wanted more say in the running of the central
government which increased tension.

(c) How successful was Pakistans relationship with the USSR between 1947 and 1988? Explain
your answer. [14]
Explain both:
Successes: Soviet oil exploration in Pakistan in 1961
India accept Western arms in Indo-Chinese War 1962
11 million loan to Pakistan in 1963
Ayub Khan visits USSR in 1965 improves understanding

Soviets hold Peace Conference between Pakistan and India 1966

Soviet arms supplied to Pakistan from 1968
Bhutto visits USSR in 1972
USSR support for building a steel mill
Failures: Liaquat Khan visits USA rather than USSR in 1949
Soviet pro-Indian stance on Kashmir
Pakistan joins USA-sponsored military pacts in 1954 and 1955
USSR gives economic and technical assistance to India
Pakistan refuses USSR aid in 1956
USA spy plane scandal 1960 plane took off from Pakistan
Pakistan involvement in USA-Chinese diplomatic ties in 1971 leads to
greater pro-Indian support by USSR
Pakistan support for Afghanistan in war with USSR in 1979
USSR unhappy with Pakistans nuclear programme

[Oct/Nov 05] (a) (i) In which year did Ranjit Singh die?

(i) 1839 [1]

(ii) Who led a group of followers in the nineteenth century called Faraizis?
(ii) Haji Shariat Ullah [1]

(iii) Where did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan establish a Scientific Society in 1863?
(iii) Ghazipore [1]

(iv) Which body did the Mohammedan Defence Association replace in 1893?
(iv) Patriotic Alliance [1]

(b) Why was Chaudhri Rehmat Ali an important influence on the struggle for a separate
homeland for Pakistan. [7]
Chaudhri Ali was the first person to use the name Pakistan for the separate

homeland. P was for Punjab, A for Afghan, K for Kashmir etc. He also
wanted a separate federation of Muslim states with independence. He
formed a Pakistan National Movement to fight for the idea of Pakistan. In
many respects he was ahead of his time. In 1940 the All-India Muslim
League adopted his demand for a separate homeland for the Muslims.
However his plan for 7 Muslim states to form a Commonwealth of Pak
Nations was never adopted by the Muslim League

(a) (i) In which city was an assassination attempt made on Ayub Khan in 1968?
(i) Peshawar [1]

(ii) What name was given to the rebel Bengali military force in 1971?
(ii) Mukti Bahini (Liberation Army) [1]

(iii) Which part of Karakoram Highway was reopened in 1978?

(iii) Silk route [1]

(iv) What value was placed on the goods and commodities exchanged between
Pakistan and Bangladesh in 1986?
(iv) $40 million [1]

(b) Why has Pakistan supported the Palestinian cause? [7]

Pakistanis have identified themselves with the Palestinians as Fellow
Muslims who should be supported in their Cause. The Objective of the OIC
of which Pakistan is a member is to promote harmony and co-operation
between Muslim nations. The incident of the Al-Aqsa Mosque was
discussed at the first meeting of the OIC and support offered to the
Palestinians. At the Second Conference in 1974 more specific support was
forthcoming

(c) Islamic reforms were the most important of Zia-ul-Haqs domestic policies between
1977 and 1988. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Zia introduced Islamic laws in an attempt to produce a strong and stable
government managed by people committed to Islamic values. He ignored
the political process and therefore the Islamic laws were very strict in order
to produce a strong government. With regard to economic affairs, efforts to
increase investment were met with some success since many of the
previous nationalisation programmes were reversed and the private sector
was encouraged to re-invest. Efforts were also made to increase the
efficiency of government-run industries. There was a need by Zia to
establish a measure of legitimacy to his presidency by declaring legal all
the military actions since 1977. The passing of the Eighth Amendment in
1985 gave the President the power to dismiss The Prime Minister of the
time. As a result of this martial law was lifted but Zia remained President,
unchallenged.

[May/June 11] In August 1990, after accusations of corruption and amid increasing violence, Benazir
Bhutto was dismissed as Prime Minister. She had been Prime Minister for less than two

years. Following her governments dismissal, Nawaz Sharif was elected as Prime Minister.
(a) What problems did Nawaz Sharif face as Prime Minister during the 1990s? [4]
Divided nation, supporters of BB wanted him to fail, difficult to promote economic progress
and religious ideas at same time, lost USA aid, accused of involvement in death of Asif
Nawaz, army Commander-in-Chief, dismissed, lost aid and support from other nations in 2nd
term of office following nuclear testing, failures in fighting in Kashmir blamed Musharraf,
whom he tried to sack. Overthrown.

(b) Why did Zia-ul-Haq introduce his package of Islamic laws between 1979 and 1988? [7]
Zia introduced the Islamic laws in an attempt to produce a strong and stable government
managed by people committed to Islamic values. He ignored the political process because
he felt that Pakistan was weaker as a result of these. He therefore made the Islamic laws

very strict in order to produce a strong government by imposing a strict legal code. He also
wanted to implement laws which punished people for showing disrespect towards the Holy
Prophet and ensured that Islamic education was implemented in schools so as to raise
Islamic awareness amongst students. He also wanted to distribute some wealth to the poor
and needy by introducing Islamic taxes.

(c) Political factors were more important than any other factor in the creation of
Bangladesh in 1971. Do you agree or disagree? Explain your answer. [14]
Explain at least two including political factors
The general election of 1970 saw the Awami League win a majority in East Pakistan. The
League wanted a federal form of government, which would leave EP to control everything
except defence and foreign policy. It wanted a separate currency and fiscal policy with its
own taxation. It wanted to negotiate its own trade agreements with other countries and have
its own armed forces. In effect, it wanted separation from Pakistan which was becoming
more evident due to the perceived differences between the two. Political parties who
emerged in both parts believed in regionalism rather than national sovereignty. However, the
demands of the Six Points of the Awami League were rejected by Ayub Khan, and its leader
Mujib-ur-Rehman was imprisoned. This caused further discontent and separation began to
look inevitable. The intervention of Indian troops in East Pakistan resulted in a swift
conclusion to the fight for independence.
East Pakistan was a long way from the western half and most of the wealth of Pakistan was
concentrated in the west not only of individuals but also in terms of government expenditure.
This caused great resentment in East Pakistan. A weaker industrial base and a land ravaged
by regular floods led to even more depression in this area which caused further discontent.
Also the eastern province saw little return for the wealth created by the growing of jute in the
area. Again all the benefits went to the west.

In 1947 the new nation of Pakistan faced huge difficulties which threatened its survival as
an independent nation. Two serious disputes with India made life difficult for the new
government of Pakistan. One of these was the Canal Water Dispute.

(a) What was the Canal Water Dispute? [4]

Threatened agriculture in the Punjab, irrigation system depended on 6 rivers and 30 canals,
some of which were in India. April 1948 India shut off waters flowing into Pakistan from
Firozpur headworks, threatening millions of acres of agricultural land in Pakistan. Some
waters reinstated in May 1948 but not permanently until 1959 and Indus Water Treaty

(b) Why did Pakistan join the United Nations in 1947? [7]
Pakistan felt that membership of the United Nations would help their conflict with India over
Kashmir by drawing the international communitys attention to it. Also Pakistan took it upon
itself to become a spokesman of many Asian states and movements, especially Muslim
countries. Other issues included the World Bank and the Canal Water Dispute.

(c) Islamic reforms were the most important of Zia-ul-Haqs domestic policies between
1977 and 1988. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Zia introduced Islamic laws in an attempt to produce a strong and stable government
managed by people committed to Islamic values. He ignored the political process and
therefore the Islamic laws were very strict in order to produce a strong government. With
regard to economic affairs, efforts to increase investment were met with some success since
many of the previous nationalisation programmes were reversed and the private sector was
encouraged to re-invest. Efforts were also made to increase the efficiency of government run
industries. There was a need by Zia to establish a measure of legitimacy to his
presidency by declaring legal all the military actions since 1977. The passing of the Eighth
Amendment in 1985 gave the President the power to dismiss the Prime Minister of the time.
As a result of this, martial law was lifted but Zia remained President, unchallenged.

Towards the end of the 1980s Benazir Bhutto was forced to work in a coalition with the
MQM (Mohajir Qaumi Movement), Muslims who had migrated from India to Pakistan. At
this time violent protests increased all over Pakistan; one of these led to the Pucca Qila
massacre.
(a) What was the Pucca Qila massacre? [4]

May 1990, in Hyderabad, 40 supporters of MQM killed by police. Women and children
included. Such violence led to the President (Ghulam Ishaq Khan) dismissing her
government in August 1990.

(b) Why were the years 1958 to 1969 called the Decade of Progress? [7]
Medical facilities were improved and attempts were made to control the population through a
family planning programme. Economic growth was enabled through industrial developments
funded by loans from the West. Agricultural reform meant an increase in agricultural
production. Ayub Khan also tried to deflect increased criticism of his government by
highlighting the reforms which in the main only benefited the wealthy.

(c) How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Afghanistan between 1947 and
1999? [14]
Explain both:
Successes
Leaders of the two countries visited each other which helped to improve relationships
between them. Zahir Shah wanted to be friendly with Pakistan and during the 1965 War
remained neutral despite pressure from India and Russia.
Failures
Afghanistan violated a trade agreement on several occasions. Diplomatic relations were
severed due to hostility between the two countries but later renewed. During the Afghan
Russian War, Afghanistan violated Pakistan airspace and bombed Pakistani areas.
Problems relating to drugs, armed robberies, kidnappings and gun battles between rival
gangs in the border region. Increase in terrorist problems.

[May/June 08] Explain why Ayub Khan called the years 1958 to 1969, the Decade of Progress? [7]

Medical facilities were improved and attempts were made to control the population through a
family planning programme. Economic growth was enabled through industrial developments
funded by loans from the West. Agricultural reform meant an increase in agricultural
production. He also tried to deflect increased criticism of his government by highlighting the

reforms which in the main only benefited the wealthy.

The low rate of literacy has been the most important problem in education to face
successive governments between 1947 and 1988. Do you agree? Give reasons for
your answer. [14]
Estimates suggest that the literacy rate in Pakistan is less than 30% and that female literacy
is the worst amongst the population about 14%. This mainly due to the lack of financial
investment in education by successive governments who have viewed defence as being
more important. Less than 3% of Pakistans budget has been spent on education. A major
problem has faced primary education with serious under-funding compared to secondary and
higher education. Little money remains for non-staff costs to spend on the primary sector.
Drop-out rates particularly affect the primary sector with estimates suggesting that half the
children joining primary school leave within 5 years and one third of girls drop out within a
year. In the secondary sector many private schools have been formed which have been for
the more wealthy parts of the population which further emphasises the gap between the rich
and the poor.
Candidates may also refer to other social problems such as: cultural differences, refugee
problems, medical issues, language problems, population growth, age expectancy, infant
mortality rates etc.

(a) (i) Which title did Zulfikar Ali Bhutto have, other than President in 1971?
Chief Martial Law Administrator [1]

(ii) What was the name of the opposition party formed in 1977 to fight the general
election?
Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) [1]

(iii) In which desert did the Indians hold exercises, designed to intimidate Pakistan in
1987?
Rajasthan [1]

(iv) Where was the explosion at an army weapons dump in 1988?

Ojhri Camp (near Islamabad/Rawalpindi) [1]

(b) Why did Zia-ul-Haq introduce a series of Islamic laws between 1979 and 1988? [7]
Zia introduced the Islamic laws in an attempt to produce a strong and stable government
managed by people committed to Islamic values. He ignored the political process because
he felt that Pakistan was weaker as a result of these. He therefore made the Islamic laws
very strict in order to produce a strong government by imposing a strict legal code. He also
wanted to implement laws which punished people for showing disrespect towards the Holy
Prophet and ensured that Islamic education was implemented in schools so as to raise
Islamic awareness amongst students. He also wanted to distribute some wealth to the poor
and needy by introducing Islamic taxes.

(c) How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with the U.S.A. between 1947 and
1988? Explain your answer. [14]
Explain both:
Successes:
1950 Liaquat Ali Khan visits United States.
Willing to join US in anti-communism pack in return for military aid.
Joins SEATO and CENTO.
Soviet War against Afghanistan in 1979 sees substantial military and economic aid for
Pakistan which sees Pakistan as third highest recipient of US aid.
Failures:
US provides military aid to India during its war with China in 1962 places strain on
relations.
Pakistan turns to China for friendship in 1962.
US places arms embargo on India and Pakistan during 1965 war which badly affected
Pakistan.
Bhutto leaves SEATO.

American aid suspended in 1977 and again in 1979.

[May/June 07] (i) Who put forward the proposal which led to the Lahore Resolution in 1940?

(i) Maulvi Fazl-ul-Haq [1]

(ii) Name the Secretary of State for India in 1946.

(ii) Lord Pethick-Lawrence [1]

(iii) Who became the third Governor General of Pakistan in 1951?

(iii) Malik Ghulam Muhammad [1]

(iv) In which year was the One Unit Scheme introduced?

(iv) 1955 [1]

(b) Why did Pakistan join the United Nations in 1947? [7]
Explain reasons
Pakistan felt that membership of the United Nations would help their conflict with India
over Kashmir by drawing the international communitys attention to it. Also Pakistan took
it upon itself to become a spokesman of many Asian States and movements, especially
Muslim countries. Other relevant issues included the World Bank and the Canal Water
Dispute.

(c) The Canal Water Dispute was the most important problem facing the newly
established government of Pakistan in 1947. Do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Explain at least two. Canal Water Dispute to be also explained
The Canal Water Dispute was one of the most serious problems since India now
controlled the water supply to Pakistan this brought tensions to a head between the
two countries as Pakistan had to depend on India for its water supply. The problem
dragged on until 1959. However there were other problems. Some Muslims in India had

been submitted to terrible atrocities and so thousands fled to Pakistan. They needed
food and shelter and placed great strain on the new government. It was essential
following the creation of Pakistan to have a new government immediately. However
there was a shortage of properly qualified and experienced personnel which made the
task of running government departments extremely difficult. The new government was
also short of money. Pakistan had been awarded 750 million rupees under the final
settlement but only received 200 million at first. This put enormous strain on the new
government. This was also the case with the division of the armed forces and military
assets. Many of the assets awarded were obsolete or out of order.

(a) (i) Name the organisation which Pakistan, Iran and Turkey joined in 1964.
(i) RCD [1]

(ii) In which year was Islamabad officially made the capital of Pakistan?
(ii) 1967 [1]

(iii) Who became President of Pakistan following the declaration of Martial Law in
1969?
(iii) Yahya Khan [1]

(iv) Which politician made the promise of Food, Shelter and Clothing to the people of
Pakistan in 1970?

(iv) Bhutto [1]

(b) Why did Pakistan distrust India so much between 1971 and 1988? [7]
Pakistan was unhappy with the Simla agreement signed with India following the war.
In return for the release of 90,000 prisoners of war, Pakistan agreed not to pursue a
solution to the Kashmir problem in international forums. This annoyed Pakistan which
had sought a solution through the United Nations. Pakistan was also shocked at Indias

nuclear test programme in 1974. It raised real fears that its neighbour had a nuclear
capability. Relations became even worse when India suspected that Pakistan was
training Sikh extremists and when Indira Gandhi was assassinated by a Sikh in 1984.
Further, relations were strained by the on-going legacy of wars between the two
countries.

(c) Zia-ul-Haqs foreign policy was more successful than his domestic reforms.
Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Explain both
Foreign policy
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 led to the West working very closely with
Pakistan and providing military and economic support in return for becoming a base for
anti-Soviet activities. Zias standing in the West increased and he was able with their
support to sell military assistance to other Muslim countries. By 1985 there were in
excess of 50,000 Pakistanis working in the Middle East as a direct result of this policy.
Domestic policies
Zia introduced Islamic laws in an attempt to produce a strong and stable government
managed by people committed to Islamic values. He ignored the political process and
therefore the Islamic laws were very strict in order to produce a strong government.
With regard to economic affairs, efforts to increase investment were met with some
success since many of the previous nationalisation programmes were reversed and the
private sector was encouraged to re-invest. Efforts were also made to increase the
efficiency of government-run industries. There was a need by Zia to establish a
measure of legitimacy to his presidency by declaring legal all the military actions since
1977. The passing of the Eighth Amendment in 1985 gave the President the power to
dismiss the Prime Minister of the time. As a result of this, martial law was lifted but Zia
remained President, unchallenged.

[May/June 06] (i) Which district of the Punjab contained the canal headworks that controlled

water coming into Pakistan in 1947?

(i) Firozpur [1]

(ii) Which princely state of Balochistan agreed to accede to Pakistan in 1947?

(ii) Kalat [1]

(iii) Which organisation did Pakistan wish to legally settle the Canal Water
Dispute?
(iii) International Court of Justice [1]

(iv) Where was Pakistans Service Corps School based?

(iv) Kakul [1]

Why was India successful in the 1965 and 1971 wars against Pakistan? [7]
In 1965 the Pakistan army had never expected a full scale war with
India over Kashmir. Their plans to encourage an uprising in Indian
occupied Kashmir did not work. Indian troops attacked and Lahore was
caught unprepared. By 1971, the Indians had developed a much
bigger army and used the civil war in East Pakistan to fight Pakistan.
The speed and ease of the Indian victory confirmed the Indian armys
superiority.

The Six Points made by Mujib-ur-Rahman and the Awami League was the most
important factor in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971. Do you agree? Give reasons
for your answer. [14]
Explain at least two. Six Points to be explained and main clauses to be written
The general election of 1970 saw the Awami League win a majority in
East Pakistan. The League wanted a federal form of government, which
would leave EP to control everything except defence and foreign policy.
It wanted a separate currency and fiscal policy with its own taxation. It
wanted to negotiate its own trade agreements with other countries and

have its own armed forces. In effect they wanted separation from
Pakistan which was becoming more evident due to the perceived
differences between the two. Political parties who emerged in both
parts believed in regionalism rather than national sovereignty. However
the demands of the Six Points of the Awami League were rejected by
Ayub Khan, and its leader Mujib-ur-Rehman was imprisoned. This
caused further discontent and separation began to look inevitable.
Most of the wealth of Pakistan was concentrated in the west not only of
individuals but also in terms of government expenditure. This caused
great resentment in East Pakistan. A weaker industrial base and a
climate ravaged by regular floods led to even more depression in this
area which caused further discontent. Also the eastern province saw
little return for the wealth created by the growing of jute in the area.
Again all the benefits went to the west.

(i) Who became the first Pakistani commander-in-chief of the army in 1951?
(i) General Ayub Khan [1]

(ii) Which government post did Malik Ghulam Muhammad hold when he
persuaded Khawaja Nazimuddin to become Prime Minister after the death
of Liaquat Ali Khan?
(ii) Finance Minister [1]

(iii) Which politician survived only six weeks as Prime Minister of Pakistan in
1957?
(iii) Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar [1]

(iv) Which international organisation did Pakistan leave in 1972?

(iv) SEATO [1]

Why did Zia-ul-Haq introduce his Islamic reforms between 1977 and 1988? [7]
Zia introduced the Islamic laws in an attempt to produce a strong and
stable government managed by people committed to Islamic values. He
ignored the political process because he felt that Pakistan was weaker
as a result of these. He therefore made the Islamic laws very strict in
order to produce a strong government by imposing a strict legal code.
He also wanted to implement laws which punished people for showing
disrespect towards the Holy Prophet and ensured that Islamic
education was implemented in schools so as to raise Islamic
awareness amongst students. He also wanted to distribute some wealth
to the poor and needy by introducing Islamic taxes.

Social reforms were the most important of Zulfikar Ali Bhuttos domestic policies
between 1971 and 1977. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Explain at least two. Social reforms to be explained
Amongst Bhuttos social reforms, free primary education was
introduced. New schools were to be built and all private sector schools
were nationalised. The aim was to increase the literacy rate and raise
academic standards. The changes in education led to overcrowding in
existing schools whist new ones could be built. The reforms were not
very successful since the building of new schools and the recruitment of
new teachers could not be achieved quickly and was also very
expensive. Many families resented the educational reforms since it
meant a loss of earnings to them. He also tried to improve the infant
mortality and age expectancy rates by introducing Rural Health Centres
and Basic Health Units. Pharmaceutical companies were banned from
charging for a particular medical brand name and so medicines became
cheaper. However this did see the profits of chemists fall drastically and
many international drug companies closed down their operations in
Pakistan.

However other aspects of his domestic policies were also important.

The new constitution drawn up in 1973 established a Senate which
offered the opportunity for professionals, academics and specialists to
work together. It also safeguarded the interests of minority provinces
which now had an equal status in the Senate. He produced the 1973
Constitution in an attempt to return to a form of parliamentary
democracy and it was important since it is the basis upon which
Pakistan has been governed to the end of the 20th Century apart from
when it was suspended due to martial law. One of the main
weaknesses of the new constitution was that the focal point of political
power lay with the party leadership and Bhutto in particular. When
things went wrong the blame was clearly laid at his feet.

[May/June 05] (a) (i) Who became President of Pakistan in 1969?

General Yahya Khan [1]

(ii) Who became Chief Martial Law Administrator and governor of East
Pakistan in 1971?
General Tikka Khan [1]

(iii) What Pakistan body did Zulfikar Ali Bhutto claim needed
modernising in the 1970s?
Civil Service [1]

(iv) What name was given to the operation which led to the arrest of
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto by the Pakistan army in 1977?
Operation Fairplay [1]

Why was the Quit India Movement formed in 1942? [7]

Both Muslims and Hindus were to some extent united in their

opposition to the Cripps Missions proposals. The Muslims

rejected them because the British would not agree to Partition
and the Congress Party wanted immediate and full control over
the central government. The British were also negotiating from
a weak position which the Congress Party exploited by
demanding Britain leave the sub-continent immediately. As a
result Gandhi began the Movement.

The government of Pakistan was totally successful in solving the

problems of Partition during 1947 and 1948. Do you agree? Explain your
answer. [14]
Explain successes and failures
Successes:
Quaid-e-Azam Relief Fund created to help refugees. He
appealed to the people to help the refugees
He toured the provinces encouraging and motivating the people.
Declared himself Protector-General of religious minorities
State Bank of Pakistan set up
Karachi made capital of Pakistan
Civil Services re-organised
Joined United Nations and attempted to draw their attention to
Kashmir problem
Failures:
Kashmir and other Princely States issues not resolved
Canal Water Dispute not resolved until 1959
Millions made homeless or died as a result of Partition.

(i) Who did Zia-ul-Haq replace as President of Pakistan in 1978?

Fazal Elahi [1]
(ii) Which High Court ordered a stay of execution in 1979 on sentences

passed by the military courts?

Balochistan [1]
(iii) Who became acting President in 1988 on the death of Zia-ul-Haq?
Ghulam Ishaq Khan [1]
(iv) What does CENTO stand for?
Central Asia Treaty Organisation [1]

Why was membership of the United Nations important to Pakistan

between 1947 and 1988? [7]
Pakistan felt that membership of the United Nations would help
their conflict with India over Kashmir by drawing the international
communitys attention to it. Also Pakistan took it upon itself to
become a spokesman of many Asian States and movements
especially Muslim countries. Other issues included the World
Bank and the Canal Water Dispute.

Constitutional reforms were the most important of Ayub Khans

domestic policies during the decade of development between 1958 and
1969. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Explains at least two factors (constitutional reforms to be
included for maximum marks)
In 1959 Basic Democracies were introduced which was a four
tier structure of government allowing elections at various levels.
The success of these councils which were set up was such that
martial law was lifted. However, there were other factors which
were important aspects of his domestic policies. Land was
redistributed to farmers with medium sized farms and agriculture
was revitalised to such an extent that crop outputs were at
record levels. National growth rate rose more than 7% and the
economy grew three times faster than any other South East

Asian country. However, the new wealth was concentrated in

the hands of a few and the general population did not benefit
.
Was the refugee issue the most important problem facing the newly
formed government of Pakistan in 1947? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Explain at least two factors.
The refugees had been submitted to terrible atrocities and so
thousands fled to Pakistan. They needed food and shelter and placed
great strain on the new government. However there were other
reasons. It was essential following the creation of Pakistan to have a
new government immediately. However there was a shortage of
properly qualified and experienced personnel which made the task of
running a government department extremely difficult. Pakistan had
been awarded 750 million rupees under the final settlement but only
received 200 million at first. This put enormous strain on the new
government since they were unable to use the money appropriately. It
was also the case with the division of the armed forces and military
assets. Much of the assets awarded were obsolete or out of order.
Perhaps crucially the Canal Water Dispute was one of the most serious
problems since India now controlled the water supply to Pakistan which
brought tensions to a head between the two countries. The problem
dragged on until 1959.

[May/June 04] (i) Under the terms of which Constitution was the title Islamic Republic of

Pakistan first adopted?

(i) 1956 [1]

(ii) What was the average national growth rate of Pakistan during the 1960s?
(ii) 7% [1]

(iii) Who was the Foreign Minister of Pakistan in 1965?

(iii) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto [1]

(iv) Who called the first general elections of Pakistan in 1970?

(iv) Yahya Khan [1]

Economic factors were more important than political considerations in the

creation of Bangladesh in 1971. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Explain both
Economic:
Most of the wealth of Pakistan was concentrated in the west not only of
individuals but also in terms of government expenditure. This caused
great resentment in East Pakistan. A weaker industrial base and a
climate ravaged by regular floods led to even more depression in this
area which caused further discontent. Also the eastern province saw
little return for the wealth created by the growing of jute in the area.
Again all the benefits went to the west.
Political:
Political parties who emerged in both parts believed in regionalism
rather than national sovereignty. The demands of the Six Points of the
Awami League were rejected by Ayub Khan, and its leader Mujib-urRehman was imprisoned. This caused further discontent and
separation began to look inevitable.

(i) Which organisation was given the power by Zia-ul-Haq to decide if Laws
were Islamic?
(i) Federal Shariat Court [1]

(ii) In which year did Pakistan and Afghanistan agree on a plan which
would mean the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan?

(ii) 1988 [1]

(iii) Who became Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1985?

(iii) Junejo [1]

(iv) With whom did Pakistan sign a treaty of nuclear cooperation in 1986?
(iv) China [1]

Why did Pakistan leave SEATO in 1972? [7]

Explain reasons
America saw it as only applying to Communist aggression and Pakistan
realised that it would not apply to their protection against India. Further
uncertainties were caused when the Pakistan government delayed its
ratification despite the Treaty being signed by its Foreign Minister.
Therefore weaknesses were apparent. Pakistan tried to secure further
aid as a result of its membership and a permanent military force to
protect member states. Both of these were refused which further
weakened Pakistans resolve. When the organisation failed to support
Pakistan in its wars with India withdrawal seemed to edge closer.
Pakistan firmly believed SEATO should have supported it and became
disenchanted with it.

Constitutional reforms were the most important of Zulfiqar Ali Bhuttos

domestic policies between 1971 and 1977. Do you agree? Give reasons for
your answer [14]
The new constitution drawn up in 1973 established a Senate which
offered the opportunity for professionals, academics and specialists to
work together. It also safeguarded the interests of minority provinces
which now had an equal status in the Senate. However other aspects of
his domestic policies were also important. Free primary education was

introduced. New schools were to be built and all private sector schools
were nationalised. The aim was to increase the literacy rate and raise
academic standards. He also tried to improve the infant mortality and
age expectancy rates by introducing Rural Health Centres and Basic
Health Units.

Paper II: Contents

The Natural Topography
Climate of Pakistan
Development of Water Resources.
Forests
Mineral Resources..
Fishing Industry
Agriculture..
Power Resources.
Secondary and Tertiary Industries.
Trade
Transport and Communications..
Population in Pakistan.

The Natural Topography

[May/June 03] (a) Study Fig. 5.

On your answer paper name

(i) province A, [1]

(ii) the main road B, [1]

(iii) country C, [1]

(iv) river D, [1]

(v) city E. [1]

[May/June 04] For each of the following, give the name of the physical feature and describe its main

physical characteristics:

(i) A, [3]
Active flood plain/bet/khaddar
- Flooded every/most years/frequently
- New alluvium/alluvium deposited every year/meanders/oxbows/
levees
(up to 2 from this line)
- Dry/braided channels
- 10-18 km/around 15 km wide
- 2-3 m above river level
- Flat/level/plain

(ii) B, [3]
- 10-15 m wide/around 12 m
- Flooded every 7/8 years/when severe floods occur
- Old alluvium (old) levees/abandoned channels/dhoros/meander
(scars)/dried ox-bows/dhands
(up to 2 from this line)

- 3-5 m above river level/around 4 m

(iii) C, [2]
- Steep slope/5-11 m high
- 5-8 m wide/around 6 m

(iv) D. [2]
- Old alluvium/bhangar/Sindh Sagar is covered by sand
- 10-12 m above river level/around 11 m
- 25-30 km wide
- Flat/level/plain

(b) Compare the natural topographical and drainage features of the Upper Indus Plain with those
of the Lower Indus Plain. [6]
Topography:
- Both areas are flat/gently undulating
- Land higher in Upper Indus Plain/lower in Lower Indus Plain
- Both areas mainly alluvial/have active flood plain/old flood plain
- Doabs mainly a feature of the Upper Indus Plain /not or rarely found in Lower Indus Plain
- Bar uplands/alluvial terraces in Upper Indus Plain only
- A few low hills in both areas
- Quartzite/slate hills in Upper Indus Plain whereas limestone hills/cuestas in Lower Indus Plain
- Piedmont plains and alluvial fans in both
- Both areas have rolling sand dunes
Drainage:
- Indus has many tributaries in Upper Indus Plain but few in Lower Indus Plain
- Indus has 4/5 large left/east bank tributaries in Upper Indus Plain
- Indus has 1 large and several small right/west bank tributary in Upper Indus Plain
- Tributaries contribute a huge amount of water to Indus in Upper Indus Plain but very little water to
Indus in Lower Indus Plain
- Meanders/braiding/ox-bows/swamps/etc common in both areas

- Indus delta at southern end of Lower Indus Plain not in Upper Indus Plain
- Wider river in Lower Indus Plain /narrower in Upper Indus Plain /LIP over 1.6 miles wide Upper
Indus Plain
- 1.4-1.6 miles wide

(a) Study Fig. 2.

On your answer paper,

(i) state the number of degrees East of longitude A, [1]
76 (E)

(ii) name the mountain range B, [1]

Karakoram

(iii) name the plateau C, [1]

Balochi/Balochistan

(iv) name the desert D, [1]

Cholistan

(v) name country E. [1]

Afghanistan

[May/June 05] On your answer paper

(i) name the city A,

Karachi

(ii) name the line of latitude B,

Tropic of Cancer/23 N

(iii) name the river C,

Dasht

(iv) name the area D,

Indus delta/Thatta district

(v) name the province E. [5]

Balochistan

[May/June 06] Study the map of Pakistan, Fig. 1.

On your answer paper

(i) name country A,
China

(ii) name city B,

Peshawar

(iii) name the river C,

Chenab

(iv) name the plain D,

Upper Indus (Plain) / Punjab

(v) State the number in N of the line of latitude E. [5]

28

[May/June 07]

(a) Study the map of the Hunza Valley, Fig. 1

.
(i) Name the range of mountains in which this valley is situated. [1]
Karakoram Range

(ii) Name the town A. [1]

Gilgit

(iii) Name the highway which follows this valley north to China. [1]
Karakoram Highway

(iv) Name the Federally Administered Area in which this valley is situated. [1]
Northern Area(s)

[May/June 08] (a) Study Fig. 2, a map of population density distribution in Sindh province.

(i) Name the cities A, B and C.

A Karachi
B Hyderabad,
C Sukkur,

(ii) Name the desert D.

Thar(parkar)

(iii) Name the river E. [5]

Indus

(b) (i) Explain the physical reasons for a high density of population in area Y. [4]
NOT GOOD CLIMATE
-alluvial/rich/fertile soil for good agriculture
-well drained soil for good agriculture, travel, building
-flat land for use of machinery, travel/building/irrigation
-water available for irrigation, domestic use, industry

(ii) Explain the low population density in area X. [3]

Delta/Indus delta
-Salt water/saline soil difficult to farm/poor soil
-Low river flow/lack of fresh/clean water so unsuitable for farming, domestic use
-Flooding so causes problems to farming, industry
-Swamp/marsh difficult to build/poor foundations
-Mangrove trees so lack of farmland
-Tropical storms/typhoons/cyclones dangerous
-Lack of roads so difficult to move around
-Lack of other named infrastructure so no industry, improved living standards
-Dry climate/lack of rain so no agriculture, industry, sanitation
-Fishing in decline due to pollution/mangroves dying
-Lack of industry therefore no jobs

[May/June 09] (a) Study Fig. 3, a map showing three major cities and two major roads.

(i) Name the cities A, B and C. [3]

A Hyderabad
B Lahore
C Peshawar

[May/June 12] Study Fig. 2 and name the following:

[Oct/Nov 04] Study the map of Pakistan, Fig. 1.

On your answer paper:

(i) state the number of degrees north of latitude A (Murree is 34N), [1]
(i) 36 (N)

(ii) name the mountain range B, [1]

(ii) Himalaya(s)

(iii) name the river C, [1]

(iii) Kabul

(iv) name the desert D, [1]

(iv) Kharan

(v) name city E. [1]

(v) Quetta

[Oct/Nov 05] (a) Study the map of Pakistan, Fig. 1.

On your answer paper

(i) name the city A,
Gujranwala

(ii) state the latitude in degrees north of line B,

32

(iii) name the river C,

Hab

(iv) state two main features of the climate in area D. [5]

Arid/very dry/desert
Mild winters
(Very) hot summers
Dust storms/hot, dusty winds May September

Study the road in area S of Fig. 3.

(i) What is shown that is likely to block the road? [1]

(loose) rocks/scree/boulders

(ii) What problems are there for road construction and maintenance in mountain areas?
(In your answer you may refer to Photograph A and Figs 3 and 4.) [5]
Construction
-Steep gradients
-Rain/snow/ice
-Deep valleys/crossing rivers/gorges
-Remote from supplies
-Lack of suitable workforce
-High costs
-Difficult to move machinery
Maintenance
-Damage by bad weather

-Blockages restricting access

-High cost, remote, labour etc. (only credit once)
-Earthquakes
-Dangerous place

[Oct/Nov 06] Study Fig. 1, a map of Pakistan

On your answer paper

(i) name the dam A,
Mangla

(ii) name the river B,

Jhelum

(iii) state the number in degrees East of the line of longitude C,

68

(iv) name the city D,

Sukkur

(v) name the range of hills shaded at E. [5]

Sulaiman

[Oct/Nov 07] Study Fig. 1 and Photograph A .

(i) Name the deserts X and Y. [2]

X Thar/Nara/Cholistan/Tharparkar
Y Thal

(ii) Describe the scene in Photograph A. [4]

-Dry/desert
-Camels
-Bare/sandy ground/ barren
-Low bushes } or sparse vegetation
-Small trees/larger bushes }
-Flat
-No clouds

[Oct/Nov 08] Study Fig. 1, a map of North West Frontier Province

(i) Name area A,

FATA

(ii) Name the country B,

Afghanistan

(iii) Name the river C,

Mastuj

(iv) Name the range of mountains D,

Safed Koh/Waziristan Hills

(v) Name the major pass through these mountains E. [5]

Khyber

[Oct/Nov 09] Explain how topography and drainage cause problems for farming in Balochistan. [4]

Topography
-lack of fertility, soil erosion, use of machinery, irrigation
-mountains
-plateaux
-steep slopes
-stony soil
-thin soil
-barren land
-mountains/rugged topography unsuitable for farming
Drainage
-inland drainage basins/salt lakes
-few/small rivers
-rivers dry up/evaporate
-much percolation/loss of water through soil
-lack of water for farming

3 (a) Study Fig. 5, a map of Pakistan.

(i) Name the province A.

Balochistan

(ii) Name the river B.

Sutlej

(iii) Name the plateau C. [3]

Potwar

The Climate of Pakistan

[Oct/Nov 12]

(a) Study Fig. 3 which shows the climate of Karachi.

(i) By how much does the temperature rise from January to May? [1]
12C

(ii) Describe the pattern of rainfall during the winter season from October to March. [2]
-Increases
-Steady / constant / regular
-1 12mm / by 2mm per month

(iii) With reference to Fig. 3 only, describe the climate of the months from June to
September. [4]
-High / warm hot
-29 31C / average 30C
-Highest in June
-Little change in temperature
-Rainfall
-High (accept July-September)
-20 85mm
-Large increase in July / July max

-Decreasing after July

-Total 170-185 mms

(b) Explain the causes of the monsoon at Karachi. [4]

-Low pressure develops over land mass / air rises over land
-Draws in wind from high pressure area
-From the Arabian Sea
-Moisture-bearing /wet winds /carrying rain / humid
-Rise over land
-Cools
-Moisture condenses / clouds form

(c) (i) Name the violent storms that form over the sea and that may affect Karachi. [1]
Cyclones / Typhoons / Hurricanes

(ii) In which months may these occur? [1]

April / May / June / Sept / Oct / November

(iii) Explain how storms such as these may affect industry and communications in
urban areas. [6]
-No reserves
-Flooding / heavy rain / high waves/ high tides}
-Strong winds } Weather associated with the storm
-Lightning strike }
-Damage or closure of buildings / roads / bridges / airports
-Lack of deliveries port activity
-Loss of production / work stops
-Lack of labour / cannot get to work
-Lack of experts / investors linked to airports being closed

-Lack of (tele)communication
-Loss of power electricity

(d) Read the article below.

Assess the possibilities and problems for electricity generation other than by fossil fuels
at Karachi. [6]
Possibilities
-Arabian Sea - so wave and tidal power
-Windy coast - so wind turbines, windmills
-Sunny weather - so solar
-Waste - so possibilities of burning waste
-Port / industrial so nuclear ie.there is a port for importing uranium, water for cooling,
there already is a nuclear power station in the area
-Geothermal Energy
-Pakistan is near a plate boundary, active geological zone
-Problems
-Arabian Sea is in the extreme south / away from other large towns
-(res. 2) Wind turbines may obstruct shipping / fishing
-Winds do not blow all the line / with a regular speed
-Sun does not shine at night / can be covered by clouds
-Burning waste causes air pollution
-Problems of nuclear power (Sethi page 127)
-Low output from these generators (except nuclear)
-Modern technology needed for geothermal energy

[May/June 05] The map, Fig. 2, shows the locations of two weather stations, and their records of
rainfall and mean monthly temperature.

(a)(i) Compare the amount and seasonal distribution of rainfall at Quetta and Lahore. [4]
-Quetta receives maximum rainfall in winter; Lahore receives maximum rainfall in summer
-Quetta receives maximum from December to March/February, Lahore receives maximum from July
to August/August
-Quettas second wet month is July; Lahores second wet season is from January to March
-Quetta has lower total rainfall than Lahore/Lahore has higher total rainfall than Quetta
-Quetta has more rainfall in December than Lahore.
-Equal amount of rainfall in March and/or November

-In Lahore it rains in all months, no rain in Quetta in June and September
-Lahore has more rainfall than Quetta from April October/April - June
-Lahore has higher maximum rainfall than Quetta.

(ii) Give reasons for the differences in amount and seasonal distribution of rainfall at Quetta and
Lahore. [6]
QUETTA
-More rain from winter depressions
-Summer convectional rainfall
-No/negligible monsoon rainfall
LAHORE
-Less rain from winter depressions
-Little convectional rainfall/low humidity
-Monsoon winds this should include both the South-East and North-West monsoon.
-Monsoon brings more rain than depressions.

(b) (i) Compare the mean monthly temperatures of Quetta and Lahore. [3]
Both graphs have a similar range/both 20-22
-Quetta colder/Lahore warmer
-Quetta has smooth curve, Lahore has sharp drop after June
-Quettas graph slightly drops from May to July, Lahores temperature increases then decreases.

(ii) Explain the seasonal changes in temperature at Lahore. [3]

-Effect of latitude/angle of the sun rays
-lack of cloud cover before monsoon
-Drop in July related to start of monsoon season/heavy rainfall/stratus cloud.

[May/June 06] Study the map, Fig. 2, which shows the main monsoon wind and the rainfall distribution
from July to September.

(i) Explain why the monsoon wind that is shown develops. [4]
- Strong heating of ground / High temperatures over land
- Causes air to rise / become lighter / less dense
-Low pressure created
- High pressure created
- Winds move from high to low pressure.

(ii) Describe the rainfall distribution shown in Fig. 2 and explain how it is caused by the
monsoon winds. [7]
Description
-Lowest/ less than 25mm in West Baluchistan and extreme NW
-Large areas / Lower Indus Plain less than 125mms
-Most of Baluchistan less than 125mm
-Decreasing towards NW and SW / Increasing towards SE and NE

-Highest in NE Punjab / Murree area / over 500 mm

Explain
-Winds from N India forced to rise by mountains
-Winds from Arabian Sea / secondaries rise over SE Sindh
-Wind has lost moisture over India and Bangladesh/ tail end, so less rain in Pakistan than
India
-Baluchistan remote from monsoon winds so less rain
-High mountains in NE increase rainfall
-Plains have less rain than mountains

(d) How may storms and heavy rainfall cause problems for people in Pakistan? [5]
-Effects of flooding:
-Wind damage
-Lightening strike
-Landslides
-Damage to Communications
-Power
-Homes
-Fields
-Workplace

[May/June 07]Study Fig. 2, which shows the climate of Misgar

(i) With reference to Fig. 2, explain why the Hunza River increases in volume in the summer
months. [2]
-temperature rises above FP/warm/higher temperatures in summer/named months
-high rainfall in spring/early summer increases flow into river
-snow/ice melts and flows into rivers.

(ii) Explain how topography and climate affect the lives of the people in mountain areas. Use your
knowledge of mountain areas and information from Fig. 2 to help you. [6]
-Farming is difficult because of the cold climate
-People live indoors because of the cold climate
-Farming is difficult because of thin, stony soils
-Lack of development because of inaccessibility
-Roads blocked because of landslides, avalanches etc.
-Craft industries because people live indoors in winter
-People wear thick clothes because of the cold climate.
-Transhumance is done because of the mountainous topography

-Tourism is a source of income because of the beautiful mountain scenery

[May/June 07] (i) What is a snowfield?

[1]

area where snow/ice does not melt and lies al the year.

(ii) Explain why a large part of the area is covered with snowfields? [2]
-Mountainous/high altitudes/Over 3000m
-Cold climate/low temps/below Freezing Point
-Moderate/high snowfall/precipitation

-More accumulation than melting

(i) State where the summer pastures are situated on Fig.1.

next to snowfields [1]

(i) Describe the climate of area C, shown on Fig. 3.

[May/June 08] Study Fig. 1, a map of natural hazards in Pakistan.

(b) Study Fig. 1 again.

(i) Which area is affected by tropical cyclones? [1]
-Coast/sindh coast, Balochistan coast
-Named area e.g. Indus delta, Makram coast

(ii) Describe the physical effects of tropical cyclones in this area. [5]
-High winds
-High waves
-Heavy/high rainfall
-Floods
-Thunderstorms/thunder/lightening
-Damage

(c) Heavy rain and thunderstorms affect business and industry in urban areas.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the rain and storms. [6]
Advantages
-Water supply

-Reservoirs filled for HEP/power supply

Disadvantages
-Floods damage and blockage of roads
-High winds damage to buildings, trees
-Erosion of land effect on roads/railways/runways
-Loss of power supply loss of production, business
-Danger of lightening
-Loss of raw material e.g. cotton, sugar cane
-Disruption of fishing/shipping/trade
-No flights for businessmen

[May/June 10] (a) Study Fig. 7, which shows the desert climate of Nok Kundi.

(i) With reference to Fig. 7, describe the yearly distribution of temperature and rainfall in a desert
climate. [5]
-Hot summers and cool / mild winters
-Rises to maximum. in June / July
-Falls to min. in December / January
-Rainfall Wetter in winter than summer / reverse

-Decreases Jan May

-Variable May November
-Increases in December

(ii) Explain how the climate of desert areas affects agricultural and industrial development.[6]
Agriculture
-Lack of rain poor growth / low yields / crops die
-Winds cause soil erosion / crop damage
-Water supply need for storage and / irrigation, wells, canals, Karez
-Hot evaporation of water / high evapotranspiration
-Sunny need for shade e.g. date palms
-Storms / heavy showers - cause crop damage
Industry
-People do not want to live there / lack of people to work
-Lack of water for production processes
-Lack of agricultural raw materials
-Areas are usually un- or under-developed / cracked, sandy roads
-Unpleasant working conditions

[May/June 11]

(a) Describe the route of the main monsoon across Pakistan. [4]

-East to west / from North-East / from East

-From Bay of Bengal / Northern India
-Across Punjab / upper Indus Plain
-Towards the Northern Areas / mountains / interior Asia

(b) Study Fig. 4, which shows the rainfall of Peshawar and Lahore

(i) Using figures from Fig. 4 in your answer compare the distribution of rainfall from June to
September at Lahore and Peshawar. [2]
-Max 68 mms in Peshawar, 202 mms in Lahore
-Totals June September
Comparisons
-Less in Peshawar
-Maximum later in Peshawar
-Max in Aug in Peshawar, July in Lahore
-Annual minimum in June in Peshawar but not Lahore

(ii) Using figures from Fig. 4 in your answer compare the distribution of rainfall from June to
September at Lahore and Peshawar. [2]
Comparisons

-Less in Peshawar
-Maximum later in Peshawar
-Max in Aug in Peshawar, July in Lahore
-Annual minimum in June in Peshawar but not Lahore

(c) Study Figs 5A and 5B, which show rainfall distribution in Pakistan.

(i) What is the main cause of rainfall from:

A) December to March?
Western depressions

B) April to June?
Convection currents

(ii) Name one area which receives high rainfall in both seasons A and B.

[2]

[1]

North Punjab / central NWFP / Peshawar

(iii) Which area receives the highest rainfall from December to March?
-More than in summer Western borders / Quetta

[1]

-More than rest of Pakistan North Punjab / central NWFP / Peshawar

Explain the importance of the arrival of the monsoon to people who live and work in
urban areas. [4]
Benefits
-Cooler better working and living conditions / pleasant climate
-Fresher less dust, pollution, cleaner air
-Water supply for drinking, factories, market gardens, buffalo (not rural farming)
Problems
-Flooding
-People cannot get to work
-Loss of production
[May/June 12]

Study Fig. 3, which shows the climate of Gilgit.

What is the maximum temperature, and in which month does it occur? [2]
27.5 C
July

In which season of the year is the rainfall highest? [1]

Spring / early summer / March to May

Compare the climate of the months from May to September with the months from
November to February. [4]
-May to September November to February
-Hotter Colder
-Over 18 C / 1827.5 C Under 12 C / 312 C
-Wetter Drier
-Variable rain low/increasing rain/snow fall
-626 mm 26 mm

In what ways does the winter climate make life difficult for people who live in mountainous areas?
[6]
-snow covers ground
-water shortage / water freezes
-no farming in winter / nothing grows / need to store food / no fishing
-live indoors / cannot work outside
-animals kept in sheds / need feeding / no pasture
-roads or railways blocked / closed / no travel / communication
-damage to buildings e.g. by avalanches, landslides, frozen pipes / death of people
-fog / no air travel
-power lines cut
-telephone lines cut / no telecommunication
-no tourism
-need to keep warm / need for heating
-long nights / short days
-less income / less work / less trade / economic activity stops

[Oct/Nov 04]

(a) Study the map of Pakistan, Fig. 1.

(b) Study the rainfall graph for Murree located on the map, Fig. 1.
(i) What is the total rainfall for the period July-August? [1]
666mm/660mm to 680mm

(ii) Explain the high rainfall total for the period July-August. [5]
(monsoon) winds from Bay of Bengal/India
-pressure pattern)

-(tail end of) monsoon

-air rises and cools
-condensation/water droplets form
-moisture-laden air

(iii) Describe the amount and pattern of Murrees rainfall from December to March. [3]
-moderate/fairly heavy
-increasing
-70-180mms/doubles/by 25mm per month
-max. in March
-min. in December.

(iv) Explain why Murree has rainfall in winter. [3]

- depression rain/western depressions/disturbances
- originate in Mediterranean area
- enter Pakistan through Afghanistan (not Iran for Murree)
- long land journey depletes moisture reaching area

(v) What type of rainfall does Murree receive in May-June and October-November and how is it
formed? [4]
convectional/thunderstorms
formation
-high temperatures/strong heating
-moisture evaporated from rivers/lakes/vegetation/moisture-laden air
-(moist) air rises (strongly/rapidly)/convection occurs
-air cooled as it rises
-causes condensation of moisture/water vapour
-formation of thunderstorms
-formation of hailstones

(c) Study the rainfall graphs for Nok Kundi and Murree located on the map, Fig. 1.
(i) How much more rainfall does the driest month at Murree receive than the wettest month at
Nok Kundi? [1]
20/15-25 mm

(ii) Murree has as much rain in its driest month as Nok Kundi receives in a whole year. Why is the
area in which Nok Kundi is situated so dry? [3]
-sheltered by surrounding mountains/rain shadow
-too far west for monsoons to reach/little monsoon rain
-western depressions mostly deflected from area/do not reach area/few depressions
-lacks sources of moisture for convectional rainfall to develop/desert area
-temp. inversion prevents convection NOT it is in a desert
On 15th April 2002 a heavy thunderstorm occurred in the catchment area of the River Gomal
in the Sulaiman mountains. Photograph B was taken on 17th April on the piedmont
plain east of these mountains. It shows the Gomal flood plain which was being prepared for
farming, making use of this natural inundation (flooding).
(i) Describe the scene shown. [4]
-flat area
-flooded
-banks (of earth)/bunds
-about 1 metre high
-fields
-(scattered) trees/bushes on banks

[Oct/Nov 07] Explain why desert X has very low rainfall. [3]

-too far south for monsoon rain

-too far east for depressions/westerly winds
-little water to evaporate for convectional rain
-low/flat land so no relief rain
-not coastal so no cyclones/sea breezes

[Oct/Nov 08] (b) Study Fig. 2, a bar chart showing precipitation for Peshawar.

Describe the precipitation in the months from June to September. [3]

-increases June August
-from 8mm to 68mmin
-decreases in Sept
-to 18mm
-max. in August/minimum in June

Explain how this precipitation is caused by the monsoon winds in these months. [3]
-low pressure over Himalayas
-high pressure over the Bay of Bengal
-moist winds (from the East/South East)
-air rises
-cools
-vapour condenses
-droplets form

Describe the precipitation in the months from October to April. [2]

-increases Oct March from 10mm to 78mm
decreases April to May to 27mm

Which weather systems bring this precipitation? [2]

-(western) depressions
-convectional storms

Why does snow fall instead of rain in the winter? [2]

low climatic temperatures at high altitude. Water freezes.
[Oct/Nov 09]

(a) Study Fig. 1, a temperature graph for Lahore.

(i) Describe the pattern of temperature through the year at Lahore. [3]
Either using only the graph
-rises from January to June
-slow fall July to September/levels out
-falls further to December

or alternative seasonal approach linked to the graph

-low in winter + months
-rising in spring + months
-falling when monsoon starts + months
-continues falling in autumn

(ii) Explain why heavy rain falls during the monsoon season. [3]
-moisture-bearing/wet winds/carrying rain from the sea/Bay of Bengal, rise over
-land/hills/mountains, cool, moisture condenses/clouds form
-low pressure (over northern Pakistan) brings air in

(b) Study Fig. 2 ,rainfall charts for Chitral and Lahore.

Compare the amounts of rainfall for Chitral and Lahore
A from January to May
-more/higher in Chitral than Lahore. less/lower in Lahore than Chitral
-high range 35106 mms/71 mms low range/2341/18 mms
-highest in March/Increase then decreases JanMay highest in March
-lowest in Jan lowest in April. same pattern at both places
B from June to September.
-Chitral Lahore
-less/lower in Chitral than Lahore more/higher in Lahore than Chitral
-low range 59 mms/4 mms/low high range/range 62205 mms
-Highest in Sept/rises JuneSept highest in July/decreases/JulySept [4]

(c) (i) In which months do western depressions bring rainfall to Pakistan? [1]
December March

(ii) Which of the cities in Fig. 2 receives more rainfall from these western depressions? [1]
Chitral

(iii) Explain why western depressions cause rainfall in Pakistan. [3]

-come from Mediterranean sea
-bring moisture/cloud/water
-cooling causes condensation
(explain cyclonic rainfall)

(d) Explain how topography and drainage cause problems for farming in Balochistan. [4]
Lack of fertility, soil erosion, very difficult to use of machinery, land is not irrigated so not so suitable
for crop growing. Also there is lack of farming due to loss of water through soil, inland drainage
basins/salt lakes and evaporation of water. The land is rugged and there are steep slopes.

[Oct/Nov 11]

(a) Study Fig. 8, which shows January temperatures in Pakistan.

What is the temperature at: [3]

Karachi?
over 18/ any figure between 18 and 30

Faisalabad?
1015 or any figure between these

Chitral?
5 or under, or any figure from 10 to + 5
(ii) Do the temperatures increase or decrease:

from south to north?

Decrease

from east to west?

Decrease
(iii) Explain two factors that affect winter temperatures in Pakistan. [4]
-Insolation / angle of the sun
-As the overhead sun moves to the southern hemisphere / over Tropic of Capricorn, rays
-spread over a larger area
-Altitude / height of the land
-As this increases temperatures decrease
-Air is less dense so holds less heat / heat radiated from the surface decreases with
-altitude
Continental / maritime effect
-Land loses heat in winter
-No moderating sea winds

(b) Study Fig. 9, which shows the distribution of monsoon rainfall in Pakistan.

(i) Name the areas of high rainfall A and B.

A South / lower / south-east Sindh
B North / upper / central Punjab.
[2]
(ii) Name the body of water that is the source of moisture for each of the monsoon
winds X and Y. [2]
X
Bay of Bengal
Y

Arabian Sea

(c) Explain why the lack of monsoon rainfall in the Southern Punjab and Northern Sindh
causes problems for farmers.
-Poor crop growth / difficult to grow crops
-Low profits / incomes /farm economy
-Unreliable / variable rainfall
-Little or no other sources of rain / western depressions, relief etc.
-Low humidity
-High evaporation / evapotranspiration
-Due to high temperatures
-Need for irrigation / expensive to irrigate / depends on rivers and canals
-Irrigation water already used by North Punjab and other users
-Poor farmers cannot afford tubewells etc.
-Can be soil erosion / blowing

[6]

(d) Consider the feasibility of improving water supply to farmers in Punjab and Sindh. [6]

In favour
-Rainfall in monsoon season can be stored
-Snow melt from mountains
-Indus river system brings water from highlands
-Can make more storage / reservoirs / dams / barrages
-Can build more canals
-Can use groundwater / build more tubewells
Against
-Cost of reservoirs, canals etc
-Cost of tubewells
-Lack of reservoirs / dams / barrages
-Indus Treaty limits supply / conflict with India over supplies
-Lower water table restricts groundwater

-Waterlogging and salinity problems

-Lack of / cost of power supplies for pumps
-Other constraints, e.g. education, wastage, conflict between users etc.
-Can be ruined by floods
Improvements
-More storage
-More canals
-Reduce waste / seepage / flooding
-Clear silt / silt traps
-Control water pollution
-Modern technology, e.g. tubewells, sprinklers
-Education of farmers
-Plant trees for more rainfall
But
-Need for investment
-Lack of training for farmers
-Lack of water supply
-Conflict with India

Water Resources
[[Oct/Nov 12]

(a) Study Fig. 4 which shows an irrigation system.

(i) Name the irrigation system shown in Fig. 4.[1]

Karez

(ii) Name an area of Pakistan where it is used. [2]

Balochistan
Kech Valley / Turbat /Miri / Sharak

(iii) Explain how this system provides water for agriculture in this area. [4]
rain falls in mountains
drains to the foothills / sinks into ground / groundwater /
travels in tunnels / underground canals
reaches surface / oases
tunnels need maintenance
owned by groups of farmers

(iv) Name a fruit crop grown in this area. [1]

dates / apricot / apple / grapes / peaches / melons

Study Fig. 5 which shows the results of a land-use survey in Pakistan in 2008.

(i) What percentage of land is cultivated? [1]

37/38

(ii) What percentage of land is waste? [1]

13 / 14/ 15

(iii) Explain how soils are damaged by waterlogging and salinity. [4]
-Caused by too much irrigation water / misuse of water by illiterate farmers
-Seeps from canals
-Water table rises / soil becomes too wet / puddles of water
-Water rises upwards carrying salts
-Evaporates causing salinity
-hard crust forms / salt patches
-salt poisons crops / crops die

-Roots cannot breathe in waterlogged soil

(iv) Explain three reasons, other than by waterlogging and salinity, why over half the
land was not cultivated when the survey was made [6]
explain
-Pasture - grazing
-Fallow to allow soil to rest
-Low rainfall / away from canals / desert infertile, plants cannot grow, no soil
-Mountains steep slopes / lack of soil (accept rugged)
-Forest need for
-Rivers may flood
-Residential / housing - for large population
-Industry factories need large space
-Commercial eg. city centres
-Mineral extraction plus waste
-Pollution crops die
-Roads, railways, airports for communication
-Damage eg. deforestation, pollution
-Wasted by landlords
-Very cold

To what extent could government action increase agricultural production in Pakistan? [6]
Possibilities
-Improve education eg. model farms, travelling advisors, training centres, colleges
-Loans eg. for machinery, HYV, fertiliser
-Subsidies eg. for imported machinery, fertiliser prices lower
-More fertiliser / pesticides factories or imports
-More machinery factories or imports
-Land reforms eg. consolidation

-Improve water availability eg. reservoirs, canals

-Cure of waterlogging and salinity eg. SCARP
-Weather forecasts
-Media eg. radio, TV
Problems
-Lack of money
-Illiteracy
-High population
-Other calls on government investment / attention
-Fears of unemployment due to mechanisation
-Land reforms may fail due to corruption / power of landlords

[May/June 04] Barrages have resulted in changes in both the Upper and Lower Indus Plains.

(i) Name an example of a barrage. [1]

-Balloki

-Kotri

-Chashma -Marala

-Sidhnai
-Sukkur

-Guddu

-Panjnad -Sulaimanke

-Islam

-Qadirabad -Taunsa

-Jinnah

-Rasul

- Trimmu

-Khanki

(ii) Compare the height and length of a barrage with those of a major dam like Tarbela. [2]
- Barrages are lower in height than dams
- Barrages are longer than dams

(iii) What is the main purpose of a barrage and how is this purpose achieved? [3]
Main purpose:
To provide water for irrigation/arable farming/crops
How purpose is achieved:

- Gates closed
- The barrage backs up/stores water behind it/holds the water back
- Canals/link canals take water and distribute it into a network of
smaller canals
- Link canals take water from western rivers to eastern rivers

(iv) Briefly describe the changes that have taken place in the land use of the Lower Indus
plain as a result of building barrages. [3]
- Large areas (previously desert) are cultivated/agriculture
-developed especially Western Bahawalpur district
- Bananas/cotton/dates/mangoes/oilseeds/pulses/rice/sugarcane/
wheat
- Led to an increase in land used for settlement
- Reduction in crop acreage (recently due to water taken out from
barrages in Upper Indus Plain)
- Waterlogged/saline areas (due to poor management of irrigation)

[May/June 04] (a) The sketch map, Fig. 4, gives some information about the Warsak Dam.

(i) Name the river across which the Warsak dam was built. [1]
Kabul
(ii) Using Fig. 4 and your own knowledge, explain why this is a good site for a dam. [5]
- Narrow gorge/valley
-reduces amount of materials required for dam/expense
- Deep gorge/valley
-increases storage capacity
-provides high head of water for hydel
- Solid/firm rock
to support weight of dam
- On river with very large discharge/melting snow/large catchment
area to provide water for storage/to drive turbines
- Impervious rock
to prevent seepage/reduce loss
- High precipitation/rainfall/snowfall
- Low evaporation rates/low temperatures
- Low population

(iii) Using Fig. 4 and your own knowledge, explain why it was so expensive to build the dam and
power station and to provide irrigation water. [3]
- Large size of project
- No access to site/new road had to be built
- New bridge had to be built
- So that heavy machinery/etc could be brought in
- Tunnels had to be constructed to distribute irrigation water
- Need for workers
- Cost of trained/professional workers
- Cost of settlement for workers
- Lack of power supply

- Cost of transport/power lines

- Cost of suitable building materials
- Complex planning/difficult scheme
- Cost of machinery/equipment

(iv) Name the farming area served by irrigation water from the Warsak reservoir. [1]
- Vale of Peshawar/any part of the Vale
- Kabul Valley

(v) How is electricity produced in power stations such as Warsak and how is it transmitted to cities
like Peshawar? [5]
How produced:
- Water from reservoir/water from dam/head of water rushes
down/passes through dam
steep/narrowing (intake) pipes
- Drives (hydro) turbines
- which turns shaft rapidly inside generator/works generator
within a magnetic field
How transmitted:
- From transformer at hydel/HEP station which controls the
voltage/stabilises the electricity
- Onto national grid/power lines/cables wires which is a network (of
wires)/booster stations
- Overhead and/or underground
- Onto local/city supply grid
- Voltage dropped/adjusted

(b) Read the following extract from Dawn Economic and Business Review, 1st April 2002.

The reasons for the high cost of production which damage industry are many.

They include the high cost of power, frequent break downs at the power
stations and the unsteady supply of electricity from them.

(i) Give three reasons for the high cost of power from thermal power stations in Pakistan.
[3]
- Natural gas expensive/price competition with other users
- Oil is expensive/expensive to import oil
- Oil prices have increased
- Independent power stations charge higher prices
- Inefficient machinery in power plants/high maintenance costs
- Cost of power lines/transmission
- Cost of technology
- Theft

(ii) Suggest one reason why power stations frequently break down. [1]
- Machinery is old/poorly maintained
- Increased strain/high demands
- Silt from reservoir entering HEP turbines

(iii) Other than the frequent break downs at the power stations, why is the supply of power
unsteady? [2]
- Breakage of wires (on grid)/long transmission lines
- Illegal tapping into supply/theft
- Demand exceeds supply/increasing demand
- Power sharing/shedding practiced
- Less Hydro Electric Power in winter

(iv) How may factories try to overcome the problem of unreliable electricity supply from the
national grid? Why is it important for them to do so? [4]
How:
- (Government encouraging) private power stations

- Have standby generators

- Use of alternative sources e.g. Solar/biogas
Why:
- Interrupted production
-products being made can be spoilt
-causes inefficient use of machinery/labour
- Interrupts supply to market
- May lose market/sales
- Profits fall/loss in income
- Damages machinery

[May/June 07] The water of the Hunza and other rivers from the Northern Areas is used to irrigate

farmland in the Punjab. Explain how the flow of water is controlled. [5]
-Dams/barrages (name them) built to control/hold back flow in spring
-Further facts about how these control water
-Water allowed out at a controlled rate later in year
-Indus Water Treaty (name + detail about treaty)
-Embankments/Levees
-Gates/sluices to control water into canals/fields

[May/June 08] (a) Most hydro-electric power (hydel) schemes are in Northern Pakistan.

(i) Name two large dams and the river on which each is built. [2]
-Tarbela on river Indus
-Mangla on river Jhelum
-Warsak on river Kabul

(ii) Why do the reservoirs of these dams hold very large quantities of water? [3]
-Deep valley/large valley/high dam
-Steep sides
-Large river/permanent flow/water from snowfields/glaciers

-Low evaporation/cool climate,

-High rainfall

(b) Study Fig. 4, a diagram showing how hydro-electric power is made.

Name the machine A, and explain how it uses the flow of water to make electricity. [2]
A turbine/generator/power station
Turbine spins/rotates/moves

[May/June 09] 1 (a) Study Photograph A (Insert) showing the Hanna Dam.

(i) Describe the site of the dam. [3]

-steep rock face/scar/cliff
-bare rock/rocky/barren
-deep and narrow valley
-flatter/lower area/beach

-side valley/tributary
-scree/gravel/sand

(ii) What evidence shows that the water level in the reservoir is low? [1]
Dry ground/silt/scars at edge/beach/sand/flat land at edge

Study Photograph B (Insert) showing the Balloki Barrage.

(b) Compare the barrage shown in Photograph B with the dam in Photograph A. [3]
Barrage is:
-longer/wider/less high
-water on both sides
-link canal
-both have railings along top
-low/flatter land

(c) Study Fig. 1, a graph showing the amount of water stored in the reservoir of the Hanna Dam.

(i) By how much did the amount of water decrease from 1974 to 2004? [1]
0.45 million gallons/1.43 0.98 million gallons

(ii) Suggest why the amount of water stored in the reservoir is decreasing. [2]
-Siltation/silting
-Due to soil erosion/deforestation/overgrazing/river deposition
-Less water supply
-Due to climatic change/lower rainfall/higher temperatures/more evaporation
-Increased usage

(iii) What can be done to stop the amount of water in the reservoir from reducing further? [3]
-Silt traps
-Afforestation }
-Terracing } of slopes
-Dredging/removal of silt
-Reducing wastage/pollution

(d) (i) Why is HEP (hydel) a cheap source of electricity? [2]

Free raw material/rain in mountains

Will never run out/renewable
Not imported/mined/drilled
Efficient/high power output

(ii) What problems occur when supplying electricity from reservoirs to areas of high
population? [3]
-Long distance to areas of use/high population
-Cost of wires and poles/difficult terrain/Pakistan cannot afford this/shortage of
money
-Loss by damage
-Loss by theft
-Loss of power by resistance/transmission

[May/June 11] (a) Study Photograph A, a Persian Wheel.

(i) With reference to the photograph, explain how this machine is used for water supply. [3]
-Worked by animal or man power
-Using wooden shaft / pole / log
-Turns horizontal wheel / a wheel rotates

-Which is attached to vertical wheel

-With buckets / cups to raise water
-Water goes into trough / pipe / channel

What are the advantages and disadvantages of replacing this Persian Wheel with a
Tube well? [4]
Advantages of tube well
-More efficient / faster / does not need to rest
-For larger area / more water / goes deeper
-Regular supply / can be used at any time of year / continuous
-Less labour required
-Cleaner water
-Reduces waterlogging and salinity
Disadvantages of tube well
-Expensive / cannot be used by poor farmers
-Needs fuel /electricity / diesel etc.
-Reduces groundwater / lowers water table (as a disadvantage)

Study Fig. 1, which shows canal water supply in Pakistan.

In which year was the water supply highest? [1]

1999

How much higher was this than the supply in 2002? [1]
31 (million acre feet)

Why is there not enough water supply from canals to meet the needs of all users? [4]
-Shortage of rainfall
-Evaporation
-Less river water / restrictions by India / more dams on rivers
-Problem of tail-enders / canal system does not reach all those who need it
-Siltation in reservoirs / canals
-Seepage / leakage from canals
-Wastage by users / some use more than they need
-Water pollution
-High demand / variety of uses

-Theft of water
-Population increase
-Lack of investment

Explain why waterlogging and salinity of soils causes problems to farmers. [6]
-Reduces cultivable area / makes land un-usable
-Reduces yield / damages crops
-Reduces income / profit
-Expensive to reclaim land / treat soil
-Reasons why this occurs
-Water table rises / water collects on the surface / water on roots
-Evaporation (caused by hot climate)
-Fertilisers add to salts in water
-Salts left behind / form a hard crust on surface
-Soil becomes infertile / toxic
-Farmers use too much water / poor farming methods
-Perennial water supply / available all year
-Water pollution is a major problem in urban areas.

With reference to examples, explain some of the causes of this pollution, and why it is a major
problem to the people who rely on this water supply [6]
Causes
-Explanation of Human waste e.g. because no sanitation / untreated sewage
-Industrial waste e.g. dumping in rivers
-Litter / plastic/paper e.g. because no organised collection
-Oil spills e.g. from washing of tanks / ship breaking
-Agricultural runoff e.g. because of use of chemicals / fertilisers and
-insecticides
Problems
-Not for drinking / poisonous / contaminates groundwater

-Cost of treatment
Causes disease
risk of cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea , hepatitis, dysentery etc.
-Not for food processing (e.g. fish canning)
-Smells
-Reduces fish catch / kills fish
-Can damage machinery
-Blocks ditches / canals / causes flooding
risk of malaria from stagnant water.

[Oct/Nov 05] (i) What are perennial canals, and why are they better for farming than inundation
canals? [3]

Canals that supply water throughout the year from dams/barrages. Better because
-Water always available when needed
-Can be better controlled
-Reliable/do not depend on the weather

(ii) How may irrigation damage the soil? [3]

-Causes water-logging and salinity
-Groundwater rises/swamps formed
-Salts added to soil by groundwater
-Evaporation leaves salts on surface
-Hard crust formed
-Soil not properly flushed out/shortage of canal water

(iii) How may this damage be overcome? [6]

Water-logged/wet soil
-Concrete linings to canals
-Closure of canals when not needed/regulate flow
-Planting trees e.g. Eucalyptus

-Tubewells used (instead of old methods)

-Tubewells used to lower water table
-Surface drains
-Lower canal water levels/dredge silt
Salty/saline soil
-Water from tubewells used to flush out salts
-Education/knowledge of better farming methods
-Use of fallow periods

[Oct/Nov 06] Study Photograph B (Insert), which shows an area in Hyderabad District damaged by

waterlogging and salinity.

(i) Describe the appearance of the area S in Photograph B. [3]

-bare / no vegetation
-cracks / cracked mud
-pools of water
-saline water
-(mineral) salts

-white / mustard colour

-edged with black / grey

(ii) What are perennial canals, and how may they lead to problems such as those in area S? [4]
definition
-canals that can supply water all year round
-from reservoirs / barrages
-via link canals
problems
-too much irrigation water leading to evaporation in hot, dry climate
-rise of water table
-rise of salts to surface

(iii) How can these problems be reduced? [4]

-Lined canals to prevent infiltration
-Culverts to drain excess water from canals
-Surface drains to flush out salt from soil
-Tubewells to lower water table
-Eucalyptus trees plants to reduce water underground
-SCARP - government program
-WAPDA - to carry out projects.
-WAPDA used surf ace drains and tubewells to lower the water table and flush out salt from the soil.

Read the extract Fig. 2.

Pakistan is a water-deficit country. The rainfall is neither sufficient nor

regular, and does not meet the growing need for water. Agriculture is a
major user, and good yields depend on the adequate availability of
water at the right time. The increasing pressures of population and

industrialisation have already placed great demands on water supplies

and there are an ever-increasing number of local and regional
conflicts over water availability and use

Why do the writers refer to Pakistan as a water-deficit country? [2]

-insufficient rainfall
-growing needs

Using examples, explain why there are conflicts over water availability and use. [7]
Examples:
-Farming vs industry vs domestic vs food processing vs Hydro Electric Power
-India vs Pakistan 1947 1960
-NWFP and Punjab vs Sindh
-Development of Kalabagh dam
Explanation:
-Irrigation for more agriculture
-Industrialisation water for washing, cooling, processing
-Hygiene - need to keep clean
-Population growth need for more
-Electricity for modem technology because there is not enough

[Oct/Nov 07] Study figure 1

(ii) Describe simple methods that can be used to irrigate small areas of desert X. [4]
Methods:
-wells.
A well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, boring or drilling to
access ground water in underground aquifer.
-ponds.
A pond is a body of standing water, either natural or man-made.
-tanks
A water tank is a container for storing water.
-shaduf.
Shaduf is a hand-operated device for lifting water.
-jars.
Jars are used to store water.
-tubewell/tanker/sprinkler

(iii) Explain how some parts of desert Y can be irrigated by large-scale schemes. You should refer
to Fig. 1 and use your own knowledge. [4]
-Barrages (name + location)
e.g. at Jinnah or Chashma
at Rasul or Trimmu
-link canals to transfer water
-perennial canals to provide water all year
-distribution canals to reach all fields
-inundation and diversion canals
-dams
e.g. Tarbela
Mangla

(i) Why do problems of waterlogging and salinity occur in some irrigated areas? [3]
Waterlogging
-Water available all year
-Crops given more water than they use
-Water table rises/reaches surface
Salinity
-Evaporation of water
-Salt in irrigation water
-Salts brought to surface
-Unlined canals leak

(ii) How can these problems be overcome? [5]

-Lowering water table by tubewells, trees
-Control of water by lining canals, closing canals temporarily, surface drains
-Flushing out of salt by water from tubewells
surface drains
-Education to improve farming methods

-Government schemes SCARP, WAPDA

[Oct/Nov 11] Consider the feasibility of improving water supply to farmers in Punjab and Sindh. [6]

Forests
[May/June 03] Photographs A, B and C show the natural vegetation of three areas of Pakistan.

(a) For Photograph A,

(i) name the main type of natural vegetation shown, [1]

(ii) describe the natural vegetation, [4]

(iii) explain why there is little or no natural vegetation in area X in the background of
photograph A. [2]

(b) For Photograph B,

(i) name the type of natural vegetation shown, [1]

(ii) describe the natural vegetation, [4]

(iii) explain why there is little or no natural vegetation in area X in the background of
photograph A. [2]

(c) For Photograph C,

(i) name the type of natural vegetation shown and describe it, [4]

(ii) state how this type of natural vegetation is used by the local people, [2]

(iii) explain how this type of natural vegetation is helpful to the fishing industry of the area. [2]

(d) (i) How has deforestation been avoided in the areas shown on Photographs A and B? [1]

(ii) Deforestation may cause a variety of problems. Describe the ways by which such
problems may be solved. [4]
[ May/June 05]

(b) (i) What type of forest grows in the area F on Fig. 1? [1]
Mangrove

(ii) Why is this type of forest only found in this area? [2]
-Saline soil/salt water in soil
-Tidal regular flooding
-Trees are adapted to this environment/have aerating roots/roots filter
salt/salt secreted

(iii) The area of this forest has decreased in size in recent years. How and why has this
affected the local fisheries? [2]
How
-Fewer fish
Why
-Roots provide shelter for young fish
-Less food
-Breeding ground

[May/June 06] Study Photograph A of an area in the Shangla District of NWFP.

(a) (i) Describe in not more than two words the topography (relief) shown in the photograph.[1]
mountainous / wooded / coniferous(trees)/ steep slopes/deep valleys

(ii) What type of trees are shown in the photograph? [1]

coniferous / spruce / fir / deodar/kail/chir

(iii) At what altitude do these trees grow in NWFP ? [1]

1000-4000 metres

(iv) How is this type of tree adapted to the climate of this area? [3]
-Conical shape to shed snow
-Small leaves }
-Thick, leathery leaves } to reduce transpiration
-Evergreen to take advantage of short growing season

(b) (i) Trees have been cut down in area X. What effects may this have on the soil there? [3]

-leaching
-soil erosion
-gullying
-landslides/total soil loss/only rocks left

(ii) How can deforestation affect water supplies? [4]

-Too little: Muddy water undrinkable/polluted
-Reduced evapotranspiration so less rain
-Silt in reservoirs reduces storage
-Silt blocks irrigation channels
-Irregular flow/ comes in bursts
-Too much: Flooding/faster runoff
(iii) State and explain one way in which the effects of deforestation can be reduced. [3]
Explain
-ways: regeneration programmes
-education / better management
-forest reserves
-legal controls on commercial cutting / selective cutting
-restricting use of heavy machinery
-supply of gas to Northern areas to reduce need for firewood
-terracing

(c) Why are there irrigated plantations of trees in the Indus Plain? [4]
-Construction }
-Firewood }
-Furniture }
-Boxes }
-Agricultural implements }
-Irrigation available
-Shade

-Prevent erosion of banks

-Reduces air pollution
-For shade
-Reduce timber imports

[May/June 07] (a) Study Photograph A , which shows part of the Changa Manga plantation.

(i) What evidence in Photograph A shows that this is a plantation? [2]

-Trees in lines/rows/equally spaced/grid
-Same age/height
-Same species

(ii) What is used to line the canals, and why is this necessary? [2]
-Clay/cement/bricks
-To prevent seepage/leakage/water getting out

(iii) Why is the plantation being irrigated? [2]

-Low rainfall/there is not enough rainfall
-For a constant/regular supply/rainfall is unreliable
-Trees need a moderate to good water supply
-High rate of evapotranspiration/evaporation/transpiration

(iv) Why is the water level in the canal lower than the ground around it? [1]
-To avoid waterlogging to keep the water table low
-Trees do not want their roots in water

(b) (i) State two domestic uses of wood. [2]

Firewood heating/cooking/house building/furniture/fencing

(ii) Explain how wood is used in industry and transport. [4]

-construction of building, bridges,
-means of transport railway sleepers (not fuel), bridges, lorry chassis/carts
-chemical such as resin, varnish, mazri (for mats), pharmaceuticals, medicine,
-farm/agricultural use such as fences, gates, implements
-paper production from pulp
-sports goods such as bats, rackets,
-crafts such as ornaments, beads,.
-furniture such as chairs, tables.

(c) (i) What is sustainable forestry ? [3]

-ensuring supplies are there for the future selective cutting

-replanting trees that have been cut down/re-afforestation

-maintaining/looking after forests
-planting species that do not need irrigation

(ii) Why does Pakistan need to increase the area of irrigated plantations? [3]
-Too many trees have been cut down/too much deforestation
-To provide more wood for industry, increase in population etc.
-To relieve waterlogging/waterlogging and salinity
-To prevent erosion of banks/slopes
-To replace areas where forests cannot be replaced (e.g. due to soil erosion or urbanisation)
-For tourism
-To reduce imports

(d) (i) Why is afforestation called a long-term investment? [2]

-trees take many years to grow
-many years before financial return/start production/results are seen
-high cost of planting
-costs during growth

(a) Study Fig.1, a map of natural hazards in Pakistan.

(i) Describe the distribution of soil erosion in Balochistan.

-Scattered/widespread/in mountains
-Especially in SW
-Line at base of highlands
-Named mountain range/hills/plateau e.g. Central Makram Range, Coastal Range,
Chagai Hills
-Provincial borders [3]

(ii) Explain why the dry climate of Balochistan increases the risk of soil erosion.
-Lack of vegetation/bare soil
-Slow to re-grow
-Over cultivation
-Dry soil less cohesive
-Wind blows soil away [3]

(iii) Where does eroded soil go to?

-Wind blown into dunes/on foothills

-Into rivers/canals/ditches/sea
-Reservoirs/dams/lakes [3]

(iv) How can soil be protected in areas of low and unreliable rainfall?
-Shelter belts/trees/afforestation
-Irrigation of trees
-Prevent over-grazing/move livestock/fewer livestock
-Fill gullies/improved cultivation
-Terraces and stone lines/reduce gradient
-Contour ploughing
-Strip farming

[4]

[May/June10] Study Fig. 1 which shows a map of forest types in Pakistan.

(i) Name the forest types found in each of the areas A, B and C. [3]
A coniferous / alpine
B riveraine / bela
C mangrove

(ii) Name the sea D and the line of latitude E. [2]

D Arabian (Sea)
E Tropic of Cancer / 23 N

(iii) Explain why the forest type A grows naturally in cool, hilly areas. [3]
-Can tolerate cold (with a thick bark)
-Can tolerate poor / thin / dry soils
-Can shed snow (with sloping branches etc.)
-Can reduce water loss / transpiration (with needle-shaped / waxy leaves)
-Can absorb water from melting snow (with shallow roots)
-Can save energy (with evergreen leaves)

(iv) Why is it important that forests by the coast are protected? [4]
-Breeding grounds for fish }
-Feed amongst roots / protected by roots }
-Shelter from storms / cyclones / high tides / flooding
-Prevents coastal erosion
-Resource for local people wood for houses, boats, food, fruit
-Habitat / shelter for wildlife
-Under threat from oil spills / overcutting / polluted effluent / etc.
Study Fig. 2.

With reference to Fig. 2, explain how deforestation can cause soil erosion. [5]
-Soil is exposed / lack of protection from leaves and branches
-Surface water flow carried soil away
-Lack of infiltration into ground
-Less water absorbed by roots / less evapotranspiration
-No roots to hold soil
-No leaf fall to add humus / fertility
-Leaching of nutrients / nutrients lost

-No new plants grow

There has been development of forests in lowland areas of Punjab and Sindh using irrigation.

(i) Why is irrigation necessary for new plantations of trees? [2]

-Low rainfall / high evapotranspiration
-Seasonal rainfall
-Irregular rainfall / rain not dependable / makes a regular water supply
-Keeps the soil wet / prevents soil erosion
-Root system needs to grow

(ii) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing more irrigated plantations of
trees in lowland areas of Punjab and Sindh. [6]
Advantages
-Timber for named use e.g. construction, fencing, firewood
-Food for animals / people
-Leaf fall for humus / fertility
-Rainfall / humidity
-Shade / shelter/ reduce temperatures
-Clean air / more oxygen / absorbs CO2
-Scenic beauty/ promote tourism
-Protection from soil erosion
-Employment / work
-Habitat for wildlife
-Eucalyptus trees can reduce waterlogging and salinity
Disadvantages
-High cost /long term investment / not a quick profit
-Cost of maintenance / care
-Need for irrigation / more demand on water supplies
-Loss of land for housing / farmland / other land use
-Problems caused by roots, leaves etc.

[May/June 12] Study Photographs A, B and C.

(i) Name the forest types A, B and C and locate each type of forest by writing the
correct letter in each area shown on the map below (Fig. 1). [4]
A Coniferous / alpine
B Mangrove
C Tropical thorn / Rakh / Irrigated / Riveraine / Bela

Describe the appearance of the forest shown in Photograph C. [3]

-green / healthy
-dense / close together
-plantation / planned / in lines
-varied height
-form a canopy / canopy open / crowns meet / provides shade
-no undergrowth / bare floor
-same species
-shisham / babul

Explain the importance of the forest in Photograph B to fishermen and fishing

villages. [3]
-breeding area / many fish there
-source of income
-protection to villages (against storms, floods, tidal waves etc.)
-firewood
-fodder / food
-timber / wood for boats, houses

Why does the forest in Photograph A appear to be in an area of afforestation? [3]

-regular pattern / evenly distributed / in blocks
-straight lines
-blocks of same height / age / young trees
-blocks of same species
-evidence of deforestation / cutting

State two effects of deforestation in mountain areas. [2]

-Increased surface runoff
-soil erosion / leaching / infertile
-landslides / avalanches
-floods
-less rainfall } climatic change
-higher temperatures }
-loss of habitat / rare species
-shortage of firewood / food
-siltation in reservoirs (dams)

Explain how one of these could be controlled. [4]

(Soil erosion etc. controlled by)
-planting trees to hold the soil

-planting trees to protect the soil

-terracing
-contour ploughing
-selective cutting
-education / awareness
(Siltation controlled by)
-Silt traps
-Dredging / removal of silt from reservoirs
(Flooding controlled by)
-Embankments
-Dams / barrages
(Climatic change controlled by)
-Reduce burning of fossil fuels
-Controls on emissions
-Laws / treaties etc.
(Loss of habitat controlled by)
-Establish reserves
-Selective cutting
-Rangers / laws
(Shortage of firewood controlled by)
-Use of alternative fuels (other than firewood) eg. LPG / natural gas

CRAFTS TOURISM CLIMATE SOILS

With reference to two of the above, explain how trees can be a valuable resource for the
people who live in mountain areas. [6]
-for income / employment
-Improved standard of living / quality of life / better lifestyle
-CRAFTS small scale / cottage industry, work for locals, income, furniture, toys etc. sale to
tourists, local need, export, for raw material
-TOURISM scenic beauty (or similar) shade, picnics, nature study, photography, to buy

Crafts
-CLIMATE increases transpiration, increases humidity, more rain, shade, to lower
temperature
reduce pollution / more oxygen / fresh air
-SOILS leaf fall creates humus, more fertility, can grow crops, pastures,
prevents erosion / landslides / soil erosion, prevents flooding,

[Oct/Nov 04] Study Fig.2.

Describe the distributions of both the areas with natural forests and the irrigated forests
shown on Fig.2. [4]
Areas with forests
-northern mountains/northern NWFP/Northern Area/named area or
mountain range
-(some on) Potwar Plateau/Salt Range

-western highlands/(western) NWFP/NW Pakistan/Afghan border

-northern Balochistan (Plateau)/central Brahui Range
-Indus delta/Hab delta/Sindh coast
-Below snow line/4500m
irrigated forests
-most by rivers/by Indus
-6/7 in Punjab/most in Punjab/upper indus plain
-1 in Lower Sindh/near Hyderabad/lower Lower Indus Plain
-1 on border of Punjab and NWFP/confluence of Indus and Gomal

(b) There has been deforestation within the areas with natural forests. How has this caused
problems for:
(i) communications in the mountain areas, [3]
-steep valley sides exposed/soil erosion occurs
-landslides
-avalanches
-flooding
-eroded/broken up/destroyed/telephone wires grounded

(ii) farming on valley floors and plains, [3]

-flooding
-irrigation canals/channels blocked
-less rainfall
-salts in irrigation water salinity
-(coarse) sand and gravel deposited on fields
-crops destroyed

(iii) hydro-electric (hydel) power supplies? [3]

-decreases water/electricity supply/power supply
-silt in reservoirs

-rivers blocked
-less rain
-silt in intake pipes/turbines/power plant
-landslides may break power lines

(c) Linear plantations are common in many parts of Pakistan.

(i) What are linear plantations and where are they found? [4]
Linear plantations are planted in a line by man. found
-alongside canals/rivers
-alongside roads/railways
-along field boundaries
.
(ii) Explain the purposes of linear plantations. [4]
-prevent soil erosion
-lower the temperature
-provide shade
-fruit/food
-firewood/timber
-leaves/roofing
-to reduce air pollution/make clean air

[Oct/Nov 08] Study Fig. 3, a map of environmental damage in Pakistan.

(i) Locate the areas most affected by deforestation. [2]

-North West borders
-NWFP
-North Balochistan
-FATA

(ii) State three causes of deforestation in these areas. [3]

-firewood
-industry
-charcoal
-road building
-housing/construction
-mining
-dams
-farming

(b) Study Photograph A.

(i) Describe the scene. [4]

-bare ground/rocky/barren
-steep slopes
-gullies
-scattered/small amounts of vegetation
-red colour
-mountains/hills and valleys/dissected/ridged
-eroded landscape/badlands
-lake

(ii) Explain why scenes such as this are caused by deforestation. [4]
-no roots to hold soil together
-runoff erodes soil/soil erosion
-no interception
-less infiltration/more runoff

-loss of leaf fall

-lack of decomposition
-nutrient cycle broken
-loss of fertility
-leaching
-less rainfall
-more exposure to sun and wind

Mineral Resources
[Oct/Nov 12]

(a) Study Fig. 1 which shows mineral extraction in 2008 in Pakistan.

(i) Name two minerals shown on Fig. 1 that are used to make cement. [2]
-limestone
-gypsum

(ii) State two uses of rock salt. [2]

Two of the following (there may be others)
-Food - Flavour, preserving, curing, table salt
-Textiles - dyeing, bleaching, water softening,
-Chemicals - Soda ash, sodium bicarbonate, artificial rubber,
-Misc.- Tanning, household cleaner, fire extinguisher, artificial rubber, roads

(iii) State the amount of gypsum extracted. [1]

640 - 680 thousand tones

(b) Study Fig. 2 which shows chromite extraction in Pakistan.

(i) Describe the changes in extraction from 1992 to 2008. [3]

-Increases overall
-Variable overall / 1992-2008
-comment on fall and rise from 1992-97/98
-variable 1998 2004/5
-Rises from 2004-2008 / sharp rise in 2007
-Secondary peak 1996-1998 / rises then falls 1996-1999
-Lowest 1994
-Figures to illustrate one of the above eg. 28,000-115,000 tonnes 1992-2008

(ii) Suggest why the extraction of minerals, such as chromite, varies from year to year. [3]
-Investment / funding
-Demand / orders
-Bankruptcy / companies leave
-Problems with machinery

-Reserves reducing /new reserves exploited /geological problems

-Terrorism

Study Photograph A (Insert) which shows a quarry in Pakistan.

(i) Use the photograph and your own knowledge to describe the environmental
problems that can be caused by mineral extraction. [4]
-From photograph - loss of vegetation / deforestation
-Land deformation / piles of rocks /pits
-Loss of soil
-Dust
-Own knowledge-smoke / gasses
-Soil erosion
-Loss of farmland / grazing / no cultivation
-Holes / pits etc.
-Noise / vibration

How can these problems be reduced? [4]

-Laws / legislation+ details
-Tree planting / screens + details
-Land restoration + details
-Personal health and safety eg wearing masks against the dust, ear defenders, regular
medical check ups,

To what extent can more extraction of mineral resources help to increase development
in Pakistan? [6]
In favour (res. 2)
-Increase trade / exports / reduce imports
-Raise GDP/GNP/ increase the economy
-Increase employment
-Raise taxes/ government earnings
-Foreign investment
-Rural development
-Industrialisation / more industry
-Better infrastructure + example
-Provides more fuel or raw material + example.
-Education / skills
Against (res. 2)
-Lack of funds
-Lack of machinery / technology
-Unattractive to investors
-In remote areas
-Lack of infrastructure ( but do not double mark)
-Competition from other countries / other countries safer
-Environmental damage
-Lack of skills / expertise

[May/June 05] (a) Study Fig. 4, a cross section showing two types of coal mine.

For each of the mines A and B,

(i) name the type of mine, [2]
A adit/drift
B shaft

(ii) explain why that is the type of mine there, [2]

A coal (seam) exposed on a slope/can dig tunnels along the seam
B coal (seam) underground / does not outcrop

(iii) describe the method of mining. [5]

Adit mine
-Horizontal shaft into hillside
-Possibly several shafts at different levels
-Pick and shovel/trepanner
-Dynamite on seam
-Buckets/trucks/trolleys/conveyor belt/donkeys to surface
Shaft mining
-Main shaft (vertical or sloping)
-Tunnels/side shafts along seams
-Pick and shovel/trepanner
-Dynamite on seam

-Buckets/trucks /trolleys to main shaft

-Lifted to surface/elevator
(i) Name three ways by which coal is mined. [3]

[May/June10]

Shaft, adit / drift, open cast

(ii) Why is coal produced in Pakistan described as low quality? [3]

Lignite
-Low burning temperature / produces less energy
-Low carbon content / more impurities / more smoke
-High ash content
-High sulphur content

(i) Name the two main raw materials quarried in Pakistan that are used to make

[May/June11]

cement. [2]
Limestone and gypsum

(ii) Name three other inputs used by a cement factory. [3]

-Labour,
-Land / area
-Buildings
-Machinery
-Money / capital / investment
-Power / electricity / gas / coal / oil
-Water
[Oct/Nov 07]

Study Fig. 3, which shows limestone and rock salt extraction.

(i) Describe the distribution of limestone extraction in Pakistan. [3]

-Widespread
-NWFP-Punjab border/Potwar Plateau
-North (Eastern) Baluchistan
-Southern Sindh/near Karachi
-Central Sindh

(ii) Limestone and rock salt are both called bulky goods. What is the cheapest form of
transport for these goods? [1]
Railway

(iii) Why is the supply of limestone to most areas likely to be cheaper than rock salt? [1]
-does not have to travel so far
-quarried in many areas/more widely available

(b) Nearly one million tonnes of rock salt were extracted in Pakistan during 2002.
(i) What is a mixture of rock salt and water called? [1]
Brine

(ii) What is rock salt used for in Pakistan? [2]

Cooking, preservation, soda ash, bicarbonate, caustic soda for tanning, textiles and
laundries
Table salt

(c) Study Photograph B, showing a cement factory near Ghulamullah, in Thatta district.

(i) Describe the scene in the photograph. [4]

-Flat
-Dry/bare/barren/unpopulated
-Rough road to factory
-Vegetation in background
-Chimney

-Smoke/dust/air pollution
-Low flat-roofed building
-Stones/rocks
-Tyre tracks

(ii) State three natural inputs used to make cement. [3]

-limestone
-gypsum/calcium sulphate
-natural gas/coal
-clay/shale
-water
-sand

(iii) Explain the importance of three human inputs at a cement factory and the difficulty
of providing them at this site. You should refer to Photograph B and use your own
knowledge. [6]
inputs
-electricity for power
-road/railway for transport
-labour for good production
-telecommunications for supply/sales etc.
-machinery for fast/efficient production
-capital for investment
difficulty
-remote from settlement
-lack of skilled/educated workforce
-unreliable labour force
-lack of named infrastructure
-hot/dry climate
-lack of local entrepreneurs

(d) Why is there a large demand for cement in Pakistan? [4]

-Industrial construction e.g. Factories
-Institutional buildings/schools/hospitals/offices etc.
-Communication e.g. roads, bridges, railway sleepers
-Port developments
-Water management e.g. Dams, canals, embankments
- new development e.g. Gwadar

[Oct /Nov 11] Study Fig. 4.

Name the area A which has many mineral resources. [1]

Name two minerals that can be extracted in this area. [2]

Name the cities B and C. [2]

Fishing industry
[May/June 04] (a) Study Photograph A which shows part of a fish farm at Faiz, south of Multan.

(i) Describe the lay-out and features of the fish farm. [4]
- Large/big/extensive
- Grid pattern/regular pattern
- Ponds/lakes/toba
- Several/at least 4 ponds
- Rectangular ponds/long (and thin)
- (Ponds separated by) earth(en) banks/embankments/raised
edges/mud walls/brick/paved road/path
wide, flat, straight
- (Line of) trees
- Trees for shade
- Rough ground/bare ground/dung on edge of ponds

(ii) How has the physical topography of the area made it easy to construct the ponds? [3]
- Flat land/plain land
- Large area

- Easy to use machinery for digging out ponds

- Unconsolidated rock/soil/alluvial deposits/soft soil
- Easy to dig/excavate
- Impervious alluvium/clay/rock/high water table
- Retains water/water collects

(iii) Where has the material come from that has been used to make the banks of the ponds? [1]
From the area dug out for the ponds

(b) Why is fish farming of growing importance in Pakistan? Credit will be given if you name a
species of fresh water fish reared on fish farms. [4]
Fish bred:
Grass/moore/rahu/silver/tallah (thalla)/manaseer/palla/trout/carp
Why:
- Growing population
- Lack of protein in diet/important part of diet
- Education on nutrition
- Fish are rich in protein/low in cholesterol
- Provides alternative income for farmers
- Provides employment
- Water available from irrigation schemes/lakes/reservoirs

[May/June 08] (a) (i) Name two fishing ports on the coast of Balochistan. [2]

Jiwani, Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, Sonmiani

(ii) Name two types of marine fish caught by fishermen. [2]

-Shark

-Herring

-Drum

-Mackerel

-Croaker

-Sardine

-Cat fish

-Pomfret

-Skate
-Ray

(iii) Describe subsistence fishing methods. [3]

-Small/wooden boats
-Sailing/rowing boats
-Traditional/hand made nets
-Coastal only
-Lack of machines/simple engines
-Rod and line method
-Fish kept in baskets of ice

(iv) Explain how these methods can be improved to make fishing commercial. [4]
-Engines
-Gill netters/nylon nets/stronger nets
-Can go further offshore
-Radios
-Chilled storage on boat
-Trawlers
-Loans for fishermen
-Education/training for fishermen

(b) (i) How can fish be stored and processed onshore? [3]
-In ice/cold storage/refrigerated
-Gutted
-Canned
-Dried
-Frozen
-Salted
-Fish-fingers/other product

-Fish oil

(ii) Why is fish processing called value-added? [1]

Can be sold for more money/more profit

(iii) How does the poor infrastructure of Balochistan make development of the fishing industry
difficult? [4]
-Poor roads/no railway for transport
-Lack of electricity/power for processing
-Poor telecommunications to markets
-Lack of fresh/clean water for processing
-Illiteracy/lack of training/lack of education

(c) Study Fig. 3, a graph comparing the production of marine and inland fisheries in Pakistan.

(i) Compare the changes shown in the graph. [3]

-Both increase

-Marine increases more than inland/faster than inland

-Marine increases/continuously but inland had little increase until early 1970s
-Inland increased to nearly 10 times bigger/marine only 5 times bigger
-Comparative figs units not required
(ii) Explain why more people are employed in inland fisheries than marine fishing. [3]
-More people live near rivers, lakes etc.
-Maintenance of ponds
-Hatcheries
-Feeding
-Harvesting (catching)
-Transport
-Government encouragement/loans etc.

[Oct/Nov 08] Study Fig. 3

(i) Locate one area of

A unsafe drinking water,

Makran coast/Gwadar district, South East Sindh, West Balochistan

B marine pollution. [2]

Indus delta, Karachi, Korangi, Port Qasim

(ii) Explain how industries can pollute river and sea water. [4]
-effluent/liquids }
-dumping/solids } sewage/garbage
-e.g. dyeing and tanning
-hot water from power stations
-oil spills
-accidents

(iii) Explain how this pollution affects farming, fishing and wildlife. [6]
-contamination of sub-soil water and irrigation,
-contamination of mangrove environment,
-toxic chemicals cause mutation and death,
-entering food chain,
-oil kills seabirds
-eutrphication reduces oxygen

[Oct/Nov 10]

Study Fig. 2, which shows the weight of marine fish caught 19962006.

The weight of fish caught in 2006 was less than in 1996.

Suggest two reasons for this decrease. [2]

-Over-fishing
-Water pollution / oil spills etc.
-Loss of breeding / shelter / feeding areas (i.e. mangroves)
-Fishing in closed season / when breeding
-Fishing by boats from other countries
Describe how the weight of fish caught changed in the years between 1996 and 2006. [3]
-Increases and decreases / fluctuates
-Highest in 2002
-Two peaks
-Lowest in 2006
-No increase since 2003 / decline from 2004
Describe how marine fishing methods can be improved. [5]
-Boats with engines
-Can go further offshore
-Can stay at sea for several days
-Cold storage on boat
-Mechanised equipment / winches
-Nylon / bigger / stronger/ nets or ropes
-Weather forecasts
-Sonar to locate fish
-Satellite navigation
-Training / education
Study Fig. 3.

With reference to Fig. 3, explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing the fishing
industry in Pakistan. [6]
Advantages
-More food
-Healthier food / more protein etc.
-More employment / more income/ less unemployment
-Exports to or of (e.g. shrimps to Japan, dried fish to Middle East, to Sri Lanka)
-Better communications with (e.g. better roads, telecommunications in Balochistan)
-More education by teaching skills
-More technology introduction of engines, machines, radar, satellite navigation
-Growth of other industries e.g. Processing, boat building
-Sustainability as fish are free, should not run out
Disadvantages
-Education lack of skilled labour
-Technology costs money, imported
-Water pollution kills, damages fish, Pakistans rivers are polluted, mangroves polluted
-Restrictions marine fishing banned in June and July
controls on net size
-Quality some products banned by western countries
can be poisonous / makes them unsuitable to eat
-Income not large, delayed profit
-Sustainability issues of over-fishing

[Oct /Nov 11] Study Photograph A.

State three ways in which the owner has improved the site for fish farming. [3]
-Rectangular / man-made ponds for better management etc.
-Separation of ponds/embankment for different ages / species
-Roads / ponds lined to prevent contamination / mud / dust / leakage etc.
-Brick / stone / Pucca road for vehicles / for easy access
-Trees for shade / shelter / beauty
-Ponds full of water for healthy fish / good conditions
Name two species of fish reared on fish farms. [2]
Any two of
Manaseer, Rahu, Palla, Thalla, Trout, Carp, shrimp, catfish, croaker, perch (Damral)
Describe the fishing methods used on a fish farm. [3]
-Prepare ponds / half fill for insects
-Hatch eggs / buy smelt (small fishes) / breeding
-Of single species / improved type of stock
-(Regular) feeding (with poultry waste)
-Health care / regular checks

-Top up ponds / check water levels clean water

-Transfer between ponds by size
-Catch fully grown fish / fish of market size etc.
-By net
Study Fig. 1, which shows fish production in Pakistan.

Which type of fishing increased from 1997 to 2007? [1]

Inland (and fish farms) /both types
In which year was marine fish production lowest? [1]
1997
How did the overall total production change from 1997 to 2007? [2]
-Increased overall / 19972007
-Increased then decreased / highest in 2002
Explain why fishing and fish farming are important industries in Pakistan. [4]
-Nutritious food / good quality / healthy
-Content of food including fish oil, e.g. protein, white meat, low in cholesterol, vitamins
-Bones for fertiliser / other waste product and use
-Source of income
-Source of employment

-Export / earns foreign exchange of named type of fish / shellfish / product or to a named
country or area
State three ways in which fish can be stored and processed before sale. [3]
-Chilled / refrigerated
-Frozen / in freezer
-Gutted
-Filleted / de-boned
-Dried
-Salted
-Canned
At the present time, most of the fish catch is processed in Karachi. The ports of
Balochistan such as Gwadar and Pasni have the potential for development.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing fish processing
industries in the ports of Balochistan? [6]
Advantages
-Stimulates development of fishing industry / port facilities (other than processing)
-Gwadar Port
-Reduced cost of transport (than to Karachi)
-More fresh / no delay / no need for storage
-Infrastructure development, e.g. roads, power, telecommunications
-Adds value to fish
Disadvantages
-Undeveloped infrastructure
-Lack of infrastructure, e.g. roads, power, water, ports, etc.
-Small market / population
-Long way from major centres of population, e.g. Karachi
-Uneducated / unskilled population
-Lack of interest from investors or government / high cost of any development
-Inhospitable climate / relief
-Named pollution linked to processing

-Effects of increase in urban population

-Poor quality product / canned fish banned in some countries

Agriculture
[May/June 04] Study Photographs B and C which show parts of one of the many buffalo farms in the

area of Karachi called Buffalo (Cattle Colony).

Photograph B

Photograph C
(i) How can you tell from Photograph B that this is a dairy farm? [1]
Milk churns/containers/cans/drums

(ii) Describe the shelter shown on Photograph C, also marked X on Photograph B, and
suggest why such shelters are needed for the buffalo. [4]
Description:
- Flimsy
- Roof covered with canes/rushes/straw/mazri
- Horizontal poles used as beams } wooden poles used
- Supported on (thin) vertical poles }
- Open (on some) sides
- White/stone/brick wall (at one end)
- Partitions/sectioned inside
- Feeding troughs
- Flat/hard floor
Why needed:
- To protect buffalo from (intense) heat of sun
- Milking/feeding/calving
- Floor easy to clean
- Ventilation (open sides)

(iii) Why is a large supply of water necessary for this farm? [2]
- For drinking
- For keeping the buffalo cool/spraying on buffalo
- For washing/dipping buffalo/bathing
- For cleaning
- For adding to milk

(iv) No fodder crops are grown on this farm. How are farms like this supplied with food for the
buffalo? [2]
- By road/lorry/tractor/cart etc
- In bulk/large amounts

- From crop farms outside Karachi/on (southern) lower Indus

Plain/near Hyderabad/Thatta/Badin
- Bought with money from sale of milk or other products/barter byproducts
of agriculture/industry

(d) Explain the importance of the buffalo farms of Buffalo to Karachi. [4]
- Milk
- Butter/ghee/other named dairy product
- Karachi has a huge population/increasing population
- Milk is expensive to transport
- Milk can be fresh
- Milk can be supplied regularly
- Supplies hides/skins
- Karachi is important for the production of leather goods
- Dung sold for fuel in markets
-domestic use/homes
-commercial use/hotels/shops/bakeries

[May/June 05]

(c) (i) What are the benefits and problems for farmers in the area around Lahore which result from
the rainfall? [5]
Benefits
-Some rain in all months/throughout year
-Enough without irrigation/ for barani farming
-Monsoon rain/summer rain for Kharif crops
-Depression and convectional rain/winter rain for Rabi crops
Problems
-Uneven distribution
-Too much in July August

-too little October/November

-Flooding in wet season
-Lack of sunshine for ripening crops
-Drought/high evapotranspiration April June
-Early or late arrival of monsoon
-Heavy rain damages cereals, cotton
-Pests, disease, virus in wet season
-Heavy rain ineffective/does not soak in

(c) (ii) Choose one of the problems from (c) (i) and explain how it can be reduced. [4]
Uneven distribution/too little in some months
-Storage in reservoirs, ponds, tanks, barrages
- Canals from storage in mountains
-Use of underground supplies in dry season, tube wells
Flooding/too much in some months
-Dams (in catchment areas), reservoirs, barrages
-River embankments/levees
-Drainage systems/diversion canals
-Afforestation in catchment area
-Dredging canals
-Weather forecasts
(a) Study the bar chart, Fig. 3, which shows the acreage of 4 crops grown in Pakistan from 1980 to
2000.

(i) How many million acres of wheat were grown in 2000? [1]
23.5/23 24

(ii) For which crop was there a reduction in area from 1990 to 2000? [1]
Vegetables

(iii) For which crop was there an increase in area from 1980 to 2000 by 2 million acres? [1]
Cotton

(b) (i) Why is an increase in wheat production important? [3]

-Increasing population
-Alleviate starvation/lack of food
-Decreasing imports/step towards self-sufficiency/no loss of foreign
exchange
-Increasing export (in good years)/increase foreign exchange

(ii) State two natural inputs necessary for wheat production, and for each explain its
importance. [5]
-Cool/moderate temperatures 10 20 - for germination and good growth/sowing
-Warmer; 25 30 for ripening
-Dry period - for ripening/harvesting
-Moderate rainfall/moist/wet weather - for germination/growing/swelling the grain
-Alluvial/loam/clay soil/fertile for good growth
-Well drained soil for root growth/aeration
-Flat land for machinery and/or irrigation

(iii) Explain how human inputs have contributed to the increase in wheat production. [6]
-Irrigation on Indus plains and semi-arid areas
-Details of irrigation
-Fertiliser factories in (named town)
-High Yield Varieties developed e.g. Maxi Pak, Shahkhan 95, Wadnak 95, Kohson 95
-GM modifications
-Plant protection programmes e.g. treated seeds, pesticide sprays, locust watch
-Land reforms making larger fields/more economical units
-Tractors and other modern machinery
-Government loans
-Support prices
-Education/skills/colleges
-Capital from investors/banks
-Land reform

(c) (i) What did the land reform laws aim to do? [1]
-Redistribute land more equally/more fairly/ceiling on land holdings
-Take land away from large landowners/landlords and give it to the tenants/poor farmers/protect
tenants from eviction

(ii) What are the advantages of land consolidation? [3]

-Economic units
-Use of machinery/modern methods
-Easier to supervise
-Better irrigation
-Better opportunity for investment/easier to get loans
-Opportunities for research
-Bring more land into cultivation

(d) How can education and training help a small-scale farmer to increase his output? [4]
-Learn about modern methods e.g. seeds, machinery, pest control
-Learn how to avoid crop failure
-Improve literacy e.g. read about what other farmers are doing, where to sell to make
most profit
-Take loans must be related to education or literacy

[May/June 06]

(i) Name a plateau where barani wheat farming takes place. [1]
Potwar plateau

(ii) How is the cultivation of wheat related to the seasonal rainfall on the plateau? [3]
-ploughing October December /when first rain falls
-seed sown after rain
-rain continues though growing period/ some rain before harvest to swell the grain
-dry period for harvest

(a) Study Fig. 3.

(i) Which crop is grown on the largest area? [1]

Wheat

(ii) Which crop has the lowest production per hectare? [1]
Rice

(iii) Why is there such a large production of sugar-cane from a small area? [2]
-Large/tall plant
-High yield per plant

(iv) Name another cash crop grown in Pakistan. [1]

- cotton/tobacco/maize

(b) Study Fig. 4, a map showing the distribution of sugar-cane farming.

(i) Name the areas of high sugar-cane production. [3]

-Peshawar district
-NW of NWFP
-Faisalabad district
-Central Punjab
-Nawabshah/Nausharo Firoz/Hyderabad/Badin district
-Central Sindh/near the river in Sindh

(ii) Why are these areas suitable for the cultivation of sugar-cane? [4]
-Temperature 25-35 C

-Irrigation to make up for shortage of rainfall (1520mm)

-Loam/clay/silt/alluvial soil (not fertile only)
-Fertiliser factories
-Good road system

(iii) What happens to sugar-cane from the time it is fully grown to when sugar juice is
extracted? [3]
-cut by hand/manual labour
-transported by bullock cart/lorry/truck
-quickly transported
-scrubbed with chalk to remove dirt and smell
-crushed to remove juice in heavy rollers

(iv) Explain why bagasse is an important by-product of a sugar-cane factory. [2]

-Fuel
-Can be used to generate electricity
-Animal feed
-Made into chipboard/paper

(c) (i) State two climatic inputs for rice cultivation. [2]
-high rainfall/over 1500mms/ more than 1270 mms
-temperature 20 30 C
-warm, dry period for harvesting

(ii) How can the yield (production) per hectare of rice be increased? [6]
-Irripak/High Yeild varieties/ genetic modification to increase output
-Modern irrigation / perennial canals to give better water supply/at correct times
-Modern fertilisers/pesticides to improve growth/prevent loss
-Machines to make work faster
-Education to make farmers aware of better methods

-Reduction of waterlogging and salinity to increase cultivable area

[May/June 07] (a) Study the map of Pakistan, Fig. 3.

(i) Name the two main fruit crops grown in area A. [2]
apples, apricots, almonds

(ii) Why are fruit crops grown in mountain valleys? [3]

-warmth
-shelter
-sunshine
-rain/less snow
-soil
-flat land

(iii) Name one of the main fruit crops grown in area B. [1]

Bananas/mangoes/citrus fruit

(iv) Why are fruit crops grown in this area? [2]

-Monsoon/summer rainfall
-Mild winter temperatures/above 15 C
-Irrigation (from the River Indus)

(v) Why are fruit crops grown mainly for local use? [1]
-Perishable
-Heavy to transport
-Small amounts/not of export quality

(b) (ii) Explain how Karez irrigation helps date palms to grow in the oases of area C. [3]
-Provides water for growth
-Underground canal/subterranean
-From mountains/foothills
-From aquifer/groundwater/soaks into ground
-More rain on mountains/higher slopes
-Reduces evaporation

(iii) Name one other type of crop grown in oases. [1]

Named cereals millet (bajra), sorghum (jowar), barley/maize, pulses

(iv) How is crop growth improved by the date palms nearby? [2]
-Shade from/sun/extreme heat/reduce evapotranspiration
-Shelter from winds/windbreak

(c) (i) Name two animals that are reared by nomads in area C. [2]
-goats
-sheep

-cattle
-camels

(ii) Explain the importance of livestock to the nomads. [2]

-Food milk, meat, butter etc.
-Clothing wool, hides etc.
-Income/for selling/bartering Young animals/named product
-Transport
-Tents/shelter
-Wealth

(iii) Describe the nomadic method of farming. [3]

-Moving/settle for a few weeks
-In search of water
-In search of pasture/food
-Subsistence farming

Describe the method of farming called transhumance, which is used in areas such as
the Hunza. [4]
[May/June 07]

-Goats/sheep/cattle/livestock
-Seasonal movement
-Move to higher slopes in summer/to summer pastures
-Move to find food/pastures/grass/for grazing
-Animals fattened
-Milk/meat/wool/skins, etc.
-Stay in valleys in winter/permanent homes in valley
-Animals kept in sheds in winter
-Storage of hay/fodder crops
-May take animals from other families
[May/June 08] (a) Study Photograph A showing sugar cane cultivation.

(i) Describe the scene. [4]

-bullocks/cattle/buffalo/ox/cow
-traditional/manual labour/man/farmer
-wooden
-plough/ploughing
-young/small plants
-ratoons
-flat
-dry soil
-uncut crop in background
-trees in background

(ii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using tractors instead of animals for
work on a farm? [6]
Advantages
-Faster/quicker/suitable for larger fields
-More efficient/modern/less hard work/do not tire
-Needs fewer workers

-Saves animal feed/land/cost of animals

Disadvantages
-Expensive to buy/few available to buy/imported }
-Cost of fuel }
-Cost of repair/difficult to repair }
-Breakdowns
-Unemployment
-Needs skilled labour
-Compact the ground
-No milk/meat/food etc.
-No dung for fertiliser
-Maintenance/repair facilities may not be locally available
-Cannot use in mountains/fragmented farms

(b) Yields from crops vary from year to year. Explain the reasons for this. [4]
-Lack of rain
-Timing/ variability of rain
-Flooding
-Wind
-Problems of irrigation/shortage of water/silt in canals/reservoirs/mechanical failure
-Build up of salt and waterlogging
-Pests and diseases
-Family problems/sickness/men go to city

(c) (i) What work is done on the farm by these animals, other than that shown in the photograph?
[3]
-Hoeing to remove weeds, thin seedlings
-Harvesting cutting the crop
-Milling/grinding/threshing to remove husks, for flour, by animal walking round
-Transport of seeds, fertiliser, crop, to field, to market,

-Drawing water from wells, by shaduf, charsa, by walking round

-Threshing separating the husk from the seed

(ii) What do these animals and other livestock on the farm produce that the farmer can use or sell?
[3]
-Dairy products/milk/butter/ghee etc.
-Meat
-Hides/skin
-Young stock
-Eggs
-Dung
-Hooves
-Horns
-Bones

(d) How can livestock farming be improved in Pakistan? [5]

-Capital/investment/loans/subsidies for named purpose
-Selective/cross breeding, breeding on scientific lines for better animals etc.
-Better feed/fodder for stronger, bigger, animals etc.
-More grazing land by irrigation, drainage, fertiliser etc.
-Control of disease e.g.
-Research disease, breeding, feed etc.
-Vaccination to improve health
-More medicines/more vets to treat animals
-Education/training in named modern methods
-Better hygiene/care/living conditions etc.
-Mechanisation e.g. milking machines for hygiene, speed

[May/June 09] (a) There are four main processes of rice cultivation:

harvesting planting preparation of fields growth

List these processes in the correct order. [1]

preparation, planting, growth, harvesting

(b) Study Fig. 2, a bar chart showing monthly rainfall in the Lahore area.
Explain how each of the processes named in (a) is linked to the rainfall in the Lahore area
from June to October. [4]
June Rain to soften soil for preparation of field/ploughing
JuneJuly Rain for planting seeds/seedlings
JuneSeptember High/increasing rainfall for flooding fields
JuneSeptember Sufficient rainfall/rain continues for growth
SeptemberOctober Drier period for harvest

(c) (i) Explain why many farmers use HYV (High Yield Varieties) of seed. [4]
-Bigger harvest/heavy crop/double yield/fast growth
-Double cropping/multi-cropping

-Disease/pest resistance
-Drought resistance
-Stronger stems
-Growing population/increased demand
-Government encouragement/incentives
-Named variety with crop (e.g. Irripak rice, Maxipak wheat, Nayab 78 cotton)

(ii) Study Fig. 2 again. In how many months is the rainfall less than 40 mm? [1]
6

(iii) Briefly explain four methods of providing water in times of low rainfall. [4]
Explanation of:
-Canal irrigation
-Perennial canal from a dam/headworks
-Inundation canal from a river in flood
-Distribution/diversion canal from a mountain stream
-Tubewell run by electricity
-Shaduf, a bucket on a pole, from river or canal
-Charsa water drawn from a well by animal power
-Persian wheel, a waterwheel turned by animal power
-Ponds and tanks to collect rainwater
-Karez, a tunnel carrying water from the mountains
-Tankers carrying water
-Storage in dam, reservoir, barrage
-Well for groundwater
-Sprinklers

(d) (i) What is alluvial soil? [2]

-silt/loam/sediment
-deposited by rivers when they flood/from flooding

-contains nutrients/minerals

(ii) Explain why alluvial soil is good for crop growth. [3]
-Fertile/contains nutrients (e.g. nitrate/potash/phosphate)
-deep
-fine texture for drainage/not prone to waterlogging
-retains moisture/moisture retentive
-replaced each year

(e) Explain why there is a shortage of water for irrigation in the Indus Plains. [6]
-Canals blocked by silt/siltation
-Low/lack of rainfall/variable rainfall/tail end of monsoon or western depressions/
-Evaporation
-Wastage/leakage/seepage
-Demand of domestic, farming, industry users
-Conflicting users/too many users
-Water pollution
-Siltation in reservoirs/lower capacity
-Less in Sindh because too much used in Punjab
-Examples of use to illustrate answer (e.g. water for washing cotton threads)

[May/June10] Study Fig. 3, which shows the areas of cultivation for four main crops in Pakistan.

(i) Which crop covers the greatest area? [1]

Wheat

(ii) What is the area covered by this crop? [1]

8,4508500 hectares

(iii) Name two other food crops grown in Pakistan not shown on the graph. [2]
Millet / jawar / bajra / sorghum
Pulses / mung / mash / grams / masoor
Oil seed
Named fruit e.g. banana / apple / apricot / date / mango / almond / grape
Named vegetable e.g. tomato / cabbage

(b) (i) Describe the methods of cultivation of wheat on barani (rain-fed) lands. [5]
-when the rain falls in winter / October-November
-seed sown
-harvested when ripe / after 36 months / JanuaryMarch / 90120 days

-ploughing/preparation of soil
-fertiliser
-pest control / bird scaring / pesticides
-weed control / weeding / hoeing
-allow collection of rainfall in ponds / tanks
-allow levelling of land / terracing / embankments to conserve water

(ii) Explain the advantages and disadvantages to wheat farmers of modern irrigation
methods such as perennial canals and tubewells. [5]
Advantages
-Fills rainfall gap / water when needed / reduces dependence on rainfall
-Can be controlled / steady supply (not in heavy showers)
-All year round
-Provides more water / irrigates large lands
-Increases yield
-Double cropping possible
-Needed for HYVs
-Less labour required
-Tubewells can lower the water table / reduce water-logging and salinity
Disadvantages
-Cost of installation / expensive
-Problems / cost of maintenance / requires fuel or electricity
-Shortages / canals may run dry / competition with other users
-Lack of technology for pumps/wells
-Lack of electricity / power cuts
-Causes waterlogging and salinity + explanation

(c) Waste products from food crops such as straw from cereals and bagasse from sugar cane have
some uses. Explain the importance of waste products such as these. You may refer to those crops
shown in Fig. 3 or others. [3]
-bagasse for paper / cardboard / packaging

-bagasse for chipboard,

-molasses / bagasse for chemical industry
-straw for bedding / roofing / strawboard
-animal food
-composted
-mixed into soil / ploughed in
-bagasse for power stations / fuel

Read the extract below.

(i) What reasons does the writer give for the low farm incomes in barani areas? [3]
soil erosion, over grazing, desertification

(ii) Explain these and other causes of low farm incomes in Pakistan. [5]
-Soil erosion means poor root growth and small crop output
-Overgrazing means lack of food for animals and soil erosion / desertification
-Desertification causes climatic change and a lack of water
-Low crop productivity means low incomes leading to less money for better seed,
fertiliser
-Poor quality livestock produces less milk, meat etc.
-Little money to spend on better seed, fertiliser because of low farm incomes
Or explain
-Traditional farming methods give low yields
-Small farms so little mechanisation
-Oppressive landlords (Zamindari) so high rents, no chance of improvement
-Poor climate so difficult to grow good crops
-Storms and flooding / pest attacks (e.g. locusts, weevils) destroy crops

-Illiteracy / lack of education so no improvements

-Rural urban migration so able-bodied men leave
-Waterlogging and salinity reduces cultivable area / yield
-Lack of government support / investment

[May/June 11]

MAIZE PULSES MILLET OILSEEDS TOBACCO

Name two crops on the list that are used mainly for animal feed [2]
maize, millet, oil seeds

Name one crop on the list that is not a food crop. [1]
Tobacco

Name one crop that is rich in protein. [1]

Pulses

Name one type of oil seed. [1]

Rape, mustard, groundnut, sesame, sunflower, safflower, soya bean

What is meant by a barani crop? [1]

-Grown without irrigation
-Grown in rainy season

Name one area of Pakistan where most wheat is grown by the barani method. [1]
Potwar Plateau, Northern Punjab, Piedmont plains

Study Fig. 2, which shows the months when wheat is grown by the barani method.

How much rain fell in the wettest month? [1]

107

Describe the barani method of wheat cultivation with reference to the temperatures and
rainfall shown on Fig. 2. [4]
-Sown at beginning of winter / OctDec
-As rainfall increases (1641 mms)
-When temperatures are mild (419 C)
-Grain swells in MarchApril
-With higher rainfall (88107 mms)
-Crop ripens / is harvested in spring / AprilMay
-When temperatures warmer (1223 C)

Explain why crop yields may be low when subsistence farming methods are used? [4]
-Uneducated / lack of knowledge of modern methods / use of traditional methods
-Animals / draft power
-Primitive irrigation system
-No mechanisation / tractors
-Family / unskilled labour
-Poor seed / seeds from last harvest / no High Yield Varieties
-No fertilisers / pesticides
-Dung for manure

To what extent can training and land reform be successful in increasing agricultural
production? [6]
Training
-Better management / efficiency e.g. knowledge of weather, understanding of soils
-Better methods of cultivation,
-Knowledge of disease
-Better seeds / use of HYVs
-Proper use of fertilisers and pesticides
-Use of machinery / technology
-Better money management / can get loans
-Better marketing
Land reform
-More efficient use of land
-Fields for mechanisation,
-Less time wasted,
-Lower transport costs
-More independence / free from control of landlords
BUT (i.e. To what extent) Reference to:
-Illiteracy
-Poverty

-Power of landlords (Zamidari)

-Floods

[May/June 12] What is the meaning of the following livestock farming terms:

A Transhumance? [1]
Seasonal movement to higher pastures in mountains in summer and return in winter

B Nomadic farming? [1]

(Seasonal) movement in search of pasture / water / food

What are the advantages and disadvantages of these types of livestock farming in
either mountain or desert areas? [6]
Advantages
-Access to good pasture
-Low cost / free
-In areas of poor soil / land
-Source of income e.g. goods to
-Source of food
-Dung for fertile soil
-Camels adapted to desert
-Sheep and goats eat poor quality grass
Disadvantages
-Need to move about / no permanent home
-Poor quality animals / difficult to be commercial / cannot keep buffalo
-Lack of water in desert
-Lack of vets in both areas
-Relies on uncertain desert climate
-Overgrazing ONLY in desert / nomadic farming

(a) Study Fig. 4, which shows the climate of Sialkot.

Circle and label on the x-axis:

A the month when rice would be planted,
Any one month from April to June
B the months when it would be growing,
Any 35 consecutive months between May and September

C the month when it would be harvested. [3]

September or October

Explain how canal irrigation is used and controlled to grow rice. [4]
-from river / reservoir / dam / barrage / another canal
-closed or opened (by sluice or gate)
-field flooded in preparation / for nursery beds / before transplanting
-kept flooded during growth
-to a depth of about 3037 cm / 1215 inches

-drained before harvest

Study Fig. 5, which shows wheat production.

What was the production in 2008? [1]

21 million tonnes / 21 000 000 tonnes

Compare this to the production of wheat in the years from 1999 to 2007. [2]
-higher than in 1999 / 2001/02/03/04
-but not as high as 2005 / 2007
-same as 2000 / 2006

Suggest reasons for the changes in production over these years. [4]
-Rainfall variability / drought }
-floods / storm damage } reference to a form of water supply max 2
-poor irrigation }
-temperature
-pest attack
-capital / loans / profit from previous year
-family sickness
-security / theft
-wheat price

-reasons for overall increase e.g. High Yield Varieties, better / more fertiliser, mechanisation, training
-population increase

To what extent is it possible to increase agricultural production by the use of modern

methods? [6]
Possibilities
-More growth with fertilisers
-Less damage with pesticides
-More yield with better seed / HYVs /GM crops
-High Yield Varieties / GM pest resistant
-Benefits of machines
-named modern irrigation method
-Treatment of waterlogging and salinity e.g. with tubewells
-Crop rotation to improve fertility eg. growing pulses, fallow
-Training and education
Problems (can be environmental or economic)
-Lack of literacy / education
-Means less training
-Lack of money to invest
-Traditional farming methods
-Over-use of irrigation water causes waterlogging / salinity
-Small / fragmented farms
-Causes and effects of pollution
-Build up of resistance to pests
-High cost of fertiliser, machinery etc.
-Water pollution from runoff with fertiliser / pesticide
-May be unsustainable
[Oct/Nov 03] The map, Fig. 2, shows the percentages of land under cultivation throughout Pakistan.

(i) Describe the distribution of the areas with more than 50% of their land under cultivation. [3]

(ii) Explain why these areas have more than 50% of their land under cultivation. [6]

(b) (i) Describe the distribution of the areas with less than 20% of their land under cultivation. [4]

(ii) Explain why these areas have less than 20% of their land under cultivation. [5]

(c) In areas where little cultivation is possible, nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoral farming takes
place. Describe this type of farming and explain the reasons for it being nomadic. [7]

[Oct/Nov 04] On 15th April 2002 a heavy thunderstorm occurred in the catchment area of the River
Gomal in the Sulaiman mountains. Photograph B (insert) was taken on 17th April on the piedmont
plain east of these mountains. It shows the Gomal flood plain which was being prepared for farming,
making use of this natural inundation (flooding).

How does farming which depends on natural inundation (flooding) like this differ from
farming that depends on irrigation? [4]

-farming using natural rainfall/flooding

-can only be carried out after flooding/must wait for floods
-farmers have no control of water supply/rain variable
-seasonal /continuous cropping rarely possible
-higher banks/bunds have to be built to hold as much water as possible
when it comes
-(usually) can only grow coarser grains/millet (bajra)/sorghum
-(jowar)/pulses
-lower yields/output
-variable yields/outputs
-further floods could destroy seedlings/standing crop
-less advanced/traditional methods
-annual floods supply nutrients
-smaller farms
Away from the Gomal flood plain, in those areas which the flood waters cannot reach, barani
farming is practised. Give the main characteristics of barani farming and name two crops grown in
this way. [6]
characteristics
-depends (entirely) on rainfall/rain-fed area
-(low) banks/bunds constructed
-field size varies considerably/small/large fields
-ploughing after/if rain falls
-farmers too poor to own tractors/lack of machines/traditional methods
-use of animal dung/no fertiliser
-some years rainfall is insufficient/crops fail
-low yields
-often sheep/goats reared as alternative source of food/income
-family labour
crops
-wheat
-barley

-groundnuts
-millet/bajra
-pulses/gram/mash/masoor/moong
-sorghum/jowar
-oil seed/rape/mustard
-maize.

(c) Rice is one of Pakistans major crops.

(i) Why is rice a kharif crop? [2]
-requires warm temperatures for growth
-20C to 30C
-dry season for harvest
-monsoon rain for growth/flooding fields
-1270-2000mms
-winter/rabi season is too cold

(ii) Why is rice not grown in areas which only practise barani farming? [2]
-requires over 1275mm rainfall (in growing season)
-prefers over 2000mm rainfall
-nowhere in Pakistan has this amount of rainfall (in the growing season)
-not enough rain for flooding fields

(iii) Explain why rice growing is important in north-east Punjab and in the northern Lower
Indus Plain of Sindh. [5]
-good irrigation
-details of canal network
-flat land assists in provision of irrigation/for use of machines
-have clay/loam/alluvial soils/soils rich in minerals/soils which retain
-fertilisers/rich in nutrients
-have water retentive soils

-north-east Punjab receives more/heavier rainfall than any other plain

areas in Pakistan
-large population/towns/cities
-large farms
-tubewells in Punjab
-impervious layer below soil
-high monsoon rain in Punjab

(iv) Name the main type of rice that is exported and name the country which was a part of
Pakistan and now imports rice from Pakistan. [2]
Basmati
Bangladesh

[Oct/Nov 05] The graph, Fig. 2, shows the expected water demands for 4 crops in Pakistan up to the

year 2025, in million acre feet (MAF)

(i) Which crop is expected to have a decrease in its water demand by 2025? [1]
Rice

(ii) By how many MAF is the water demand for wheat expected to increase between 1990
and 2025? [1]
31/30 34

(iii) Why is an increase in water demand expected for wheat? [3]

-More wheat being grown/larger area cultivated/growing demand
-More desert areas being reclaimed
-More High Yield Varieties/Maxipak wheat needs more irrigation
-Increased yield per hectare
-More double cropping
-More spraying and liquid fertiliser
-More irrigation

(iv) Why is a much smaller increase in water demand expected for cotton? [3]
-Less land suitable for cotton/too wet in North
-Fertile soil needed fertiliser expensive
-Fluctuating export demands due to competition
-Fluctuating prices
-Land changing to wheat cultivation
-Cotton not needed for food
-Cotton cultivation expanding more slowly than wheat/other crops

2 (a) Study Photograph A of a valley in the Hindu Kush.

(i) Name this type of animal. [1]

Cow(s)/cattle

(ii) Suggest why these animals were taken here. [2]

-Food/pasture/grazing/
-water/drinking

(iii) What type of farming is this? [1]

Livestock/pastoral/transhumance/nomadic/semi-nomadic

(iv) Give two outputs of this farming system that can increase the income of the farmer. [2]
-Hides
-Meat
-Milk
-Butter
-Bones

Study the line sketch, Fig. 3, of Photograph A.

(i) Describe two differences between the vegetation in areas X and Y. [2]
X short - Y longer
X few/no bushes/trees - Y more bushes
X no bare ground - Y some stony areas

(ii) What features in area Y suggest that it is not used for growing crops? [2]
-Mixture of vegetation/no single type of plant
-No fields/field boundaries
-Floodplain/slip off slope likely to be flooded
-Rocks/pebbles/evidence that it has been covered with floodwater
-Not level/uneven

(iii) The slope in area X is terraced. Explain how this will this help the farmer to grow wheat. [3]
-Make flat land for easy cultivation
-Holds soil/prevents soil erosion/makes a deeper soil
-Holds water/prevents drainage
-Keeps minerals/fertiliser in soil

(iv) Study areas W and Z. What two features shown suggest that these areas will never be
cultivated? [2]
-Too steep
-Little soil/no soil
-Rocky/rugged
-No water/too much drainage/dry

Study the climate graph, Fig. 4, which shows the rainfall/snowfall and mean monthly
temperatures in the valley.

(i) The wheat is harvested about 6 months after it is sown. In which month is the wheat
most likely to be sown here? [1]
April/May

(ii) Why is the climate in the months after it is sown good for the growth of wheat? [3]
-Mild temperatures 13-23
-Warmer for ripening July 23, August 22
-High/Moderate rainfall 16-26 mms per month
-(Light) rain before harvest/increase in July and August

[Oct/Nov 06] Study Photograph A (Insert) of a rural area in Hyderabad District.

(a) (i) What is this man doing? [1]

Ploughing / cultivating / tilling

(ii) Why is the soil at X a different colour from the soil at Y? [1]
-it has been ploughed / turned over
-it has not dried out
(iii) Name three inputs for farming other than soil that can be seen on the photograph. [3]
-bullocks/ cattle/cows/oxen (not buffalo)
-plough
(manual) labour

(iv) Describe three other processes that may be carried out before a crop is harvested. [3]
-Sowing seeds
-Fertilising to provide extra nutrients
-Weeding to give plants space to grow
-Irrigation / watering to provide water
-Spraying pesticide to kill insects / virus / weeds

(b) (i) What is subsistence farming? [1]

Producing food for ones self / family (that it not for sale)

(ii) Name two animals other than those on Photograph A that may be kept by a small-scale
subsistence farmer. [2]
-Goats
-Sheep
-Buffalo
-Chickens / poultry
-Mules
-Donkeys

(iii) For each of the two animals you have named in (b)(ii), explain how it is important to the
farmer and his family. [4]
This depends on the animal chosen, accept any appropriate product, e.g. Skin for leather,
eggs for eating, milk for drinking
-Milk
-Milk products
-Eggs
-Meat
-Nutrition
-Skin / hide
-Haulage / carrying

(c) (i) Why does the output of a small-scale subsistence farm vary from year to year? [4]
-Variable rainfall / monsoon / water supply
-Pests and diseases
-Uses own seed / not High Yield Varieties

(ii) If this farmer has a good crop and can sell some in the market, how may he use the
money he earns (capital) to improve his yield (production) in the next year? [4]
-Better seed High Yield Varieties, GM, disease/pest resistant
-Fertiliser to provide nutrients
-Pesticides to kill insects, viruses etc.
-New animals younger, better breeding
-New tools/implements better/faster work
-Repairs to machinery, irrigation system, storage

(iii) Give two ways in which a small-scale subsistence farmer can supplement his income. [2]
Carpenter
Blacksmith
Shoe-maker/cobbler
Driver

[Oct/Nov 07] Study Fig. 2, which shows the climate of Multan.

(i) Explain why cotton is grown in this part of the Punjab. Refer to Fig. 2 in your answer. [5]
-High summer temperatures/Summer temperatures over 30/MaySeptember 3231
-Temperature rises to 35 in June
-Not too cold/No temperatures below freezing/Lowest temperature 7 in Jan + Dec
-Some rainfall in AprilMay for sowing/15-18mms
-Rainfall increases in JulyAugust for growth/to 60mm
-Little rain/dry on OctoberNovember for ripening and harvesting/less than 10mms
-Alluvial/loam }
-Moisture retentive }
-Rich in humus }
-Lime }
-Deep soil }
-Flat land
-Dry climate to reduce pest attacks
-Good irrigation available

-Good roads/infrastructure
-Access to capital/investment

(b) (i) Explain how climatic hazards may destroy or reduce the yield of cotton on farms. [4]
-Cold temperatures/Frost + can kill plants
-Rain + damages cotton boll before picking
-Floods + can wash crops away/soil erosion
-Thunderstorms/Cyclones damages to crops/soil erosion
-Drought + can reduce growth, kill young plants

(ii) Explain two other factors that may reduce the production of cotton in Pakistan. [4]
-Virus/Pests/disease + e.g. Leaf-curl virus or other named disease
-Lack of irrigation water + reduces yield
-Waterlogging and salinity or other soil damage + reduce yield
-Economic/drop in demand/other crops make more money
-Pollution + effect
-Loss of fertility not replenished by floods/depleted by crop.

[Oct/Nov 08] Study Fig. 5, a pie chart showing rice production in Pakistan by province.

(i) Name the provinces A and B where most rice is grown. [1]

Punjab and Sindh

(ii) What percentage of total rice production comes from these two provinces? [1]
88% or 89% OR
46% A and 43% B

(iii) Name a variety that has doubled rice production. [1]

Irripak/IR8

(b) (i) Explain why the cultivation of rice is labour-intensive. Refer in your answer to the work done
from planting the seeds to harvest. [5]
-nursery for seeds
-repairing bunds for water
-prepare fields by plouging/weeding
-flooding/irrigation
-transplanting seedlings
-fertiliser for nutrients/good growth
-pesticide to kill pests/for better growth
-drain water
-cutting/harvesting ripe crop

(ii) Name a type of machine that can be used for rice cultivation instead of human
labour. [1]
tractor, harvester, mechanical irrigator

(iii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using this machine? [4]
Advantages
-quicker
-more efficient/less tiring
-learn mechanical skills

-needs less labour

Disadvantages
-expensive
-can break down
-cause unemployment
-needs larger fields
-causes compaction
-needs skilled workers
-cannot be used on a small farm

(c) Study the list below:

(i) Choose two physical inputs from the list above. Explain how these can increase rice
yields. [6]
-soil best clay/clay and loam, provides nutrients, needs water retention, can be drained
-rain needs a minimum of 1270mms, preferably 2000mms, at the correct time of year,
-at start of monsoon, gentle showers, none during harvest
-sunshine for warmth, ripening, photosynthesis
-drainage water retention, slope to prevent waterlogging or flooding

(ii) Choose two human inputs from the list above. Explain how these can improve rice
yields. [6]
-fertiliser better than dung, provides nutrients, rice exhausts soil
-irrigation enough water, at correct time, fills the gap of rainfall
-pesticides kills pests, targeted at pest, used at correct time, examples
-seeds GM, High Yield Varieties, new strains developed to increase yield, grow faster, shorter
straw,
-pest resistant
-knowledge better cultivation methods, management, skills for machinery, examples

-drainage controlled/better water supply/correct amounts

[Oct/Nov 09] Read Fig. 3, an extract from a magazine.

Describe the irrigation methods that can be used by farmers in Balochistan and comment on the
success of such schemes for increasing farming output. [6]
-Karez
-canals from rivers/diversion canals
-tubewells
-wells (primitive)
-shaduf to lift water
-charsa to lift water
-Persian Wheel to lift water
-tanks for storage
-dams (small)
For Example The Karez
-underground canal/tunnel
-uses groundwater
-vertical shafts for cleaning
-water taken in turn according to shares in ownership
-irrigates oases
Example Quetta-Pishun valley, Mastung valley
-Success less important now, neglected bad
-sources drying up bad
-lack of government investment bad
-continuous supply good
-only water in the desert good

-water from mountains put to good use good

-does not evaporate good

2 (a) Study Photograph A showing a crop of sugar cane.

(i) Describe the appearance of this crop. [2]

-tall/medium height
-not fully grown
-thin leaves/long leaves/like grass
-dense/close together
-good growth because lack of disease/well irrigated

(ii) Explain how the growth can be improved by

A irrigation
-plants need water to photosynthesis/to be healthy/sugar needs a lot of water
-makes it grow faster/bigger/higher yield
-needed in dry periods/drought/make up deficiency in rainfall
-to remove salinity (in the soil)

B fertilisers. [4]
-provide minerals for growth/reduces crop failure/nutrients
-makes up for deficiencies/Pakistan soil deficient in minerals
-minerals need replacing after cultivation
-examples of minerals e.g. nitrogen, potash (potassium), phosphate
-makes it grow faster/bigger/higher yield

(b) Explain how this crop is processed. [6]

-taken to factory/mill
-quickly/without delay
-washed/scrubbed
-crushed
-juice collected
-refined
-crystallised
-whitened/made into white sugar
-molasses/brown sugar
-baggase produced (a waste product)

(c) Study Fig. 4, a graph of sugar cane production.

(i) What was the increase from 1965 to 2005 in

A production?
2829 million tones

B yield per hectare? [2]

1314 tonnes per hectare

(ii) Name an area of high sugar cane production. [1]

-East-central Punjab/Faisalabad/Sardodha
-South-central Sindh/Hyderabad/Badin
-Central NWFP/Charsadda

(d) Study the list of factors below which affect agricultural development:

(i) Choose three of these factors and for each explain how it increases production of sugar and
other agricultural products. [6]
-Mechanisation faster work, more efficient, better preparation, can thresh and harvest,
does not need to rest, use of tubewells
-Land consolidation bigger fields, more mechanisation
-Transport faster speed e.g. sugar cane to the mill prevents losses, dry ports for inputs
e.g. fertiliser, experts (advisers) can visit
-Loans funds to buy inputs e.g. fertiliser, machines, bigger fields, purchase more land,
better irrigation
-Education knowledge of better methods,
-Seed varieties higher yields, resistance to pests and disease, less water demand,
better germination
-Telecommunication access to information, education, skills

(ii) Explain why it is important to increase the production of sugar and other agricultural
products in Pakistan. [4]
-increasing population
-nutritious/need for better food production
-higher incomes (for farmers and businessmen)
-increase exports/earn foreign exchange/increase GDP/increase Pakistans income
-reduce imports/improve balance of payments
-provides employment in (named industry)
-by-products e.g. Bagasse for fuel, Board for building

[Oct/Nov 10]

Study Fig. 4, which shows patterns of goat rearing in Pakistan.

Describe the distribution of goat rearing in Balochistan. [3]

-Widespread / low and moderate in most areas

-Main area in SE / E / Sindh border / Kalat / Khuzdar / Central Brahui Range / Kirthar

-Range / Indus Plain

-Main area in North / NW / NWFP border / Zhob

-Low in West / Western borders / Chagai Hills / Ras Koh / Kharan desert
Suggest why the government of Pakistan discourages the rearing of goats. [2]
-Overgrazing

-Loss of vegetation / deforestation

-Soil erosion / soil loose

Why are there many nomadic farmers in Balochistan? [3]

-Shortage of / to search for grazing / food

-Shortage of / to search for water

-Agriculture / cultivation /crop growth difficult or impossible

-Low population (so plenty of land)

Explain why buffalo are not reared in Balochistan. [3]
-Lack of water to drink

-Lack of water to wash / lie in / bath in / keep cool

-Lack of fodder crops / poor grazing

-Lack of demand / few urban areas

Study Photographs A and B showing a buffalo farm in Lodhran district, Punjab.

How do the photographs show that these buffalo are being kept in good living conditions? [6]
Photo A
-Covered shelters / shade / roof / shed etc.

-Brick / concrete / will not collapse

-Fodder / food

-Feeding trough

-Brick standing by troughs

-Clean conditions / dung cleared away

Photo B
-Water for bathing / washing / cooling /drinking

-Concrete pool

-Clean water / water from well

-Organised storage of fodder / dung

Suggest why buffalo farms can often be found around urban areas. [2]
-Food (for urban population) / demand for milk or meat

-Must be fresh / deteriorates quickly

-Can make deliveries / supplied on a regular basis

-Products for processing, e.g. milk, ghee, butter

Meat provides a valuable source of protein in food, and there are many other useful products
from animals. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing livestock farming in
Pakistan. [6]
Advantages
-More food / healthy food / great demand with e.g.

-Other products with example (hides, horn)

-Exports (with example)

-Employment / earnings

-Manure / dung / gobar / for burning

-Processing industries (with example)

-Sustainable e.g. animals reproduce, traditional skills

Disadvantages

-Loss of land / water for food crops.

-Overgrazing problems.

-Less investment in other forms of farming.

-Low income / low profit.

-Disposal of waste / problems of cleanliness / pollution (with example)

-Cost of setting up / fodder / vets bills etc

-Disease transfer to humans

-Some products not of export quality / banned by western countries

-Not sustainable

[Oct /Nov 11]

Study Fig. 2, which shows cotton growing regions in Pakistan.

Name the regions A and B. [2]

A north /north-east / Upper Sindh
B south / south-west / Lower Punjab / Upper Indus Plain
Why is cotton not grown further north? [2]
-Too cold (in summer / growing period)

-Sensitive to frost

-Rain / too wet during harvest

-Poor soil / infertile etc.

-Steep slopes / no flat land

-Remote / long way from factories, demand

Why is cotton not grown further west? [2]

-Too dry / lack of rainfall (for growth)

-Lack of irrigation canals

-Too cold (in growing period)

-Poor soil / infertile / etc.

-Steep slopes / no flat land

-Remote
Study Fig. 3, a graph of cotton farming

State the area used to grow cotton in 2005. [1]

3.2 / 3,200,000
State the production in 2005. [1]
2.4 / 2,400,000
By how much has the area used to grow cotton increased from 1975 to 2005? [1]
1.2 / 1,200,000 hectares / 2.82.9 acres
Which has increased faster, the area used or the cotton production? [1]
(Cotton) production

Explain three factors that have caused the yield of cotton to increase per hectare. [6]
-fertiliser for nutrients /fertility + Pakistan soil deficient in nitrogen, better than

dung

-irrigation to make up rainfall deficiency + named modern method, all year water
pesticides as pests reduce growth + example

-mechanisation for efficiency + faster, better quality of work, named machine

-education in modern methods + examples of how things can be improved

-HYVs high yield + pest resistance / double cropping / example

-capital for buying inputs + example

-land reform for more motivation, bigger fields

Explain why cotton yields vary from year to year. [3]
-rainfall / damage to cotton boll before harvest

-summer temperatures / early frost

-availability of water from irrigation or rain

-floods / high winds / storms etc. causing damage

-pest attack causing damage

-previous income affecting investment so cannot buy good quality inputs

-sickness of labour affecting production

What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing the cotton manufacturing
industry in Pakistan? [6]

Advantages

-Established industry / good reputation worldwide

-Creates jobs / employment / develops skills

-Traditional skills / cheap labour available

-Value-added export / export of named product or to named area / large scale export/ main
Export

-Higher price (because it is processed) / value added

-Farmers can increase income

-Better named infrastructure

-Less imports / can meet demands of population

-Can compete with other countries

Disadvantages

-Lack of modern skills / education

-Lack of money to invest / investors

-Competition from other countries

-Old machinery, breakdowns, slow, old products / need to import machinery

-Water shortage for manufacturing / conflict with other users

-Power shortage / power breakdown,

-Poor roads and railways / transport to ports,

-Government policy / changing policies

-Less land for growing food other crops

-Problems of poor harvest / pest attack / climate problems

-Effects of increase in urban population

-Machines will replace manpower / loss of unskilled jobs

-Lack of investment in other industries / services

[Oct/Nov 11] Study Photograph B

What are the animals shown in the photograph? [1]

Sheep / goats (list rule)
(ii) Describe the topography (relief) and vegetation of the area shown in the
photograph.

-Flat

-Gently sloping, undulating

-Small ridges

-Vegetation Sparse
-Scattered / uneven

-(Small) bushes, scrub, trees, thorny

(iii) Explain why these animals are reared in a nomadic way in arid areas. [3]

-Search for / lack of food / pasture

-Quickly finished so have to move

-Search for / lack of water

-Move with the weather

-No infrastructure for settlement

What are the disadvantages of keeping animals in a nomadic way? [2]
-Overgrazing / soil erosion / desertification

-Low incomes

-Animals may die / starve / poor quality animals

-Difficult to improve / develop

-Lack of veterinary care / disease spreads easily

-Poor breeding
Suggest an alternative way of keeping these animals. [1]
-In stalls / stall feeding

-In fields / fenced areas

-Transhumance

Power Resources
[May/June 04] Study Fig. 2.

(i) Describe the distribution of oilfields. [2]

- (central) Potwar/Potohar Plateau/in north-west Punjab/between
rivers Indus and Jhelum
- Southern/Lower Sindh/Hyderabad/Badin (area)

(ii) Describe and explain the distribution of oil refineries. [4]

Distribution:
- Morga refinery is on Potwar Plateau/near Attock (oilfield)

Punjab
- Mahmud Kot (Mahmood Cot) is on (southern end of) Sindh Sagar
doab/west of Multan/S Punjab/between Rivers Indus and
Chenab/lower Upper Indus Plain
- on coast near Karachi/at Hab/Sindh Coast
Explanation:
- Morga refinery refines oil from local/Potwar Plateau oilfields for
Upper Punjab (and NWFP)
- Mahmud Kot placed to serve central Pakistan/Lower Punjab/lower
Upper Indus Plain
supplied with crude oil by (White) pipeline from Karachi
supplied by pipeline from Iran (across Balochistan)
- Karachi refineries refine imported oil
- Karachi refineries crude oil from Lower Sindh oilfields
- Hab refinery supplied by pipeline from Karachi
- Hab and Karachi to serve industrial area/large population
- High demand in named city/industry/area

Study Fig. 3, which shows the amount spent by Pakistan on importing petroleum and
petroleum products from 1991 to 2002.

Describe the trends in the cost of petroleum and petroleum products imports shown on
Fig. 3. [3]
(Large) overall rise/(more than) quadrupled/rise of 127 000
(million rupees)
- Fluctuated
- Fell (slightly) from 1991 to 1992/in first year
- Increase from 1992 to 1997
- Faster increase from 1995 to 1997
- Fell back 1997 to 1998
- Steady/slight increase 1998 to 1999
- Rapid rise 1999 to 2001/(more than) doubled/125 000 (million

rupees)
- Fell again in 2002/maximum in 2001

(d) (i) Explain in detail why it is necessary for Pakistan to import so much petroleum (crude oil)
even though petroleum is produced in Pakistan. [7]
- Oil production in Pakistan is low/small
- Pakistan cannot satisfy its own needs for oil
- Pakistans resources not yet exploited
- Growing demand/higher incomes/high demand due to increasing
population
- Increasing number of industries/industrialisation
- Extension of road network/improved transport system
- Increasing number of lorries/buses/cars
- Conversion to diesel locomotives
- Mechanisation of agriculture
- Urbanisation
- (Most) thermal power stations use oil
- Increasing demand for electricity
- Lubricant for machinery
- Source of many by-products: Paraffin/wax/plastics/synthetic
rubber/detergents/insecticides

(ii) What problems are caused for Pakistan because so much is spent on importing
petroleum? [4]
- Negative trade balance
- Increasing burden of debt
- Economy goes down/adverse effect on economy/economic
burden
- Uses foreign exchange
- Creditors exercise influence over Pakistans affairs/political

implications
- Less money for investment/to spend on development/basic needs
of education/health facilities/housing }
of infrastructure/roads/railways }
of industry/agriculture }
- More taxes imposed
- Cannot afford to exploit new oilfields

[May/June 05]

(b) Study the map Fig. 5 showing coalfields and coal mining centres in Pakistan.

(i) Name the coalfield X and one of the mining centres there. [2]
-Quetta (coalfield)
-Sor Range, Degan, Mach, Khost, Shahrig, Harnai

(ii) Name the coalfield Y and one of the mining centres there. [2]
-Lower Sindh (coalfield)

-Blakhra, Jhimpir, Sonda

(iii) State the two main uses of the coal mined in coalfield X. [2]
-Brick making/brick kilns
(mixed with imported coal) For steel making/in the blast furnace
-Briquetting
(c) Explain why coal has to be imported. [3]
-Not good enough for iron smelting/no metallurgical coal/needed for
Pakistan Steel
-Need for coal to mix with poorer grade
-Difficult to mine/seams thin/seams contorted
-Not enough mined in Pakistan/lack of technology/lack of finance

(d) Hydro-electric power (HEP/hydel) is called a renewable source of power.

(i) State three physical conditions necessary for the development of an HEP scheme. [3]
-Wet climate/moderate/high rainfall/over 750 mms
-Water from glaciers/snowfields
-Deep valley
-Steep sided valley
-Narrow valley
-Impervious/impermeable rock
-Large drainage basin/large river/large catchment area
-Cool climate/low evaporation
-Strong/hard rock
-Reliable water supply

(ii) Why is it important for Pakistan to develop renewable power sources? [4]
-Reserves of fossil fuels running out
-Named pollution/not environmentally friendly/causes global warming/greenhouse
gases

-More readily available

-Schemes in remote areas/can be built away from fuel resources
-Low running costs of HEP, solar power, wave energy etc./cheaper in the long term
-Fossil fuels expensive
-Fossil fuels are imported
-Nuclear power is dangerous

[May/June 07] (a) Study Fig. 4, which shows the gas pipelines in Pakistan.

(i) Name the gas field A. [1]

Sui

(ii) Name the cities B, C and D at the ends of the gas pipelines. [3]
B Peshawar, C Islamabad, D Sialkot

(iii) State two ways in which gas can be supplied to areas away from pipelines. [2]
-Changed to a liquid/LPG/CNG
Cylinders

-(Pressurised) tankers
(b) Study Fig. 5, which shows the uses of natural gas in Pakistan.

(i) State the largest use of natural gas. [1]

Power

(ii) Name a use in the other sector. [1]

-commercial/office
-cement
-transport/cars/lorries/motor vehicles
-named industry

(iii) What is natural gas used for in homes and why is this fuel chosen? [3]
Use
-Heating
-Cooking
Why
-Available in cities/towns
-Cheaper than oil or coal
-Easier than collecting firewood
-Less bulky/easier to transport than coal/wood

-Cleaner than coal/wood/oil

(iv) Why is natural gas called non-renewable? [1]

it will run out/is not being replaced/etc.

(c) (i) Name two raw materials, apart from natural gas, which are used to make fertiliser. [2]
-Nitrogen
-Sulphur
-Gypsum
-Potassium/Potash
-Phosphate
-Ammonia
-Fish/animal remains/bones

(ii) Explain why most fertiliser factories are in the Punjab and northern areas of Sindh. [4]
-Main farming area }
-Deep soil/fertile soil } Good irrigation }
-Less flooding now to replace nutrients
-Large population to feed
-Good roads for transport/low transport costs
-Named raw material near, e.g. Rock salt and Gypsum at Khewra/Salt Range
-Gas at Sui

(iii) Why is it important that Pakistan manufactures its own fertilisers? [3]
-Expensive (to buy)
-Reduce imports/cannot afford to import fertilisers
-Improves balance of payments/fertilisers burden the economy/greater crop production
-improves the economy
-Heavy to carry very far
-Produce more food for large population reduces malnutrition

-Produce more crops for export

-Increases employment/reduces poverty

(d) What environmental damage can occur when a new fertiliser factory is built in a rural area? [4]
-Loss of farmland/land lost for factory and roads
-Damage to roads
-Water pollution/pollution of river/canal/irrigation water/water supply
-Noise pollution
-New quarries/pits
-Dumping of waste (only credit if not given as a form of pollution)
-Land clearance/loss of habitat/soil erosion
-Traffic congestion
[May/June 08] (c)Study Fig. 5, a pie chart showing the different users of electricity in Pakistan.

(i) Which sector uses the largest percentage of electricity? [1]

Domestic/homes

(ii) State two more large users of electricity shown on the chart and explain what they use it for.
[4]
-Industry for machinery, computers, lighting, air conditioning
-Farming for much of above, tubewells, drying crops, etc.
-Offices computers, lighting, communication, air conditioning etc.

-One mark for two large users

(iii) What problems are caused when the electricity supply to factories breaks down? [4]
-Stops production/slows production/output reduced
-Damages machinery short circuit/explosion
-Damages goods/affects the quality e.g. food, cloth
-Delays contracts/orders
-Loss of money/profit/orders
-Workers laid off/sit idle

(d) (i) Name two environmentally-friendly ways of making electricity other than hydro-electric
power. [2]
solar, wind, tidal, biogas, bagasse, geothermal

(ii) Explain why each of the two ways you have named could be used in Pakistan. [2]
-Wind Indus plain flat, on mountains, windy in coastal areas, Balochistan, mountains
-Tidal for coastal areas esp. Karachi
-Biogas cheap, small scale, disposes of waste product
-Bagasse many sugar cane factories, disposes of waste product, cheap, small scale
(Geothermal not in Pakistan)

(iii) Why is it important that more renewable energy schemes are developed in Pakistan? You may
use your answers to part (c) and your own knowledge. [5]
-General reasons for needing more power supplies:
-frequent power cuts and stoppages/load shedding/shortage of HEP
-increasing population/industrialisation/development
-higher living standards
-to encourage development/modernisation/industrialisation
-rural electrification
Reasons for more renewable schemes:
-fossil fuels running out/renewables do not run out

-fossil fuels expensive

-renewables cheap/free after installation
-can be generated in remote areas/no expensive infrastructure needed
-small scale/cheap to construct
-nuclear is dangerous/problems of waste disposal-renewables safe
-fossil fuels cause air pollution/renewables do not pollute
-poor quality of coal/reserves not exploited/small reserves in Pakistan
-allows independence/need not rely on other countries

[Oct/Nov 05] Study Fig. 5 a cross section showing an anticline oil trap.

(a) On your answer paper state the letter for the following,
(i) the area of rock containing oil, [1]
Y

(ii) the area of rock containing natural gas. [1]

X

(b) (i) What is meant by the term porous rock? [1]

Has pores/holes/spaces (to hold liquids/gases)
(to let liquids/gases pass through)

(ii) Why is the feature in Fig. 5 called an oil trap? [3]

-Cannot get through rocks around it
-Between layers of non-porous/impervious/impermeable rock
-Rises to top of anticline/top of bend

(iii) How is oil extracted from this trap? [5]

-Derrick/drilling rig built
-Drilling (oil well)/oil well constructed/pipes inserted
-Diamond/tough metal drills into rock
-Cooled with mud mixture/water
-Oil rises when pressure released/pumped up/sucked up
-Valves to control flow into pipeline
-Derrick removed/dismantled after oil is flowing

In a recent study it was stated that over 46% of thermal power in Pakistan is generated in the
area around Karachi.
(i) Why is so much thermal power generated in this area? [3]
-Gas/Oilfields in Lower Sindh
-Coal mines in Lower Sindh
-mining centre/Lakrha/Jhimper/Sonda
-Gas pipeline from Sui
-Imports of oil at Karachi
-Demand from industry
-Demand from large population
-Other demands e.g. railway -Oil refineries at Karachi

(ii) What problems are created when there are many large thermal power stations in one
area? [4]
-Air pollution and details
-Shortage of oil/gas/coal supply

-Depletion of oil/coal reserves in the area

-Lack of investment in renewable energy generation
-Hot water flows out into rivers

What is load shedding and how does it affect industry and business in Pakistan? [4]
Definition Planned power cuts
Effects
-Interrupts production
-Damages machinery
-Cannot meet deadlines
-Loss of quality
-Loss of orders
-Loss of money/profit
-Cost of generators
-Lights/computers/freezers/air
-conditioning/heating stops
Transport/traffic problems

[Oct/Nov 06] (a) (i) Locate an oil refinery near the coast, and give one reason why it is there. [2]

Refinery:
Karachi / Keamari / Bin Qasim
Reason:
-Imported oil
-Demand from named area
-Oilfields in Southern Sindh

(ii) Locate an oil refinery in the province of Punjab, and give one reason why it is there. [2]
Either:
-Mahmood Kot / PARCO
-Pipeline from Karachi / port

-Demand from named area / Multan

or:
Attock / Morga
-Local oilfield in Potwar plateau
-Demand from named area / Islamabad / Rawalpindi

(b) State two ways in which refined oil can be transported in Pakistan, and give an advantage and
disadvantage of each. [6]
Pipeline
Bulk transfer / large quantities
Cheap (after cost of building)
But only to a few big centres
Costly to build and maintain
Problem of leakage
Only a single product (e.g. Diesel)
Railway
Can go to more places than pipeline
More products can be carried
But smaller quantities
Expensive
Chance of accidents
Tanker / Lorry
Can go anywhere by road
More products can be carried
But expensive
Heavy / can only carry small amounts
Chance of accidents
Theft

(c) Study Fig. 3 which shows some examples of the four main uses of oil.

(i) Name another by-product A. [1]

wax / synthetic rubber / detergent / pharmaceutical products / furnace oil

(ii) Name the fourth main use of oil B. [1]

Fuel

(iii) With reference to Fig. 3 and using your own knowledge, explain how oil products are
important to either farming or manufacturing. [6]
farming
-fuel for machines
-fuel for transport
-electricity generation for power
-fertiliser for growth }
-pesticides for healthy growth } raw material
-tarmac for better roads / metalled roads
-lubricants for machines
manufacturing
-fuel for machines

-fuel for transport vehicles

-electricity generation for power / heat / light
-fuel for heating
-raw material for named product
-tarmac for better roads / metalled roads

(d) (i) Which gas field produces most natural gas in Pakistan? [1]
Sui

(ii) Name two industries in Pakistan that use natural gas as a raw material. [2]
fertiliser
cement
chemical

(iii) Why is natural gas an important fuel in Pakistan? [4]

-Can reach remote areas in cylinders
-Easier to transport than coal
-Alternative to oil in vehicles
-Used in power stations
-Cleaner than oil or coal
-Reduces dependence on imported fuels
-Shortage of coal and / or oil in Pakistan
-Cheaper compared to coal

[Oct/Nov 09]

Study Fig. 7, a pie chart showing the sources of energy supply

(i) Name the two largest sources of energy. [1]

oil and gas

(ii) What percentage of energy comes from oil? [1]

4748

(iii) Name two other sources not named on the pie chart. [2]
HEP, nuclear, bagasse, solar, wind, geothermal, waves, tidal

(iv) Why does coal only supply 4% of the energy supply in Pakistan? [3]
-low quality/lignite
-reserves not developed/not mined
-bulky/heavy to transport
-used for other things e.g. coke, bricks, cement
-coal seams difficult to mine because thin, contorted, faulted

(b) Study Fig. 8, a map of Pakistan.

(i) Describe the location of the two main oil fields shown on the map. [2]
-Potwar plateau/Northern Punjab
-Lower Sindh/Southern Sindh

(ii) What is crude oil? [1]

unrefined/raw/as it comes out of the ground

(iii) Why does Pakistan import most of its oil? [2]

-no enough for demands/not self-sufficient/mall reserves
-running out
-lack of investment/development of new fields
-high cost/lack of money
-lack of skilled/educated labour

(c) Study Photograph B, a gas extraction unit at Nautheh in the Potwar Plateau.

(i) With reference to Photograph B, explain why natural gas is an easy fuel to extract. [3]
-small size of land
-little impact on the environment
-simple machinery/small machinery
-pipes go into ground
-works automatically/no/little manpower needed
-controlled by valves/valves control pressure
-near road for easy access

Study Fig. 9, an advertisement for natural gas.

Suggest why this advertisement states that natural gas is A cheap fuel. Easy to use. [4]
-produced in Pakistan/in Balochistan/at Sui/not imported
-large reserves
-lightweight
-available in pipelines
-portable in cylinders
-cleaner than burning wood/coal
-easy to extract

(d) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing nuclear power. [6]
Advantages
-large output
-reliable
-small input of raw material/efficient
-long lasting fuel
-fossil fuels running out/reduce burden on other fuels
-less pollution/environmentally friendly
-will be less need for load-shedding/power cuts

Disadvantages
-expensive to buy fuel
-expensive to build
-lack of technology/skills/difficulties of maintainance
-dangerous/risk of radioactivity
-unpopular/local opposition
-disposal of waste is a problem
-risk of terrorism
-use for bombs

[Oct/Nov 10]

Study Fig. 6, which shows energy sources by percentage in Pakistan.

Name the two largest sources of energy. [2]

Oil and gas
Which source named on Fig. 6 is renewable? [1]
Hydel
Suggest two sources of energy in the others sector of Fig. 6. [2]
Wind, tidal
Name an HEP (hydel) power station and state the name of the river on which it is built. [2]
Tarbela on River Indus
Why is HEP(hydel) an important source of electricity in northern Pakistan? [3]
-Cheap to generate

-Renewable

-Available / no fossil fuels / no thermal power stations

-Rivers / water from glaciers

-High rainfall

-Lack of evaporation / lower temperatures

-Deep / steep sided valleys for dams

-No air pollution / CO2

Why can the supply of power from these stations be unreliable? [3]
-Shortage / not enough for every user/ load shedding

-Silting in reservoir (reduces capacity)

-Silt in turbines (causes damage)

-Seasonal shortages e.g. winter / frozen / monsoon etc.

-Lack of rainfall / changing climate

-Theft

-Damage to power lines

-Old / worn machinery

5 The development of wind power generators off the coast of Pakistan could reduce thecountrys
dependence on imported fuels. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing
alternative power sources. [5]

Industries
[Oct/Nov 12]

(a) Study Fig. 6 which shows the distribution of the cotton textile industry in Pakistan.

(i) Name the main centres of the cotton textile industry A, B and C. [3]
A Quetta
B Gujranwala
C Multan

(ii) Describe the distribution of the cotton textile industry. [3]

most processing centres / factories in Punjab
along rivers (in Punjab) / River Indus (in Sindh)
-Southern / Lower Sindh eg. Hyderabad, Karachi
-Northern / Upper Sindh eg. Sukkur, Larkana
-KPK / NWFP eg. Peshawar, Nowshera
-Northern Baluchistan eg. Quetta

(b) Study Fig. 7 which shows the output of yarn and cloth between 1999 and 2008

(i) Compare the outputs of cotton yarn and cotton cloth from 1999 to 2008 shown on
Fig. [2]
-Yarn greater than cloth
-Both increase
-Both make sharp increase in 2004
-After 2005 cloth levels out but yarn continues to increase

(ii) Suggest one reason for the difference in output of cotton yarn and cotton cloth, and
explain your answer. [2]
-More yarn / spinning mills than cloth / weaving mills
-Yarn is made into cloth
-Problems / less investment/ in cloth weaving factories / machinery
(Eg. loadshedding, old machines)
-More demand for yarn (worldwide)

-Lack of skilled labour

(c) (i) Give an example of a job in each of the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of
the cotton industry. [3]
Primary farming, picking, bringing water
Secondary washing, dyeing, spinning, weaving
Tertiary sales, transport, management

(ii) How is the proportion of workers employed in each of these sectors changing? [3]
Less in primary
More / less in secondary
More in tertiary

(iii) Explain why the changes you have stated in (c)(ii) may lead to unemployment. [3]
-Lack of literacy / illiteracy
-Lack of skills for machines
-More mechanisation / fewer workers needed with mechanisation
-Computers faster than writers / more IT in offices
-Can use foreign workers
-Less work in rural areas

(d) To what extent will improvements in education benefit both the rural and urban people of
Pakistan? [6]
Benefits
-Will increase literacy / skills / can read eg. government advice
-Better paid jobs / can work in the professions / can use machinery / skilled
-Better farm outputs / income for farmers
-Better understanding of family planning / hazards of overpopulation
-Better health / more doctors, nurses, clinics etc.

-Better living standards / better hygiene, sanitation etc.

Problems
-Lack of jobs for educated people
-Loss of skilled workers eg. teachers, doctors
-Break-up of families through rural-urban migration
-General problems of too many people

[May/June 03] (a) Fig. 2 is a plan of Quaid-e-Azam Industrial Estate in Lahore.

(i) Describe the features and lay-out of this industrial estate. [4]

(ii) Using only Fig. 2, what communication links are available to factories on this industrial estate?
[2]

(b) Fig. 3 shows the main types of industry on the Quaid-e-Azam Industrial Estate.

(i) Name the three types of industry with the most factories. [1]

(ii) To which type of industry shown on Fig. 3 does each of the following belong:
l Yummy icecream,
ll Nyle tyres,
lll Caravel refrigerators? [3]

(iii) What are the advantages for the industries on the Quaid-e-Azam Industrial Estate of
being situated in a major city like Lahore? [5]

(c) How have the national and provincial governments of Pakistan encouraged the development of
industrial estates? [5]

(d) With the help of an example, explain the importance of cottage (household) industries to
village life in Pakistan. [5]

[May/June 04] (a) Study Fig. 5.

Fig. 5 shows the proportions of the labour force of Pakistan working in the primary, secondary
and tertiary sectors of industry. Which of these three sectors is labeled?

(i) Y, [1]
Tertiary

(ii) Z? [1]
Secondary

[May/June 05] The Kaghan Valley and others in the Himalaya Mountains attract international and

domestic tourists. (i) Explain why tourists visit these valleys. . [3]
-Views of mountain peaks, snow, waterfalls, etc.
-Forests/orchards
-Fishing in River Kunhar
-Saiful Maluk Lake
-Jeep rides

-Walking/hiking/climbing/mountaineering/picnics
-Unique area/nothing like it anywhere else
-Polo
-Flora/fauna
-Cooler climate than plains
-Traditional crafts/customs/lifestyle/cottage industries

(ii) Explain with reference to two examples, why tourists visit cultural attractions in
Pakistan. [4]
Archaeological sites
-Moen-jo-darn, Harappa, Taxila,
-Kashmir Smats (caves) in NWFP

Historic and religious sites

-Forts (Baltit), Lahore
-Mosques (Badshabi, Muhabat),
-Tombs (Chaukandi, Makli, Allarma Iqbal, Ranjit Singh),
-Shrines (Uch Sharif)
-Khyber Pass,
-Shalimar Gardens,
-Kalash Valley
-Swat area
Modern buildings
-Faisal mosque, Parliament building, Presidential palace,
-Jinnah mausoleum, Minar-Pakistan,.
Named/Located example of traditional culture
-Swat, Gilgit, Kalash, Kaghan valleys
-Named/Located Festival
-Basant panchmi kite flying at Lahore
-Mela chiragan festival of lamps beside Shalimar gardens

-Named/Located Bazaar or Market

-Anaskali,Chitral, Swat, Kalash,
Why they visit
-Historic interest
-Museum
-Religious faith
-Education
-Different culture to their own

Explain the advantages of developing tourist attractions in Pakistan.

-Foreign exchange/currency
-Reduced debt
-Reduced trade deficit/improved balance of payments
-More jobs + development
-Higher incomes to locals + dev
-Better local economy/demand for more services
-Better facilities, infrastructure, services, communications for locals
-Better cultural understanding
-Sustainable industry/will not run out like coal
-Reduces rural-urban migration
-Cultural/historic sites restored/maintained [4]

Why is capital important in the development of tourism?

-Building and maintenance of shops, hotels,
-Security
-Travel facilities/roads/jeeps/buses,
-Provision of named infrastructure
-Professional management
-Marketing and publicity/advertising
[4]

Name an example of a craft industry. [1]

-Carpet
-Traditional textiles
-Embroidery
-Jewellery
-Ceramics
-Woodwork
-Metalwork
-Sports goods
-Pottery

In what ways is this type of industry important to the local economy? [4]
-Employment (in general)
-Employment of women/the whole family
-Meet demand of local market
-Reduces rural-urban migration
-Uses local raw materials
-Uses waste materials
-Low investment in technology/cheap to set up
-Increases capital/earns money for the local community
[May/June 06] (a) Study Fig. 5, a diagram showing some inputs to Pakistan Steel

(i) Name the two raw materials W and X. [2]

-iron ore
-manganese

(ii) Name two other inputs Y and Z. [2]

-limestone/flux
-water
-electricity
-labour
-capital
-transport
-new technology e.g. computerisation, telecommunication

(iii) Why is coal imported in addition to that produced in Pakistan? [2]

-Poor quality of local coal
-Mixed with local coal
-Not enough local coal

(b) Describe how two human inputs contribute to production at Pakistan Steel. [6]
-Capital for wages, new machines, transport
-Electricity / power- for faster work etc.
-Labour- for work, trained for better work, details of jobs
-Transport for inputs,outputs, from or too
-government policies- tax concessions,training new technology
- for better productivity, communication

(c) Why is over 50% of the output of Pakistan Steel sent north from Karachi to the Punjab? [3]
-Send to Taxila
-Heavy engineering
-Machinery for industry and power generation/ construction / railways boilers etc.
-Construction of buildings/ bridges / pylons

(d) What features of Pakistan Steel show that it is an industry in the formal sector? [4]
-Large-scale industry
-Employed labour
-Good quality goods/service
-Capital intensive
-Regular working hours
-Regular wages
-Legal and registered

(e) How does the government attract local and foreign investors to develop industries in
Pakistan? [6]
-Industrial estates
Example. Sindh Trading Estate Ltd. (SITE)
-Tax exemptions on imported machinery
-Less foreign exchange control
-Tax holidays

-Simplified procedures
-Private power stations
Example Hub power project
-Less foreign exchange control
-Better roads/railways/airports
-Dry ports for better security
-Agencies to help investors provide infrastructure e.g. water, electricity, telephone, roads to
estates
-Land available for housing, commercial, social facilities near industrial zones
-Consistent policies/stable government.

[May/June 06] (d) Using examples, suggest why the Northern Areas of Pakistan are attractive to

tourists. [5]
-Examples Kaghan, Swat, Gilgit valleys, Chitral
-mountain scenery
-forests
-recreation
-photography
-trekking
-cooler climate than the rest of Pakistan

[May/June 07] What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing a forest area for tourism?

[4]
Advantages
-Employment opportunities
-Source of income
-Provision of named infrastructure/electricity, roads, water, sanitation
-Provision of other modern facilities, e.g. shops
-Reduces the effects of deforestation/destruction of habitats/soil erosion.
Disadvantage
-High cost of development/money could be spent on other things

-Effects on habitats/damage to trees

-Litter/garbage
-Resettlement of local people
-Tourists may not come, problems of security.
-Loss of culture

[May/June 09] Photograph A shows a chair lift. This shows that tourists may visit the area.

(i) List some other tourist attractions in mountain areas. [2]

-beautiful scenery, views, valleys, peaks
-lakes, rivers
-wild animals, birds, snakes, flora AND fauna
-tribal people, traditional crafts
-mountain climbing, fishing, winter sports, etc.

(ii) Explain how tourism could help to develop some mountain areas. You may use examples
in your answer. [5]
Government investment leading to:
Infrastructure roads/airports for travel
electricity/water/gas/telecommunications

work development of small scale industries, to raise

living standards
money for business people, shopkeepers, craftsmen, etc.
environmental improvement e.g. re-afforestation
education of skills required, more investment in schools
cultural change meet other cultures/cultural exchange
less isolation global awareness, trade
security
increased food production
improved health facilities better sanitation, hospitals, healthy living
rural urban migration reduced

(a) Study Photographs C, D and E (Insert) showing the stockyard at Pakistan Steel
Mills, Pipri.

(i) Name three raw materials used in the Pakistan Steel Mills. [3]
Any three of:
Iron ore, coal/coke/coking coal, limestone, manganese, chromite

(ii) Why are most of the raw materials imported? [2]

Lack of development of resources/small output

Iron ore not mined in Pakistan

Coal poor quality

(iii) Name the two outputs from the steel mills shown on Photographs D and E. [2]
Any two of:
sheets, plates, rolls, coils, slabs

(b) (i) Name two human inputs to the steel mills. [2]
Any two of:
Labour, capital, machinery, skills, technology, transport, power, water, etc.

(ii) Explain how human inputs such as those named in (b)(i) can improve
production. [4]
-Labour work machines, carry materials, office work
-Capital wages, machines, technology, investment
-Machinery faster, better quality, new products
-Skills computers, office work, machines
-Technology quality, speed, modernisation
-Transport faster, larger supply, bigger markets
-Power efficiency, speed, quality
-Water for cleaning

(c) (i) What is an Export Processing Zone (EPZ)? [2]

-An industrial estate
-Producing products for export
-High quality/export quality goods/quality checked

(ii) Explain how the building of industrial estates could help to increase
industrial production in Pakistan. [5]
-Increase quality of goods

-Reliable power/telecomm supply

-Water supply/sanitation/cleanliness
-Roads, railways to and from the estate/transport network
-Attractive to investors/government incentives
-Opportunities for more technology/modernisation/specialisation
-Development in rural areas
-Potential industrial linkages
-Example of an industrial estate

(d) Describe the characteristics of an industry in the formal sector of employment. [5]
-Employment/not self-employed
-Uses machinery
-Investment of capital
-Regular working hours
-Fixed/set wages
-Good quality goods/high value goods
-In office or factory/in proper buildings/not at home
-Legal/registered/pays tax
-Skilled labour
-Mainly men
-Pension scheme
-Incentives (e.g. health care, education)

[May/June10] Study Photograph A which shows a brickworks near Kanai, Balochistan Plateau.

Describe the main features of the brickworks shown in the photograph. [4]
-Furnace / Kilns
-Chimney(s)
-Black smoke / pollution
-Air intakes below ground
-Hard /flat working area
-Piles of finished bricks
-Pattern of small hummocks
-Good / Pucca road / tarred road / highway
-Electricity pylon/ Telephone poles / lines
-Moulds
-Underground entrance

Study Fig. 4, which shows the location of Pipri steelworks.

(i) Name three raw materials used in production of steel. [3]

-Coal/coke
-Iron ore / scrap iron
-Manganese
-Limestone,
-Oxygen / air
-Chromite

(ii) With reference to Fig. 4, explain why the steel mill was located here. [6]
-coastal site/ Port (Bin) Qasim for imports
-berths by creek for unloading
-widened channel for effluent / shipping
-railway /road for supply of limestone / workers
- for distribution of finished products

-township / houses for workers

-large /open site for waste disposal, storage, building

Read the extract below.

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of increasing steel production in Pakistan. [6]
Advantages
-Cheaper supplies (than imports)
-Saves foreign currency / improves balance of payments / reduce imports
-Can be used for development / industrialisation e.g. construction, machinery
-Larger GNP / GDP / national income
-Independence from other countries
-More work / employment
Disadvantages
-Lack of raw materials/imported
-High cost of imported iron / other raw materials
-Burden on economy / less development
-Cost / Lack of machinery / technology / set-up costs
-Cost / Lack of infrastructure / power supplies / roads etc.
-Lack of skilled labour
-More waste / named pollution
-May encourage rural-urban migration

Study Photograph B, showing Landhi Export Processing Zone, Karachi.

(i) What features show that this is a modern, developed industrial estate? [4]
-Good / pucca / metalled / wide
-Street lighting
-Electricity supply
-Trees/ greenery
-Modern / good quality buildings
-Planned / straight roads

(ii) Explain the importance of Export Processing Zones. [4]

-Good quality goods / export quality / to International standards
-Can increase economy / income / exports / foreign exchange
-Better infrastructure / power / water supply / road etc.
-Good working conditions
-Modern buildings
-Incentives e.g. tax breaks, cheap loans
-Attracts investors / entrepreneurs
-Aids growth of small-scale / cottage industries
-Employment / jobs
-Government helps with marketing events / trade fairs

Study Fig. 6.

(i) Give two advantages of transporting goods by:

A bullock cart,
B lorry. [4]
A Bullock Cart
-Cheap / economic
-No fuel cost
Available / used in other farm work
B Lorry
-Quick / fast
-Carries bigger / heavier load
-Can go further / does not need to rest

(ii) To what extent would the building of more motorways, such as that between Lahore and
Islamabad, help the development of industry in Pakistan? [6]
Advantages/ Potential
-Better movement of finished products FROM industry to ports and other towns
-Better movement of raw materials / machinery TO industry
-Stimulates industrial development near motorway / opens up undeveloped areas
-Helps development of dry ports
-Better movement of businessmen / tourists / experts
-Faster travel
-Better road surface / wider for large vehicles / lorries / well-maintained
- By-passes towns and villages / short cut

-Relieves other roads / relieves congestion

-Disadvantages / Problems Expensive
-Takes long time to build
-Needs maintenance
-Cost to economy / increase debt
-Only connects large centres
-Will not go to many small towns / rural areas / anywhere
-Not only motorways help development

[May/June11]

Study Photograph B, of Karachi.

(i) State three uses of concrete shown on the photograph. [3]

-Roads / pavement
-Bridges
-Multi-storey buildings
-Housing / flats
-Factories
-Offices

-Shops
-Street furniture e.g. lamp or electricity poles, bollards

Using your answer to (c)(i), explain the importance of concrete to the development of
Karachi. [4]
-Developing / increasing population, industrialisation, offices, housing, ports, roads,
-example of infrastructure
-Better roads for transport
-Better bridges for access
-Stronger building materials
-Long-lasting / more durable / less chance of damage
-More modern appearance
-Improving slums / squatters / Kachi Abadi

What are the advantages and disadvantages of building large industrial developments,
such as cement works, close to major cities? [6]
Write about either cities or industries
Advantages
To city and citizens:
-Cheaper transport costs to work
-Readily available / quicker supply
-Employment
To cement company:
-Supply of labour
-Good infrastructure e.g. port, roads, electricity, water
-Market / near demand
-Cheaper delivery costs
Disadvantages
-Air pollution / dust / smoke }
-Noise }

-Visual pollution / quarries } pollution

-Water pollution }
-Dumping of waste }
-Traffic congestion
-Loss of farmland
-Loss of other land uses e.g. housing, roads, industry
-Population growth / rural-urban migration
-Squatters / Kacha Abadi / slums
-May be distance from raw materials

[May/June 12] Explain why the Pakistan Steelworks is called a large scale industry. [4]

-handles large quantities of raw materials

-large production / large output / generates large income
-large area / site
-large electricity use / local power station
-large gas use / large pipeline
-large workforce
-higher output per worker
-large capital / investment
-mechanised / automated
-standardisation of products

WATER ELECTRICITY GAS PIPES TELEPHONE ROADS

Choose two types of infrastructure from the list above and for each explain its importance to
businesses on an industrial estate. [6]
-Water for washing, cooling, cleaning,
food processing, chemicals, dyeing / bleaching
-Electricity for power / energy / machinery, light, heat, ventilation, computers,
faster / better / more efficient work
-Gas for power, heat, light, cooking food,

raw material for fertiliser / chemical industry

-Telephone (for contact with) suppliers and buyers, quick response, may be in other
places, for sales, orders, marketing, advertising,
line to computer
-Roads (for transport of), inputs, outputs, people,
less breakage / damage of valuable goods, quick travel, attracts investors

What are the benefits and problems of developing new industrial estates? [6]
Benefits
-Employment / jobs / raise incomes
-Goods for local needs
-Goods for export / more trade
-Increase GNP / GDP / increases national income / economic growth
-Reduce imports
-Attracts more investors / entrepreneurs
-Development of named infrastructure e.g. roads, power, telecomm
-Reduces emigration / if in rural areas reduces rural-urban migration
-More competition improves quality
-Stimulates growth of service industries
Problems
-Cost
-Lack of skilled labour
-Loss of agricultural land / trees
-Depletion of named natural resources eg. water, gas
-Lack of named infrastructure e.g. electricity, roads, water
-Lack of government support
-Named pollution e.g. water, air, land
-Need for more imports with e.g. machinery, raw materials, oil
(Increases) rural-urban migration.

[Oct/Nov 04] Photograph A (insert) shows a furniture workshop in Chitral which is in an area with
natural forests. Describe the features of this workshop and the characteristics of the type of
industry shown. [4]

workshop
-large shed
-dark/poorly lit
-(simple) machinery/named machines, band saw, electric motor
-lack of safety guards
-(many) hand tools/named tools
-sawdust/shavings
-window
-planks of wood
characteristics of type of industry
-small scale/cottage industry
-craft industry
-traditional skills
-labour intensive
-simple machinery
-use local raw materials/timber
-local specialisation
-supply larger factories in towns
-possible export
-sales to tourists
-encouraged by government
-less than 10 employees (small-scale)
-family/no hired labour (cottage)
-fixed assets less than Rs. 10 million
-in homes/small workshops.

[Oct/Nov 04] The sketch map, Fig. 3, shows the location of important industrial centres in north-east
Punjab and their main industries.

(a) With the help of Fig. 3 and your own knowledge describe the factors that have encouraged the
growth of industries in this area. [7]
-capital from foreign investment/banks/governments
-flat land/sites

-agricultural raw materials plentiful/available

wheat/rice/oilseeds/sugarcane/hides
-7 power stations serve area
-main cities are on (national) electricity (grid)
-gas pipelines to area (from Sui/Potwar Plateau)/for power stations
-water available from rivers/canals
-Grand Trunk Road/etc }
-served by railway network/named rail route } area served by
-roads, rail, air -airports
-large labour force
-educated workers available/University of Lahore/etc.
-industrial estates have been built in area + details of incentives
-export processing zone benefit from government incentives + details
-dry ports encourage international trade + details

[Oct/Nov 05] There are three sectors of employment in the oil industry. These are primary, secondary

and tertiary. Study this list of jobs in the oil industry.

Computer operator
Refinery worker
Rig worker
Safety officer
Tanker driver
State one job from the list that is in the
(i) primary sector of employment, [1]
Rig worker

(ii) secondary sector of employment, [1]

Refinery worker
Safety officer

(iii) tertiary sector of employment. [1]

Tanker driver
Computer operator
Safety officer

C (i) Give a location in Pakistan for

A the iron and steel industry,
Karachi/Pipri/Port Qasim/Gharo Creek

B the cement industry. [2]

Potwar Plateau

(ii) Choose one of these industries, and state two inputs and two outputs of that industry.
[4]
Inputs Iron and Steel
-Iron ore
-Scrap iron
-Coke
-Limestone
-Electricity
-Other raw material e.g. Manganese
-Power supply
-Land
-Labour
Cement
-Limestone/chalk
-Clay/shale
-(Powdered) coal
-Calcium sulphate/gypsum

-Electricity/power supply
-Kiln
-Land
-Labour

Outputs Iron and steel

-Raw steel
-Cast iron
-Rolled and cast billets
-Galvanised products
-Girders
Cement
-Cement powder
-Cement blocks
-Pre-cast cement
-Bricks
-Slabs/paving

How can telecommunications such as the telephone, e-mail and the internet help
(i) to buy and sell the goods stated in (c)(ii), [4]
-Locating supplies
-Advertising goods/publicity
-Arranging transport
-Finding orders/tendering
-Faster method
-Arrange delivery
-Can communicate internationally

(ii) in the expansion and modernisation of industries? [4]

-Credit ideas of increased funds by sales and advertising

-Obtaining machinery and building materials (best prices)

-Arranging transport
-Expert advice
-Easy communication with branches in other areas/countries
-Contact with investors
-Share dealing
-Sites for education of workers

[Oct/Nov 06] (i) Name a city in Pakistan where sports goods are manufactured. [1]

Sialkot or Lahore

(ii) How may the presence of the sports goods industry in this area
A increase employment opportunities
-Labour intensive
-Work contracted out to small scale and cottage industries
-Growth of administrative jobs
-Growth of transport jobs
-Growth of tertiary industries with increased prosperity
-Dry port (related to employment)
-Export Processing Zones

B improve the local infrastructure? [5]

-Power / electricity supply
-Roads / railway
-Airport
-Better water supply
-Telecommunications
-Dry port (related to infrastructure)

(iii) How does industry in cities pollute the environment? [5]

-Effluent in river effect on fishing, drinking water, irrigation

-Effluent in sea water effect on fishing e.g. Indus delta, mangroves
-Smoke / gases in the air health problems, acid rain (global warming)
-Traffic 1 congestion in urban areas
-Waste from factories and people
-Traffic / congestion in urban areas
-Loss of scenery by construction

[Oct/Nov 07]

(c) (i) List the following in order of production: [3]

Cloth, raw cotton, cotton yarn, ready-made clothes

(ii) From your answer to 2(c)(i), state one product of:

(A) a processing industry,
Yarn/thread or cloth

(B) a manufacturing industry. [2]

cloth or ready-made garment

(iii) Explain why Lahore is an important centre of the textile industry. You should use your answers
to 2(c)(i) and (ii) and your own knowledge. [7]
-Cotton grown locally
-Water for washing
-Machinery from Taxila
-Labour supply large skilled and unskilled population
-Power national electricity grid, gas pipelines, oil pipeline, power stations
-Transport good roads, railways transport north, south and west +
-Tele-communications, access to internet,
-Education skilled workforce, IT skills, foreign experts

-Dry port to promote exports

Export Processing Zones to improve quality, better infrastructure
-Industrial estates for accommodation, infrastructure
-Market large population
-Investors/entrepreneurs for capital
-Factories for all stages of production

[Oct/Nov 08] (a) (i) What is the main raw material used in the production of

A footballs?
leather/plastic

B cricket bats? [2]

Wood

(ii) Which city in the northern Punjab is a centre of sports goods manufacturing? [1]
Sialkot/Lahore

(iii) Why have small-scale industries, such as sports goods, developed in this area? [4]
-easy to set up, no expensive machinery, low capital input
-labour local skills, increases employment opportunities, work for women, higher local
incomes
-raw materials available
-airport at Sialkot/Sambrai and Lahore
-roads and rail north (Karakorum Highway), south to Karachi, west to Islamabad
-power supply good in Punjab
-Punjab is the most industrialised province
-supply tourists
-dry port at Sialkot/Lahore

[Oct/Nov 09]

3 (a) Study Fig. 5, a map of Pakistan.

Name the two main centres of production of surgical instruments at D and E. [2]
D Sialkot,
E Lahore

(c) (i) Give two examples of a small-scale or cottage industry. [1]

wood carving, embroidery, jewellery, ornaments etc. sports
goods, surgical goods.

(ii) Using your answers to (c)(i), explain what is meant by a small-scale or cottage industry. [4]
-small production/small output
-traditional skills
-in homes/on the street/not in factories
-lack of machinery/labour intensive/low technology

-women workers/family workers/no hired labour

-self-employment/informal industry/less than 10 workers employed/small workforce
-low profits
-to meet local demand
-for tourism
-local raw materials
-low capital input/fixed assets less than Rs. 10 million
-use waste products

(d) Explain how government organisations help and promote the development of small-scale
industries. [5]
-organisations e.g. PSIC (Pakistan Small Industry Corporation), PSIC (Punjab SIC),
SMEDA (small and medium enterprise development agency) etc.
-marketing facilities/trade fairs/shops
-technical service centres/expert advice
-education and training
-cheap loans/loans on easy installments
-tax breaks/cheaper raw materials
-small industrial estates
-dry ports/better road transport
-power supply/electrification/gas/water
-telecommunications
-more value added goods
-aid mechanisation
-no reserves for help or promotion

[Oct/Nov 10]

Study Fig 7, which shows the location of Faisalabad.

State three factors shown on Fig. 7 which influence the cotton industry in Faisalabad. For
each factor, explain its importance to the development of this industry. [6]
Irrigated farmland for raw cotton e.g. Rechna Doab
Rivers/barrages supply water for washing cotton
Road/railway for supply of goods, sales
Dry port for exports, transport to Karachi
Thermal power for electricity supply for machines etc.
Airport for businessmen

Study Fig. 8.

In recent years there has been little growth in the cotton textile industry. With reference to Fig. 8,
explain the advantages and disadvantages of increasing cotton textile production in Pakistan. [6]
JOBS
More available, can reduce unemployment, higher income, formal employment, move from
primary to secondary
BUT need for literacy and skills, may cause rural urban migration and its consequences
SKILLS
Beneficial to workforce, higher earnings,
BUT shortage of training at the present time
COMPETITION
Will improve standards
BUT cannot compete, low quality of Pakistan products, synthetics may be cheaper
TRADE
Will stimulate / increase trade, earn foreign exchange, improve balance of payments, pay off
debts
BUT inadequate port facilities, poor roads / rail etc.
TECHNOLOGY
Good for development, can improve quality and / or quantity
BUT high cost, lack of skilled workforce, unemployment, shortage of electricity, more imports
INFRASTRUCTURE
Stimulates construction of better roads, railways, power supply, water supply
BUT higher costs, shortages at source, others may lose supply e.g. power, water
GENERAL
Increase GDP

BUT may cause less investment in other industries

less land for food crops
quality must be good
leaf curl virus / other pests
climatic limitations

[Oct /Nov 11] Study Fig. 5, which shows fertiliser production in

Pakistan.

By how much did fertiliser production increase from 2000 to 2008? [1]
1.01.2 / 1,000 1,200

Compare the production from 1990 to 2000 to that from 2000 to 2008. [3]
More variable 19912000 than 20002008
Overall rate of increase greater / gradient steeper 19902000
3.04.6 / 1.6 million tonnes compared with 4.65.7 / 1.02 million tonnes / figures with
units

What are the benefits of increasing fertiliser production for the people and economy of
Pakistan? [4]
Higher yields
More food production
More agricultural exports, or improved balance of payments (max1)
Reduced imports of fertiliser, or improved balance of payments (max1)
Higher GNP
Less debt
Higher farm incomes / profits
More jobs
Cheaper cost of fertiliser
More industrial goods (e.g. cotton)

Study Fig. 6, which shows imports of goods to Pakistan in 2007.

State the percentage of:

A. Machinery
65
B. Electrical goods [2]
10

Name two machines that may be used in a craft industry. [2]

sewing machine, drill, lathe, sawing (machine), generator

Explain the importance of mechanisation to the craft industry and other small-scale
industries of Pakistan. [4]
Faster
Larger production
Lower labour costs / cheaper
Less work / easy / less tiring
Standardised product / better quality
Can replace child labour
New skills learned

Trade
[May/June 03}

(b) Study Photograph A

(i) Describe the features of Lahore Dry Port that can be seen in Photograph A. [4]
-Lorries/trucks/containers/trailers
-Sign to import examination area
-Storage sheds/warehouses
-Covered loading area/shelter with poles
-Loading platform/raised area
-More containers in background/behind sheds
-Flat/hard/concrete ground
-men/drivers/labours
-Forklift truck

(ii) State two other features of a dry port that cannot be seen in Photograph A. [2]
-Export checks and clearance
-Import examination area
-Railway yard
-Refrigeration facilities

-Management offices/customs administration

-Cranes/loading facilities
-Large storage area
-Security gate/guards

(iii) Why are dry ports important to the economy of Pakistan? [3]
-Speeds up customs procedures/better collection of revenue/simplified administration
-Saves time transporting goods to Karachi/hassle-free transport
-Reduce workload at Karachi port/Port Qasim
-Stimulate foreign trade (in cities far away from ports)

[May/June 07] (a) Study Fig. 6, which shows the imports and exports of Pakistan.

(i) State the increase in the value of imports from 2000 to 2005. [1]
-560,000 580,000 (million rupees)
-540,000 1,100,000 / 530,000 1,110,000 (million rupees)

(ii) How has the value of exports changed compared with imports? [2]
-Both have increased
-Imports have increased more than exports/increased faster after2003
-Similar trends 2000 2003
-Comparative figures

(iii) How will this affect the balance of trade? [1]

-It has increased (negatively)
-It has got worse
-There is a bigger deficit

(b) Study Fig. 7, which shows the goods exported from Pakistan in 1975 and 2000.

(i) How have the proportions of primary and manufactured goods changed from 1975 to
2000? [2]
-Primary goods are a lower proportion of exports/exports have decreased
-Manufactured goods are higher proportion of exports/exports have increased

(ii) How have these changes affected earnings from exports? [2]

-Manufactured goods sell for higher prices

-Earnings will increase
-Manufactured goods are value-added

(iii) Explain how cotton can be exported as a primary, a processed and a manufactured
product. [3]
-Primary raw cotton
-Processed yarn, thread, cloth
-Manufactured ready-made garments, cloth

(c) Name two dry ports and explain how they make import and export easier, and increase trade.
[6]
Lahore, Multan, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Larkana, Quetta, Peshawar, Sambrai

(d) (i) State two methods of telecommunication. [2]

-Better customs checking/clearance/easier collection of taxes/revenue
-Better transport links/easier transport to Karachi/cheaper transport to Karacit
-Container facilities
-Better management
-Storage in sheds and open areas
-Refrigeration available
-Quicker processing/less time lost/avoid delays at Karachi
-Less congestion at Karachi/eases pressure at Karachi

(ii) Explain how telecommunication can be used to improve the supply of goods, and
increase trade in Pakistan and abroad. [6]
-telephone
-e-mail/internet
-fax
-computer conferencing

-video conferencing
-TV
-Radio

[May/June 08] Iron ore, oil, and machinery are imported in large quantities at Port Qasim.

(i) Give one large-scale use of each of these three. [3]

-Iron ore to Pakistan Steel at Korangi, steel, named iron or steel product
-Oil transport, power, electricity, chemicals, etc.
-Machinery vehicles, named industry, power generators.

(ii) Another large import is wheat. Name one country from which it is imported. [1]
UK, USA, Russia/Australia

(iii) Explain why Pakistan will need to continue to import wheat. [2]
-Increasing population
-Poor agricultural production/smaller area cultivated/increase slower than population

[May/June10] Study Fig. 5, which shows the exports of Pakistan in 1997 and 2007 by percentage (each
dash on the circumference represents 10%).

(i) In 2007, what percentage of the exports was cotton? [1]

60 (%)

(ii) Suggest reasons why cotton makes up a large percentage of Pakistans exports. [3]
-Produces a surplus of raw cotton / large production
-Large international demand / Cannot be grown in other countries/Europe
-Cheap labour/ competitive price
-Can be a variety of products
-Many textile mills / factories

(iii) From Fig. 5, state:

A one export that has increased in percentage,
Rice

B two exports that have decreased in percentage. [3]

Leather, synthetic textiles, sports goods

[May/June 12] Study Fig. 7.

Name on the map:

A the port where iron ore and coal are imported
(Port) Qasim

B the site of the Pakistan Steelworks

Pipri

C the lake that supplies water to the Pakistan Steelworks

Haleji

D the destination of the motorway from Karachi [4]

Hyderabad

Study Fig. 8, which shows imports of steel.

What was the value of imports in 2008? [1]

105 000 million Rs

By how much has this increased since 1998? [1]

8588 000 million Rs.

Suggest one reason for this increase and explain your answer. [3]
Reasons
-Industrialisation / growth of industry
-Named use eg. construction, machinery,
-Increase in cost of steel
-Devaluation of Pakistan currency
-Growing population
-Explanation of that reason
-Needs machinery
-Needs raw materials
-Building of new houses / industrial estates
-Road and rail repair
-Better agriculture
-Shortage of world steel supplies
-Devaluation of Pakistan currency

Read the following summary of an article in The Finance, 13th October 2000:

[Oct/Nov 03] The map, Fig. 4, shows Pakistans Arabian Sea ports.

(a) Name, in order of importance, Pakistans three main importing and exporting ports. [4]

(b) (i) State and explain the main functions of the ports on the Balochistan coast. [5]

(ii) Why are the ports in Balochistan small? [4]

(c) For Port Qasim,

(i) explain why it was necessary to build this new port, [2]
(ii) explain why it was built on Gharo Creek, [4]

(iii) name its main imports and explain for what purposes they are imported. [6]

[Oct/Nov 04] The sketch map, Fig. 3, shows the location of important industrial centres in north-east
Punjab and their main industries

Sialkot is a major industrial centre for export goods.

(i) Sports goods and surgical instruments are very successful industries in Sialkot. With the help of
Fig. 3 and your own knowledge explain why this is so, despite the fact that most of their raw
materials have to be imported. [3]

-pioneered here to serve needs of British army in colonial

-times/traditional/for many generations
-(highly) skilled workforce has developed
-labour is cheap
-foreign investment
-raw materials imported through Lahore/Sialkot airport
-good electricity/gas/water/road/rail/ services
-high value goods
-cottage industries/small scale industries supply larger
-factories/outworkers
-high value goods
-dry ports/ Export processing zones
-airport

(ii) About 99% of Sialkots industries export their products or supply the exporting factories. Why
are exports very important for the development of Pakistan? [5]
-negative balance of trade
-lacks foreign exchange
-a large burden of debt
-capital/money to buy essential imports
-needs capital/money to develop infrastructure/services
-needs capital/money to develop its industries
-Sialkots exports are highly competitive on the world market
-high value-added exports

(iii) Since 2000 the Sialkot Export Processing Zone has been in the process of development at
Sambrial and a new airport is being built by the Sialkot Chamber of Commerce. How will these
developments help the expansion of industry? [5]
Export Proccessing Zones
-government incentives
-infrastructure put in place

-attracts foreign/private investment

-attracts foreign technological/management skills
-improved quality
-better marketing
airport
-closer than Lahores
-cheaper transport for imported light raw materials
-more convenient for visiting businessmen
-more convenient for exporting light goods
-service industries develop to serve airport
-tourism

(c) What factors should be considered when choosing the site for a new airport like the one being
built at Sialkot? [5]
-flat site
-large area
-cheap land
-unobstructed approaches for aircraft
-firm/solid ground
-well drained land
-climatic factors e.g.. snow, fog
-few/nobody living in area to be developed
-large pool of labour available
-closeness to utilities/water/electricity
-closeness to road/rail/transport links
-(preferably) far away from houses
-demand
-availability of fuel

[Oct/Nov 05] Study the world map, Fig. 6

.
Choose two of the countries A E. Using the lines on the map
(i) name the country,

Name the country

[A] USA/America
[B] UK (accept England or British Isles)
[C] Germany (not EU)
[D] Saudi Arabia
[E] Japan

(ii) state a product that the country imports from Pakistan. [4]
Choose two countries only.
[A] Carpets, rugs surgical, sports goods
[B] (Raw) cotton, goods to A
[C] Cotton cloth, goods to A
[D] Spices, rice, ready made garments/cotton/fish
[E] Fish and fish products/cotton

(b) (i) How can Pakistan increase foreign exchange earned by trading with a country or trading bloc
such as SAARC or the EU? [3]
-Value-added/processed goods
-Good quality
-Competitive prices
-Reliable supply
-Stable government
-Good (tele)communications
-Political influence/agreements
-Better port facilities

(ii) State another way in which Pakistan obtains foreign exchange. [1]
-Remittances (from relatives abroad)
-Tourism
-Invisible earnings

(iii) Why does Pakistan need to increase its foreign exchange? [3]
-Negative balance of payments/trade
-Reduce foreign debt
-Investment in agriculture
-Industrialisation
-Named infrastructure improvements
-Better housing/ resettle squatters
-Cost of foreign expertise

[Oct/Nov 07]

Read the extract below and study Photograph C.

(i) State three features that can be seen in Photograph C and agree with what is said
in the extract. [3]

-People/more than 5
-Many shops/commercial buildings
-Textiles/clothes shops
-Overhead wires/power/telephone lines
-Modern/concrete buildings
-Tarred road
-Truck/4x4/car
-Scooter
-Telecom mast

(ii) Why is Quetta an important trading centre? [3]

-Focus of roads/well connected to rest of country
-Main road through pass/RCD highway
-Nomadic tribes
-Near Afghan border/Afghanistan
-Only large settlement in area
-Railway
-Airport
-Capital of Baluchistan
-Dry Port

(i) State two types of infrastructure shown in Photograph C. [2]

-electricity (wires)
-road
-telephone (wires)

(ii) Explain why these and other types of infrastructure are important to a centre such as
Quetta. [5]
-Electricity for offices, factories, lighting, power, communication
-Roads for transport of people and goods

-Telephone for quick communication, better business

-Water for drinking, cleaning, hygiene, etc
-Gas for power, heating etc.
-Industrialisation needs good infrastructure
-Hotels for tourism, visitors
-Administration buildings

(c) (i) State three types of tertiary employment that may be taking place in the street shown in
Photograph C. [3]
-shop keeper
-office worker
-(vehicle) driver
-Cleaner

[Oct/Nov 08] Study Fig. 6, a graph showing the value of sports goods exports.

(i) What was the value of sports goods exports in 2005? [1]
18,000 (million rupees)

(ii) By how much did the value of sports goods exports increase from 1995 to 2005? [1]

10,000/8000 18000 (million rupees)

(iii) Why is a large proportion of the production of this industry exported? [4]
-to make capital/improve trade balance/lessen debt/raises GDP
-to earn foreign exchange
-demand from abroad
-popularity of sports in the world
-competitive price/good quality
-good reputation of Pakistan
-less need in Pakistan/greater need abroad

(iv) How can Pakistan maintain and increase its exports of sports goods? [6]
-improve quality/quality control
-more Export Processing Zones
-more Dry Ports
-modernisation/machines to replace hand work
-training/skills/talents
-innovation/new products
-ban child labour
-regular/reliable supply
-more factories/government incentives
-larger factories/economies of scale
-better roads/airports/telecommunications/uses of telecommunication
-advertising
-do deals with companies, e.g. Adidas

(c) Sports and other manufactured goods are transported by air, sea and road both in Pakistan and
across the world. Name two methods of transport used for the export of sports goods from
Pakistan. For each method, explain its advantages and disadvantages. [6]
Sea
Advantages

-Cheap, good for bulky goods, use of dry ports, long distance
Disadvantages
Slow, problem of getting goods to and from coast, damage, delivery may be delayed
Air
Advantages
-Fast, safer, preferred by managers, long distance
Disadvantages
-Expensive, few airports, have to get goods to airport, only light or high value goods
Road
Advantages
-Accessible/goes everywhere, lorries easily available
Disadvantages
-Only within Pakistan (mostly), accidents, damage, theft, needed to get to port\

[Oct/Nov 10]

From the list below state two imports and two exports. [2]

COTTON MACHINERY

WHEAT

CRICKET BATS SURGICAL

IRON ORE

EQUIPMENT

LEATHER

COMPUTERS

The European Union (EU) is a major trading partner of Pakistan. Name two countries in this
trading community. [2]

Why it is important that Pakistan trades both imports and exports with the EU? [2]

[Oct /Nov 11] The countries of the European Union have a large demand for goods such as clothes

and sports goods. Pakistan can produce these goods cheaply.

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing a trade agreement with
partners in the EU. [4]

Transport and Communications

[May/June 05] Study the map, Fig. 6, which shows internal air routes in Pakistan.

(a) (i) Describe the distribution of air routes in Pakistan. [4]

-Largest numbers/biggest foci from Karachi (10)
-Centres/foci in other major cities e.g. Lahore, Multan, Turbat, Quetta, (Any 2 examples)
-More south-north/SW-NE/less east-west
-Many routes follow Indus Plain
-Branches up other valleys e.g. Peshawar-Chitral
-None in extreme north,
-Few/none in Chagai, SE Sindh/Thar

(ii) Explain the reasons why there are more internal air routes from Islamabad than
Dalbandin. [4]
Islamabad
-Federal capital
-Administration/business/tertiary industry
-Larger population
-More people can afford to travel/high standard of living
-International airport
-Access to Northern Areas
-Better road links
Dalbandin
-Poor road links
-Lower population
-Less administration/office jobs
-Fewer people can afford to travel/low standard of living
-No international airport
-Desert/barren land

(iii) Why is air transport and travel important within Pakistan? [3]
-Faster than road and rail
-Better to reach remote places/places where roads are poor
-Better in hilly/mountainous areas
-Better for light, high value goods
-Less chance of robbery/safer
-More people can afford air fares
-More demand from business
-Can be used all year/not affected by snow, flood etc.
-Tourism within Pakistan
-Emergencies

-Improved communication between cities

[May/June 07] Explain how telecommunication can be used to improve the supply of goods, and

increase trade in Pakistan and abroad. [6]

Look for how these methods are better in the 21st century, and what they are used
for
How
-Faster
-Can contact other countries/long distance communication
-Easier communication
-Internet conferencing
-Better advertising
For
-Ordering/purchasing/buying/selling
-Internet banking/transfer of funds
-Finding out what it required/discussion
-Call centres
-Surfing the web/searching for goods or suppliers
-Assembly of components/co-ordination of inputs

[May/June 08]

Study Fig. 2, a map of population density distribution in Sindh province.

Port Qasim is located 20 kilometres south-east of city A.

(i) Give two reasons why this site was chosen for a new port. [2]
-Deep water
-Sheltered harbour/creeks/inlets
-Close to Karachi/relieve pressure on Karachi Port
-Near steelworks/Pakistan Steel Mill
-Flat land
-Space for industrial development
-Near oil refinery

(ii) Name the other port in Sindh to the west of city A. [1]
Keamari/Karachi Port

(iii) Name one dry port in Pakistan and explain why dry ports are needed to reduce the burden on
sea ports. [4]
-Sambrai(Sialkot), Lahore Multan, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Larkana, Peshawar,Quetta
Reasons:
-lack of space/storage
-to deal with paperwork/quicker processing and clearing/customs duties/tax etc.
-relieve congestion
-only 2/3 sea ports/few sea ports
-allows packing/unpacking (of containers)

[May/June 09]

Study the figure given below

(ii) Using the map, describe the route of the N5 road, starting from Karachi. [3]
-NE (to Lahore)
-NW/N then W (to Peshawar/Afghanistan/Durand line)

-(East side of) River Indus

-Khyber Pass to Afghanistan
-Crosses river at Hyderabad
-Follows River Chenab then Ravi
-Crosses River Ravi (near Lahore)/other named rivers/Indus tributaries

(iii) Compare this to the route of the Indus Highway. [2]

-other/west side of River Indus
-heads north in Punjab instead of NE/follows only the Indus
-does not go to Lahore/other large cities
-shorter/more direct
-crosses only one river

Study Fig. 4, a graph showing freight carried in a year by road and by railway in Pakistan.

(i) Compare the amounts of freight carried by road and railway between 1997 and 2006. [3]

-Total larger by road

-About 20 more than railways
-Road increased/rail stayed approx. same/rail increased less
-Road 84 117 but rail 4 6 (1000 million tonnes per km)/rail stayed almost the
same
-Both increased 20036
-Rail decreased in 2000, road always increases

(ii) Suggest reasons for the differences in the amounts carried by road and railway. [4]
-More roads than railways
-More road vehicles than rail
-More places accessible by road/lorries can go anywhere/door-to-door service
-Lorries more useful/carry small amounts
-Railways old/lack of investment
-Investment in new/better roads/motorways

(c) (i) Why are there very few major roads and railways in Balochistan? [4]
-low population (density)
-scattered population/few towns/lack of urban development
-Rugged/rocky/mountainous/barren/badland/rock slides/hills make barrier
-Desert/lack of water/difficult working conditions
-lack of government investment/backward/present political instability
-little industry
-tribal opposition

(ii) Explain how better transport routes could help to increase development in Balochistan.
[6]
-Industrialisation bigger lorries, employment
-Urbanisation better travel, less nomadism
-Faster travel for cars and lorries

-EPZ and dry port developed

-Better access to port at Gwadar/coastal development/development of ports
-Travel to Afghanistan or Iran via Quetta and passes
-Access for health and education workers or travel to them
-Promotion of small scale industries
-Tourism
-Mineral exploitation
-Fishing development/better access to markets
-Higher incomes/living standards/quality of life
-More security

[May/June 12]

What is the percentage of goods carried by rail? [1]

4, 5, 6 or 7

Compare the advantages of transporting goods by road and rail. [4]

Road
-Door-to-door / goes everywhere
-Reaches all areas / remote areas / more roads
-Available to all / no special vehicles
-More modern / better maintained

-Better for short distances / local deliveries

-Cheaper because
-Faster because
Rail
-Only goes to stations
-Limited network
-Cheaper because
-Faster because
-Carries more bulky / larger / heavier loads
-Old infrastructure / equipment
-Better for long distances

[Oct/Nov 06] Study Fig. 4, a map of the road network in Pakistan in 2002.

(a) (i) Name the cities X,Y and Z. [3]

X Quetta
Y Multan
Z Hyderabad

(ii) For each of the roads leading to A and B, state the country to which it is going, and the name of
the pass through which it goes. [4]
A to China, through the Khunjerab Pass
B to Afghanistan, through the Khyber Pass

(b) (i) Describe the ways in which the road network of Punjab is different from the road network of
Sindh. [3]
-Punjab more dense Sindh less dense
-Sindh 'other roads' more dense in S Punjab all over
-More areas in Sindh with few / no roads
-More foci fewer centres / foci
-Sindh 2 main roads follow R. Indus then W to Karachi Punjab spread out
-Motorway in Punjab, not Sindh.

(ii) Give reasons for your answer to (b)(i). [4]

-one river in Sindh 5 in Punjab roads follow these routes
-more desert in Sindh less habitable
-large areas of low population density in Sindh - less need
-fewer major cities in Sindh less need
-ideas linked to industrial development

(iii) Explain why there are few roads in the area north of the line P P shown on Fig. 4. [4]
-Mountains
-Steep slopes
-Landslides
-Snow
-Avalanches
-Floods
-Ice / snow/ stones damage road surface
-Lack of demand

(c) What factors hinder the development of air transport in the area north of the line P P? [4]
-Bad weather / snow / ice / fog / heavy rain / floods
-Lack of flat land for runways / airports

-Lack of good roads to airports

-Lack of passengers / freight
-Problem of blocked radio signals

(d) Why was the first motorway in Pakistan built between Islamabad and Lahore? [3]
-2 large centres of population
-passed by other populated areas
-to promote growth of industrial estates
-large volume of traffic / ease congestion / save other roads
-better for lorries / large vehicles
-link from Lahore to Karakoram Highway

[Oct/Nov 08] Study Fig. 1

(i) The distance in a straight line from Peshawar to Dir is about 135 kilometres.
Using this knowledge, state how far it is from Peshawar to Chitral in a straight line. [1]
190 210 kms

(ii) What would the most suitable form of transport from Peshawar to Chitral be for
A a rich businessman?
aeroplane/car

B the delivery of gas cylinders?

road, lorry, rail

C the transport of wool and hides? [3]

road, pack animal, lorry, rail

(iii) Explain the problems of maintaining infrastructure and communication in these areas all
through the year. [4]
Explain
-snow and ice
-avalanche
-heavy rain
-flooding
-earthquake
-sabotage
-accidents
-landslides
-shortage of machinery/people
-inaccessible/isolated

[Oct/Nov 09]

Study Fig. 6, a map of air routes in Pakistan.

(i) Name two major airports in the northern Punjab shown on the map. [2]
two from Lahore (Alama Iqbal)/Faisalabad/Islamabad (Benazir Bhutto) or Fateh Jang

(ii) Describe the distribution of air routes from the northern Punjab. [3]
-to the coast/Karachi
-follow the Indus plain/through Sindh
-a few north and west
-to NWFP/Peshawar
-via Islamabad to Northern Areas/Chitral/Gilgit
-west to Quetta

(iii) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using air transport in the northern Punjab. [5]
Advantages
-fast/saves time
-over difficult relief/mountains/deserts
-where no roads/railways/inaccessible

-direct to other countries

-businessmen/politicians/tourism
-perishable/high value/light goods
-more comfortable/less tiring
-promotes tourism
Disadvantages
-bad climate/fog/ice/snow/dangerous
-expensive
-unsuitable for perishables/heavy loads/cheap goods (do not double mark)
-few airports/difficult to build
-does not go door-to-door/airports may be out of city
-air pollution/global warming

[Oct/Nov 10]

Study Fig. 9, which shows an advertisement for a big company.

State four ways of contacting this company [2]

Which is the slowest way of contact? [1]

Why does the company advertise many different ways of contacting it? [1]

Explain two of the reasons given in the advertisement for using this tractor on a farm. [2]

[Oct/Nov 11]

Choose either area A or area B from Fig. 7.

It is often suggested that improved transport and telecommunications can bring
development to a sparsely populated area.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of these improvements to either area A or
area B? [6]

Population
[May/June 03] (b) Study Fig. 6 which shows population densities in Sindh.

(i) Describe the pattern of population densities in Sindh. [5]

(ii) Excluding Karachi, explain the pattern of population densities in Sindh. [9]

(c) Many people have moved from the rural areas to large cities such as Karachi. Explain the pull
of large cities. [6]

[May/June 04] Study Fig. 6.

(i) Which of these categories of employment has all its workforce in the primary sector of
industry? [1]
Agriculture/category 1

(ii) How many of the categories of employment given are in the tertiary sector of industry? [1]
3

(c) (i) Give four reasons why so many people work in agriculture. [4]
- Tradition/inheritance
- Subsistence farming/no income/get basic necessities
- Large % of population lives in rural areas/in villages (where
farming is the main occupation)
- Large areas of Pakistan are suitable for farming
- Alluvial soils
- Irrigation schemes
- Lack of money for farm machinery/much manual labour needed
- Pakistan has an agro-based economy/is an agricultural country
- Many industries are agro-based and therefore promote farming

 example
- Growing population requires feeding
- Low standard of education means many secondary/tertiary
occupations are not open to workers/or cannot do other
work/cannot get good jobs
- Lack of other jobs available
- Cotton is a major export

(ii) Why has the percentage of the labour force working in agriculture declined steadily in
recent years? [6]
- Increasing mechanisation on farms
- Fragmentation of holdings has made them unable to support
the family
- Problems for tenants caused by landlords/jagirdars/zamindars
- Not enough farmland for increasing population
- Loss of farmland due to waterlogging/salinity/soil erosion
- Government policies
- Consolidation of holdings
- Improving education/literacy in rural areas/of rural people
so people want to work in jobs using their skills
- Increase in manufacturing industries/industrialisation
providing more job opportunities
- Higher wages in manufacturing industry
- Rural-urban migration
disenchantment with rural life/lure of city life
another push/pull factor
- Urbanisation
- Find other jobs for additional income.

(iii) Why has the percentage of the workforce working in tertiary industries increased steadily in
recent years? [6]
- Rising standard of living
greater demand for services/increase in service
industries/professions/increase in tertiary work
- Higher literacy/more educated so use qualifications in tertiary
sector
- Want higher pay/wages
- Want better working conditions
- Government training programmes/Employment Generation
Programme
- Rural-urban migration tends to mean a change from a primary
occupation to a tertiary
- Government efforts to improve services/development
- Improving educational standards so more teachers/lecturers
needed
- Improving medical facilities so more doctors/nurses needed
- Growth of tourism
- Extension of road network
- Growth in recreational activities
- Fewer people make their own clothes/grow their own food etc
- More shops
- Spread of IT/computers
- More opportunities in banking/insurance etc
- More trade
- Industrialisation

(d) Attempts are being made to improve the standard of literacy in Pakistan. Explain why this is
vital for the development of all three sectors of industry. [5]
- Pakistans lack of skilled workers holds back
development/skills promote development

- People need to be literate in order to

-be taught the skills needed
-use better agricultural techniques to increase production
-engineering skills are needed in
-mining/processing/manufacturing industries
-management skills are needed to run businesses/services
-professional skills are needed in the service industries like
education/health
- Inability to read instructions can cause mis-use/break down of
machinery (and)
-poor quality work
-more difficult for firms to compete on world market
- Use of telecommunications
- Use of IT/computers

[May/June 06] Study Fig. 6, population pyramids showing age distribution in urban and rural areas of

Pakistan.

(a) (i) Compare the percentage of children aged 9 and under in rural and urban areas and

suggest three reasons for this difference. [5]

Rural greater than urban
reasons
-Lack of education on birth control/family planning
-Lack of availability of contraceptive measures
-Traditional values
-Religious beliefs
-High infant mortality rates
-Need for family labour on farms

(ii) How do both pyramids show that the birth rate has fallen? [1]
bar lengths getting shorter 0-9 years

(b) (i) What is the percentage of people aged 20-24 in urban areas? [1]
20(%)

(ii) Is this larger or smaller than the percentage in rural areas? [1]
Larger

(iii) What is the main reason for this difference? [1]

Rural-urban migration

(c) (i) Describe the urban pull factors that cause rural-urban migration. [4]
-Better quality of life / living standard
-More reliable food supply
-Attractions of entertainment/bright lights
-Better employment opportunities
-Better services eg. Health, education

(ii) What improvements may be made in some rural areas to reduce rural-urban migration?[6]

-Better access to medical / health and family planning facilities

-More free contraceptives and better availability
-Better access to education and training
-More / better jobs
-Better (named) infrastructure/ roads, electricity,telephone etc.
-Land reform
-More cottage and small-scale industries in villages
-Better (named) service other than those above

(d) How may improvements in literacy and education help to lower the rate of population growth?
[6]
-More doctors, nurses, teachers
-Health education
-Nutrition awareness
-Birth control and Family planning
-Better jobs with better working conditions, shorter hours

[May/June 08]

Study Fig. 8, which shows a population pyramid for Pakistan for 2006.

(i) What percentage of the population is 4 years and under?

12% [1]

(ii) Which age group is the largest percentage?

1014 years [1]

(iii) What is the percentage of people over 60 years old?

7 / 6.57.5 % [1]

(iv) Which age groups are called the dependent population?

under 15
over 60 years old [2]

(i) How is the shape of the population pyramid likely to change from 2006 to 2026?
-Narrow base / shorter bars / fewer children under 15 years / young dependants / fewer
young children
-Wider middle / longer bars / more 1559 years / more working population / more
independents
-Wider top / longer bars / more over 60s / more old dependants / more old people [3]

(ii) The changing shape of the population pyramid affects Pakistans workforce both
now, and for the future. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the
changes. [6]
Advantages
-fewer children to look after / more money for development
-more workers for developing the country / less burden on the economy
-more young workers / more energetic / innovative
-young more likely to be educated / more room in schools
-more old to give advice to young

Disadvantages
-more old to look after
-more unemployment due to larger workforce
-loss of educated / skilled workers through emigration
-more taxes needed to support older people
-examples of needs of old e.g. health care, pensions, care homes

[May/June 09]

(a) Study Fig. 5, a population pyramid for Pakistan in 1998.

(i) How many million children were there below the age of 5 years? [1]
1919.2 (million) or males 9.7 or 9.8 + females 9.3 or 9.4

(ii) Why were there more children in the age group 5 to 9 than 0 to 4 years? [1]
Changing birth rates, infant mortality, family planning, contraception

(b) Study the sectors X, Y and Z on Fig. 5.

(i) Which sector represents the group young dependents? [1]
X

(ii) Which sector represents the group economically active? [1]

Y
(iii) The numbers of people in sector Z are likely to have increased since 1998.
Explain the effects of this on the economy and development of Pakistan. [5]
-More dependents/burden on working population
-More older family members to care for children
-More older people to give advice
-Overpopulation/strain on resources
-Shortage/demand of food
-More medical services needed/hospitals overcrowded
-More old peoples homes
-Adaptations in houses for elderly
-Less money for development/burden or pressure on economy
-Cost of pensions

(c) (i) Explain the reasons for a high birth rate in Pakistan. [5]
-Lack of knowledge of contraception/family planning
-Lack of availability of contraceptives
-Need for help on farms/increase income
-Trying for a son
-Support in old age
-Religious beliefs/Allah will provide/prestige of large families
-High infant mortality
-Women at home to care for children/women lack education/marry at a young age
-Do not know about problems of overpopulation/large families

(ii) Explain some measures that could be taken to reduce the birth rate. [4]
-Access to, education of, and use of contraceptives/family planning
-E.g. Sabz sitara, green star (example of government scheme)
-Reduce need for child labour/ban child labour
-Education and awareness of population growth/how to improve living standards

-Education of women/jobs for women

-More clinics and hospitals
-Healthy environment/better sanitation/better living conditions
-Clean water/piped water
-Better nutrition/better food
-Religious support for birth control

[May/June11]

QUARRYING CRUSHING PACKING DRIVER SALESMAN OFFICE WORKER

(i) From the list above, state one example of:

A Primary employment
Quarrying / crushing

B Secondary employment
Packing, crushing

C Tertiary employment [3]

Driver, salesman, office worker

Explain why a salesman should have a good education. [4]

-Good communicator
-Polite manners / etiquette
-Knowledge of what he is selling
-Knowledge of other cultures / can deal with foreign customers
-Use of computers / modern technology
-Can write letters etc. / read instructions
-Speaking English / other languages
-Use of figures / mathematics / calculations
-Open to new ideas

Study Fig. 3, which shows the levels of literacy in urban and rural areas.

State the percentage of literate people in urban areas. [1]

62/63

How much greater is this than the percentage of literate people in rural areas? [1]
24-26

Give two reasons why the percentage of literate people is larger in urban than in rural
areas. [2]
-Jobs for literate / young people
-Better schools / colleges /education
-More educated women
-Traditional farming does not require education
-Can afford education

Using examples, explain why there are many jobs for illiterate and poorly educated
people in urban areas. [3]
Examples
-Cleaners, servants, street sellers, etc.
Explanation

-It is a developed area so factories, building work etc.

-Rich people can afford this
-Their labour is cheap
-Unskilled work available
-Low standards of living
-Plenty of informal employment opportunities / lack of formal, regular waged employment

Study Photograph C.

With reference to the photograph and using your own knowledge, explain why many people
become ill in homes like these. [6]
Pool of water encourages mosquitos
risk of malaria }
Water pollution / lack of clean water
Lack of sanitation / unhygienic
risk of typhoid, cholera, diarrhea etc.
Dust / air pollution
risk of asthma / breathing difficulties,
Waste dumped / lack of disposal of waste / dirty environment

Congested / high density / live close together

Kacha Abadi / Flimsy buildings / leaky roofs / slums
risk of flu, bronchitis, pneumonia etc.
Spread of disease
Malnutrition / poor food supply
No resistance to disease
Poverty / no jobs
Illiteracy

Why do people in villages think that their quality of life will improve if they move to a city? [6]
-Better housing
-More chances of employment / jobs with higher incomes, regular income etc.
-Easier work / better working conditions (than farming)
-Electricity / gas
-Telecommunication / telephone / internet
-Sanitation / sewage disposal / more hygienic / cleaner
-Water more / clean water
-Access to entertainment / bright lights / clubs / parks
-Media encourages perception of a better life
-Good shops / major chains / markets
-More food / better food
-Public transport
-Education
-Health care / hospitals
-Security / police

The government can introduce self-help schemes to improve the living conditions of people in
shanty developments and tent cities. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of self-help
schemes. [6]
Advantages
-Reduces poverty

-Healthier environment / less disease / lower death rates

-Encourages people (to better themselves / work harder etc.) / improve skills / get jobs
-Can build better housing / fewer slums
-Better care of the area
-Removes unwanted people
-May reduce crime rates
-Removes an eyesore / encourages tourism
-Less labour required
Disadvantages
-High cost / lack of finance available
-Corruption (money goes elsewhere)
-Takes time to achieve
-High risk of failure in Pakistan
-Lack of resources to do this
-Where do people go / moves the problem elsewhere
-May attract more people / more rural-urban migration
-Need for education

[May/June 12] Study Fig. 9, which shows population density in Sindh.

Describe the distribution of the areas with a population density of 201 to 800 people
per square kilometre.[3]
-Northern border with Balochistan or Punjab / in the north or north-west
-follows river Indus
-central areas
-towards to south-east / east of river towards south
-named city or district (not Karachi)
e.g. Hyderabad, Sukkur, Larkana, Shikarpur, Jacobabad

What is the lowest population density shown on the map? [1]

under 50 persons per square kilometer

Name the area which has the lowest population density. [1]
South-East Sindh / Thar(parkar)(desert)

Explain the reasons for a high population density in the Karachi area. [6]
-rural-urban migration
-high birth rate / low death rate

-industrial / port / administration / trade / commerce / fishing

-good housing
-opportunities for businessmen / for trade
-employment / work / jobs
-example of type of work (but NOT fishing)
-(perceived) better living standards / bright lights / entertainment
-better infrastructure with eg. such as roads, rail / airport / electricity / gas / water /
-better services with eg. such as education, health, sanitation
-more food
-maritime climate more pleasant /moderate
-refugees (from Afghanistan / after the partition in 1947)
-old capital city of Pakistan / present capital city of Sindh province.

Explain the difference between density and distribution of population. [2]

-density numbers per unit area
-distribution the spread of people in an area
-areas of different density within a larger area (or similar)
.

Study Fig. 10, which shows the increase in population in Karachi.

What was the population in 2010? [1]

13 million

By how much is this expected to increase from 2010 to 2020? [1]

4 million

What problems can be caused in an urban area by a high population density? [4]
-poor housing / living on the streets / slums / Katchi Abadi / overcrowding
-unemployment
-poverty
-lack of hygiene / waste dumped / litter
-sickness / disease / poor health
-high death rates
-crime / drugs / terrorism
-traffic congestion / pressure on roads / rail
-shortages / strain on named resources / services / utilities with e.g. such as schools,
-health, food,
-named pollution

-low quality of life

Read the article below, published in 2009.

To what extent can self-help schemes, such as that in Orangi, succeed in improving the
living conditions in this and other slum areas? [6]
Success
-Water Cleanliness, hygiene, safe to drink
-Sanitation Less disease / better health
-Lower death rates, infant mortality
-Power Electric light, air con.
-Roads Opportunities for trade etc.
-Housing Improvements or removal of slums / squatters, houses for the homeless
stronger, bigger, drier
-Health centres better health, less disease, advice, effect on BR, DR and LE
-Schools better qualified for jobs, effect on health and BR
-Cheap loans more opportunities to set up businesses, leading to jobs,
-Safer / less crime / terrorism
-Higher income / will make money / economic development
-Set up / development of business, industry
Failure
-Lack of money / investment
-Lack of support co-operation
-Lack of education / skills to do the task

-Corruption
-Change of governments/political instability
-Huge size of task / high cost
-Will take time
-Or more specific e.g. shortage of water, electricity, education

[Oct/Nov 03] Fig. 5 is a population pyramid for Pakistan in 1998.

(a) (i) Which age group has the most males and females? [1]

(ii) Compare the percentage of males with the percentage of females in the age group you have
given in (a)(i). [1]

(iii) Describe the overall shape of the graph. [4]

(iv) Does the overall shape of the graph show that the population of Pakistan is increasing, staying
the same or decreasing? [1]

(b) (i) How does Fig. 5 show that the birth rate is high? [1]

(ii) Why is the birth rate in Pakistan high? [6]

(iii) How does Fig. 5 show that the birth rate has come down a little recently? [1]

(iv) Explain why the birth rate has decreased a little in recent years. [5]

(c) It is difficult for the working population of Pakistan to support the non-working population.
Using your own knowledge and Fig. 5 give reasons for agreeing and/or disagreeing with this
statement. [5]

[Oct/Nov 04] Balochistan:

occupies 43.5% of Pakistan

has a total population of 6.5 million
has 5% of the total population of Pakistan
has an average population density of 19 per square kilometre
(i) Amongst the provinces of Pakistan where does Balochistan rank in terms of size? [1]
first/largest/biggest

(ii) Amongst the provinces of Pakistan where does Balochistan rank in terms of its total
population? [1]
last/fourth/lowest/least

(iii) Describe in no more than two words the average population density of Balochistan. [1]
very low/low/sparse

The map, Fig. 4 shows the densities of population in Balochistan.

(i) Explain why the area marked A has the highest density of population in Balochistan. [6]
(includes (by far) its largest city ) Quetta
-has 575 000/over 500 000 people/largest city

-administration centre/government offices

-military base
-farming valleys/area
-Pishin/Mastung valley
-apples/apricots/grapes/almonds/tobacco
-Quetta coalfield
-woollen textiles (Harnai/Mastung)/cotton
-vegetable ghee/cooking oil (Quetta)
-road network
-railway focus
-(international) airport
-on national electricity grid/gas pipeline
-passes through highland
-markets/warehouses/trade
-dry port
-entertainment University/good schools
-Cool summers
-Medical/health facilities

(ii) Explain why large areas of Balochistan have fewer than 11 people per square kilometre. [7]
-mountainous
-Sulaiman/Toba Kakar/Chagai/Ras Koh/Siahan/Central
-Makran/Makran Coast/Brahui/Kirthar Range
-very low rainfall/arid/desert/scarcity of water
-Kharan (Sandy)/Kachhi Desert
-lack of water for domestic/industrial purposes
-lack of water for irrigation
-very hot in summer
-(very) high evapo-transpiration
-very/cold winters

-large areas of bare rock/barren/lack vegetation

-large areas of sandy waste }
-large areas of reg } infertile soils
-saline soils }
-hamuns (lakes) often dry/salt lakes/inland drainage/seasonal rivers
-Mashkel/Kap/etc Hamun/named river
-limited mineral resources/not exploited
-little developed by British
-lack of communications over vast areas
-lack of education/health/social facilities/services/electricity/
-lack of jobs
-very little industry

(iii) The area marked B is part of the Lower Indus Plain. Explain the density of population in this
area. [4]
-51-100 per square km
-near river Indus
-canal from Guddu barrage/Indus
(part of) area irrigated
flat/plain land
alluvial soils
rice/wheat/edible oils/pulses
-fishing
-Sui gas field
-road/rail communications network
-on national electricity grid/gas pipeline
-named town/city/state e.g. Jaffarabad, Nasirabad

(iv) Why is it that in the area to the south-west of line ZZ some permanent settlements do exist?
[5]
-administrative centres

-education/health centres
-oases
fed by karez
fed by tubewells
-grow dates/vegetables/fruit etc.
-fishing e.g. Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara
-industries connected with fishing
-ports
-military posts
-border check-point

[Oct/Nov 05] Study Fig. 7, a map of population density in Pakistan.

Describe and explain the distribution of areas of population density more than 200 persons per
square kilometre. [6]
Description
-North East and Central Punjab
-Valleys of the 4 rivers east of the Indus
-Named city/district e.g. Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Lahore
-Central NWFP/W-E band through the middle
-Vale of Peshawar
-Named city/district e.g. Charsadda, Mardan, Abbottabad, Islamabad, Rawalpindi
Central Sindh
-Along Indus Valley
-Named city/district e.g. Hyderabad, Nawabshah, Shikaphur,
-Naysharo Firoz
-South west Sindh/Karachi area
Explanation
-Rural urban migration and reasons
-High birth rates
-Employment/farming in area
(b) (i) Explain why Pakistan has a high rate of population growth. [4]
-High birth rate and reason
-Declining death rate/people living longer and reason
-Afghan refugees

(ii) State and explain two problems caused by the high rate of population growth in
Pakistan. [6]
Problems
-Unemployment lack of skills, mechanisation of agriculture and
industry, division of land etc.
-Hunger/starvation lack of fertile land, lack of irrigation, rural urban
migration

-Overpopulation/shortage of resources
-Lack of healthcare
-Lack of education/illiteracy
-Lack of housing
Overpopulation (i.e. Lack of resources)

(c) (i) On your answer paper name the shaded area X on Fig.7. [1]
Makran coast/ Gwadar (district)

(ii) Why has there been a low population density in area X up to the present day? [3]
-Arid climate/no rivers/lack of water
-Mountainous interior
-Lack of communications to more prosperous parts of the
-country/isolated/remote
-Poor soil for farming/lack of agriculture
-Lack of government investment
-Lack of jobs
-Lack of industry

(iii) On your answer paper name the port P on Fig. 7. What developments are taking place
here that are likely to increase the population in area X in the near future? [5]
Gwadar
-Deep water port scheme (inaugurated by Pres. Musharraf March 2002)
-Phase 1 should be complete in 2004
-International port
-Government agreement with China to construct a deep water port
-Openings for trade with Central Asia (incl. Afghanistan), China,
-Japan, Singapore
-Warehouses built for storage
-Ancillary industries related to port

-Bigger fish harbour

-Industries related/fish processing
-Makran coastal highway to Karachi under construction
-Highway west to central Asian Republics
-Residential estates/housing schemes
-Mirani Dam project
-Hingol Dam project
-International airport
-QESCO power lines
-Mini port at Pasni

[Oct/Nov 06] Study Fig. 5, which shows types of employment in rural and urban areas.

(i) In which area is the proportion of those employed in the primary sector highest? [1]
Rural

(ii) What is the main type of employment in the primary sector in rural areas? [1]
Farming/agriculture

(iii) Why is this type of employment probably underestimated? [1]

Family labour / disguised unemployment

(b) Why is there unemployment and underemployment in rural and urban areas? [5]
-Mechanisation of farming
-Lack of skills for work
-Lack of jobs
-Seasonal employment e.g. sugar cane factories
-Lack of jobs for women
-Poor health, nutrition, medical care for sick and injured
-Computerisation in offices

(c) Why is the sector of tertiary employment likely to increase more in urban areas than in rural
areas? [6]
-Rural urban migration
-Increase in literacy / more jobs for the educated
-Growth of services / more demand in cities
-Economic prosperity / people have more money to spend
-More transport / shops / offices
-Growth of informal sector / pavement services

[Oct/Nov 07]

(ii) Why are very few primary jobs available in urban areas? [2]
-No arable land
-No pasture
-No mines or quarries
-No forest
-Creates pollution
-High cost of land

Study Photograph D, which shows a refugee camp near Quetta.

(i) Describe the scene in Photograph D. [3]

-dry/desert/arid
-flat/sloping
-hills in distance
-stone/gravel/barren/uncultivated
-tracks
-tents/huts
-few people
-few animals
-fodder/straw
-wall
-poles

(ii) What problems does the arrival of large numbers of refugees create for infrastructure
and services? [4]
Lack of, or provision of:
-Food

-Water
-Sanitation
-Medicine
-Housing
-Power
-Damage to roads
-Cheaper labour for services

(a) Study Fig. 4, which shows some population indicators in Pakistan in 1995 and 2002.

(i) Which indicator shows that population growth may be slowing down? [1]
Birth rate

(ii) Which indicator shows that there could be more children in the future? [1]
Lower infant mortality rate

(iii) Why do the statistics show that there could be more people aged over 50 in the future? [2]
Lower death rate [2]
Higher life expectancy

(b) (i) With reference to your answers in 5(a), explain how the age structure of the population is
changing. [4]
-Fewer babies
-More young people

-More old people

-Larger proportion not working/dependent
-Smaller proportion working/independent

(ii) What problems will this cause? [5]

-more people to look after/dependent population
-need for more schools
-training
-hospitals and clinics
-houses
-adaptations for old
-more unemployment
-more pensioners
-more pressure on government/services
-workers have to work harder/more stress
-higher taxes

(c) (i) Explain the causes of rural-urban migration. [4]

Push factors
-Loss of agricultural jobs
-Lack of named facilities e.g. shops, entertainment
-Lack of school/trained teachers
-Lack of health facilities/trained staff
-Loss of land
-Natural disasters with example
-Poverty because of
Pull factors
-Better pay
-More jobs
-Better lifestyle/bright lights effect/entertainment Better education

-Better health services

(ii) What problems are caused in rural areas by migration to urban areas? [4]
-Loss of workforce/only the old and young left
-fewer children
-loss of services e.g. education, medicine, public transport, shops
-loss of infrastructure e.g. roads, electricity, telephone
-loss of educated people/young people
-women left behind/unbalanced sex ratio
-lack of government investment/neglected/remain undeveloped

(iii) How can people be encouraged to stay in rural areas? [4]

-Land reform and consolidation
-Better infrastructure e.g. Electricity, water, roads
-Better services e.g. Schools, hospitals, clinics
-Development of Cottage/small-scale industries
-Better communications e.g. Radio, TV
-Government schemes
-Irrigation schemes
-e.g. Land reform because many farmers have small landholdings
-Electricity supplies for raising living standards
-More schools to increase literacy
-Cottage industries for employment/income
-Radios for education/entertainment
-Tourism for employment

[Oct/Nov 08] Study Fig. 4, a bar chart showing the percentage of urban population in Pakistan by

Province

(i) Which province has the highest percentage of urban population? [1]
Sindh

(ii) Name two cities in this province. [1]

Karachi, Hyderabad

(iii) Explain the pull factors that attract people from rural areas. [5]
Explain:
-more jobs for the unemployed
-better pay/more skilled for the educated
-expectation of better quality of life compared to rural areas
-reliable food supply for nutrition, health
-entertainment/bright lights not in rural areas with example
-clean water and sanitation for health
-better education from more schools
-better medical facilities in modern hospitals

(b) (i) Why do many people who move to cities have difficulty in finding a job? [3]
-illiterate,
-untrained/mismatch of labour
-lack of jobs,
-too many people
-no relatives to help

(ii) What is meant by the phrase the informal sector of employment? [3]
-self-employed,
-little machinery
-poor wages/no regular wages
-temporary/seasonal work
-no legal protection/low standards/not government registered
-no tax paid
-irregular working hours

(iii) Using examples, explain the advantages and disadvantages of informal employment to people
living in cities. [5]
Advantage:
-money
-something to do
-needed by other people
-to gain respect/religeon expects them to work
-need not be educated/skilled
Disadvantages
-low paid
-child labour
-demeaning
-dangerous

-illegal/not registered
-temporary/seasonal
Also give an example of such job
ANOTHER APPROACH THE OTHER URBAN
RESIDENTS
Advantages
-cheaper/can bargain
-doorstep service/delivery
-open all hours
Disadvantages
-unskilled work/poor quality
-poor quality goods (goods may be illegal, past sell-by date)
-no guarantees or return of goods
-dubious supply (may be stolen)

(c) Study Fig. 4 again.

(i) Which province has the lowest percentage of urban population? [1]
NWFP

(ii) Name the largest city in this province. [1]

Peshawar

(iii) Explain why there is less urban development in this province. [5]
-mountainous land
-distance from Indus Plain
-cold/harsh/unpleasant climate
-poor infrastructure e.g. roads, power, telecommunications
-poor services e.g. schools, hospitals, water, etc.
-lack of industrial/business development
-less government investment/government interest/neglect of area

-problem of terrorism/border control/etc

-isolated in winter/by poor roads/lack of trade
-influence of landlords/tribes

[Oct/Nov 09]

Study Fig. 10, a bar chart showing population change from 1951 to 2001

(i) What was the total population in 2001? [1]

143144 million

(ii) By how much did the total population increase from 1951 to 2001? [1]
111114 million

(iii) Compare the increase in the urban and rural areas. [3]
-more increase in rural/less in urban
-greater percentage increase in urban areas
-urban increase 548 million/by 43 million/approx. 9 times }
-rural increase 2795 million/by 68 million/approx. 3.5 times

(b) Explain the causes of the population increase in Pakistan since 1991. [5]

-high birth rate

-birth rate exceeds death rate
-longer life expectancy/lower infant mortality/lower death rate
-better health care/medical facilities
-better care of the elderly/pensions
-better sanitation and clean water/less disease
-lack of family planning/use of contraceptives
-traditional beliefs/want a son/Allah will provide
-unaware of population problem/lack of education on ---need of family labour/lack of farm mechanisation
-lack of education of women/early marriage
-lack of government programmes
-lack of transport to rural areas

(c) Describe the effects of population growth on the economy and development of Pakistan. [6]
Economy
-shortage of money/foreign exchange to buy food etc./negative balance of payments
-need for foreign loans
-debt
-lack of money for investment
Development
overpopulation leading to shortages of :
-food,
-water,
-education,
-health services,
-work/unemployment,
-money/poverty
-housing/homelessness/living on the streets/overcrowding/Kacha Abadi
-pollution (must be named)

-traffic congestion
-high prices/inflation
-power/fuel/load shedding
-deforestation/trees/loss of farmland
-little industrial development

(d) Study Fig. 11, a bar chart showing employment and unemployment in 2004.

(i) What percentage of people were unemployed in urban areas? [1]

10

(ii) Why are many people unemployed in cities? [5]

-illiterate/uneducated
-lack of skills/training
-tertiary jobs/jobs needing qualifications
-shortage of jobs/too many people/rural-urban migration
-IT in offices
-machines in factories
-unfinished projects/slow economic growth/recession
-new residents do not have contacts/family contacts

(iii) Suggest why the real number of people unemployed in rural areas may be higher than the
figures recorded. [3]
-under-employment/more people work on farms than are needed/disguised
-unemployment
-difficult to collect figures
-women not included?
-many self employed/subsistence farming/subsistence existence
-seasonal work e.g. sugar mills
-informal employment (as opposed to formal employment)
[Oct/Nov 12]

(a) Study Fig. 8 which shows birth and death rates in Pakistan from 1990 to 2005.

(i) State the birth rate and death rate in the year 2005. [2]
26 per thousand, 7 per thousand

(ii) By how much has each decreased since 1990? [2]

13 per thousand, 3 per thousand or percentages 33% and 30%

(iii) Explain why both the birth and death rates have fallen in Pakistan. [6]
-Better family planning / awareness of overpopulation
-Better education of women / fewer early marriages more doctors / hospitals / clinics
-Better access to / use of contraceptives
-Lower infant mortality
-Religious advice changed / no longer Allah gives Rizq
-Less need for child labour
-Old people living longer
-Better access to medication eg. vaccination
-Better food / nutrition
-Better hygiene / access to clean water
-Better housing
-More materialistic attitudes
-Healthy lifestyle / people take care of their health

(b) Study Fig. 9 which shows birth and death rates of a country.

(i) Describe the main changes in birth rate from 1941 to 2000. [4]
Overall decrease
Decreased 1941 1972
Increased to 1981
by a large amount / steeply / almost back to 1940 level
Decreased to 2000

(ii) Complete the following:

NATURAL
INCREASE [2]

= ...........Birth rate..................................... minus.........death rate.......................................

(iii) Study Fig. 9 again. Circle the year (below) in which the natural population increase
was greatest. [1]

1941 1972 1981 2000

1981

(c) (i) Explain the difference between emigration and immigration. [2]
Emigration moving away from an area / country
Immigration moving into an area / country

(ii) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of international emigration for the
people of Pakistan. [6]
Advantages

-Can earn higher income / better prospects

-Remittances sent home
-Jobs for educated eg. doctors, engineers, university lecturer
-Jobs for construction in Middle East / domestic, restaurants, shops in Malasia
-Better living condition eg. housing, electricity, sanitation etc.
-Social benefits eg. education, healthcare etc.
-Religious freedom
-Better food
Disadvantages
-Loss of educated workers eg. doctors, teachers
-Qualifications may not be accepted / language problems
-High cost of living abroad
-Prejudice eg. thought to be extremist
-Too many people there already
-Need for permits eg. to enter country, work permit
-Exploited by traffickers / poor working and living conditions etc.
-Homesick / different culture etc