1) A physical condition or a release of a haz- ardous material that could result from component

failure and result in human injury or death, loss or damage, or environ- mental degradation.
A.
Hazard
B.
Loss
C.
Failure
2) Limitation of any negative conse- quence or reduction in probability of a particular event.
A.
B.
C.

Mitigation
Reduction
Residual

3) Methods that use engineering judgment and experience as the bases for the analysis of
probabilities and consequences of failure.
A.
Qualitative risk assessment
B.
Relative risk
C.
Nominal risk
4) An analysis that identifies and delineates the combinations of events, estimates the frequency of
occurrence for each combination and estimates the consequences.
A.
Qunatitative risk analysis
B.
Qualitative risk analysis
C.
Process hazard analysis
5) uses logic models depicting combinations of events
A. Qunatitative risk analysis
B. Qualitative risk analysis
C. Process hazard analysis

6) Quantitative risk analysis logic models generally consist of ..and

A.
B.
C.

Event trees and fault trees

Product trees and loss trees
Liklilhood trees and consequence trees

7) .delineate initiating events and combinations of system successes and failures

A.
B.
C.

Event trees
Fault trees
Logic trees

8) .. Depict ways in which the system failures rep- resented in the event trees can occur.
A. Event trees
B. Fault trees
C. Logic trees
9) The comparative risk of a facility, process unit, system, equipment item or component to other
facilities
A.
B.
C.

Relative risk
Absolute risk
No risk

10) Combination of the probability of an event and its consequence.

A.
B.
C.
D.

Risk
Failure
Loss
Reduction

11) Systematic use of information to identify sources and to estimate the risk.
A. Risk
B. Risk analysis
C. Hazard analysis
12) .. Pro- vides a basis for risk evaluation, risk mitigation and risk acceptance.
A. Risk
B. Risk analysis
C. Hazard analysis
13) Process used to assign values to the probability and consequence of a risk.
A.
Risk evaluation
B.
Risk estimation
C.
Risk identification
14) Process used to compare the esti- mated risk against given risk criteria to determine the significance of the risk.
A. Risk evaluation
B. Risk estimation
C. Risk identification
15) Process to find, list, and char- acterize elements of risk.
A.
Risk estimation
B.
Risk evaluation
C.
Risk identification
16) Coordinated activities to direct and control an organization with regard to risk.
A.
B.
C.

Risk management
Risk evaluation
Risk control

17) Thing or activity with a potential for con- sequence.

A. Source
B. Hazard
C. Toxic
18) ..in a safety context is a hazard.
A. Source
B. Toxic

19) The risk prior to mitigation activities

A.
B.
C.

Unmitigated risk
Known risk
Mitigated risk

20) is the combination of the probability of some event occurring during a time period of
interest and the conse- quences, associated with the event.
A. Risk
B. Loss
C. Mitigated risk
21) Act of mitigating a known risk to a lower level of risk
A.
B.
C.

Risk reduction
Risk mitigation
Risk evaluation

22) A pro- cess to assess risks, to determine if risk reduction is required and to develop a plan to
maintain risks at an acceptable level.
A.
B.
C.

Risk management
Risk mitigation
Risk control

23) When somem risk identified as acceptable then one of the following is not required
A.
B.
C.
D.

Risk reduction
Risk evaluation
Risk mitigation
Risk control

24) In process plants, are established to detect and evaluate deterioration due to inser- vice operation
A.
B.
C.
D.

Inspection and testing programs

Condition monitoring programs
Preventive maintenance programs
Inservice inspection programs

25) When an equipment has low deterioration rates as an inspector what you decide in lieu of internal
inspection
A.
B.
C.

On-stream inspection
Out of service inspection
External inspection

26) represents the next generation of inspection approaches and interval setting,
recognizing that the ultimate goal of inspection is the safety and reliability of operating facilities.
A.

Rbi

B.
C.
D.

Pha
Hazop
Rcm

27) For a typical inspection program, if excessive inspection is applied then,

A.
B.
C.

Level of risk may go up

Level of risk may go down
Level of risk remain the same

28) provides a consistent methodology for assessing the optimum combination of methods
and frequencies.
A.
Rbi
B.
Rcm
C.
Pha
D.
Hazop
29) Through , inspection activities are focused on higher risk items and away from lower
risk items.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Rbi
Pha
Rcm
Hazop

30) Following are not the residual risk factors for loss of containment
A.
B.
C.
D.

Human error
Natural disasters
Fundamental limitations of inspection method
Toxic fluid containment

31) Rbi is focused on a sys- tematic determination of

A.
Relative risks
B.
Absolute risks
C.
Comparable risks
D.
Total risks
32) Act of mitigating a known risk to a lower level of risk.
A.
Risk reduction
B.
Risk management
C.
Risk mitigation
33) Some failures have potentially serious conse- quences, but if the probability of the incident is low,
then
A.
B.
C.

The risk may not warrant immediate action

The risk may warrant immediate action
The risk may warrant appropriate mitigation action

34) If the prob- ability and consequence combination (risk) is high enough to be unacceptable, then
A.
A mitigation action to predict or prevent the event is recommended.
B.
A mitigation action to predict or prevent the event is not recommended
C.
Warrant to analyse risks involved

35) ..refers to a prescrip- tive methodology that has resulted from the application of risk
analysis techniques at many different types of facilities,
A.
B.
C.

Quantitative risk assessment (qra)

Qualitative risk assessment
Semiquantitative risk assessment

36) A rbi analysis shares many of the techniques and data requirements with a .
A.
B.
C.
D.

Qra
Pha
Hazop
Event tree

37) If a qra has been prepared for a process unit, the analysis can borrow extensively from
this effort.
A.
B.
C.

Rbi consequence
Rbi liklihood
Rbi probability

38) Hazard identification in a rbi analysis generally focuses on identifiable failure mech- anisms in the
equipment (inspectable causes) but does not explicitly deal with
A.
B.
C.

Other potential failure scenarios resulting from events such as power failures or human
errors.
Other potential failure resulting from events such as flammable fire due to leak from
equipment
Environmental impact caused due to toxic release

39) ..deals with total risk than with risk involve only with the equipment
A.
B.
C.
D.

Qra
Rbi
Pha
Fta

40) Risk presented in qunatitative risk analysis as a

A.
B.
C.

Precise numeric value

Form of risk matrix
Form of event tree and fault tree

41) Risk presented in qualitative risk analysis as

D.
E.
F.

Precise numeric value

Form of risk matrix
Form of event tree and fault tree

42) Results from qunatitative analysis logic models are validated by

A. Expert judgment.
B. Inspection engineer

C. Maintenance engineer
D. Operations personnel
43) The suitability and current condition of the equipment within the current operating envelope will
determine the .of the equipment from one or more deterioration mechanisms.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Probability of failure (pof)

Consequence of failure
Total risk
Relative risk

44) The probability of failure, when cou- pled with the associated consequence of failure (cof)
(seesection 11) will determine .associated with the equipment item,
A.
B.
C.

Operating risk
Ranking
Residual risk

45) . Is a risk management activity that may lead to risk reduction.

A.
B.
C.

Inspection
Evaluation
Analysis

46) The primary product of a rbi effort should be

A.
B.
C.

An inspection plan for each equipment item evaluated

Mitigation plan for each equipment item evaluated
Residual risk assessment plan for each equipment item evaluated

47) Following are some of the recognised risks which cannot be managed by inspection alone except one
A.
B.
C.
D.

Equipment nearing retirement.

Failure mechanisms (such as brittle fracture, fatigue) where avoidance of failure
primarily depends on operating within a defined pressure/temperature envelope.
Consequence-dominated risks.
The suitability and current condition of the equipment within the current operating
envelope will determine the probability of failure (pof) of the equipment from one or
more deterioration mechanisms.

48) Following are the non-inspection mitigation actions except one

A.
B.
C.
D.

Replacement or upgrade
Equipment redesign
Maintenance of strict controls on operating conditions
Risk management by monitoring the deterioration

49) In the event of a leak the potential failure of an isolation valve could
A.
B.
C.

Incerease the inventory

Decrease the inventory
No harm to inventory

50) Potential hazards identified in a pha will often affect the

A. Probability of failure side of the risk equation.
B. Consequence of failure side of the equation
51) Rbi may include methodolo- gies to assess the effectiveness of the management systems in
maintaining
A.
B.
C.

Mechanical integrity
Total asset integrity
Plant integrity

52) Equipment reliability is especially important if leaks can be caused by

A. Secondary fail- ures, such as loss of utilities
B. Primary failures such as leak due to severe corrosion
C. Tertiary failures due to valve gland packing leak
53) Reliability efforts, such as reli- ability centered maintenance (rcm), can be linked with rbi,
resulting in an integrated program to
A.
Reduce downtime in an operating unit.
B.
Reduce operating time of an unit
C.
To reduce risk by mitigation activities
54) In jurisdictions that permit the applica- tion of the api inspection codes and standards
A. Rbi should be an acceptable method for setting inspection plans.
B. Rcm should be an acceptable method for setting the inspection plans
C. Pha
55) to be established to judge acceptability of risk could be an objective of the rbi
assessment if such criteria do not exist already within the users company.
A.
B.
C.

Risk criteria
Risk plan
Risk analysis

56) .. Is usually not the primary objec- tive of a rbi assessment, but it is frequently a
side effect of optimization.
A.
B.
C.

Reducing inspection costs

Increasing inspection costs
Increasing frequency of inspection programs

57) When the inspection program is optimized based on an understanding of risk, one or more of the
follow- ing cost reduction benefits may be realized. Except one
A.

Ineffective, unnecessary or inappropriate inspection activi- ties may be eliminated.

B.
C.

Effective, necessary or appropriate inspection activi- ties may be eliminated.

On-line or non-invasive inspection methods may be substi- tuted for invasive methods that
require equipment shutdown.

D.

More effective infrequent inspections may be substituted for less effective frequent
inspections.

58) The following are the risks identified by rbi assessment that may be man- aged by actions other
than inspection. Except one
A.
B.
C.
D.

Modification of the process to eliminate conditions driving the risk.

Modification of operating procedures to avoid situations driving the risk.
Chemical treatment of the process to reduce deterioration rates/susceptibilities.
Identifing and detecting deterioration and predicting future deterioration states with
advanced inspection technique(s).

59) For qualititive rbi analysis it iis important to establish a set of rules to assure consistency in
A.
B.
C.

Categorization or classification
Segregation
Ranking

60) Generally, a qualitative analysis using broad ranges requires a ..from the user
than a quantitative approach.
A.
B.

Higher level of judgment, skill and understanding

Lower level of judgement, skill and understanding

61) The models are evaluated..to provide both qualitative and quantitative insights
about the level of risk and to identify the design, site, or operational characteristics that are the
most important to risk.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Probabilistically
Statistically
Linearly
Logically

63)Potential source of errors in rbi analysis regarding data quality are the following except
a.
b.
c.
d.

Assumptions in equipment history

Outdated drawings and documentation
Inspector error
Advanced inspection methods

64)The following assumption can be made that significantly impact the calculated corrosion rate
early in the equipment life
A.
B.
C.

If the base line thickness were not performed the nominal thickness may be used for the
original thcikness
If original thickness not available, averaged ut thickness readings may be used
If the original thickness not available, maximum ut thickness readings may be used

65) may result in the calculated corrosion rate appearing artificially

high or low.

A.
B.
C.
D.

Clerical error
Measurement error
Inspector error
Ut scanning

66)The data validation step stresses the need for a knowledgeable individual
A. To comparing data from the inspections to the expected deterioration
mechanism and rates.
B. To com-pare the results with previous measurements on that system,
C. Similar systems at the site or within the company or published data.
D. All of the above
67) the amount and type of codes and standards used by a facility can have
A.
B.
C.

Significant impact on rbi results

No impact on rbi results
Less significant impact on rbi results

68)Who should be consulted to define the equipment deterioration mechanisms,

susceptibility and potential failure modes.
A.
A metallurgist or corrosion specialist
B.
A metallurgist and corrosion specialist
C.
A metallurgist only
D.
Corrosion specialist only
69)------------------are the primary inputs into the probability of failure evaluation.
A.
B.
C.
D.

The deterioration mechanisms, rates and susceptibili-ties

Loss of containment f fluid
Fluid toxicity and its concentration
Damage mechanisms and its severity

70)--------------------------is key to per-forming deterioration mechanism

identification.
A. Understanding equipment operation and the interaction with the chemical
and mechanical environment.
B. Understanding equipment operation and process upsets
C. Understanding equipment operation and its safety protective measures
71)Who can provide useful input (such as the spectrum of process condi-tions,
injection points etc.) To aid materials specialists in the identification of
deterioration mechanisms and rates.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Process specialists
Plant operation specialists
Asset integrity experts
Inspection engineers

72)Thinning causes the loss of material from

A.
B.
C.

External surfaces only

Internal surfaces only
External or internal surfaces

73) Ssc occurs when equipment is exposed to environments

A.
B.
C.

Conducive to certain cracking mechanisms

Unfavourable to certain cracking mechanisms
Unbeneficial to certain cracking mechanisms

74)----------------are often necessary to establish susceptibility of equipment to

stress corrosion cracking.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Literature, expert opinion and experience

Cracking mechanisms
Damage mechanisms
Fluid toxicity and its constituents

75) curves are referred for htha deterioration mechanism for carbon and
low ally steel materials
A.
B.
C.

Nelson curves
Ph concentration curves
Schmidtt curves for sulfide corrosion

76) Following are the critical variables for deterioration mechanism except
A.
B.
C.
D.

Material of construction
Process operating
Start up and shut down conditions
Insulation

77) Following are the common mechanical deterioration mehanisms except

A.
B.
C.
D.

Fatigue
Stress/creep rupture
Tensile overload
Intergranular corrosion

78)Depending on the methodology employed in qualitative analysis, the

categories may be described with words such as
A.
High, medium or low or may have numerical descriptors.
B.
High, medium or low only
C.
Numerical discriptors only
79)When in accurate or insufficient failure data exists on the specific equipment
item for quantative probability of faliure analysis then
A.
B.
C.

General industry, company or manufacturer failure data used

Process hazard analysis failure data may be used
Process and toxic concentration analysis may be used

80)Deterioration rates can be expressed in terms of

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Corrosion rates for thinning or susceptability for mechasnisms where

deterioration rate is unknown
Corrosion rates for thinning on ly
Immeasurable quantity
Discrete numbers
Susceptible rates only

81)Damage mechanisms where deterioration rates are immeasurable or

unknown are
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Stress corrosion cracking

Hydrogen inducen cracking
Thinning
All of the above
Both a and b

82)The ability to state the rate of deterioration precisely is affected by the

following except
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

By equipment complexity
Type of deterioration mechanism, process and metallurgical variations,
Inaccessibility for inspection, limitations of inspection and test methods
Lack of coverage of an area subject to deterioration.
None of the above

83)The type of failure mode that likely to occur due to pitting

A.
B.
C.
D.

Small hole sized leaks

Small holes to ruptures
Cracks
Catastrophic rupture

84)The type of failure mode that likely to occur due to ssc

A.
B.
C.
D.

Small holes to rupture

Small holes
Cracks
Only rupture

85)The type of failure mode that likely to occur due to mechanical and
metallurgical deterioration
A.
B.
C.
D.

Small holes to ruptures

Cracks
Catastrophic ruptures
Leaks

86)The type of failure mode that likely to occur due thinning

A.
B.
C.
D.

Larger leaks or rupture

Only rupture
Metal loss
Cracks

87)If a very aggressive acid is carried over from a corrosion resistant part of a
system into a downstream vessel that is made of carbon steel, the result
would be
A. Rapid corrosion could result in failure in a few hours or days.
B. General corrosion over a period of time could result in metal loss
C. No deterioration will take place since carbon steel is resistent to

aggressive acid
88)If multiple inspections have been performed, which inspection may best
reflect current operating conditions.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Most recent inspection

Base line inspection survey
Process conditions
Corrosion survey

89) Probability side of the risk equation is normally managed by

A.
B.
C.

D.

Plant inspectors or inspection engineers

Maintenance planning engineers
Process safety personnel
Both a and b

90) Other functional failures are usually covered within

A.
B.
C.
D.

Rbi
Rcm
Pha
Hazop

91) Following will cover the functional failures except

A.
B.
C.
D.

Heat exchanger tube failure

Pressure relief device failure
Rotating equipment failure
Static equipment failure due to process environment

92)Qualitative consequence analysis of failure can be estimated separately for

each unit, system, equipment group or individual equipment item.
A.
B.
C.
D.

On the basis of expert knowledge and experience

On the basis of available data
On the basis of process and environmental conditions
No basis required since it is qualitative

93) Results of quantitative consequence analysis are usually expressed in

A.

Numeric

B.
C.
D.

Ranges from high to low

Frequency
Occasion

94)In most consequence evaluations, a key element in deter-mining the

magnitude of the consequence is
A.
The volume of fluid released.
B.
Amount of surface area exposed due to toxic release
C.
Physical area impacted by release
95) Following is the unit of measure of consequence that are least developed among
those currently used for rbi assessment
A.
B.
C.
D.

Affected area
Cost
Enviromental damage
Safety

96) Most of the damage from thermal effects tends to occur in

A.
B.
C.
D.

Close range
Wide range
Large distance
None of the above

97) Toxic releases in rbi are only addressed when they affect
A.
B.
C.

Personnel
Equipment
Process

98)The rbi program for environmental consequences, typically focuses

A.
B.
C.

On acute and immediate envi-ronmental risks, rather than chronic risks

from low-level emissions
On acute and immediate chronic risks than immediate environmental
risks
Non threat environmental risks

99)The consequences of environmental damage are best understood by

A.
B.
C.
D.

Cost
Release
Volume of fluid
Toxic concentration

100) Maintenance impact will generally be measured in monetary terms and

typically includes:
A.
B.
C.

Repairs and equipment replacement

Method of cleanup
Safety systems

101) ..is a powerful tool that is being used by many companies, governments

and regulatory authorities as one method in determining risk acceptance.

A.
B.
C.
D.

Cost-benefit analysis
Risk analysis
Cost consequence analysis
Risk based cost analysis

102) Using risk assessment the inspections are prioritised based on

A.
B.
C.
D.

Risk value
Risk matrix
Risk consequence
Risk failure

103) .typically involves reviewing some or all input variables to the risk

calculation to determine the overall influence on the resultant risk value.

A.
B.
C.
D.

Sensitivity analysis
Risk analysis
Process hazard analysis
Safety risk analysis

104) is an important part of the data validation phase of risk assessment.

A.
B.
C.
D.

Sensitivity analysis
Risk analysis
Probability analysis
Process hazard analysis

105) The information gathering performed after the sensitivity analysis should be focused on

developing
A.
B.
C.
D.

More certainty for the key input variables.

Less cerainity for the key input variables
No certainity for the key input variables
None of the above

106) Too conservative assumptions made for the available or unavailabel data lead to overestimating
consequences or probability of failure values will
A.
B.
C.
D.

Inflate the claculated risk values

May mislead inspection planners, management and insurers
Can create a lack of credibility for the user and the rbi process
All of the above

107) Once the risk values are developed, one way of presenting results of the risk values are by

A.
B.
C.
D.

Risk matrix or plot

Risk indicators
Risk ranking
Risk occurance

108) When the consequence category is given a higher weightage than the probability category then the
risk matrix will be
A.
B.
C.
D.

Symmetrical
Asymmetrical
Logical
None of the above

109) Highest risk ranking in the risk matrix is toward the

Upper right corner of the matrix
Upper left corner of the matrix
Lower right corner of the matrix
Lower left corner of the matrix
110)Once the risk plots have been completed then the risk plot or matrix can be used as
during the prioritization process
A.
B.
C.
D.

Screening tool
Guideline tool
Control line tool
Risk determination tool

111)policies influence the placement of risk thresholds

A.
B.
C.
D.

Corporate safety and financial policies

Maintenance inspection policies
Engineering design policies
None of the above

112)A pressure vessel which is critical for operations,whose design pressure is 15 bar and its operating
pressure under normal conditions vary from 6 bar to 10bar. The vessel is in sulphuric acid process
environment. In due course of time after the vessel put into service for 10years, it subject to thinning
due to sulphuric acid corrosion and found that localised corrosion upto 7mm( nominal thickness10mm, t-min-4mm). The vessel undergone rbi analysis and categorised under higher risk ranking,
following are the best suitable mitigation action to be consired
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Equipment to be decomissioned
Equipment redesign
Reduction of operating pressure acceptable to the process followed by cost effective
inspection program with repair as indicated by the inspection results
All of the above
None of the above

113)The quality of the inspection data and the analysis or interpretation will greatly affect the

A.
B.
C.
D.

Level of risk mitigation

Level of failure
Level of prediction
None of the above

114)Following are the tools critical to achiece risk mitigation through inspection

A.
B.
C.
D.

Proper inspection methods

Proper data analysis tools
Both a and b
All of the above

115)Which plays a major role in over all risk management strategy

A.
B.
C.
D.

Inspection
Mitigation
Consequence
Failure

116)Which inspection technique for a piping circuit would be considered to have little or no benefit

if the deterioration mechanism results in unpredictable local- ized corrosion

A.
B.
C.
D.

Spot thickness readings

Ultrasonic readings
Radiography
All of the above

117)In the case of localised corrosion, which inspection technique is more effective
A.
B.
C.
D.

Ultrasonic for thickness monitoring

Radiography
Ultrasonic flaw detection
None of the above

118)Which are the best cases that may cause deterioration and increase the risk of the equipment when
managing the risk with inspection activities

A.
B.
C.
D.

Moisture ingress to equipment leading to scc or poly- thionic acid cracking.

Internal inspection of glass lined vessels.
Risk associated with shutting down and starting up
All of the above

119) be performed to determine what size flaws, if found in future inspections, would

require repair or equipment replacement.

A. Fit- ness-for-service
B. Rbi analysis
C. Process hazard analysis
D. All of the above

Questions completed upto 12.7 chapter